Documents

Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 22–May 28, 2023)

Congressional research report · CRS Report Type LSB · May 30, 2023

Environmental Law: The Court considered the appropriate standard for identifying “waters of the United States” under the Clean Water Act (CWA), and specifically when CWA jurisdiction extends to certain … The prisoner and the state disagreed as to when a state PCR is no longer “pending” under § 2244(d)(2), ending the statutory tolling period and starting the AEDPA one-year limitations period for bringing

Foreign Government Employment by Armed Services Retirees

Congressional research report · CRS In Focus · Jan 5, 2023

Part 3a AR 600-291 AFI 36-2913 MyNavy HR (Retired Activities) DOD 7000.14-R, V. 7B, Ch. 5, 6 Purpose Employment Prohibition Employment Exception DOS Process Army Process Air Force Process Navy Process … Loss of Nationality Under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (INA), U.S. nationals aged 18 or older who work for a foreign state may lose this nationality by committing acts of expatriation, which

Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 11, 2012

reduce air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, including biofuels projects … • Qualified applicant: Private lending institutions, to guarantee loans for clean energy projects.

U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress

Congressional research report · Reports · May 1, 2025

While the 18 recorded incidents only involved US naval forces, the Air Force has also had at least one such encounter during this period…. … China signed on to those U.N. resolutions, yet still acts in risky, highly assertive ways that hazard air crews.

OSHA State Plans: In Brief, with Examples from California and Arizona

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Apr 18, 2017

For additional information on the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act), see CRS Report R43768, The OSH Act: A Legal Overview. 2 Under Section 4(b)(1) of the OSH Act, the Occupational Safety … See, for example, the comments of Spencer Kamps of the Home Builders Association of Central Arizona in Carina Dominguez, “Feds Reject Ariz.

Defense Primer: Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps

Congressional research report · In Focus · Mar 12, 2026

Congress established JROTC as an Army program in the National Defense Act of 1916 (P.L. 64-85), and in 1964 (P.L. 88-647) expanded it to the Navy and Air Force. Congress later authorized U.S. … Curriculum JROTC courses are taught over a three- or four-year period on topics such as leadership, ethics, civics, history, and health and wellness.

Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 114th Congress

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Sep 9, 2016

carrier operates at the site and that any such domestic air carriers would have access to the preclearance operations comparable to that of foreign air carriers. … The act also modifies the employment requirements for post-September 2015 applicants and extends both the employment period for eligibility and the application deadline until December 31, 2016.

Department of Transportation Funding: FY2021-FY2025 Enacted and FY2026 Requested

Congressional research report · Reports · Jul 21, 2025

For aviation, this time period extends from the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-254) through the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2024 (P.L. 118-63). … P.L. 119-21, the 2025 reconciliation act, provided $12.5 billion in FY2025 for air traffic control modernization.

The ADA Amendments Act: P.L. 110-325

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Sep 22, 2010

Comment on the proposed regulations must be submitted on or before November 23, 2009.4 Background The original ADA definition of disability was based on the definition of disability used for Section 504 … United Air Lines involved sisters who were rejected from employment as pilots with United Air Lines because they wore eyeglasses.

Intelligence Community Reorganization: Potential Effects on DOD Intelligence Agencies

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Feb 11, 2005

After lengthy consideration, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (hereafter, the “Intelligence Reform Act,” P.L. 108-458) was signed on December 17, 2004. … from orbital and air-breathing sources.

CARES Act Elementary and Secondary Education Provisions

Congressional research report · CRS In Focus · Apr 16, 2020

Any waiver approved by the Secretary under the provisions of the CARES Act may be for a period not to exceed the 2019-2020 academic year, except to carry out the full implementation of any MOE waivers … In addition to other allowable uses of Project SERV funds, the CARES Act specifically states that the additional funds can be used by elementary, secondary, and postsecondary schools to clean and disinfect

Sensitive Security Information (SSI) and Transportation Security: Background and Controversies

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Feb 5, 2004

Bush), “Remarks on Signing the Aviation and Transportation Security Act,”Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vo1. 37, Nov. 19, 2001. 2 The act directs TSA to prescribe rules and regulations … CRS-3 Section 1520.5 specifies that all airport operators, aircraft operators, foreign air carriers, indirect air carriers, applicants, and other persons who receive SSI must protect that information from

Retransmission of Network Programming Under the Satellite Home Viewer Act: Summary of the PrimeTime 24 Decision

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Nov 26, 1999

programming to unauthorized subscribers, are subject to permanent injunction, barring the retransmission of any station affiliated with the network and statutory damages of up to $250,000 for each six month period … Moreover, the Act requires the FCC to promulgate rules to establish a “point-to-point” predictive model for determining an individual subscriber’s ability to receive an over-the-air Grade B signal.

Federal Research and Development: Budgeting and Priority-Setting, 1993-2000

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Mar 14, 2001

During this period, pressures mounted to raise funding for R&D programs. … The views of the Democratic membership of the House Science Committee were contained in comments on the “Omnibus Civilian Science Authorization Act of 1996,” April 30, 1996.

NATO’s Warsaw Summit: In Brief

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Nov 14, 2016

whoever believes that a symbolic tank parade on the alliance’s eastern border will bring security, is mistaken.”12 NATO and U.S. officials subsequently rebutted Steinmeier’s comments. … some defense ministries in smaller NATO member states, some analysts contend that it could be more effective for these governments to increase defense spending in smaller increments over a longer time period

The Randolph-Sheppard Act: Major Judicial Decisions

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Oct 9, 2008

Section 107a(a)(5) requires the Secretary of Education to designate state agencies to issue licenses for blind persons to operate vending facilities “for the vending of newspapers, periodicals, confection … Rumsfeld,16 the court held that the Randolph-Sheppard Act applied to military troop dining facilities at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico.

Buying American: Protecting U.S. Manufacturing Through the Berry and Kissell Amendments

Congressional research report · CRS Report · May 18, 2017

These waivers of Berry Act requirements generally apply only for a specific time period. In some cases, waivers remain in force until a domestic source or a substitute material can be found. … with the Berry Amendment and the Buy American Act.75 Three recent audits found the Navy fully complied with the Berry law in 12 of 23 contracts, the Air Force in 15 of 21 contracts, and the Army in 29

Defense Acquisition Workforce: Issues for Congress

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Mar 11, 1999

It is important to note that these studies were performed over a period of more than a decade—a period during which there have been significant changes in the size of the defense budget, the size of the … Marine Corps Research, Development and Acquisition Command Air Force Office of the Assistant Secretary of Air Force for Acquisition Air Force Materiel Command Air Force Program Executive Organization Department

Veterans Affairs: Presumptive Service Connection and Disability Compensation

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Nov 18, 2014

presumptive period. … After the allotted period for public comment, the VBA will then prepare a final rule to be submitted to the Federal Register.

Military Helicopter Modernization: Background and Issues for Congress

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jun 24, 2004

It may support the helicopter air-to-air and air-to-ground mission, troop transport, and search and rescue function. … Richard Cody, commented on how Army aviation is “stretched thin,” and that it would have to find “innovative ways” to address readiness and maintenance challenges.133 Has the Army (and other Services)