The opinion
HUGHES, J.
hThe defendant, Jeffrey Clark, and a number of fellow inmates incarcerated at the Louisiana State Penitentiary in Angola, Louisiana (“Angola”) conspired to escape from prison. In furtherance of that plot, on the evening of December 28, 1999, they smuggled improvised weapons into the Angola Camp D education building, where various scheduled meetings and classes were taking place; there, they launched an attack on the prison guards present, hoping to obtain keys necessary to gain access to a nearby vehicle and to exit a secure access sally port to leave the prison and escape to Canada. The escape attempt was thwarted when prison officials discovered the disturbance and quickly surrounded the education building. Captain David N. Knapps, who had been- taken hostage by the inmates, was bludgeoned and,, stabbed to death. Each inmate involved was tried separately, and the defendant was convicted .of the first degree murder of Captain Knapps (in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:30) and sentenced to death.
|2On appeal to this court, pursuant to LSA-Const. Art. V, Sec. 5(D)(2), 1 the defendant relies on thirty-seven assignments of error, contending his conviction and sentence should be reversed. After a thorough review of the law and evidence, we find no merit in any of the assignments of error. Therefore, we affirm the defe'ndant’s conviction and sentence.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On March 15, 2004 a West Feliciana Parish grand jury indicted Angola inmate Jeffrey Clark and fellow inmates David Mathis, David Brown, Barry Edge, and Robert Carley 2 for the December 28,1999 *599 first degree murder , of Capt. Knapps (in violation of .LSA-R.S. 14:30), which occurred in the officers’ restroom of the Angola Camp D education building.
In July and August of 2004, respectively, the State notified the defendant that it intended to seek the death penalty and would rely on eight aggravating circumstances: 3 (1) the perpetration or attempted perpetration of the aggravated kidnapping of Lieutenant Douglas Chaney and Sergeant Reddia Walker; (2) the perpetration or attempted perpetration of an aggravated escape; (3) the victim was a peace officer engaged in his lawful duties; (4) the offender has been previously convicted of an unrelated murder; (5) the offender created a risk of death or great bodily harm to more than one person; (6) the offender was imprisoned for the commission of an unrelated forcible felony at the time of commission of the offense; (7) the offense was committed in an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel |smanner; and (8) the victim was a correctional officer who, in the normal course of his employment was required to come in close contact with persons incarcei’ated in a state prison facility, and the victim was engaged in his lawful duties at the time .of,, the offense.
On February 5, 2010 the State , amended the indictment to charge the co-defendants as principals. It also amended the list of aggravating circumstances on which it .intended to rely from eight to four.
Although the trial court addressed a majority of pretrial matters in a consolidated manner, 4 each co-defendant’s trial was held separately. 5 The defendant was the first to go to trial in July of 2010. The trial court declared k mistrial because, during the guilt phase opening statements, the State referenced the fact that the defendant was already serving a life sentence. 6 The court of appeal disagreed, but this court reversed and reinstated the trial court’s ruling. State v. Clark, 10-1676 (La. 7/17/10), 39 So.3d 694 .
On April 27, 2011, the day before jury selection was set to commence in the defendant’s second trial, the defendant sought to represent himself in certain aspects of his trial with the assistance of his appointed attorneys. After the trial |4court *600 conducted extensive Faretta 7 colloquies with the defendant and his counsel, the defendant ultimately gave the opening and closing statements and questioned numerous fact witnesses during the guilt phase of his trial. 8 The record reflects that the defendant’s appointed attorneys provided assistance with these tasks. Under the defendant’s direction, as lead counsel, his appointed attorneys conducted the. penalty phase qualification and general voir dire and questioned all of the expert witnesses during the guilt phase. The defendant waived his right to self-representation during the penalty phase,
Jury selection commenced on April 28, 2011 and concluded May 6, 2011. 9 Twelve jurors and four alternates were selected.
The State and the defendant gave opening statements on May 7, 2011. The State described how it believed the crime occurred, summarized the evidence it would present, explained how that evidence established the elements of the crime, and discussed the conditions of employment and confinement at Angola. The State conceded that the jury would “never ... know which inmate wielded which weapon inside that bathroom.” The defendant’s opening statement to the jury stressed the State’s lack of evidence tying him to Capt. Knapps’ murder and lack of evidence of his specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm, as well as issues related to crime scene contamination, the failure to properly collect evidence from the crime scene, bias among the State’s witnesses, and correctional officer misconduct by abusing inmates in securing control of the education building and investigating the crime.
|BDuring the guilt phase, the State presented the testimony of thirty-three lay and expert witnesses, and the defense called twelve witnesses. Much of the testimony focused on whether Angola’s tactical team used excessive force in retaking control of the education building and whether correctional officers abused inmates in the days that followed Capt. Knapps’ death. The jury also visited the crime scene.
This case is unusually complex, given the number of inmates and correctional officers involved in the events leading up to the foiled escape attempt, the murder of Capt. Knapps, the various locations at which these events unfolded, the extended time frame over which these events occurred, the co-defendants’ control of the crime scene and evidence prior to the correctional officers regaining control, and the volume and variety of peripheral issues that have arisen over the course of the succeeding two decades. A summary of the evidence heard by the jury follows.
In October of 1999 inmate Joel Durham approached inmate Doyle Billiot about joining a plan to escape Angola, which included inmates Carley, Edge, Mathis, and Brown. Billiot learned the inmates planned to execute their escape plan during evening call-outs in the Camp D education building on December 28, 1999, and the defendant had agreed to join the escape team. The addition of the defendant to the plot coincided with circumstances that had led him to believe his goal of becoming a trustee in January or February of 2000 was unlikely, which upset him and had made him amenable to the escape *601 plot. The defendant’s position in an inmate social organization rendered it possible for him to list the participating inmates on the “call-out sheet” for that night so they could access the various rooms in the education building, thus furthering the escape plans.
According to the defendant’s initial statements to investigators, the inmates’ plan was to target correctional officers unlikely to fight back (such as those nearing [firetirement, like Lieutenants Charles Cockerham and Douglas Chaney, or female officers, like Sergeant Reddia Walker) or those allegedly involved in mistreating inmates housed on Angola’s most restrictive confinement tier in Camp J (such as Lieutenant David Ross). The inmates also needed to target a correctional officer with the rank of captain in order to acquire the keys necessary to execute their plan. After handcuffing the targeted officers and taking their keys, radios, and parts of their uniforms, the inmates planned to exit the Camp D sally port, take a car parked nearby, travel via a dirt road off Angola grounds, which some of the involved inmates had identified while on a “blade” crew, and then proceed to Tylertown, Mississippi, where they would obtain food, money, and an eighteen-wheeler before heading to Canada. If escape proved impossible, they would seek transfer to federal prison or die.
