Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered or Threatened Status for Seven Plants From the Mountains of Southern California

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AD34

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed

Endangered or Threatened Status for Seven Plants From the Mountains of

Southern California

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes to list two

plants as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as

amended (Act): Poa atropurpurea (San Bernardino bluegrass) and

Taraxacum californicum (California dandelion). The Service also

proposes to list five plants as threatened: Arabis johnstonii

(Johnston's rock-cress), Arenaria ursina (Bear Valley sandwort),

Castilleja cinerea (ash-grey Indian paintbrush), Eriogonum kennedyi

var. austromontanum (southern mountain wild buckwheat), and Trichostema

austromontanum ssp. compactum (Hidden Lake bluecurls).

These species are restricted to the Transverse and Peninsular

Ranges of southern California, primarily the San Bernardino and San

Jacinto mountains. Arenaria ursina, Castilleja cinerea, and Eriogonum

kennedyi var. austromontanum occur primarily on pebble plains that are

relatively open areas with clay soils. Poa atropurpurea and Taraxacum

californicum are found in mountain meadows. The only known population

of Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum is associated with an

ephemeral pond. Arabis johnstonii is found in forest and chaparral

habitats. These seven taxa are threatened by one or more of the

following: urbanization, habitat degradation by domestic animals,

grazing, competition from introduced weeds, off-road vehicle (ORV) use,

trampling, recreational development, alteration of the hydrologic

regime, overcollection, and genetic absorption with exotic species. Poa

atropurpurea,

stonii is found in forest and chaparral

habitats. These seven taxa are threatened by one or more of the

following: urbanization, habitat degradation by domestic animals,

grazing, competition from introduced weeds, off-road vehicle (ORV) use,

trampling, recreational development, alteration of the hydrologic

regime, overcollection, and genetic absorption with exotic species. Poa

atropurpurea,

T. californicum, and T. austromontanum ssp. compactum are also

threatened by stochastic extinction due to their small population sizes

and limited distributions. This proposed rule, if made final, would

extend protection under the Act to these species.

DATES: Comments from all interested parties must be received by October

9, 1995. Public hearing requests must be received by September 25,

1995.

ADDRESSES: Comments and materials concerning this proposal should be

submitted to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Carlsbad Field Office, 2730 Loker Avenue West, Carlsbad, California

92008. Comments and materials received will be available for public

inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above

address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gail Kobetich, Field Supervisor, at

the above address (619/431-9440).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

Arabis johnstonii (Johnston's rock-cress) is a herbaceous perennial

in the mustard family (Brassicaceae), with leaves in a basal rosette

from which the flowering stem arises. The leaves, which range from 1 to

2 centimeters (cm) (0.4 to 0.8 inches (in.)) long and 1.5 to 3.5

millimeters (mm) (0.06 to 0.14 in.) wide, are narrowly spatulate to

oblanceolate, entire, and densely pubescent with fine dendritic

(branched) hairs. This species blooms from February to June. It has

purple flowers with four petals, 8 to 10 mm (0.32 to 0.4 in.) long. The

fruit is a hairless, narrow silique (a linear, many-seeded pod), 3 to 5

cm (1.2 to 2 in.) long and 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in.) wide

rs (mm) (0.06 to 0.14 in.) wide, are narrowly spatulate to

oblanceolate, entire, and densely pubescent with fine dendritic

(branched) hairs. This species blooms from February to June. It has

purple flowers with four petals, 8 to 10 mm (0.32 to 0.4 in.) long. The

fruit is a hairless, narrow silique (a linear, many-seeded pod), 3 to 5

cm (1.2 to 2 in.) long and 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in.) wide. Arabis

johnstonii was first collected in 1922 by Philip A. Munz and I. M.

Johnston at Kenworthy, San Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County and

described by Munz (1932). A. johnstonii is readily distinguishable from

all other Arabis species in its range by the size and shape of its

petals, siliques, and basal leaves (Berg and Krantz 1982).

Arabis johnstonii is found in chaparral and pine forest habitats

from 1,400 to 2,150 meters (m) (4,500 to 7,050 feet (ft)) in the

southern San Jacinto Mountains. Two distinct population centers are

known; one in the vicinity of Garner Valley and the other approximately

6.5 kilometers (km) (4 miles (mi)) east of Garner Valley along the

Desert Divide. This species occurs on U.S. Forest Service and private

land. Beginning around the late 1800's, habitat loss and degradation

began as a result of urbanization and cattle trampling in the Garner

Valley, and the construction of the Desert Divide trail. Urban and

recreational pressures have substantially affected the species over the

past 30 years.

Arenaria ursina (Bear Valley sandwort), Castilleja cinerea (ash-

grey Indian paintbrush), and Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum

(southern mountain wild buckwheat) are perennial plants that occur

predominantly on pebble plains in the San Bernardino Mountains of San

Bernardino County. These plains are sparsely vegetated openings in the

surrounding forest with clay soils supporting a uniquely adapted

assemblage of plant species

, Castilleja cinerea (ash-

grey Indian paintbrush), and Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum

(southern mountain wild buckwheat) are perennial plants that occur

predominantly on pebble plains in the San Bernardino Mountains of San

Bernardino County. These plains are sparsely vegetated openings in the

surrounding forest with clay soils supporting a uniquely adapted

assemblage of plant species. Pebble plain habitat is found between

1,800 and 2,300 m (6,000 and 7,500 ft) in elevation, and occurs only

within a 240 square km (92 square mile (sq mi)) area in the San

Bernardino Mountains (Derby and Wilson 1978, Derby 1979, Krantz 1981a,

Neel and Barrows 1990). Due to the unique combination of edaphic and

climatic factors, pebble plains contain numerous plant species that are

either endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains, or represent disjunct

occurrences of species more common elsewhere.

Arenaria ursina is a low-lying perennial herb in the pink family

(Caryophyllaceae) with many stems from 6 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in.) long. It

has small, white, five-parted flowers with petals 4 to 5 mm (0.16 to

0.2 in.) long and nerveless sepals 3 to 4 mm (0.12 to 0.16 in.) in

length with broad papery margins. This species blooms from May to

August. A. ursina was first collected by S. B. Parish at Bear Valley in

the San Bernardino Mountains in 1882, and described by B. L. Robinson

(1894). It was subsequently reduced to a variety of A. capillaris by A.

Gray (1897). B. Maguire (1951) returned the plant to species status. A.

ursina is readily distinguished from other Arenaria species within its

range by its sharp-pointed leaves, glandular-hairy stems, and sepals

that are obtuse or rounded (Neel and Barrows 1990, Hickman 1993).

Seven populations of Arenaria ursina are known from pebble plain

habitat in the vicinity of Big Bear and Baldwin Lakes, including

Holcomb Valley, Sugarloaf Mountain, and Onyx Ridge (Krantz 1981a, Neel

and Barrows 1990)

d from other Arenaria species within its

range by its sharp-pointed leaves, glandular-hairy stems, and sepals

that are obtuse or rounded (Neel and Barrows 1990, Hickman 1993).

Seven populations of Arenaria ursina are known from pebble plain

habitat in the vicinity of Big Bear and Baldwin Lakes, including

Holcomb Valley, Sugarloaf Mountain, and Onyx Ridge (Krantz 1981a, Neel

and Barrows 1990). Some of these populations occur on land owned by the

California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) and by private

landowners. Most of the extant populations occur on Forest Service land

and range from 1,800 to 2,900 m (6,000 to 9,500 ft) in elevation

(Griggs 1979, Krantz 1981a, Neel and Barrows 1990). Habitat loss for

this species began in the 1880's with the construction of the Big Bear

Lake reservoir in the San Bernardino Mountains in an area that likely

contained extensive meadows and pebble plains. Over the past 100 years,

cattle trampling, mining, timber harvest, off-road vehicle use,

fuelwood harvesting, campground and ski area development, and

urbanization have affected the habitat of this species.

Castilleja cinerea is a semi-parasitic perennial plant in the

snapdragon family (Scrophulariaceae), with few to many ascending to

decumbent stems, 1 to 2 decimeters (dm) (4 to 8 in.) tall, sprouting

from a woody root-crown. The short grayish leaves are from 1 to 2 cm

(0.4 to 0.8 in.) long and are covered with whitish hairs. The

inflorescence is a greenish yellow spike, tinged with red or purplish,

and with distinctive yellowish hairs on the lower bracts. It flowers

primarily in June and July. C. cinerea was described by Gray (1883)

based on specimens collected by S. B. and W. F. Parish at Bear Valley

in 1882. C. cinerea is easily distinguished from other species of

Castilleja within its range by its yellow spike and calyx lobes of

equal length (Neel and Barrows 1990).

