Documents

A Hydrogen Economy and Fuel Cells: An Overview

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 14, 2004

A reformer acts as a mini-refinery to separate the hydrogen from the other elements in the fuel. … In addition to air quality improvements, there are several other potential benefits.

Theater Missile Defense: Issues for Congress

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jul 30, 2001

Requested comment from DoD April 4, 2001. H.R. 1282 (Vitter) Realistic Tests for Realistic Threats National Security Act of 1999. … Referred to Subcommittee on Military R&D and requested comment from DoD April 18, 2001. CRS-13 IB98028 07-30-01 H.R. 1283 (Vitter) Defense Against Regional Threats Act of 2001.

Authorization and Appropriations for FY2003: Defense

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Dec 6, 2002

period. … to the Clean Air Act.

China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 30, 2015

China Coast Guard or PLA Navy ships could enter the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands for longer periods of time. … Regulator To Act Over China’s Air Defence Zone In the East China Sea,” The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), December 2, 2013, http://www.smh.com.au/world/japan-asks-theworld-air-regulator-to-act-over-chinas-air-defence-zone-in-the-east-china-sea

Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations

Congressional research report · Reports · Jan 8, 2026

to protect its sovereign air space.16 It is unclear whether Israeli planes crossed Jordanian air space to reach Iran and, if so, whether the Jordanian authorities permitted it or chose to not comment … Air Force Central, “332nd Air Expeditionary Wing Fact Sheet.” 47 The National Defense Authorization Act for FY2018 (P.L. 115-91) authorized $143 million in Air Force construction funds to expand the ramp

U.S. Airline Industry: Issues and Role of Congress

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jul 29, 2008

Legislators in both the House and the Senate have focused on options to establish a “cooling off” period that would restrict former FAA inspectors from seeking employment with air carriers for some period … Act of 2008.

Energy Tax Policy

Congressional research report · CRS Report · May 25, 2006

Other oil and gas tax benefits were also cut back during this period. … The two-year period was enacted under the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Prior to that, G&G costs were capitalized, which is consistent with economic and accounting theory.

Marine Dead Zones: Understanding the Problem

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Aug 13, 2007

Under §319 of the Clean Water Act, Louisiana and other states have initiated nonpoint-source58 control programs. … Under §303 of the Clean Water Act, states must identify water-quality-limited segments of their waters that are not meeting standards, and then establish total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for each listed

Line 5 Pipeline: Relocation and Permitting

Congressional research report · Insight · Jan 23, 2026

The Corps has permitting authority over the proposed tunnel project pursuant to Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1344) and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (33 U.S.C. §403 … On November 13, 2025, the Corps issued a Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the tunnel project, initiating a comment period ending December 5, 2025.

Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jul 29, 2008

air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, including biofuels projects. … Qualified applicant: Private lending institutions, to guarantee loans for clean energy projects.

Commuter and Large Air Carriers: Is It Time For One Level of Safety?

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Mar 6, 1995

The NPRMs will be followed by a public comment period of perhaps 60 to 90 days. Final mles might be expected by the end of 1995 to take effect beginning in 1996. … %ee: Debate on H.R. 926, the Regulatory Reform and Relief Act of 1995, Reed amendment to raise the threshold for a "major" rule from $50 million to $100 million.

Mortgage Servicing and Selected Policy Issues

Congressional research report · Reports · Sep 18, 2025

See Laurie Goodman, “Servicing Costs and the Rise of the Squeaky-Clean Loan,” Mortgage Banking, February 2016, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/77626/2000607-Servicing-Costs-and-the-Rise-ofthe-Squeaky-Clean-Loan.pdf … Periodic billing statements.

Agricultural Conservation and the Next Farm Bill

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Mar 20, 2023

temporary changes in land use and management to achieve environmental benefits.  Conservation Reserve Program––Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, Farmable Wetland Program, Grassland Contracts, Clean …  Air quality funding. Requires $37.5 million annually be used for payments for air quality concern practices. On-Farm Conservation Innovation Trials.

Constitutional Authorities Under Which Congress Regulates State Taxation

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 2, 2015

• 49 U.S.C. §40116 prohibits states from levying or collecting tax on an individual traveling in air commerce; the transportation of an individual traveling in air commerce; the sale of air transportation … ; or the gross receipts from that air commerce or transportation.

Table Egg Production and Hen Welfare: Agreement and Legislative Proposals

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Feb 14, 2014

The bills would codify national standards for laying-hen housing over a 15- to 16-year phase-in period, including labeling requirements to disclose how eggs are produced, and set air quality, molting, … Average bird numbers are for the same period.

Ethanol and Other Biofuels: Potential for U.S.-Brazil Energy Cooperation

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Sep 27, 2007

air standards. … For more information on MTBE, see CRS Report RL32787, MTBE in Gasoline: Clean Air and Drinking Water Issues, by (name redacted) and (name redacted) . 27 Renewable Fuels Association, Industry Statistics

Federal Support of Public Transportation Operating Expenses

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Jan 18, 2024

Over the 10-year period prior from 2010 through 2019, the 49 The report was prepared prior to the enactment of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), in accordance with 23 U.S.C. §503(b)(8 … However, the IIJA provided about a 67% increase (in nominal dollars) in annual funding for public transportation in comparison with the period authorized by the FAST Act, as extended.53 The amount authorized

The Section 179D Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Deduction

Congressional research report · In Focus · Apr 8, 2026

Updated April 8, 2026 The Section 179D Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings Deduction The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169) enacted or modified 20 energy-related tax credits. … These credits subsidize clean energy production and increased energy efficiency, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thereby slow the rate of global warming.

Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Nov. 8–Nov. 14, 2021)

Congressional research report · CRS Report Type LSB · Nov 15, 2021

Circuit panel unanimously held that EPA cannot regulate trailers under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act because trailers are not “self-propelled” motor vehicles. … The court determined the petitioner was unlikely to succeed in its Administrative Procedure Act claim that the FDA acted unreasonably in denying the application.

Transportation Spending and “Buy America” Requirements

Congressional research report · CRS Report · Feb 4, 2014

The FHWA issued a Notice and Request for Comments in July 2013 seeking comment on the continuing need for this provision. See 78 Federal Register 41492, July 10, 2013. 12 23 U.S.C. §101(a)(18). … of time for public comment.