Apparently the inmates were inspired by an incident, earlier in the month, in which federal Cuban detainees, housed in a St. Martinville, Louisiana facility, held correctional officers hostage over the course of several days and successfully negotiated their release via federal and state negotiators. 10 Angola officials, however, maintained, and trained for, a strict no-negotiation policy.
On December 28, 1999 Carley, Durham, Edge, Mathis, and the defendant attended the AA/NA meeting call-out in “Classroom One” of the Camp D education building. 11 Brown was on call-out for an inmate-led legal class 12 in |/‘Classroom Two.” Billiot stayed in his dorm, having decided not to participate in the escape attempt. Several other uninvolved inmates were also present in the education building attending the AA/NA meeting, legal call-out, and band practice call-out. 13 In total, over twenty inmates were in the education building at some point that evening.
Inmate Michael Robinson testified that he was working as an orderly that night. His responsibilities included preparing the education building for the evening call-outs and assisting correctional officers with distribution of snack trays to diabetic inmates *602 and of inmate' property held in storage loekers in the “bundle” rooms 14 of. the Camp D education building. Early that evening, Robinson noticed paper taped up over the glass window in the door to the education building. When he went to remove the paper, he observed the defendant, Brown, Carley, Edge, Mathis, and Durham in the hallway, and one of them told him not to worry about the paper as he attempted to pull it down. According to Robinson, the defendant and Brown also showed “great concern about where the captain, where the lieutenant and everybody was at.” 15
Sometime later, Robinson assisted Lt. Chaney with snack tray distribution. Lt. Chaney entered the- education building several times to access and return keys to the nearby kitchen from one of the bundle rooms. When Lt. Chaney first entered the education building at around 7:00 or 7:15 p.m., the defendant asked Rhim where Lt. Cockerham was, a question the defendant repeated about forty-five minutes later.
As Lt. Chaney re-entered the education building, Robinson observed Capt. Knapps enter the building, walk down the hallway past. Brown, and toward the defendant, who was standing near the officers’ restroom at the far end of the hallway. 16 When Lt. Chaney took longer than usual to rejoin Robinson on the walkway outside the education building, Robinson entered the building to check on him' and saw Lt. Chaney’s keys hanging in the lock of the dorm-' bundle room door, which, alerted Robinson to the fact that something was wrong. 17 Robinson forced his way into the dorm bundle room and saw Lt. Chaney pinned to the floor with one inmate at his feet and another near his head. 18 One of the inmates came after Robinson, but Robinson escaped and ran.toward the security booth on the walkway, with several other fleeing inmates, to tell Sgt. Walker that inmates were jumping Lt. Chaney and that she needed to hit her beeper. Ignoring the suggestion to hit her beeper, which would have alerted other officers of a security *603 problem, Sgt. Walker immediately went to check on Capt. Knapps and Lt. Chaney. 19
|flLt. Chaney had managed to get to the education building doorway before the inmates pulled him back into the building and another inmate pushed Sgt. Walker inside. Carley began ordering inmates fleeing from the legal class to return to the education building. As Robinson ran to get help, he saw Cooper burying a shank in the ground near the walkway. Robinson called out to the next officer he saw, Lt. Cockerham, saying, “we need help, we need help down here,” but Robinson was ignored. Robinson then ran toward the dorms and jumped a fence, knowing that he was risking getting shot as he did so, in order to let. an officer at the Camp D sally port know that corrections officers in the education building were being attacked. 20
Lt. Chaney testified that Mathis and Durham pushed him into the dorm bundle room, grabbed him around the neck, hit him all over, and wrestled his keys, radio, and scissors away from him. He was able to get away from Durham when Mathis tried to grab Robinson, but was soon overpowered, slammed to the floor of the hallway, handcuffed, had a sock stuffed into his mouth, a coat thrown partially over his head, and his shoelaces tied together. 21 Although he was dizzy and had blurred vision from his head injuries, Lt. Chaney could see Carley had blood on his pants and held a homemade weapon consisting of half a pair of scissors. Some of the involved inmates then dragged Lt. Chaney, into Classroom One, where he heard Sgt. Walker crying behind him and Edge telling some of the uninvolved inmates |inthat he was sorry they gotten caught up in the failed escape plan and that Capt. Knapps was badly injured. Carley entered Classroom One with several sets of keys, a radio, and a weapon, threatening to kill Lt. Chaney if he did not help identify certain keys, before Carley escorted Sgt. Walker out of Classroom One. At some point, Brown or Durham came in with a mallet and placed it in a chair near Edge who appeared to be guarding Lt. Chaney and the uninvolved inmate hostages. At no point did the defendant bring water and a blanket or protect and comfort Lt. Chaney as he later claimed. 22 Just before the tactical team stormed the building, Lt. Chaney heard Brown' come into Classroom One, *604 hollering that everyone was going to be killed.
Sgt. Walker testified that on December 28, 1999 she was assigned to the medium gate guard shack, as security for the walkway between the Camp D education building and the sally port. She became aware of an issue at around 8:20 p.m., when she observed several inmates running out of the education building, including Robinson. As she approached the ramp to the entrance of the education building, the door opened, and she observed Lt. Chaney holding an inmate she did not know in a headlock. Someone pushed her from behind into the budding and onto the floor of the hallway. Carley tied her shoelaces together, informing her she was a hostage and the situation was “like St. Martinville” because the planned escape had gone wrong. After Sgt. Walker realized her hands had not been tied, she pressed her beeper, notifying security of the need for assistance in Camp D. Carley attempted to intercept the call for assistance by stating into one of the officers’ radio that the situation was under control; he then took Sgt. Walker’s beeper from her and moved her to Classroom One, where Edge appeared to be guarding several uninvolved inmates. Carley next brought in Lt. Chaney; the Indefendant then entered the classroom. It did not appear to Sgt. Walker that Edge or anyone else was limiting the defendant’s ability to go anywhere or do what he wanted. While in Classroom One, the defendant informed Sgt. Walker that he was not going to hurt her, but he wanted to talk to the Attorney General, stating his belief that they were going to die. The defendant also requested Sgt. Walker, if she got out alive, to call and tell his mother that he loved her, he was sorry, and he did not want to be buried at Angola. The defendant then left Classroom One without anyone attempting to stop him.
Inmate Hadwin tried to comfort and pray with Sgt. Walker before Carley returned with a large ice pick-like shank in his bloody hands. Carley held the shank to Sgt. Walker’s throat and forced her to leave Classroom One and go into the cell block bundle room, where the defendant was looking through Angola’s telephone directory and Brown was holding a telephone. They asked her how to get an outside line, and she was responding that she did not know when the phone rang. As Brown was speaking to the caller (who was obviously an Angola official), the defendant told Brown to say, “We need to talk to an Attorney General and then we need an outside line,” which Brown relayed to the caller. Carley, Mathis, and Durham entered the cell block bundle room, and the inmates began talking about dying. Then, a telephone number was broadcast across the radio system. Brown dialed the number, and the defendant told him to repeat their demand to speak to the Attorney General and for an outside line. 23 When Carley held the shank to Sgt. Walker’s throat again and told her to get on the phone to tell Angola personnel she was okay, she complied. The defendant did nothing to interfere with Carley’s threatening behavior, and he informed Sgt. Walker that they |iacould not let her go when she asked him to release her. Sgt. Walker also observed that Mathis had a weapon made from scissors and Durham had a weapon made from a metal door hinge arm.