Castilleja cinerea is known from fewer than 20 localities at the

eastern end of the San Bernardino Mountains

uly. C. cinerea was described by Gray (1883)

based on specimens collected by S. B. and W. F. Parish at Bear Valley

in 1882. C. cinerea is easily distinguished from other species of

Castilleja within its range by its yellow spike and calyx lobes of

equal length (Neel and Barrows 1990).

Castilleja cinerea is known from fewer than 20 localities at the

eastern end of the San Bernardino Mountains. The range of this taxon

extends from Snow Valley and Fish Camp eastward to Onyx Peak, a

distance of about 24 km (15 mi), and from South Fork Meadows northward

to Holcomb Valley, a distance of about 19 km (12 mi) (Heckard 1980,

Neel and Barrows 1990). Although most populations occur on pebble

plains, C. cinerea is not strictly endemic to pebble plains. This

species is also found near the Snow Valley Ski Area and along Sugarloaf

Ridge in pine forest habitats. C. cinerea is known to occur on CDFG

land, and Forest Service land, including land that is leased for

vacation homes and a ski area. Habitat loss for this species began in

the 1880's with the construction of the Big Bear Lake reservoir in the

San Bernardino Mountains in an area that likely contained extensive

meadows and pebble plains. Cattle trampling, mining, timber harvest,

off-road vehicle use, fuelwood harvesting, campground and ski area

development, and urbanization have affected habitat for this species.

Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum is a low, branched perennial

8 to 15 dm (31 to 59 in.) high, in the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

This species blooms from July through September, and forms loose leafy

mats with oblanceolate leaves from 6 to 12

mm (0.2 to 0.5 in.) long. The type specimen, collected in 1920 by R. D.

Harwood, is from Bear Valley in the San Bernardino Mountains. E. k.

var. austromontanum was originally described by Munz and Johnston

8 to 15 dm (31 to 59 in.) high, in the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

This species blooms from July through September, and forms loose leafy

mats with oblanceolate leaves from 6 to 12

mm (0.2 to 0.5 in.) long. The type specimen, collected in 1920 by R. D.

Harwood, is from Bear Valley in the San Bernardino Mountains. E. k.

var. austromontanum was originally described by Munz and Johnston

(1924). Though later treated as a subspecies by Stokes (1936), this

designation is not generally accepted (Munz and Reveal 1968, Hickman

1993). This taxon is similar in appearance to E. k. var. kennedyi

(Kennedy's buckwheat) (Munz and Reveal 1968). Although the two taxa are

very similar in morphology and habitat characteristics, E. k. var.

kennedyi can usually be distinguished by its smaller leaves, 2 to 4 mm

(0.08 to 0.16 in.) long, and achenes, 2 mm (0.08 in.) long (Reveal

1979). Another species that could potentially be confused with E. k.

var. austromontanum is E. wrightii ssp. subscaposum, which has a

branched inflorescence and is found in yellow pine forest (Neel and

Barrows 1990).

Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum is known from six

populations in the San Bernardino Mountains, primarily in the Bear

Valley and Baldwin Lake areas (Krantz 1981a, Neel and Barrows 1990). E.

k. var. austromontanum is known to occur on Forest Service, CDFG, and

private land. The construction of the Big Bear Lake reservoir in the

1880's began habitat loss for this species. This area in the San

Bernardino Mountains likely contained extensive meadows and pebble

plains. Since then, cattle trampling, mining, timber harvest, off-road

vehicle use, fuelwood harvesting, campground and ski area development,

and urbanization have continued to affect habitat of this species.

Poa atropurpurea is a perennial in the grass family (Poaceae) with

creeping rhizomes and erect stems from 3 to 4.5 dm (12 to 18 in.) high

ns likely contained extensive meadows and pebble

plains. Since then, cattle trampling, mining, timber harvest, off-road

vehicle use, fuelwood harvesting, campground and ski area development,

and urbanization have continued to affect habitat of this species.

Poa atropurpurea is a perennial in the grass family (Poaceae) with

creeping rhizomes and erect stems from 3 to 4.5 dm (12 to 18 in.) high.

The inflorescence is a dense spikelike panicle, with smooth, faintly

nerved lemmas 2.5 to 3 mm (0.1 to 0.12 in.) long, and glumes 1.5 to 2

mm (0.06 to 0.08 in.) long. This species flowers from early May to June

or July. P. atropurpurea was described by Scribner (1898) based on

specimens collected by S. B. Parish in 1894 at Bear Valley. P.

atropurpurea is known to occur in meadows of the Big Bear area in the

San Bernardino Mountains and in the Laguna Mountains in San Diego

County from about 1,800 to 2,300 m (6,000 to 7,500 ft) in elevation

(Sproul 1979, Krantz 1981b, Curto 1992). Several other native and at

least one exotic species of Poa can be found within the range of P.

atropurpurea, including P. fendleriana (mutton grass), P. incurva, P.

nevadensis (Nevada bluegrass), P. pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass), and

P. secunda (scabrella) (Malpais bluegrass). P. atropurpurea is

distinguished from P. pratensis by its smaller stature, contracted

panicle, and lemmas that lack a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base

(Pierce and Beauchamp 1979). P. atropurpurea and P. pratensis are

distinguished from the other sympatric Poa species by creeping rhizomes

(Munz 1974).

Habitat for Poa atropurpurea is known to exist on Forest Service,

CDFG, municipal, and private land in the San Bernardino Mountains.

Eleven known population centers of P. atropurpurea currently are known

to exist. These populations are distributed within a 13 km (8 mi)

radius of the town of Sugarloaf (Krantz 1981b)

uished from the other sympatric Poa species by creeping rhizomes

(Munz 1974).

Habitat for Poa atropurpurea is known to exist on Forest Service,

CDFG, municipal, and private land in the San Bernardino Mountains.

Eleven known population centers of P. atropurpurea currently are known

to exist. These populations are distributed within a 13 km (8 mi)

radius of the town of Sugarloaf (Krantz 1981b). Of these, two

localities are on Forest Service land (Holcomb Valley and Wildhorse

Meadows), one is administered by CDFG (North Baldwin), one is

cooperatively owned by the Forest Service and a private youth camp

(Hitchcock Ranch), and seven are privately owned. Eight of the 11 known

sites are less than 2.5 hectares (ha) (6 acres (ac)) in size. Fewer

than 40 ha (100 ac) of habitat for this species are known to remain in

the San Bernardino Mountains: about 9 ha (23 ac) are administered by

the Forest Service, 2 ha (5 ac) by the CDFG, and 28 ha (69 ac) are

privately owned (Krantz 1981b). In 1979, four known populations of P.

atropurpurea occurred in the Laguna Mountains. Sproul (1979) reported

this taxon to be ``one of the rarest and most threatened plants in the

Laguna-Morena area.'' From 1981 until 1993, P. atropurpurea was

considered to be extirpated from the Laguna Mountains because no

individuals could be found despite repeated surveys for this taxon

(Curto 1992; Kirsten Winter, U.S. Forest Service, pers. comm. 1993). In

spring of 1993, two sites that currently support P. atropurpurea were

located in the Laguna Mountains within the Cleveland National Forest

(Raymond Vizgirdas, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist, pers.

comm. 1993). Each of the 2 populations consists of about 50 individuals

(Winter, pers. comm. 1993).

Habitat loss for this species began in the 1880's with the

construction of the Big Bear Lake reservoir in the San Bernardino

Mountains in an area that likely contained extensive meadows and pebble

plains

eland National Forest

(Raymond Vizgirdas, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist, pers.

comm. 1993). Each of the 2 populations consists of about 50 individuals

(Winter, pers. comm. 1993).

Habitat loss for this species began in the 1880's with the

construction of the Big Bear Lake reservoir in the San Bernardino

Mountains in an area that likely contained extensive meadows and pebble

plains. Since then, grazing, cattle trampling, mining, timber harvest,

off-road vehicle use, fuelwood harvesting, campground and ski area

development, and urbanization have continued to affect habitat for this

species.

Taraxacum californicum is a thick-rooted perennial in the sunflower

family (Asteraceae), 0.5 to 2 dm (0.2 to 0.7 ft) high, with light

green, oblanceolate, subentire to sinuate-dentate leaves from 5 to 12

cm (2 to 5 in.) long and 1 to 3 cm (0.4 to 1.2 in.) wide. The numerous

light yellow flowers are borne on leafless stalks, and bloom from May

to August. The outer phyllaries (outer bracts beneath the

inflorescence) are erect, lance-ovate, 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in.) long;

the inner phyllaries are lance-linear, 12 to 15 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in.)

long. This species has been previously treated as T. officinale var.

lividum by Koch (in Hall 1907), as T. lapponicum by Handel-Mazzetti

(1907), as T. ceratophorum by Sherff (1920), and T. ceratophorum var.

bernardinum by Jepson (1925). T. californicum was described by Munz and

Johnston (1925) based on specimens collected by S.B. and W.F. Parish at

Bear Valley in 1882. Munz and Johnston (1924) emphasized the

morphological distinctiveness of T. californicum, in addition to its

extremely disjunct distribution. They elevated this taxon to species

status primarily on the basis of its small achenes and erect appressed

phyllaries. T. californicum is readily distinguished from other members

of this genus within its range by its lighter green foliage, subentire

leaves, erect phyllaries, and paler yellow flowers (Krantz 1980)

tiveness of T. californicum, in addition to its

extremely disjunct distribution. They elevated this taxon to species

status primarily on the basis of its small achenes and erect appressed

phyllaries. T. californicum is readily distinguished from other members

of this genus within its range by its lighter green foliage, subentire

leaves, erect phyllaries, and paler yellow flowers (Krantz 1980).

