Documents

The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: The Use of the Military to Execute Civilian Law

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Nov 6, 2018

The Posse Comitatus Act outlaws the willful use of any part of the Army or Air Force to execute the law unless expressly authorized by the Constitution or an act of Congress. … XXI HANSARD, THE PARLIAMENTARY HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE YEAR 1803, at 690-98 (June 19, 1780).

Section 7 of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act: In Brief

Congressional research report · CRS Report · May 21, 2020

33 U.S.C. §401 et seq.) and §404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1344). 21 Under §404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1344), permits are required to carry out activities involving disposal of dredged … Congressional Research Service 5 Section 7 of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act: In Brief procedures.27 These protections for study rivers also extend to the interim period from when a study report is

Macedonia: Conflict Spillover Prevention

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jul 23, 1998

It was not intended itself to provide for the defense of the country, nor was it to act as an interposition force between potentially warring ethnic factions inside the country. … In periodic reports to the U.N. Security Council, U.N.

Iraq: Turkey, the Deployment of U.S. Forces, and Related Issues

Congressional research report · CRS Report · May 2, 2003

Turkey remained uneasy and acted accordingly. … The Senate did not act on the legislation before the 107th Congress adjourned.

Department of Energy Research and Development Budget for FY2001: Description and Analysis

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 3, 2001

The Act provides $7.32 billion for R&D programs within the bill’s jurisdiction, 4.4% above the request and 11.9% above the FY2000 level. … They argue that the private sector is unlikely to undertake much of this research, particularly in periods of relatively low competing energy prices.

Unemployment Compensation for Former Federal Employees and Military Servicemembers

Congressional research report · CRS In Focus · Feb 7, 2025

The Emergency Unemployment Compensation Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-164) provides that ex-servicemembers be treated the same as other unemployed workers with respect to benefit levels, waiting periods for benefits … For example, any UCX benefit payments to a former Air Force servicemember would be charged to the Air Force.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Resources for Responding to Disasters and its Role in Homeland Security

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Aug 18, 2005

NOAA’s Air Quality program operates air sensing instruments that can identify the presence of airborne chemical and biological releases, as well as the quality of the air generally. … However, those who argue for a dedicated source of funding attribute former “successes” in large part to generous presidential budgets and appropriations during historical periods of sustained economic

“Localism”: Statutes and Rules Affecting Local Programming on Broadcast, Cable, and Satellite Television

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 9, 2008

Appropriations Act, P.L. 106-113. 5 Under another provision of SHVIA, subscribers who are not able to receive an over the air broadcast signal of acceptable quality using a conventional, stationary rooftop … Initial comments are due on November 1, 2004. 66 Commission decisions to date do not provide explicit guidance.

Military Discharges: Character of Service and Eligibility for Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Benefits

Congressional research report · Reports · Apr 15, 2026

period ended on December 2, 2024. … The removal of the “homosexual acts” bar did not change VA policy.

The State of Campaign Finance Policy: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress

Congressional research report · Reports · Jul 29, 2025

In 2016, amid the increased online activity surrounding the 2016 election cycle, the FEC announced that it was reopening the comment period on the 2011 ANPRM. … It again reopened the comment period in October 2017. Several Members of Congress filed comments.

Services Negotiations in the WTO: An Overview of the U.S. Offer

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Sep 2, 2003

In principle, the Agreement applies to all services with two exceptions: services supplied to governments, and air traffic rights and services. … To improve transparency, the U.S. proposal encourages: 1) prior notification and comment periods on government regulations; 2) a simple and clear application process that applies equally to domestic and

Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Issues for Congress

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jun 7, 2021

For example, the Obama Administration used the SCC and SCM to value climate change impacts in some assessments under the National Environmental Policy Act. … The IWG requested comment about how to incorporate the 2017 NASEM recommendations and other recent science and economics into the SC-GHG (86 Federal Register 24669; May 7, 2021), with comments due by June

Veterans Affairs Asset and Infrastructure Review Act: Timeline and Funding

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Dec 17, 2021

(AIR Act), Title II of the VA MISSION Act (P.L. 115-182). … pursuant to an Air Act recommendation.

Nuclear Weapons Freeze Movement: Issues for National Debate

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Mar 10, 1982

First, current war plans call for preattacks on Soviet air defenses that would leave them badly damaged. In addition, our current bomber, the B-52, is now equipped to suppress air defenses. … These include improvements in submarine warfare and air defenses.

Middle East and North Africa: Implications of the Russia-Ukraine War

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jun 2, 2023

America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA; P.L. 115-44; 22 U.S.C. §§9501 et seq.). … Egyptian commentators claimed that Egypt withdrew from the international treaty due to its ineffectiveness to control global grain prices and Egypt’s ability to secure grain supplies from 149 State Department

The Weatherization Assistance Program Formula

Congressional research report · Reports · Sep 23, 2025

The WAP was reauthorized in the Energy Act of 2020 (Division Z of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, P.L. 116260). … The urban heat island can affect communities by increasing energy demand and energy costs for cooling and air conditioning, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness and mortality

Appropriations for FY2005: Energy and Water Development

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Dec 10, 2004

However, most of the sites that have been cleaned up thus far are relatively small and are among the least hazardous. … Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that EPA’s 10,000-year compliance period was too short, but it rejected several other challenges to the standards.

Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2008

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Feb 5, 2008

It required detailed tracking and reporting on the research portfolio and periodic review of NIH’s organizational structure. … These transferred funds are dedicated to research on more effective methods to clean up contaminated sites.

Federal Excise Taxes on Tobacco Products: Rates and Revenues

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Apr 28, 2005

Fiscal year revenues over the 1993 to 1996 time period have ranged from a low of $5.691 billion to a high of $5.878 billion. … period during that fiscal year).

Military Airlift: The Joint Cargo Aircraft Program

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Oct 10, 2008

The 2009 Defense Authorization Act supported the Army portions of the request, but cut all of the advance procurement funds and $10 million of RDT&E funds from the Air Force request. … It would not be a persuasive argument that the JFLCC should have his own air force.24 The 2008 Defense Authorization Act restored Army procurement funds, but directed DOD to conduct a roles and missions