*605 Sgt. Walker further testified that when the phone rang again, Brown answered. After hearing it was Warden Cain, the defendant stated they were all going to die and expressed his desire to return to his dorm. All the involved inmates indicated their unwillingness to serve time in Angola’s restrictive confinement tier at Camp J, and Mathis and Durham made dear they would rather die than be confined at Camp J. As the defendant told the others that they needed to change their clothing and left the bundle room, Sgt. Walker noticed blood on the defendant’s grey sweatshirt. 24 When the defendant returned wearing a different grey sweatshirt, he wrote a note to his mother and placed it in Sgt. Walker’s pocket. The defendant then left Sgt. Walker with Durham and Mathis. She testified that the defendant did not make either inmate promise not to harm her before he left, as he later claimed.
Sgt. Walker next heard Warden Cain enter the building and present an amnesty (with no-consequences) note that the involved inmates could sign. She heard Car-ley respond, “You-all aren’t going to let us go back to no dorms after you see what we did.” Shortly thereafter, she heard Mathis and Durham reaffirm their commitment to die rather than go to Camp J; then she heard shots and saw them on the floor. Sgt. Walker was taken to the infirmary and, later that evening and on December 30,1999, she provided statements to investigators.
1iaFormer inmate Dennis Taylor testified 25 that he was with Lt. Cockerham and another correctional officer when they observed inmates running on the walkway and Sgt. Walker missing from her post. Taylor recalled his concern for his half-brother, inmate Gregory Wimberly, who was inside, prompting Taylor to enter the education building. He saw Durham and Carley and a discharged fire extinguisher in the hallway. He also observed Lt. Chaney and Sgt. Walker on the floor in Classroom One, with one black and one white inmate beating Lt. Chaney; he went to the legal aid office to find out what was going on and decided to try to leave the building. When he re-entered the hallway, he saw the defendant, Brown, Durham, Mathis, and Carley. The exit door was locked, but Brown offered him the keys to unlock it, which Taylor refused to touch. Brown and Mathis also had radios, and Durham had another set of keys.
Taylor testified that the defendant, Durham, Mathis, and Carley had blood on their clothing. Specifically, Taylor observed what appeared to be blood on the defendant’s hooded sweatshirt, down the side of his pants, and on his hands. Taylor also saw what he thought was a weapon in the defendant’s hand and spots of blood in the hallway near the inmates’ restroom door. On cross-examination, the defendant elicited testimony from Taylor about his reluctance to testify, a threat regarding his incarceration if he failed to do so, and his 2005 brain surgery to remove a tumor, which left him with memory damage. Taylor also admitted the item he saw in the defendant’s hand could possibly have been *606 a 2.5 x .5 inch metallic cross that some-inmates carry. 26
| uDeputy Warden Vannoy testified that he was one of the first officers to respond to the hostage situation that evening, and he initiated telephone contact with the involved inmates before Warden.Cain arrived. Warden Vannoy spoke first with Carley, who he described as “very upset.” Warden Vannoy also stated that Carley demanded to be allowed contact with the FBI and the U.S. Attorney in Baton Rouge, and he threatened to kill the hostages if security approached the education building. At the time, Carley informed Warden Vannoy that no one was hurt and allowed him to speak with Sgt. Walker briefly. Warden Vannoy also spoke with Durham and Brown, both of whom made similar demands and threats. Warden Van*-noy recalled that he was the first person to speak with Carley in person, after some of the involved inmates, including the defendant, opened the education building door and surrendered. On the walkway, Carley informed Warden Vannoy that Capt. Knapps was in the officers’ restroom “seriously injured and possibly dead.” Warden Vannoy yelled to Richard Stalder, then-Secretary of the Department of Public Safety and Corrections, to check the restroom. Warden Vannoy also testified that the defendant spoke to him on the walkway, after he surrendered, stating, “All I ever wanted to be was .a trustee,” After the building was secure, Deputy Warden Vannoy’s supervisor, Deputy Warden Paul Perkins, instructed him to pick up Capt. Knapps’ sister, Caroline Whitstine, from another Angola building where she worked and to inform Capt. Knapps’ mother of her son’s death.
Former Secretary Stalder testified about his participation in efforts to rescue the hostages and retake the Camp D education building. When he arrived at Angola, Warden Cain, as well as Deputy Wardens Vannoy, Perkins, and Jimmy | ^Johnson, were already staged at the education building door with tactical team support surrounding the building. Secretary Stalder testified that the defendant was the first inmate to leave the building, followed by Carley and Brown. 27 While Warden Cain stopped in the hallway next to the dorm bundle room with Sgt. Walker, Mathis, and Durham inside, Secretary Stalder proceeded to Classroom One with Deputy Wardens Perkins and Johnson to rescue Lt. Chaney. After securing Lt. Chaney’s release, they went down the hallway and discovered Capt. Knapps’ body in the officers’ restroom. Secretary Stalder signaled to Warden Cain the urgent need to rescue Sgt. Walker. The tactical team deployed a flash grenade, rescued Sgt. Walk *607 er from Mathis and Durham, and regained control of the education building.
Deputy Warden Perkins’ testimony verified ' that of Secretary Stalder. Warden Perkins further testified that he entered the restroom to “get a good look at [Capt. Knapps],” who he said was “unrecognizable” due to his injuries, even though he and Capt. Knapps had grown up together. 28
Immediately after regaining control of the education building, corrections officials considered all tomates in the building as suspects and, as they had been trained, used the force necessary to regain control, searched the inmates for additional weapons,- and lined them up to a submissive position (i.e., on knees with |1fiwrists cuffed behind the back, legs crossed, and head against the hallway wall) until investigators and crime lab technicians could photograph them, collect their clothing and shoes, and take samples from their hands of suspeeted blood stains.
Warden Cato’s testimony corroborated the testimony of the other officials. He also explained that his goal, prior to regaining access to the education building, was to have the involved inmates open the education building door themselves to avoid the additional time and increased risk to the hostages required to blow open a door or wall and overcome whatever internal barricades the hostage-takers may have erected. Warden Cain achieved this goal by agreeing to personally write and deliver an amnesty note for the involved inmates to sign when they surrendered, which were to be effective on the provision that no one had been hurt. 29 Carley opened and ran out the door toward Warden Vannoy, while Warden Cain had Brown and the defendant sign the amnesty note on the stack of large metal locker boxes partially blocking the doorway before allowing them to leave.
