Documents

The Section 45V Clean Hydrogen Production Credit

Congressional research report · In Focus · Mar 30, 2026

Updated March 30, 2026 The Section 45V Clean Hydrogen Production Credit P.L. 117-169, commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), enacted a new tax credit for the production of “clean” hydrogen … Under the third condition, temporal matching, the electricity must be produced in the same time period as the hydrogen.

The Stuxnet Computer Worm: Harbinger of an Emerging Warfare Capability

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Dec 9, 2010

EU Agency analysis of ‘Stuxnet’ malware: a paradigm shift in threats and Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Press Release initial comment and brief, high level analysis of the recent ‘Stuxnet … Air-gapped An air-gapped network is one that is not connected to any other network, including the Internet, and only allows internal data transmission.

Algae’s Potential as a Transportation Biofuel

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 30, 2014

It is unclear how use of CO2 from a power plant for the production of algae would be treated under the Clean Air Act.18 There may be supply and demand concerns for ABB. … H.R. 1149 (112th Congress) also would have amended the Clean Air Act to include algae-based biofuel in the renewable fuel standard program.

U.S. and World Coal Production, Federal Taxes, and Incentives

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Mar 14, 2013

Under the Clean Air Act, there are federal limits on the amount of SO2, among other pollutants, allowed from coal-fired power plants.2 Western coal (low sulfur and low energy content) primarily produced … The placement of the excess spoil in valleys adjacent to mining areas remains controversial.6 The Coal Cycle After being mined, coal goes through a cleaning prep facility, where it is cleaned and separated

Military Quality of Life/VA (House) and Military Construction/VA (Senate): FY2006 Appropriations

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 10, 2006

Such an arrangement would allow the Army to transfer the land immediately but guarantee the re-use authority access to funds to pursue clean up through third parties. … 109-203) on July 28, 2005, provided for the reopening of the airfield, stating that, “Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this act, the Secretary of the Air Force shall—(1) open

Supreme Court Holds Small Refineries Remain Eligible for Renewable Fuel Standard Exemptions After Lapse

Congressional research report · CRS Report Type LSB · Jun 28, 2021

Small Refinery Exemptions Under the Renewable Fuel Standard Under the Clean Air Act, the RFS generally requires EPA to ensure that increasing (i.e., market-forcing) specified volumes of categories of renewable … These definitions, it determined, generally involved something being increased or added to, such as a period of time.

Status of the Copenhagen Climate Change Negotiations

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Dec 9, 2009

House of Representatives of H.R. 2454 (the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES), or the “Waxman-Markey” bill) have led to reinvigorated hopes of some people that consensus among countries could … (For example, GHG “offsets” that would be authorized by S. 1733, the Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act, the “Kerry-Boxer” bill.

Food Safety Issues in the 109th Congress

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jun 16, 2005

periods. … The notice extending the comment period also asks for more information about industry practices when pullets are reared until they are placed into laying hen houses.

Cooling Water Intake Structures: Summary of the EPA Rule

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Sep 8, 2014

Congress enacted Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) specifically to address CWIS. … In recognition of such impacts, Congress included Section 316 in the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (the law is commonly known as the Clean Water Act, or CWA)2 specifically to address the potential

Petroleum Refining: Economic Performance and Challenges for the Future

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jun 3, 2008

The effect of environmental requirements, specifically the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 101-549) on capital expenditures are shown in the figure. … The EIA has determined that ROI was reduced by 69% over the period as a result of the implementation of Federal environmental statutes and/or the Clean Air Act Amendments.

Vieques and Culebra Islands: An Analysis of Cleanup Status and Costs

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jul 7, 2005

Although the agreement itself would not be subject to public comment, the cleanup actions necessary to fulfill it would be open to comment prior to being finalized. … Total Estimated Costs to Clean Up Vieques.

Australia: Fires Highlight Government’s Climate Challenge

Congressional research report · CRS In Focus · Mar 11, 2020

The Australian government reports that their Forest Fire Danger Index has increased at 16 of 38 sites over the period from 1973 to 2010. … Sydney’s air quality became a health risk, and parts of the nation’s capital Canberra had to be evacuated at one point.

Border Environment Cooperation Commission and North American Development Bank : Background and Issues

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 20, 1995

Environmental Protection Agency; San Diego Clean Water Program ; Southwest Border Infrastructure Initiative ; U .S . … Also, the public is to be notified of, and permitted to comment on, proposed projects .

Tax Incentives for Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Dec 19, 2005

Proponents argue that there may be noneconomic reasons (e.g. energy security, clean air) to promote one technology over another. 4 For more information on the current tax incentives, see the Internal Revenue … These new incentives are similar to those proposed in the Clean Efficient Automobiles Resulting from Advanced Car Technologies Act (CLEAR ACT, S. 971) and the Volume Enhancing Hardware Incentives for Consumer

President Obama Pledges Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets as Contribution to 2015 Global Climate Change Deal

Congressional research report · CRS In Focus · Jun 12, 2015

Existing regulations under the Clean Air Act (CAA) include fuel economy standards for vehicles. … The Energy Policy Act (EPAct) and the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) include energy conservation standards for appliances and equipment and a building code determination for commercial buildings

The Development of Federal Recommendations and Regulations for Fluoride in Drinking Water

Congressional research report · Reports · May 16, 2025

The panel’s conclusions and proposed recommended concentration of 0.7 mg/L were summarized in the Federal Register in 2011 and followed by a four-month public comment period. … Bowers. 122 EPA, “EPA Announces Next Phase of Organizational Improvements to Better Integrate Science into Agency Offices, Deliver Clean Air, Land, and Water to All Americans,” press release, May 2, 2025

National Infrastructure Bank: Overview and Current Legislation

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Dec 14, 2011

innovative technologies to reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gases. … Created in amendments to the Clean Water Act (P.L. 100-4), this program provides grants to states to capitalize loan funds (33 U.S.C. 1381-1387).

Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Critical Barriers and Congressional Policy

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jun 24, 2009

Other proposals to reduce U.S. carbon emissions to specific levels are found in the Cap and Dividend Act of 2009 (H.R. 1862), the Clean Environment and Stable Energy Market Act of 2009 (H.R. 1683), the … The Save American Energy Act (H.R. 889) and the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (H.R. 2454 § 101) are prominent examples of such 57 See, for example: U.S.

How Agencies Monetize “Statistical Lives” Expected to Be Saved By Regulations

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Mar 24, 2010

Some statutes forbid any consideration of costs in setting a health standard (e.g., the national ambient air quality standards in the Clean Air Act), and such prohibitions have been upheld in court (e.g … 312 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7612), monetary values for adult premature mortality that differ based on the age of the adult.” 34 Circular A-4, p. 30. 32 35 Ibid.

Federal Disaster Assistance After Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Wilma, Gustav, and Ike

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Feb 26, 2019

In practice, EPA support for this latter function has generally involved waiving environmental requirements applicable to motor vehicle fuel under the Clean Air Act. … Water SRF grants among the states according to a formula specified in the Clean Water Act itself, whereas the Safe Drinking Water Act authorizes EPA to develop a formula for allocating the Drinking Water