Taraxacum californicum occurs in moist meadow habitats in the San

Bernardino Mountains from 2,000 to 2,800 m (6,700 to 9,000 ft) in

elevation, often in association with Poa atropurpurea and other rare

species. This species is known to occur on Forest Service, CDFG,

municipal, and private land. Fewer than 15 occurrences of T.

californicum currently are known, with population sizes ranging from 2

to 300 individuals. About half of these occurrences are located within

or adjacent to developed areas such as Big Bear City, Big Bear Lake

Village, and Sugarloaf in San Bernardino County. Habitat loss for this

species began in the 1880's with the construction of the Big Bear Lake

reservoir in the San Bernardino Mountains in an area that likely

contained extensive meadows and pebble plains. Since then grazing,

cattle trampling, mining, timber harvest, off-road vehicle use,

fuelwood harvesting, campground and ski area development, and

urbanization continue to affect habitat for this species.

Both Poa atropurpurea and Taraxacum californicum are found in wet

meadow habitats, primarily in the northeastern San Bernardino

Mountains. These taxa are further restricted to the relatively open

edges or ecotonal (border) areas that offer less competition from more

mesic species such as P. pratensis, Carex spp. or

a development, and

urbanization continue to affect habitat for this species.

Both Poa atropurpurea and Taraxacum californicum are found in wet

meadow habitats, primarily in the northeastern San Bernardino

Mountains. These taxa are further restricted to the relatively open

edges or ecotonal (border) areas that offer less competition from more

mesic species such as P. pratensis, Carex spp. or

Juncus spp. (Krantz 1981b). The perimeter of such meadows often

intergrades with sagebrush scrub dominated by Artemisia tridentata or

montane forest dominated by Pinus jeffreyi.

Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum is a compact, soft-

villous (with long, shaggy hairs) annual in the mint family

(Lamiaceae), approximately 10 cm (4 in.) tall. This species flowers in

July and August. Its tiny blue, five-lobed flowers are less than 2 mm

(0.1 in.) long, with two blue stamens. The fruit is a smooth, four-

lobed nutlet. T. austromontanum ssp. compactum was described by Lewis

(1945) based on specimens collected by M.L. Hilend at Hidden Lake (San

Jacinto Mountains, Riverside County).

Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum has historically been

restricted to a single vernal pool known as Hidden Lake at an elevation

of about 2,400 m (8,000 ft) in the San Jacinto State Wilderness Area.

Hidden Lake is the only naturally occurring body of water in the San

Jacinto Mountains. The entire known range for this species encompasses

less than 0.8 ha (2 ac) (Michael Hamilton, James Reserve Manager, pers.

comm. 1993). The population size of T. austromontanum ssp. compactum

declines during periods of either above or below normal precipitation

because of its position along the perimeter of the vernal pool habitat

(Hamilton 1991). Between 1979 and 1991, the population sizes of this

species fluctuated from 11 to 10,000 individuals (Hamilton 1991). Since

the creation of the Palm Springs tramway in 1964, Hidden Lake has

incurred a greater intensity of trampling damage.

Previous Federal Action

either above or below normal precipitation

because of its position along the perimeter of the vernal pool habitat

(Hamilton 1991). Between 1979 and 1991, the population sizes of this

species fluctuated from 11 to 10,000 individuals (Hamilton 1991). Since

the creation of the Palm Springs tramway in 1964, Hidden Lake has

incurred a greater intensity of trampling damage.

Previous Federal Action

Federal government actions on the seven taxa under consideration in

this rule began as a result of section 12 of the Endangered Species Act

of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), which directed the

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on those

plants considered to be threatened, endangered, or extinct in the

United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was

presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. The Service published a

notice in the July 1, 1975, Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its

acceptance of the report as a petition within the context of section

4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and its intention to review

the status of the plant taxa named therein. Arenaria ursina, Poa

atropurpurea, and Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum were

included in that notice as endangered species, and Arabis johnstonii,

Castilleja cinerea, and Taraxacum californicum were listed as

threatened. On June 16, 1976, the Service published a proposal in the

Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine approximately 1,700

vascular plant species to be endangered species pursuant to section 4

of the Act. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of

comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the

Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the Federal

Register notice dated July 1, 1975. A. ursina, P. atropurpurea, and T.

a. ssp. compactum were included in the proposed rule.

General comments received in relation to the 1976 proposal were

summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR

17909)

comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the

Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the Federal

Register notice dated July 1, 1975. A. ursina, P. atropurpurea, and T.

a. ssp. compactum were included in the proposed rule.

General comments received in relation to the 1976 proposal were

summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR

17909). The Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 required that all

proposals over 2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was

given to those proposals already more than 2 years old. In a December

10, 1979, notice (44 FR 70796), the Service withdrew the outstanding

portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal, along with four other proposals

that had expired.

On December 15, 1980, the Service published a revised Notice of

Review of plants in the Federal Register (45 FR 82480). Arabis

johnstonii, Poa atropurpurea, Taraxacum californicum, and Trichostema

austromontanum. ssp. compactum were included in that notice as category

1 candidate species for Federal listing. Category 1 taxa are those for

which the Service has on file substantial information on biological

vulnerability and threats to support preparation of listing proposals.

Arenaria ursina, Castilleja cinerea, and Eriogonum kennedyi var.

austromontanum were included in the notice as category 2 candidate

species. Category 2 taxa are those for which data in the Service's

possession indicate listing is possibly appropriate, but for which

substantial data on biological vulnerability and threats are not

currently known or on file to support proposed rules. The status of

these seven taxa remained unchanged in the Notice of Review published

on September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39526). In the February 21, 1990, Notice

of Review (55 FR 6184), Arenaria ursina was changed to a category 1

candidate species. The status of the other six taxa remained unchanged

on biological vulnerability and threats are not

currently known or on file to support proposed rules. The status of

these seven taxa remained unchanged in the Notice of Review published

on September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39526). In the February 21, 1990, Notice

of Review (55 FR 6184), Arenaria ursina was changed to a category 1

candidate species. The status of the other six taxa remained unchanged.

In the revision of the plant notice published on September 30, 1993,

(58 FR 51144), these categories remained unchanged.

Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act requires the Secretary to make

findings on petitions within 12 months of their receipt. Section

2(b)(1) of the 1982 amendments further requires that all petitions

pending on October 13, 1982, be treated as having been newly submitted

on that date. This was the case for the seven taxa covered by this

rule, because the 1975 Smithsonian report had been accepted as a

petition. On October 13, 1983, the Service found that the petitioned

listing of these species was warranted, but precluded by other pending

listing actions, in accordance with section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act;

notification of this finding was published on January 20, 1984 (49 FR

2485). Such a finding requires the petition to be recycled annually,

pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. The finding was reviewed

in October of 1983 through 1994. Publication of this proposed rule

constitutes the final 1-year petition finding for the seven taxa.

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

f the Act;

notification of this finding was published on January 20, 1984 (49 FR

2485). Such a finding requires the petition to be recycled annually,

pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. The finding was reviewed

in October of 1983 through 1994. Publication of this proposed rule

constitutes the final 1-year petition finding for the seven taxa.

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act (Act) and regulations (50

CFR Part 424) promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the

Act set forth the procedures for adding species to the Federal list. A

species may be determined to be endangered or threatened due to one or

more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1) of the Act. These

factors and their application to Arabis johnstonii Munz (Johnston's

rock-cress), Arenaria ursina Robinson (Bear Valley sandwort),

Castilleja cinerea Gray (ash-grey Indian paintbrush), Eriogonum

kennedyi Porter ex Watson var. austromontanum Munz & Johnston (southern

mountain wild buckwheat), Poa atropurpurea Scribner (San Bernardino

bluegrass), Taraxacum californicum Munz & Johnston (California

dandelion), and Trichostema austromontanum Lewis ssp. compactum Lewis

(Hidden Lake bluecurls) are as follows (see Table 1):

Table 1.--Summary of Threats

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Threats

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exotic Development Limited

Species Trampling plants ORV activity activity Grazing numbers

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Arabis johnstonii........... X ............ X X X

Arenaria ursina............. X X X X

Castilleja cinerea.......... X X X X X

Eriogonum kennedyi var.

austromontanum............. X X X X

Poa atropurpurea............ X X X X X X

Taraxacum californicum.....

activity Grazing numbers

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Arabis johnstonii........... X ............ X X X

Arenaria ursina............. X X X X

Castilleja cinerea.......... X X X X X

Eriogonum kennedyi var.

austromontanum............. X X X X

Poa atropurpurea............ X X X X X X

Taraxacum californicum...... X X X X X X

Trichostema austromontanum

ssp. compactum............. X ............ ............ ............ ............ X

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or

curtailment of their habitat or range. The seven taxa considered herein

currently are threatened by a variety of activities that result in

habitat modification, destruction, degradation, and fragmentation.