As Warden Cain was trying to convince Mathis and Durham to give up and release Sgt. Walker from the bundle room, Durham said, “You haven’t looked in the bathroom yet.” When Secretary Stalder confirmed the inmates had killed Capt. Knapps, Warden Cato decided to, rescue Sgt. Walker with force. After setting off a flash grenade, Colonel Joe Norwood and Captain Russell Bordelon, who functioned as trained snipers on the tactical team, opened the bundle room door. Col.'Nor-wood testified that he observed, through the crack to the door hinge, Durham *608 standing over Sgt. Walker with a shiny weapon in his hand, and he shot Durham twice in the chest through the crack; he also fired another couple of shots |17when Durham continued to move towards Sgt. Walker. Capt. Bordelon, who testified at the suppression hearings but not at the defendant’s trial, stated that he shot Mathis in the face as Mathis came toward the Angola personnel in the doorway. Durham died, but Mathis survived.
Retired Colonel Darren Bordelon, who was a lieutenant colonel at the time of the 1999 incident, testified that he was part of the Angola restraint team and assisted in securing and clearing out the call-out rooms after the education building was retaken. Col. Bordelon explained that the team’s training required security personnel to consider all inmates as suspects and to use the force necessary to take down an inmate who failed to comply with an order to get on the floor, before being searched for weapons and restrained. Col. Bordelon testified that most of the inmates complied, but a few did not and sustained injuries. Col. Bordelon also testified that he came into contact with the defendant that evening near the “medium gate,” outside of the education building at around 2:30 a.m.; he described their conversation as follows:
I asked him, if I was to walk in the building that night, what would have happened to me? And he said the same thing would have happened to me. He said they would have took care of me like they took care of Captain Knapps .... [H]e said they would take me down the same way that they took down Captain Knapps.
Col. Bordelon also observed Capt. Knapps in the officers’ restroom while medics were trying to save him, noting Capt. Knapps’ “condition was terrible” and “[h]is face was almost unrecognizable” because “the top of his head looked like a bowl because they beat him.”
Lieutenant Colonel Chad Oubre, who was a sergeant in 1999, testified that he transported several inmates, including the defendant, from Camp D via transport bus to new housing locations, following initial processing by crime lab technicians. During the transport of the defendant to Camp J, Lt. Col. Oubre heard the defendant spontaneously and repeatedly state that he planned to turn State’s 11sevidence. Lt. Col. Oubre also stated that he did not observe anyone beating the defendant near the transport bus. On cross-examination, however, the defendant was able to show that Lt. Col. Oubre’s testimony, in which he claimed he never entered the education building that evening and did not see any inmates until they got on the bus, was inconsistent with a prior statement given on August 3, 2005.
Pat Lane of the Louisiana State Police Crime Lab, a stipulated expert in crime scene investigation and reconstruction and bloodstain pattern interpretation, testified that he and co-worker Alejandro Vara arrived at the Camp D education building at around midnight, spoke with investigators from the West Feliciana Parish Sheriffs Office (“WFPSO”), Angola, and the State Police and began processing the crime scene. Mr. Lane explained that he and Mr. Vara walked through the crime scene to assess what needed to be done, processed the inmates individually, and collected additional evidence, including clothing and weapons located throughout and around the education building. 30 They also photo *609 graphed and videotaped various bloodstain types as well as bloody finger, palm, and shoe prints found in the officers’ restroom, as well as photographed Capt. Knapps’ body during the autopsy.
Inmate processing included photographing each inmate present in the education building, having them remove their clothing and place it in individually marked brown paper bags, examining their bodies for blood and collecting samples where necessary, and providing them with prison jumpsuits so they could proceed to speak with investigators. As to the defendant, Mr. Lane and Mr. Vara collected l1fltwo bags of clothing worn by the defendant at the time of processing, 31 as well as other clothing items found at the crime scene and later linked to the defendant; they also swabbed his hands. Mr. Lane testified that the only fingerprints recovered from the crime scene belonged to the victim. He made clear there was no opportunity for Col. Bordelon or Lt. Ross to tamper with the defendant’s collected clothing by placing Brown’s bloody sweatpants in one of the defendant’s bags, as the defendant later claimed.
On cross-examination, Mr. Lane acknowledged that: the entire building was the crime scene; inmates and security remained in and moved about the scene for hours before processing commenced, including in the hallway where the attack on Capt. Knapps likely started and in the officers’ restroom where he died; and numerous items of evidence including weapons and clothing had been gathered and provided to him without any indication of who collected it, when or where. Mr. Lane also admitted at least one bag of inmate clothing (unrelated to the defendant) had been mislabeled and clothing from all inmates was not collected at the initial processing (including the clothing of Durham, Mathis, and Edge because they were undergoing medical treatment). On redirect, Mr. Lane testified that none of the alleged irregularities or oversights had any impact on the evidence linking the defendant to the murder.
The testimony of Mr. Vara, Carolyn Booker, and George Schiro, who were all stipulated as experts in forensic DNA analysis, corroborated the testimony of Mr. Lane and further revealed the following:
• Clothing from involved and uninvolved inmates in the education building that evening contained 692 bloodstains, and DNA testing was not performed on each of those stains;
With respect to the bloodstains on which Crime Lab technicians conducted DNA testing, they found:
• Capt. Knapps’ blood on the shank and a denim jacket found in the cell block bundle room; the white T-shirt and the mallet found in Classroom One; and on the shoes, jeans, and sweatpants worn by defendant at the time of processing;
*610 • co-defendant Carley’s blood on the denim jacket collected from the defendant at processing;
• the defendant’s blood on the socks and boxers collected from him at processing;
• Capt. Knapps’ blood on BroWs sock, white pants, and jeans, Carley’s socks, long-john shirt, pants, and shoes, and Durham’s shoe and jeans;
• the samples taken from bloodstains on the clothing of Edge and Mathis matched only the wearer or another involved inmate, but not the victim, although the copious amounts of blood from the wearer’s injuries could have masked smaller amounts of the victim’s DNA; and
• clothing worn by most of the uninvolved inmates at the time of collection had bloodstains from various unknown sources on them, and some of that clothing had bloodstains from known sources, including items with the blood of an involved inmate on it (i.e., the sweatshirt worn by inmate Brown at the time of processing had Edge’s blood on it; a bloodstain from inmate Kenneth Edwards’ white hooded sweatshirt may have contained a blood mixture that included Mathis’s blood), and some items had the victim’s blood on them (i.e., the shirt worn by inmate Mickey Lanerie, the grey sweatshirt worn by inmate Brian Johns, the dark grey sweatshirt and shoes of inmate Taylor; and the sweatshirt worn by inmate John Daniels).
• Swabs from the defendant’s hands contained a blood mixture consistent with the DNA of Capt. Knapps and the defendant; 32 and
• The probability of the DNA found on the defendant’s jeans and sweatpants and the grey sweatshirt linked to the defendant found in Classroom One belonging to someone randomly selected other than Capt. Knapps was 1 in 17 trillion. ■
In addition, Alan Keel, another stipulated forensic DNÁ analysis expert, whose private practice called for him to testify routinely in cases on behalf of both the defense and the prosecution, conducted additional DNA testing on samples |21from several items of clothing to determine the habitual wearer of the items and additional testing on weapons found at the crime scene. Mr. Keel testified that the grey sweatshirt found in Classroom One had spatter stains of Capt. Knapps’ blood.on the front of it, a smear of Capt. Knapps’ blood on the inside of it, and a large quantity of biological samples from areas known to be fertile with the habitual wearer’s DNA (such as the collar, front waist hem, and outside front) that contained the defendant’s DNA or low level mixtures containing higher levels of the defendant’s DNA. 33 Mr, Keel further stated that the denim jacket found in the cell block bundle room had the victim’s blood on the outside left front sleeve, the defendant’s blood in a transfer stain on the inside, as well as Durham’s epithelial cells on the front of it next to a rivet. 34 As to the tested weapons, *611 sample levels were too low to link the defendant to any weapon, although .Mr. Keel confirmed the victim’s blood was on the mallet and ice pick-like shank.
Dr. Alfredo Suarez conducted the autopsy of Capt. Knapps. Following a stipulation as to his expertise in forensic pathology, he testified as follows regarding Capt. Knapps’ injuries, before walking the jury through a limited number of photographs of the injuries and linking those injuries to the recovered weapons:
This man sustained multiple and different injuries. The, the fatal blows were in the head. He had several lacerations due to blunt trauma that caused multiple fractures of the bones forming the skull, the temporal, the left parietal, and the occipital. So there were at least three blows to the head, heavy and with force, that one of the major injuries was a depressed fracture. In other words, the bone was inserted into the brain. And that’s a major blow to be able to fracture a thick bone. And the bone ends up poking, if you will, into the brain. In there that led to considerable hemorrhage inside the cranial cavity. And that’s, that’s a fatal — those were the fatal blows altogether.
In addition, there were puncture wounds.. There were three puncture wounds on the left lateral chest wall, one of which [¡^penetrated two inches into the spleen. The spleen is that organ that’s on the left that’s very, very vascu-larized, so it bleeds quite a bit. And that potentially could have been a fatal injury; however, the amount of blood that I found in the abdomen, free in the belly, if you will, in the abdomen, was not very abundant. It was only 50 ML. It’s like a pint and a half maybe.
And the other two perforations didn’t injure any fatal structures, no blood vessels and no organs.
There were defense wounds.. There were defense wounds is what we call the attempt from the victim to ward off the weapon. And they sustain injuries to sometimes forearm, and, predominately in this case, were the fingers. Those are so-called defense wounds. ,
There were other lacerations on the both shoulders, and the — this man was hit pretty good in the perioral region, around the mouth. Why? The, the maxillary teeth were loose and the prosthesis that he had was out of mouth. And there were lacerations in both lips. So that’s due to probably fist, punch him in the mouth. That’s basically what he sustained.
⅜ ⅜ ⅜
..., [Tjhere [were] superficial cuts, and there was a puncture wound to the left neck that penetrated about two inches, and produced hemorrhage about the. cervical esophagus. But that injury, although with maybe .a 5-degree angle, could have perforated both the carotid artery and/or the internal jugular vein. But that particular wound didn’t do that, so that’s notfatal. [35]
Dr. Suarez opined that, given the injuries and multiple weapons used, he suspected more than one person was involved in the attack, and he noted that Capt. Knapps likely sustained the puncture wounds to his torso after the fatal blows to his head.
The parties stipulated to the expertise of Colonel Timothy Scanlan of the Jefferson Parish Sheriffs Office Crime Laboratory in the fields of crime scene investigation, crime scene reconstruction, and bloodstain *612 pattern analysis. Col. Scanlan testified that he believed the inmates killed Capt. Knapps in the restroom, rather than in the hallway or doorway, and he described the various types of bloodstain patterns in the crime scene and on clothing and what they revealed to him as a crime scene recon-structionist. Most notably, Col. Scanlan discussed the implications of a takeaway print from the defendant’s notched left Reebok shoe in the officer’s restroom, the blood spatter on the grey sweatshirt found in Classroom | ^One linked to the defendant as the habitual wearer, and the blood spatter and transfer patterns on the denim jacket found in the cell block bundle room also linked to the defendant, which indicated the defendant was moving about the restroom after Capt. Knapps sustained significant injury and was on top of the victim or right next to him when Capt. Knapps sustained blows to previously injured and bleeding areas of his body. Col. Scanlan testified that this evidence was inconsistent with the defendant’s initial statements to investigators indicating that Mathis, Carley, and Durham were the only ones with knowledge of what took place in the officers’ restroom and that the defendant was unaware Capt. Knapps was seriously hurt until after he was out of the education building on the walkway.
Col. Scanlan noted that, while the denim jacket and hooded, zippered, grey sweatshirt with pockets, collected from the defendant during processing, did not have the tell-tale spatter patterns, the defendant’s jeans had direct transfer blood stains and blood spatter, indicative of dynamic bloodshed, and saturation stains showing prolonged contact with active bleeding. The saturation was so significant that the sweatpants worn under the defendant’s jeans had a secondary transfer blood pattern in the corresponding location, and both the jeans and sweatpants were soaked through with Capt. Knapps’ blood. Col. Scanlan also observed that the small size of the blood spatter on clothing collected from or linked to the defendant showed that the defendant was in “very close proximity” and “actively involved.” While Col. Scanlan stated that he did not believe the initial attack took place in the hallway, he acknowledged on cross-examination that the inmates’ control over the crime scene and reported efforts to clean the hallway may have obscured that version of events, and he explained that his responsibility was to reconstruct the crime scene with the physical evidence presented to him.
Major Randy Holden, formerly a WFPSO investigator, and State Trooper Brad Cook conducted the initial interviews of Brown, Edge, and the defendant in 124the early morning hours of December 29, 1999. Major Holden and Trooper Cook testified that Major Holden advised the defendant of his rights and had the defendant read and sign a waiver of rights form. Neither Major Holden nor Trooper Cook inflicted, observed evidence of, or heard complaints about, abuse or coercion of the defendant. 36 The defendant’s recorded statement commenced at 7:47 a.m., during which he informed officers that:
• On December 27, 1999, the defendant was informed of a pending unwanted move in his housing location, which led him to believe his desire to *613 become a trustee in January or February 2000 was unlikely to happen, and he was upset about this development (he said it “messed [him] up” when he realized his chances to become a trustee appeared slim).
• Durham and Carley approached him about joining an escape plan about a week before December 28, 1999, and they asked him to prepare a list of inmates for the call-outs scheduled for that evening, which he did.