These activities include urbanization, vehicular activity, hydrologic

alterations, and habitat degradation by livestock.

Five of the seven taxa proposed in this rule (Poa atropurpurea,

Taraxacum californicum, Arenaria ursina, Castilleja cinerea, and

Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum) are predominantly found in

pebble plains or meadow habitats in the vicinity of Big Bear Lake in

the eastern San Bernardino Mountains. Pebble plains soils contain

significant amounts of clay, and are subject to extreme diurnal and

seasonal variation in soil temperature and moisture conditions. These

soils have an extremely slow infiltration rate and, thus, have a high

runoff potential.

Prior to European settlement, pebble plain and meadow habitats were

much more abundant in the Big Bear Valley. Krantz (1987) estimated that

over 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) of pebble plains and natural meadowlands were

lost due to the construction of a dam and the resultant creation of Big

Bear Lake in 1883

hese

soils have an extremely slow infiltration rate and, thus, have a high

runoff potential.

Prior to European settlement, pebble plain and meadow habitats were

much more abundant in the Big Bear Valley. Krantz (1987) estimated that

over 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) of pebble plains and natural meadowlands were

lost due to the construction of a dam and the resultant creation of Big

Bear Lake in 1883. Subsequent urbanization of the valley, land

disturbance from livestock, and off-road vehicle use, destroyed or

damaged much of the remaining pebble plain and meadow habitat (Krantz

1987, Neel and Barrows 1990). These factors contributed to the decline

of two meadow endemic species found only in the Big Bear Valley area,

Sidalcea pedata (pedate checker-mallow) and Thelypodium stenopetalum

(slender-petaled mustard), which were federally listed as endangered in

1984 (49 FR 34497). Nine existing pebble plain complexes have been

identified (Neel and Barrows 1990). Less than 220 ha (550 ac) of this

highly restricted community remain; about 208 ha (514 ac) is

administered by the Forest Service and approximately 12 ha (32 ac)

occurs on private land (Neel and Barrows 1990).

Recreational activities have affected and continue to affect the

habitat of Arabis johnstonii, Arenaria ursina, Castilleja cinerea,

Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum, Trichostema austromontanum ssp.

compactum, Poa atropurpurea, and Taraxacum californicum. These

activities include heavy, widespread hiking; off-road vehicle use; and

development of campgrounds, trails, and ski areas. The San Bernardino

National Forest (SBNF) has the highest recreational use of any national

forest (SBNF Draft Wildlife, Fisheries, Botany, and Threatened and

Endangered Species Program 5-year plan, 1992). The Forest Service has

implemented a number of measures (including fencing and signing) to

protect pebble plains from illegal off-road vehicle activity

of campgrounds, trails, and ski areas. The San Bernardino

National Forest (SBNF) has the highest recreational use of any national

forest (SBNF Draft Wildlife, Fisheries, Botany, and Threatened and

Endangered Species Program 5-year plan, 1992). The Forest Service has

implemented a number of measures (including fencing and signing) to

protect pebble plains from illegal off-road vehicle activity. Despite

this action, over 40 percent of the pebble plains habitat within Forest

Service jurisdiction remains unprotected (Neel and Barrows 1990).

Because of the heavy recreational pressures on the SBNF, unauthorized

off-road vehicle use remains a threat to these species. The Forest

Service has limited resources available for preventing recreational

impacts to these habitats. Most of the privately owned pebble plains

habitat receive no formal protection. A few, however, have voluntary

non-binding landowner agreements to protect this habitat. See Factor D

for additional information.

Vehicles cause considerable damage to pebble plains habitat, and

all pebble plains habitat have some road development. The pebble plains

are extremely susceptible to damage during spring thaw (Krantz 1981a).

During the wet season, vehicles both directly destroy plants and create

deep ruts that change the water flow patterns over the pebble plains,

potentially indirectly affecting greater numbers of plants (Neel and

Barrows 1990). All known Arenaria ursina and Eriogonum kennedyi var.

austromontanum populations have been affected by vehicle use to some

extent (Krantz 1981a). Vehicular activity directly impacts plants by

crushing the plants and compacting and eroding the soil. Although the

erosion potential of the soil is not considered high, due to the

moderate slopes and rainfall, vehicle use can lead to a breakdown in

soil structure (Neel and Barrows 1990). Vehicular activity also favors

the establishment of species more tolerant of such disturbance, thereby

altering the composition of the plant community over time

the plants and compacting and eroding the soil. Although the

erosion potential of the soil is not considered high, due to the

moderate slopes and rainfall, vehicle use can lead to a breakdown in

soil structure (Neel and Barrows 1990). Vehicular activity also favors

the establishment of species more tolerant of such disturbance, thereby

altering the composition of the plant community over time.

Extensive damage to the pebble plains near North Baldwin Lake

occurred in March 1992. A construction vehicle (front-end loader) from

the adjacent San Bernardino County landfill was driven over this plant

site while the soils were saturated and highly vulnerable to

disturbance (Neel and Chaney 1992). Although the site was completely

fenced and posted as a rare plant site, the driver trespassed onto the

site, drove over the identifying signs and fences, and caused extensive

damage to the habitat in an apparently intentional act of vandalism

(Tim Krantz, consultant, in litt. 1993). Over 1,200 sq m (13,000 sq ft)

of pebble plain habitat was moderately to severely damaged from this

event. Although restoration was required by the Forest Service, it was

not entirely successful since the indirect effects, including

alteration of surface hydrology and the subsequent invasion of exotic

species, can have significant, long-term effects on this delicate

ecosystem (Neel and Chaney 1992, Krantz, in litt. 1993). These impacts

are not easily reversed because soil compaction could impede

germination and the exotic species could compete for nutrients for

extensive periods of time.

Incidents involving destruction or degradation of pebble plains

habitat by off-road vehicles and vehicular trespass have occurred in

the past, and continue to present a significant threat to all pebble

plain sites (Maile Neel, SBNF,

acts

are not easily reversed because soil compaction could impede

germination and the exotic species could compete for nutrients for

extensive periods of time.

Incidents involving destruction or degradation of pebble plains

habitat by off-road vehicles and vehicular trespass have occurred in

the past, and continue to present a significant threat to all pebble

plain sites (Maile Neel, SBNF,

pers. comm. 1993, Krantz, in litt. 1993). For example, unpermitted

grading destroyed a portion of the Castle Glen pebble plain in 1991

(Krantz, in litt. 1993). Generally, when such an event occurs,

restoration is not undertaken since the persons responsible for the

habitat destruction usually cannot be identified, and the Forest

Service has insufficient staffing and funding to adequately restore all

such disturbed areas. The cumulative effects of unauthorized off-road

vehicle use resulted in the almost complete devegetation of a pebble

plains site in the SBNF near Sugarloaf (Neel and Barrows 1990).

Privately owned pebble plains habitat is unprotected at several

locations, including the Big Bear Lake and Sawmill population

complexes. In addition, unregulated off-road vehicle activity degraded

part of the Horseshoe pebble plain (Sawmill complex) under both Forest

Service and private ownership (Krantz, in litt. 1993). See Factor D for

additional information.

Chaparral and forest habitats in the Garner Valley and Lake Hemet

areas containing Arabis johnstonii continue to be destroyed or degraded

by livestock trampling, and residential and recreational developments,

including groundwater drawdown by numerous wells (Hamilton, pers. comm.

1993). These activities contributed to the decline of A. johnstonii in

the region. The Garner and Wellman grazing allotments may affect

several populations of A. johnstonii in Garner Valley. The clay

substrate is especially vulnerable to trampling and disruption by

cattle during the saturated period in winter and early spring

uding groundwater drawdown by numerous wells (Hamilton, pers. comm.

1993). These activities contributed to the decline of A. johnstonii in

the region. The Garner and Wellman grazing allotments may affect

several populations of A. johnstonii in Garner Valley. The clay

substrate is especially vulnerable to trampling and disruption by

cattle during the saturated period in winter and early spring. Berg and

Krantz (1982) noted evidence of cattle-induced impacts to the substrate

in the vicinity of Quinn Flat, located in central Garner Valley, which

contains a dense population of A. johnstonii.