• The escape plan involved targeting correctional officers either close to retirement or female (and therefore believed to be less likely to resist), 37 tackling and handcuffing them, taking their uniforms, keys, and beepers, and leaving them unharmed in one of the two bundle rooms in the education building. From there, the inmates would exit the Camp D sally port, take one of the cars parked near the sally port, drive off the property via a dirt road, which had been observed by some of the involved inmates while working a blade crew, proceed to Tylertown, Mississippi, to gather food, money, and an eighteen-wheeler before heading to Canada.
• The defendant claimed he agreed to join the plan that evening and, despite his claims of no intent or awareness of any intent to harm on anyone’s part, he observed Edge with a mallet or hammer in his jacket and a shank up his left sleeve, and the defendant knew 265-pound Brown was recruited to handle the targeted officers physically.
• Planned targets Lieutenants Ross and Cockerham were not in the building, and the involved inmates missed their initial chance to secure Lt. Chaney, so when Capt. Knapps came in the education building to use the officers’ restroom, the inmates seized the opportunity. Specifically, the defendant claimed Durham approached Capt. Knapps in the hallway, as Capt. Knapps exited the restroom, and punched him, causing him to fall down near the watercooler. The defendant stated that as Capt. Knapps struggled, Durham | ^continued to hit him, and Edge approached with the mallet and hit Capt. Knapps on the head several times.
• The defendant claimed that he and Brown approached to convince Capt. Knápps to let them handcuff him when Capt. Knapps, then “bleeding bad” from the head and his hands, grabbed the defendant around his legs. Brown then dragged Capt. Knapps into the officers’ restroom by his pants cuffs.
• The defendant asserted that he saw Mathis, Carley, and Durham enter the officers’ restroom as the defendant entered the inmates’ restroom, where the defendant attempted to remove blood from his sweatshirt. He heard “kicking noise” from the officers’ restroom next door.
• When the defendant’s attempts to rinse the blood off his sweatshirt proved unsuccessful, he removed it and threw it in the waste basket in the inmates’ restroom, replacing it *614 with a different sweatshirt from one of the bundle rooms.
• By the time the defendant joined the other inmates, they had grabbed Lt. Chaney and Sgt, Walker, and Edge was guarding them with a mallet in Classroom One. Lt. Chaney appeared dazed as if he too had been beaten,
• The defendant claimed that he fetched water and blankets for the officers and attempted to comfort Sgt. Walker by saying that no one would hurt her and that he would protect her.
• The defendant stated that Carley and Mathis indicated security was aware of the situation, so Carley, Mathis, and Durham started taping paper over the small windows in the doors and discharging a fire extinguisher to create confusion when security came inside. They also blocked one of the doors into the education building with locker boxes from one of the bundle rooms.
• The defendant claimed that it was his idea to get on the telephone, demand to speak with non-Angola authorities, and to surrender.
• The defendant described Sgt. Walker’s brief telephone conversation with Warden Cain, his placing a note to his mother in Sgt. Walker’s pocket (in which he apologized for his actions and asked not to be buried at Angola), and his own telephone conversation with Col. Stewart before he, Brown, and Carley surrendered to Warden Cain, as the tactical team commenced efforts to rescue Lt, Chaney and Sgt. Walker and retake the building.
• The defendant claimed that he “had no idea” Capt. Knapps was “hurt .,. not like that” in the- officers’ restroom.
- • At no point did the defendant claim that he was beaten or otherwise abused by correctional officers before giving the statement.
Further, on December 29, 1999, Major Holden interviewed uninvolved inmates Hadwin, Daniels, and Williamson, none of whom appeared injured or complained of injuries. On December 30,1999 Major Holden interviewed inmates Rice, Jeanpierre, Mitchell, Billiot, Cooper, and Robinson, as well as Lt. Chaney and Sgt. Walker. An arrest warrant was obtained by the State, on December 30, 1999, for the defendant, accusing him of the first degree murder of Capt. Knapps, [2r,in violation of LSA-R.S, 14:30, and the aggravated kidnapping of Lt. Chaney and Sgt. Walker, in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:44.
On January 3, 2000 the defendant gave a supplemental recorded statement to Major Holden, WFPSO Chief Investigator Ivy Cutrer, Angola investigator Major Warren Melancon, and Col. Donald Ray Davis, after signing another waiver of rights form. The defendant confirmed, “I participated in an escape attempt that resulted in Capt. Knapps’ death,” and “saw [Edge] hit Capt. Knapps in the head with a yellow mallet or hammer out in the hallway ... maybe four to six times ... maybe more.” The defendant reiterated his claim that Durham hit Capt. Knapps first, and he added that Carley, Mathis, and Edge jumped on Capt. Knapps while Capt. Knapps was down on the hallway floor. The defendant also attempted to explain some of the physical evidence linking him to the murder. He stated that when he and Brown approached, Capt. Knapps grabbed his legs and sweatshirt before Brown pulled Capt. Knapps into the restroom. The defendant said he, Brown, and Edge left, leaving Mathis, Carley, and Durham in the offi *615 cers’ restroom with Capt. Knapps. The defendant claimed that he only saw Edge with a mallet or hammer and Carley with the large ice pick-like shank. The defendant also heard Capt. Knapps saying, “What are y’all doing,” and hollering, “Help me, help me.” The defendant stated that he felt “partly responsible for” Capt. Knapps’ death, and he believed the law would hold him responsible because he did nothing to stop it. The defendant also stated that he thought he would receive the death penalty, and he planned to plead guilty for his family’s sake. The defendant made no mention of any beating or abuse by investigators or correctional officers.
Nonetheless, on January 6, 2000, the defendant informed one of his appointed attorneys, Burton Guidry, that correctional officers beat him on numerous occasions with various types of riot batons and revealed extensive bruising on his legs (on the upper front and sides of his thighs and on the lower 1 OTback of his thighs). Mr. Guidry photographed the injuries, and the photographs were introduced into evidence. Stipulated expert witnesses in forensic pathology and correctional investigations testified at trial that the defendant’s injuries were not consistent with multiple beatings with riot batons in the early morning hours of December 29, 1999, as claimed, and the injuries appeared to be self-inflicted. Medical personnel from Angola also testified the defendant did not present injuries from the alleged beatings to any staff members contemporaneously with the time the defendant claimed his injuries were inflicted.
The jury also heard evidence of additional inculpatory statements made by the defendant to authorities and other inmates. For example, on October 17, 2001, the defendant wrote a thirteen-page letter to Deputy Warden Vannoy, seeking assistance in negotiating a deal with the State in exchange for testimony and identification of additional evidence located at the crime scene (even though the defendant acknowledged in the letter that Warden Vannoy had no such authority and the defendant’s appointed counsel remained on his case). In his letter to Warden Vannoy, the defendant also claimed that his initial statements were “based on half-truths” because he “feared for [his] life, due to the beatings and threats.”
The defendant asserted to Warden Van-noy that his other co-defendants all “hung together” and “shared the same religious belief in Wicca,” which meant they were not afraid of dying because of their belief in reincarnation. The inmates’ plan in December, 1999 was to escape, be transferred to federal prison, or die. The defendant admitted the other inmates “told [him] that they intended to kill Lt. David' Ross because he beat many inmates at Gamp J, including their friend Jessie Rogers.” When the inmates could not locate Lt. Ross, they killed Capt. Knapps instead, reasoning they would then be taken seriously and somehow improve their chances of transfer to federal prison by killing one ' guard but releasing the others. When Warden Cain refused to negotiate, the inmates amended their plan, deciding | ^that if the only options were confinement at Camp J or death, they would-kill the officer hostages and die; Carley and Brown, however, surrendered. The defendant claimed that he remained in the bundle room with Sgt. Walker to protect her, and he left only after Durham promised not to injure her.
The defendant also wrote to Warden Vannoy that he had heard more details related to Capt. Knapps’ death from rumors on the tier (i,e., that Carley had instructed Edge to clean the blood from the hallway, while Carley, -Brown, and Durham went into the officers’ restroom *616 and tried to beat Capt. Knapps into disclosing Lt. Ross’s location; and that they later went back and stabbed Capt. Knapps to death). The defendant offered to help authorities locate additional evidence in the education building, including Carley’s bloody clothing and a second knife-like weapon. The defendant also denied, in the letter, that he told Col. Bordelon that “if [Col. Bordelon] would have come in the building that night we would have taken him down like Knapps.” The defendant further claimed that Col. Bordelon and Lt. Ross removed bloody sweatpants from a bag containing Brown’s clothing and put them into a bag with the defendant’s clothing. The defendant complained in the letter of multiple beatings, which coerced him to say that he participated in the plan when he did not. The defendant also promised to Warden Vannoy to testify at a civil trial (presumably the wrongful death case brought by Durham’s heirs) that Durham was armed when security rescued Sgt. Walker, and that Durham had demanded to be transferred to Hunt Correctional Center and to be given a job as a trustee or as an inmate counsel.
The defendant added, in a postscript to the letter, a detailed description of what most likely happened to Capt. Knapps in the officers’ restroom. Specifically, the defendant stated that he knew Capt. Knapps crawled into the stall after Brown dragged the captain into the officers’ restroom; and inmates Brown, Carley, and Durham “beat [Capt. Knapps] until he passed out because he would not tell [them] | ^where Lt. Ross was.” 38 The defendant further detailed that Brown, Carley, and Durham returned to the officers’ restroom, when the building was surrounded by the Angola tactical team, to stab Capt. Knapps twice in the side and several times in the head with the ice pick-like shank and in the chest with the half-scissors blade. The defendant advised Deputy Warden Vannoy to confirm the accuracy of this account from the autopsy report, and he claimed the other inmates informed him of these details during their first weeks in Camp J.
In addition, inmate Christopher Shockley testified at the defendant’s trial regarding the defendant’s jailhouse confession. Shockley and the defendant met in 2005, while serving time at Hunt Correctional Center. 39 In 2006 they discussed Capt. Knapps’ death one morning. The defendant informed Shockley that Durham had stabbed Capt. Knapps in the chest, and the defendant had hit Capt. Knapps in the head with a mallet. Shockley also provided testimony about what he believed were the defendant’s efforts to discredit his testimony about the jailhouse confession. Although, on cross-examination, the defendant highlighted Shockley’s numerous convictions and pending charges in this state and other jurisdictions, Shockley maintained that the State had promised him nothing and his decision to testify was motivated by the defendant’s attempts to “throw[ ] [him] under the bus.”
Inmate Alvin Loyd testified regarding the defendant’s efforts to obtain false exculpatory testimony. Although Loyd was in the education building on the night of the attempted escape and murder, he did *617 not witness the attacks on Capt. Knapps, Lt. Chaney, or Sgt. Walker because he was either in Classroom Two |aoteaching the legal class or in the law library across the hall from the officers’ restroom. Loyd was, however, aware of a commotion in the hallway because he heard inmates running around, observed a smear of blood on the wall of the hallway near the officers’ restroom when he went to the law library to place inmate legal documents in a cabinet. Loyd also saw Robinson wrestle away from an inmate who attacked him, as Loyd tried to leave the building. Loyd stated that he returned to the law library to wait for security after Carley blocked his exit. Nonetheless, in July 2010, just before the commencement of the defendant’s first trial for Capt. Knapps’ murder, the defendant sent Loyd a fourteen-page, handwritten document 40 detailing yet another version of events and seeking Loyd’s testimony in support of that version. 41 In this version, the defendant claimed that he was never part of the escape plan, that he actively sought to prevent the attack on Capt. Knapps by interfering with Edge and Carley’s efforts to hit Capt. Knapps on the head with a mallet, that he stayed with Sgt. Walker to protect her throughout the ordeal until he left the building, and that he never signed Warden Cain’s amnesty note.
After the State rested, the defendant called numerous witnesses, the bulk of whom were uninvolved inmates who provided testimony consistent with that presented at pre-trial motion to suppress hearings regarding alleged correctional | S1 officer brutality. 42 In addition, the defen *618 dant called Durham’s former fiancée, Carmen Fielder, who testified that Durham’s autopsy and the media accounts of Durham’s death were inconsistent; she further testified that she was surprised when: Angola cremated Durham’s body, without consent, while Durham’s father was deciding whether to seek a second autopsy; that the paperwork related to Durham’s cremation appeared to be backdated; and that Angola personnel would not tell her who ordered the cremation.
The defendant’s former defense counsel, Burton Guidry, was called to testify regarding the photographs taken on January 6, 2000 of the defendant’s injuries, allegedly incurred on the evening of the attempted escape and murder, and regarding his (Mr. Guidry’s) role in Durham’s wrongful death suit, which prompted his dismissal as a member of the defendant’s initially-appointed defense team because of the likelihood of conflict.
The defendant’s last witness was Jeff Scozzafava, a stipulated expert in crime scene investigation and reconstruction and bloodstain pattern interpretation. Mr. Scozzafava disagreed with what he characterized as Col. Scanlan’s | ¡¡¡.overreaching conclusions because: (1) Mr. Lane and Mr. Vara failed to process the crime scene and collect evidence properly, and Col. Scanlan failed to account for the lack of crime scene preservation and chain of custody issues with respect to various evidence collected from the scene; and (2) Col. Scanlan interpreted some bloodstain patterns incorrectly (i.e., there could have been no arterial spurt, as testified to by¡ Col. Scan-lan, because the autopsy did not indicate any artery had been compromised). Mr. Scozzafava did not, however, present an alternative theory of the crime, and he admitted that none of his criticisms altered the findings regarding the defendant’s bloody left shoeprint on the officers’ restroom floor, between the drain and the stall, or that Capt. Knapps’ blood was on the defendant’s hands, shoes, and clothing at the time of processing or otherwise linked to him. Mr. Scozzafava also admitted that the location of the defendant’s footprint did not support the version of events last claimed by the defendant, in his covert letter and questionnaire to inmate Loyd (in which the defendant admitted he was present in the restroom and claimed he had to “duck walk” with Capt. Knapps’ head on his leg while Brown pulled them into the restroom), or any other version. Mr. Scozzafava further admitted that Col. Scanlan’s interpretation of the tiny blood spatter on the grey sweatshirt found in Classroom One, which was linked to the defendant as a habitual wearer, as impact evidence of the defendant’s direct and active involvement in Capt. Knapps’ murder was as plausible a theory as an alternative theory.