The decline of Poa atropurpurea and Taraxacum californicum can be

attributed to a number of activities that destroyed and degraded their

habitat, including urbanization, livestock, off-road vehicles, and

hydrologic alteration. For example, the creation of Big Bear Lake

inundated hundreds of acres of meadows that provided habitat for

several sensitive taxa (Krantz 1981b). Subsequent urbanization and

recreational developments at the lake eliminated or fragmented many

populations of P. atropurpurea and T. californicum (Krantz 1980;

California Natural Diversity Data Base 1992).

At least 70 percent of the remaining Poa atropurpurea habitat is

unprotected. In several areas of the San Bernardino Mountains, P.

atropurpurea is sympatric with two State and federally listed

endangered species, Sidalcea pedata (pedate checker-mallow) and

Thelypodium stenopetalum (slender-petaled mustard), and was similarly

impacted by urbanization and development of meadow habitat. For

example, development of the Big Bear airport facilities and the

expansion of Bear Mountain Ski Area destroyed two populations of P.

atropurpurea. A portion of another site was intentionally graded by the

landowner in 1991, which also destroyed S. pedata habitat (CDFG 1991,

Krantz, in litt. 1993). Since most of the remaining populations of P.

atropurpurea are very small, their long-term survival is questionable

(Krantz, in litt

airport facilities and the

expansion of Bear Mountain Ski Area destroyed two populations of P.

atropurpurea. A portion of another site was intentionally graded by the

landowner in 1991, which also destroyed S. pedata habitat (CDFG 1991,

Krantz, in litt. 1993). Since most of the remaining populations of P.

atropurpurea are very small, their long-term survival is questionable

(Krantz, in litt. 1993) (See Factor E). By 1979, half of the four known

Poa atropurpurea populations in Laguna Meadow (San Diego County) were

damaged by cattle trails, telephone line trenching, and soil removal

for the construction of an earthen dam at Big Laguna Lake (Sproul

1979). The long-term alteration of surface and subsurface hydrology in

Laguna Meadow through dam construction and livestock presence resulted

in soil disturbance. In addition, several prolonged drought events in

the early 1950's, middle 1970's, and late 1980's may have contributed

to the decline of P. atropurpurea in this area (Curto 1992).

B. Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or

educational purposes. Overutilization is not known to be a threat for

any of the taxa under consideration in this proposed rule. All of the

taxa proposed herein could potentially suffer vandalism either

directly, or indirectly due to habitat destruction. An example of

vandalism to pebble plains habitat is the incident at North Baldwin

Lake (see Factor A), where a construction vehicle was driven over the

plant site even though the site was completely fenced and posted as

rare plant habitat. The plant habitat was extensively damaged (Tim

Krantz, consultant, in litt. 1993).

C. Disease or predation. Disease is not known to be a factor

affecting any of the taxa under consideration in this rule. However,

consumption by livestock is a threat to Arenaria ursina, Castilleja

cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum, Poa atropurpurea, and

Taraxacum californicum (Krantz 1981a, Krantz, in litt. 1993)

was extensively damaged (Tim

Krantz, consultant, in litt. 1993).

C. Disease or predation. Disease is not known to be a factor

affecting any of the taxa under consideration in this rule. However,

consumption by livestock is a threat to Arenaria ursina, Castilleja

cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum, Poa atropurpurea, and

Taraxacum californicum (Krantz 1981a, Krantz, in litt. 1993). Krantz

(1981b) noted that since animals grazed during the flowering period of

P. atropurpurea, seed set and sexual reproduction are reduced. T.

californicum is vulnerable to consumption as its flower heads and

leaves are erect and readily removed by grazers (Krantz in litt. 1993).

In the Big Bear Basin, wild burros forage in and around pebble plain

and wet meadow habitats. Feral burros have been observed at North

Baldwin and on the pebble plains of Gold Mountain and Sawmill Complex.

Though levels of use and degrees of impact from burro grazing and

trampling have not been systematically recorded, browsed plants and

hoof prints in wet clay soils were noted (Neel and Barrows 1990).

D. The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. Existing

regulatory mechanisms that could provide some protection for these

species include: (1) Listing under the California Endangered Species

Act, (2) provisions under the California Native Plant Protection Act,

(3) consideration under the California Environmental Quality Act

(CEQA), (4) Forest Service management policies, (5) land acquisition

and management by Federal, State, or local agencies, or by private

groups and organizations, (6) State wilderness area management

policies, (7) conservation provisions under the Federal Clean Water

Act, and (8) local laws and regulations.

The Native Plant Protection Act (Chapter 10, Sec. 1908 et seq.) and

the California Endangered Species Act (Chapter 1.5, Sec. 2080 et seq.)

prohibit the ``take'' of State-listed plants

tate, or local agencies, or by private

groups and organizations, (6) State wilderness area management

policies, (7) conservation provisions under the Federal Clean Water

Act, and (8) local laws and regulations.

The Native Plant Protection Act (Chapter 10, Sec. 1908 et seq.) and

the California Endangered Species Act (Chapter 1.5, Sec. 2080 et seq.)

prohibit the ``take'' of State-listed plants. State law does not,

however, protect the plants from taking via habitat modification or

land use change by the landowner. After the CDFG notifies a landowner

that a State-listed plant grows on his or her property, State law

requires only that the landowner notify the agency ``at least 10 days

in advance of changing the land use to allow salvage of such plant''

(Chapter 10, Sec. 1913).

Although State laws could provide a measure of protection to the

species, these laws are not adequate to protect the species in all

cases. Numerous activities do not fall under the purview of the laws,

such as certain projects proposed by the Federal government and

projects falling under State statutory exemptions. Where overriding

social and economic considerations can be demonstrated, these laws

allow project proposals to go forward, even in cases where the

continued existence of the species may be jeopardized, or where adverse

impacts are not mitigated to the point of insignificance.

The taxa in this rule are included in the California Native Plant

Society inventory, but none have been listed by the State. Hence, the

California Endangered Species Act currently provides no protection for

these species. Since the Native Plant Protection Act only applies to

plant species listed by

ay be jeopardized, or where adverse

impacts are not mitigated to the point of insignificance.

The taxa in this rule are included in the California Native Plant

Society inventory, but none have been listed by the State. Hence, the

California Endangered Species Act currently provides no protection for

these species. Since the Native Plant Protection Act only applies to

plant species listed by

the State, this act also provides no protection to the seven species in

this rule. Although these seven taxa are not listed by the State, the

CEQA specifies that a species not included on the State list shall be

considered to be endangered if the species can be shown to meet the

criteria for State listing.

The CDFG recognizes that plants on Lists 1A, 1B, and 2 of the

``Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California''

(Smith and Berg 1988) would normally qualify for State listing. All

seven plant taxa in this rule are included on California Native Plant

Society List 1B, i.e. plants rare, threatened, or endangered in

California and elsewhere (Smith and Berg 1988). CDFG generally requests

the inclusion of such species in Environmental Impact Reports. However,

several projects resulted in the loss of habitat for these taxa,

including the expansion of the Big Bear Airport, ski areas, and the

development of the Moonridge Golf Course in sensitive meadow habitat

(California Natural Diversity Data Base 1992). In addition, projects

such as the Eagle Point development have already been approved but do

not provide adequate mitigation for the sensitive meadow plants (Neel,

pers. comm. 1993). Recently, the City of Big Bear graded habitat

containing the federally listed endangered plant species Sidalcea

pedata without providing appropriate mitigation measures (Mary Meyer,

CDFG, pers. comm. 1993). Furthermore, these taxa face threats that are

not easily controlled by existing regulations, particularly

unauthorized off-road vehicle activity.

With the exception of Trichostema austromontanum ssp

he City of Big Bear graded habitat

containing the federally listed endangered plant species Sidalcea

pedata without providing appropriate mitigation measures (Mary Meyer,

CDFG, pers. comm. 1993). Furthermore, these taxa face threats that are

not easily controlled by existing regulations, particularly

unauthorized off-road vehicle activity.

With the exception of Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum,

which only occurs on State land, all of the taxa under consideration in

this rule are found on the SBNF and are recognized by the Forest

Service as ``sensitive species'' (SBNF 1989). The Forest Service has

policies to protect sensitive plant taxa, including attempting to

establish these species in suitable or historic habitat, encouraging

land acquisitions to protect sensitive plant habitat, establishing

refugia for pebble plains species, and not permitting activities that

may alter the hydrology or meadow habitat for sensitive plants (SBNF

1989). These guidelines, however, have not been entirely effective.

Bluff Lake, which is privately owned and contains populations of Poa

atropurpurea and Taraxacum californicum, was identified as a

potentially suitable mitigation bank of wetland and wet meadow habitat

for developments in the region. It was identified as a high priority

for the Forest Service's Land Ownership Adjustment Program (Bruce

Daniels, City of Big Bear Lake, in litt. 1992). Unfortunately, plans to

acquire Bluff Lake are no longer being pursued because the parcel is

not available for sale (Neel, pers. comm. 1993).

Although the Forest Service does not permit activities that alter

the hydrology of pebble plains or meadows, unauthorized off-road

vehicle use continues to be a problem in many areas and contributes to

hydrologic modifications of these sensitive habitats

fortunately, plans to

acquire Bluff Lake are no longer being pursued because the parcel is

not available for sale (Neel, pers. comm. 1993).

Although the Forest Service does not permit activities that alter

the hydrology of pebble plains or meadows, unauthorized off-road

vehicle use continues to be a problem in many areas and contributes to

hydrologic modifications of these sensitive habitats. Even if most of

the remaining pebble plains and meadow habitats on the SBNF could be

adequately protected from human disturbance, the amount of habitat

presently occupied by five of the seven taxa under consideration in

this rule may not be sufficient to maintain their long-term viability.

The Holcomb Valley/North Baldwin Lake region, which contains known

populations of five of the plant taxa in this proposed rule and

significant examples of pebble plains habitat, was designated as a

Special Interest Area by the Forest Service in 1989 due to its

combination of unique botanical, zoological, and historical resources

(Lardner, pers. comm. 1993). This designation means that certain

activities, such as plant collecting, are restricted. At present, no

specific management plan has been developed for the area due to

resources being directed toward higher priority activities (Neel, pers.

comm. 1993). The ``Barstow-to-Vegas'' motorcycle race was authorized by

the Forest Service to pass through this area in 1992 and 1993 (Loe,

pers. comm. 1992, 1994). Although the race is confined to existing dirt

roads and no direct impacts to sensitive plants were incurred (Neel,

pers. comm. 1993), this officially sanctioned large scale off-road

vehicle event took place in one of the highly significant and

vulnerable plant habitat areas of the forest (Krantz 1981a). The

potential exists for indirect impacts such as foot trampling to occur

within the area of these plants. Since the race is likely to become an

annual event, it is a potential threat to sensitive plant habitat

comm. 1993), this officially sanctioned large scale off-road

vehicle event took place in one of the highly significant and

vulnerable plant habitat areas of the forest (Krantz 1981a). The

potential exists for indirect impacts such as foot trampling to occur

within the area of these plants. Since the race is likely to become an

annual event, it is a potential threat to sensitive plant habitat.

Two of the species in this proposal, Poa atropurpurea and Taraxacum

californicum could potentially be affected by projects requiring a

permit under section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Under section 404, the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) regulates the discharge of fill

material into waters of the United States, which include navigable and

other waters, their headwaters (streams with an average annual flow of

less than 5 cubic feet per second), and wetlands (either isolated or

adjacent to other waters). Section 404 regulations require that

applicants obtain a permit for projects that involve the discharge of

fill into waters of the U.S. Projects that qualify for authorization

under Nationwide Permit 26 (NWP 26) and will adversely impact 0.41 ha

to 4.0 ha (1 to 10 ac) of waters above the headwater point or in

isolated waters (including wetlands) can be permitted with minimal

environmental review by the Corps (33 CFR Part 330). Projects that

qualify for authorization under NWP 26 that affect less than 0.41 ha (1

ac) of isolated waters including wetlands may proceed without notifying

the Corps if the project meets the terms and conditions of the

Nationwide Permit. Formal evaluation of the impacts of such a project

is thus precluded under the section 404 permit process. An individual

permit may be required by the Corps if a project otherwise qualifying

under NWP 26 would have greater than minimal adverse environmental

impacts

cluding wetlands may proceed without notifying

the Corps if the project meets the terms and conditions of the

Nationwide Permit. Formal evaluation of the impacts of such a project

is thus precluded under the section 404 permit process. An individual

permit may be required by the Corps if a project otherwise qualifying

under NWP 26 would have greater than minimal adverse environmental

impacts. The Corps is generally reluctant to withhold authorization

under NWP 26 unless the existence of a federally proposed or listed

threatened or endangered species would be affected. Candidate species

receive no special consideration under section 404, regardless of the

type of permit deemed necessary. Thus, these two taxa currently receive

insufficient protection under section 404.

Representatives from various Federal, State, and local agencies,

and individuals from the private sector are developing a Coordinated

Resource Management Plan (CRMP) for the Big Bear Valley region. The

CRMP process is essentially a planning tool that operates on the local

level to minimize conflicts among various user groups, landowners, and

governmental agencies (CRMP Handbook 1990). The goal of this process is

to identify sensitive biological resources and to integrate

conservation efforts with those of public and private entities.

Although the Service supports these efforts, no protection for any of

the species described herein can be guaranteed. This process is

ongoing, and is not legally binding for participants (John Hanlon, U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. comm. 1993).

E. Other natural or manmade factors affecting their continued

existence. The seven taxa considered in this rule currently are

threatened by a variety of other factors including: trampling by humans

and livestock, competition with other plant species, genetic

absorption, drought, and stochastic events.

Activities related to fuelwood harvesting affect Arenaria ursina,

Castilleja cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum, Poa

ecting their continued

existence. The seven taxa considered in this rule currently are

threatened by a variety of other factors including: trampling by humans

and livestock, competition with other plant species, genetic

absorption, drought, and stochastic events.

Activities related to fuelwood harvesting affect Arenaria ursina,

Castilleja cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum, Poa

atropurpurea, and Taraxacum californicum due to human trampling of

habitat and individual plants.

Trampling by recreational users adversely affects populations of at

least three of the species (Castilleja cinerea, Taraxacum californicum,

and Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum). Individuals of

Trichostema showed reduced vigor under conditions of moderate to heavy

trampling by recreational users (Hamilton 1991). Trampling by

recreational users and livestock adversely affects T. californicum and

favors the establishment of Taraxacum officinale, since the latter

species responds to disturbance by producing flower heads close to the

soil surface (Krantz, in litt. 1993). At least one population of C.

cinerea was affected by trampling by recreational users. This site,

located across from Snow Valley Ski Area within a Forest Service lease

tract, was fragmented by the construction of several large cabins, a

parking lot, and trails. In addition, increased trampling and excessive

amounts of dust generated during the Barstow-to-Vegas motorcycle race

in Holcomb Valley may impact populations of five of the species in this

proposed rule: Arenaria ursina, C. cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi var.

austromontanum, Poa atropurpurea, and T. californicum (Neel, pers.

comm. 1993).

Due to its accessibility, the Trichostema austromontanum ssp.

compactum population at Hidden Lake is particularly vulnerable to

trampling by recreational users

torcycle race

in Holcomb Valley may impact populations of five of the species in this

proposed rule: Arenaria ursina, C. cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi var.

austromontanum, Poa atropurpurea, and T. californicum (Neel, pers.

comm. 1993).

Due to its accessibility, the Trichostema austromontanum ssp.

compactum population at Hidden Lake is particularly vulnerable to

trampling by recreational users. This site, managed by the California

Department of Parks and Recreation, has been extremely popular with

recreational users since the development of the Palm Springs tramway in

1964. Several measures were initiated by the State during the past

decade to protect the vernal pool ecosystem and the Trichostema

population, including removing references to the site from park

interpretive materials. These measures, however, have not prevented

impacts from trampling by hikers and horses. Fencing is not permitted

because the site is located within a State wilderness area (Hamilton,

pers. comm. 1992).

The presence of livestock typically changes the composition of

native plant communities by reducing or eliminating those species that

cannot withstand trampling, and enabling more resistant (usually

exotic) species to increase in abundance. Livestock trampling and

competition from exotic species could adversely affect all seven of

these plant taxa. Taxa that were not previously part of the native

flora may be introduced and flourish under a grazing regime. They may

reduce or eliminate native plant species through competition for

resources. Introduced species are used as forage in San Bernardino and

Cleveland National Forest grazing allotments. The native grass Poa

atropurpurea cannot successfully compete with these populations of non-

native grass species (Winter 1991). Evidence of cattle-induced impacts

in the vicinity of Quinn Flat, in central Garner Valley, was observed

where a population of Arabis johnstonii exists (Berg and Krantz 1982)

ecies are used as forage in San Bernardino and

Cleveland National Forest grazing allotments. The native grass Poa

atropurpurea cannot successfully compete with these populations of non-

native grass species (Winter 1991). Evidence of cattle-induced impacts

in the vicinity of Quinn Flat, in central Garner Valley, was observed

where a population of Arabis johnstonii exists (Berg and Krantz 1982).

Sites supporting Arabis johnstonii, Arenaria ursina, Castilleja

cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi, Poa atropurpurea, and Taraxacum

californicum were moderately to heavily degraded by cattle trampling in

the past (e.g., Big Meadow, Wildhorse Meadow, Holcomb Valley, Hitchcock

Ranch, Bluff Lake, Garner Valley, and Laguna Meadow). Some areas

continue to be grazed by cattle, horses, or burros. The Santa Ana

grazing allotment includes a population of C. cinerea on Sugarloaf

Ridge (Melody Lardner, SBNF, pers. comm. 1993). In the Cleveland

National Forest, the major threat to P. atropurpurea is grazing, as all

the Laguna Meadow populations are located within grazing allotments.

Introduced species of grasses and forbs have invaded many of

California's native plant communities. Such weedy species can displace

the native flora by competing for nutrients, water, light, and space.

Weedy plant invasions are facilitated by disturbances such as grazing,

urban and residential developments, and various recreational

activities. Introduced weeds became established in many portions of the

San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Laguna mountains reducing the amount

of suitable habitat for Taraxacum californicum, Poa atropurpurea, and

other native plant species. For example, the invasion of the exotic

cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is considered to be a threat to the

Sawmill pebble plain habitat, which supports populations of Arenaria

ursina, Castilleja cinerea, and Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum

(Neel and Barrows 1990). In most localities, T. californicum was out-

competed by the widespread, non-native T

rpurea, and

other native plant species. For example, the invasion of the exotic

cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is considered to be a threat to the

Sawmill pebble plain habitat, which supports populations of Arenaria

ursina, Castilleja cinerea, and Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum

(Neel and Barrows 1990). In most localities, T. californicum was out-

competed by the widespread, non-native T. officinale, especially in

areas that were disturbed by grazing or human activities. Exotic grass

and weed species could displace populations of both P. atropurpurea and

T. californicum through competition if activities such as grazing,

trampling, and off-road vehicles that favor aggressive introduced

species continue.

Two species are threatened with the loss of their genetic

distinctiveness due to genetic exchange with species of the same

genera. Poa atropurpurea has potentially been affected by genetic

absorption by the widespread non-native P. pratensis (Pierce and

Beauchamp 1979, Sproul 1979, Curto 1992). Genetic absorption of P.

atropurpurea by the exotic P. pratensis is a threat to the long-term

viability of this species. Taraxacum californicum may also be

threatened with genetic absorption by the introduced T. officinale

(Krantz, in litt. 1993). Apparent hybrids between these two taxa were

observed in areas where they overlap in distribution (Krantz, pers.

comm. 1993; Krantz 1980). Since T. californicum rarely occurs in the

absence of T. officinale, the potential for loss of genetic

distinctiveness of the restricted species exists. Although both T.

californicum populations are protected, in part, by fencing of habitat

at North Baldwin Lake (owned by CDFG) and Holcomb Valley (Forest

Service), this species is likely threatened at all sites by genetic

absorption and competition with T. officinale.

Drought conditions can also negatively affect pebble plains

species

genetic

distinctiveness of the restricted species exists. Although both T.

californicum populations are protected, in part, by fencing of habitat

at North Baldwin Lake (owned by CDFG) and Holcomb Valley (Forest

Service), this species is likely threatened at all sites by genetic

absorption and competition with T. officinale.

Drought conditions can also negatively affect pebble plains

species. The severe drought in 1989 dramatically reduced the number of

flowering individuals of pebble plains taxa and their associated insect

pollinators (Freas and Murphy 1990). Since both Arenaria ursina and

Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum are dependent on insects for

seed set, such environmental conditions can adversely affect their

reproductive success (O'Brien 1980, Freas and Murphy 1990). Therefore,

if numbers of these species continue to decline and reproductive

success is low, a series of drought events may pose a threat to the

species because of now limited distribution.

Stochastic extinction threatens the plants discussed herein,

particularly Poa atropurpurea, Taraxacum californicum, and Trichostema

austromontanum ssp. compactum, by virtue of their small population size

and limited distribution. Genetic viability is reduced in small

populations, making them vulnerable to extinction by manmade or natural

events. The potential for local extirpation precipitated by small

population size can be exacerbated by environmental conditions such as

the recent drought. For example, the few numbers of P. atropurpurea

individuals at the two remaining sites in the Laguna Mountains could be

eliminated by grazing (i.e., consumption, trampling, soil disturbance),

competition from alien plants, alteration of the hydrologic regime, or

other forms of disturbance,

ed by small

population size can be exacerbated by environmental conditions such as

the recent drought. For example, the few numbers of P. atropurpurea

individuals at the two remaining sites in the Laguna Mountains could be

eliminated by grazing (i.e., consumption, trampling, soil disturbance),

competition from alien plants, alteration of the hydrologic regime, or

other forms of disturbance,

resulting in the extirpation of the species (Curto 1992). Most known

populations of T. californicum, including Hitchcock Ranch, Big Meadow

(Forest Service), and Pan Hot Springs (City of Big Bear), are so

limited in numbers (R. Vizgirdas, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers.

comm. 1992) that they may not survive in the future without recovery

actions such as reducing competition from exotic plants and restoring

degraded habitat areas.

The Service has carefully assessed the best scientific and

commercial information available regarding the past, present, and

future threats faced by these species in determining to propose this

rule. Based on this evaluation, the Service finds that Poa atropurpurea

and Taraxacum californicum are in imminent danger of extinction

throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges due to habitat

destruction and alteration resulting from urban and recreational

development; grazing; trampling by livestock and humans; inadequacy of

existing regulatory mechanisms; genetic absorption; stochastic

extinction; and competition from exotic plant species. Therefore, the

preferred action is to list P. atropurpurea and T. californicum as

endangered. Other alternatives to this action were considered but not

preferred because not listing these species at all, or listing them as

threatened would not provide adequate protection or would not be in

keeping with the purposes of the Act.

For the reasons discussed above, the Service finds that Arabis

johnstonii, Arenaria ursina, Castilleja cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi

var. austromontanum, and Trichostema austromontanum ssp

action were considered but not

preferred because not listing these species at all, or listing them as

threatened would not provide adequate protection or would not be in

keeping with the purposes of the Act.

For the reasons discussed above, the Service finds that Arabis

johnstonii, Arenaria ursina, Castilleja cinerea, Eriogonum kennedyi

var. austromontanum, and Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum are

likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout

all or a significant portion of their ranges if identified threats are

not reduced or eliminated. Threats to these five taxa include habitat

destruction and alteration from urban development and off-road vehicle

activity; habitat degradation and predation by livestock and feral

burros; trampling; and stochastic events. The Service has determined

that threatened rather than endangered status is appropriate for A.

johnstonii, A. ursina, C. cinerea, E. kennedyi var. austromontanum, and

T. a. ssp. compactum primarily because the Forest Service has initiated

some measures to protect these species. Management activities conducted

by the Forest Service (such as fencing, signing, and monitoring various

sensitive habitat areas) have reduced the potential for habitat

destruction by human activities to the degree that the danger of

extinction for these taxa is not imminent. However, the signs and

fences are often destroyed or removed, hence most localities containing

these taxa remain vulnerable to trespass by off-road vehicles and other

recreational users (Neel, pers. comm. 1993). Other alternatives to this

action were considered but not preferred because not listing these

species at all would not provide adequate protection and would not be

in keeping with the purposes of the Act. Listing them as endangered

would not be appropriate as the Forest Service has decreased the danger

of extinction at the present time. Critical habitat is not being

proposed for these species at this time, as discussed below.

Critical Habitat

t not preferred because not listing these

species at all would not provide adequate protection and would not be

in keeping with the purposes of the Act. Listing them as endangered

would not be appropriate as the Forest Service has decreased the danger

of extinction at the present time. Critical habitat is not being

proposed for these species at this time, as discussed below.

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined by section 3 of the Act as: (i) the

specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at

the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found

those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation

of the species and (II) that may require special management

considerations or protection and; (ii) specific areas outside the

geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon

a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of

the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and

procedures needed to bring the species to the point at which listing

under the Act is no longer necessary.

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing

regulations (50 CFR 424.21) require that, to the maximum extent prudent

and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time

a species is determined to be endangered or threatened. The Service

finds that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for these

taxa at this time. Service regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that

designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of the

following situations exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or

other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be

expected to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such

designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species.

As discussed in Factors A and B, vandalism, primarily by through

unauthorized trespassing in motorized vehicles, is a threat to these

species

(1) The species is threatened by taking or

other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be

expected to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such

designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species.

As discussed in Factors A and B, vandalism, primarily by through

unauthorized trespassing in motorized vehicles, is a threat to these

species. One documented example of intentional habitat destruction has

been cited above in an area containing several of the species proposed

herein for listing. Acts of vandalism and habitat destruction against

other Federally listed endangered species in the region discussed in

this rule have occurred when the location of plant populations were

divulged (Mary Meyer, CDFG, pers. comm. 1995). The publication of the

required maps and descriptions for a critical habitat proposal would

increase the degree of threat to these taxa from possible take or

vandalism. The listing of species as endangered or threatened

publicizes their rarity, and can make them more susceptible to

collection by researchers or curiosity seekers. Designation of critical

habitat could further contribute to their decline and increase

enforcement problems.

In addition, designation of critical habitat would not be

beneficial for these species. All Federal agencies and local planning

agencies involved were notified of the location and importance of

protecting habitat for these species. For the populations under Federal

jurisdiction, protection of the habitat of these species will be

addressed through the Act's section 4 recovery process and section 7

consultation process. Those populations extant on privately owned lands

would receive no benefit from critical habitat designation. For the

reasons discussed above, the Service finds that designation of critical

habitat for these taxa is not prudent at this time.

Available Conservation Measures

itat of these species will be

addressed through the Act's section 4 recovery process and section 7

consultation process. Those populations extant on privately owned lands

would receive no benefit from critical habitat designation. For the

reasons discussed above, the Service finds that designation of critical

habitat for these taxa is not prudent at this time.

Available Conservation Measures

Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or

threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions,

requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain

practices. Recognition through listing encourages and results in

conservation actions by Federal, State, and private agencies, groups,

and individuals. The Act provides for possible land acquisition and

cooperation with the States and requires that recovery plans be

developed for all listed species. The protection required of Federal

agencies and the prohibitions against certain activities involving

listed plants are discussed, in part, below.

Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to

evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or

listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical

habitat, if any is being designated. Regulations implementing this

interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR

part 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to confer with the

Service on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued

existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or

adverse modification of

th respect to its critical

habitat, if any is being designated. Regulations implementing this

interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR

part 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to confer with the

Service on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued

existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or

adverse modification of

proposed critical habitat. If a species is listed subsequently, section

7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities they

authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the

continued existence of the species or destroy or adversely modify its

critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species or

its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into

formal consultation with the Service.

Federal agencies expected to have involvement with section 7

regarding these species include the Forest Service through its

management activities, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the

Environmental Protection Agency, through their permit authority under

section 404 of the Clean Water Act. The Federal Housing Administration

may be affected through funding of housing loans where these species or

their habitat occurs. The Federal Highway Administration may be

affected through potential funding of future highway construction that

could affect these species. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

may be involved through its permitting authority for utility projects

that might potentially affect these taxa.

The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of

general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered or

threatened plants. All prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act,

implemented by 50 CFR parts 17.61 or 17.71 apply

ederal Energy Regulatory Commission

may be involved through its permitting authority for utility projects

that might potentially affect these taxa.

The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of

general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered or

threatened plants. All prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act,

implemented by 50 CFR parts 17.61 or 17.71 apply. These prohibitions,

in part, make it illegal for any person subject to the jurisdiction of

the United States to import or export, transport in interstate or

foreign commerce in the course of a commercial activity, sell or offer

for sale any such species in interstate or foreign commerce, or to

remove and reduce to possession the species from areas under Federal

jurisdiction. In addition, for plants listed as endangered, the Act

prohibits the malicious damage or destruction on areas under Federal

jurisdiction and the removal, cutting, digging up, or damaging or

destroying of such plants in knowing violation of any State law or

regulation, including State criminal trespass law. Section 4(d) of the

Act allows for the provision of such protection to threatened species

through regulation. This protection may apply to these species in the

future if regulations are promulgated. Seeds from cultivated specimens

of threatened plants are exempt from these prohibitions provided that

their containers are marked ``Of Cultivated Origin.'' Certain

exceptions to the prohibitions apply to agents of the Service and State

conservation agencies.

The Act and 50 CFR 17.62 and 17.63 for endangered plants and Part

17.72 for threatened plants also provide for the issuance of permits to

carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered and

threatened plants under certain circumstances. Such permits are

available for scientific purposes and to enhance the propagation or

survival of the species

and State

conservation agencies.

The Act and 50 CFR 17.62 and 17.63 for endangered plants and Part

17.72 for threatened plants also provide for the issuance of permits to

carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered and

threatened plants under certain circumstances. Such permits are

available for scientific purposes and to enhance the propagation or

survival of the species. For threatened plants, permits area also

available for botanical or horticultural exhibition, educational

purposes, or special purposes consistent with the purposes of the Act.

It is anticipated that few permits would ever be sought or issued

because these species are not in cultivation or common in the wild.

It is the policy of the Service, published in the Federal Register

on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent

practicable at the time a species is listed those activities that would

or would not constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. The intent

of this policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of this

listing on proposed and ongoing activities within the species' range.

Six of the seven species in this rule are known to occur on lands

managed by the Forest Service. Collection, damage or destruction of

these species on Forest Service lands is prohibited although in

appropriate cases a Federal endangered species permit may be issued to

allow collection. Removal, cutting, digging up, damaging or destroying

endangered plants on non-Federal lands would constitute a violation of

section 9 of the Act if conducted in knowing violation of California

State law, including State criminal trespass law. The Service is not

aware of any otherwise lawful activities being conducted or proposed by

the public that will be affected by this listing and result in a

violation of section 9.

Questions regarding activities that may constitute violations of

section 9 should be directed to the Field Supervisor of the Service's

Carlsbad Field Office (see ADDRESSES section)

ding State criminal trespass law. The Service is not

aware of any otherwise lawful activities being conducted or proposed by

the public that will be affected by this listing and result in a

violation of section 9.

Questions regarding activities that may constitute violations of

section 9 should be directed to the Field Supervisor of the Service's

Carlsbad Field Office (see ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of

the regulations concerning listed plants and general inquiries

regarding prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Endangered Species Permits,

911 N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon, 97232-4181 (telephone 503/231-

2063; Facsimile 503/231-6243)

Public Comments Solicited

The Service intends that any final action resulting from this

proposal will be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore,

comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental

agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested

party concerning this proposed rule are hereby solicited. Comments

particularly are sought concerning:

(1) Biological, commercial, or other relevant data concerning any

threat (or lack thereof) to these taxa;

(2) The location of any additional populations of these taxa and

the reasons why any habitat should or should not be determined to be

critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act;

(3) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and

population size of these taxa; and

1) Biological, commercial, or other relevant data concerning any

threat (or lack thereof) to these taxa;

(2) The location of any additional populations of these taxa and

the reasons why any habitat should or should not be determined to be

critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act;

(3) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and

population size of these taxa; and

(4) Current or planned activities in the subject area and their

possible impacts on these taxa.

The Service specifically solicits opinion from independent

specialists regarding pertinent scientific or commercial data and

assumptions relating to taxonomy, population models, and supportive

biological and ecological information.

The final decision on this proposal will take into consideration

the comments and any additional information received by the Service,

and such communications may lead to final regulations that differ from

this proposal.

The Endangered Species Act provides for a public hearing on this

proposal, if requested. Requests must be received within 45 days of the

date of publication of the proposal in the Federal Register. Such

requests must be made in writing and addressed to the Field Supervisor

of the Carlsbad Field Office (see ADDRESSES section).

National Environmental Policy Act

The Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that Environmental

Assessments or Environmental Impact Statements, as defined under the

authority of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be

prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section

4(a) of the Act. A notice outlining the Service's reasons for this

determination was published in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983

(48 FR 49244).

References Cited

A complete list of all references cited herein is available upon

request from the Carlsbad Field Office (see ADDRESSES section).

Author

The primary author of this proposed rule is Edna Rey Vizgirdas,

Carlsbad

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Flowering Plants

* * * * * * *

Arabis johnstonii........ Johnston's rock-cress... U.S.A. (CA)............. Brassicaceae............ T ........... NA NA

* * * * * * *

Arenaria ursina.......... Bear Valley sandwort.... U.S.A. (CA)............. Caryophyllaceae......... T ........... NA NA

* * * * * * *

Castilleja cinerea....... Ash-grey Indian U.S.A. (CA)............. Scrophulariaceae........ T ........... NA NA

paintbrush.

* * * * * * *

Eriogonum kennedyi var. southern mountain wild U.S.A. (CA)............. Polygonaceae............ T ........... NA NA

austromontanum. buckwheat.

* * * * * * *

Poa atropurpurea......... San Bernardino bluegrass U.S.A. (CA)............. Poaceae................. E ........... NA NA

* * * * * * *

Taraxacum californicum... California dandelion.... U.S.A. (CA)............. Asteraceae.............. E ........... NA NA

* * * * * * *

Trichostema Hidden Lake bluecurls... U.S.A. (CA)............. Lamiaceae............... T ........... NA NA

austromontanum ssp.

compactum.

* * * * * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dated: July 5, 1995.

Mollie H. Beattie,

Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.

[FR Doc. 95-18975 Filed 8-1-95; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4310-55-P