Following the State’s closing argument, in which it stressed Capt. Knapps’ blood on the defendant’s clothing, shoes, and hands, and the defendant’s role in the attempted aggravated escape and aggravated kidnappings of Lt. Chaney and Sgt. Walker, as well as his surrender and at *619 tempts to alter his version of events to account for evidence against him as he learned of it, the defendant elected to give alsslengthy closing argument; Therein, the defendant gave another detailed version of events, in which he asserted and/or conceded, inter alia, the following:
• The defendant knew of the escape plan days before December 28, 1999, and agreed to participate even though he knew Brown was a large man recruited to overpower targeted officers and at least some of the others had various weapons;
• The defendant was in the hallway with other involved inmates when Capt. Knapps entered the building, and Durham punched Capt. Knapps as Capt. Knapps exited the officers’ restroom;
• Because Capt. Knapps was resisting the inmates’ efforts to handcuff him, Edge tried to hit Capt. Knapps with one of the mallets as the defendant, Cooper, Carley, and Brown ran toward them. Carley grabbed the mallet, Capt. Knapps tried to handcuff himself to Carley, and Carley began hitting Capt. Knapps with the defendant standing next to ' Carley, attempting to stop the beating (and by implication, subjecting the defendant’s sweatshirt to possible cast-off ■ bloodstain patterns);
• Capt. Knapps yelled, “Help me, Help me,” while grabbing hold of the defendant’s legs, and Durham attempt- - ed to fight the defendant off of Car-ley;
• Brown intervened and pulled Capt. Knapps into the restroom, jerking Capt. Knapps off of the defendant’s legs but allowing Capt. Knapps to grab the defendant’s sweatshirt; 43
• The defendant went further into the restroom than previously admitted because Durham entered behind him with a knife and then the defendant exited the restroom, leaving the other five inmates in the restroom with Capt. Knapps;
• The defendant discarded his denim jacket and sweatshirt in the inmates’ restroom when his efforts to remove Capt. Knapps’ blood proved unsuccessful, and he proceeded to Classroom One;
• With respect to events related to Sgt. Walker, the defendant claimed inconsistently that it “[n]ever crossed [his] mind [Carley] was going to hurt her” as Carley held a long, bloody, ice pick-like shank to her throat while moving her from Classroom One to the cell block bundle room and instructing her to speak on the telephone with Angola personnel; -the defendant also claimed that he stayed with Sgt. Walker the entire time to protect her;
• The defendant could not release Sgt. Walker as she requested because Mathis was guarding the exit door with a knife;
• The defendant encouraged the oth- • ers to surrender and told them to ask to speak with the FBI or the Attorney General, if they did not want- fo negotiate with Angola personnel;
• Durham, along with Brown and Car-ley, threatened to decapitate everyone when Warden Cain refused to let the involved inmates talk to other state and federal negotiators;
*620 • The defendant spoke briefly with Col. Stewart on the telephone and identified himself by name;
¡i4» It was Carley, and not the defendant, who encouraged the involved inmates to change their clothing, as the defendant had already changed his shirt and jacket;
• When Warden Cain and others started talking to the involved inmates through the door, the defendant became very nervous and feared dying so he wrote the note to his mother and placed it Sgt. Walker’s pocket;
• The defendant walked past Warden Cain and the amnesty note without signing it, and numerous Angola records reflect that Angola personnel routinely misspell his name J-E-FF-E-R-Y, which is consistent with the note;
• “As soon as I saw what they did with Capt. Knapps, I was no longer part of it.”
• “If Capt. Knapps wouldn’t have struggled so hard, Capt. Knapps would be alive.”
• “Am I guilty of trying to leave? Yeah. Stupid. That’s an escape though. Am I guilty of what happened in that hallway? Yeah, because I was out in the hallway. Shouldn’t have happened.”
• With respect to his left shoe print in the officers’ restroom, the defendant admitted:
• “Look, this is the print they showed you all. All right. Was it my shoe? It was. Not denying it. All right. I’ll admit that.”
• At that time, “[Capt. Knapps] is bleeding. He has been bleeding. Bleeding out in the hallway, his head, his hands, his shoulder, all this stuff.”
• “So, if I step back at the time somewhere when Captain Knapps is at my feet and I’ve got a heel print there, I’m not going to deny that’s how it got there, but I did leave. I walked out.”
• “If I had been in there [after the significant struggle reflected by the blood all over the restroom and when Capt. Knapps received the fatal blows], you would find much more than one single footprint.” 44
During its rebuttal argument, the State stressed the defendant’s efforts to manipulate his version of the story to account for: the evidence against him; the testimony of the experts that the volume of blood in the restroom, efforts to revive Capt. Knapps, and the inmates’ control of the crime scene for nearly two hours likely destroyed or obscured other relevant evidence; and the competency of Mr. Lane and Mr. Vara’s evidence collection efforts in the crime scene given to them.
LsAfter closing arguments and during the jurors’ lunch break, the trial court was informed that the daughter of juror Teresa Keating was in a hospital intensive care unit following a medical emergency, and he spoke briefly with the juror in the presence of counsel, before releasing and replacing her with one of the alternate jurors.
Thereafter, the trial court instructed the jury and separated the remaining three alternates, and the jury commenced guilt phase deliberations at 1:40 p.m. on May 15, 2011. At 3:22 p.m., the jury requested to *621 hear the instructions on first degree murder and principals again and then deliberations were resumed at 3:29 p.m. Eighteen minutes later, the jury returned with a unanimous verdict of guilty as charged, and, on the request of the defense, the trial court polled each juror, who affirmed his or her vote of guilty.
The penalty phase of the defendant’s trial commenced on May 16, 2011. The defendant waived his right to self-representation and stipulated to his identity as the person charged with, and convicted of, the 1984 first degree murder of Andrew Cheswick. 45 After brief opening statements by the State and the defense, 46 Capt. Knapps’ sister, Christine Whitstine, testified that her brother was one of eleven children, that he had two teenage children, and that he cared for the young | ^autistic child of his fiancee before he died. Capt. Knapps’ mother, twin brother, and fiancée passed away between the time of Capt. Knapps’ murder and the defendant’s trial.
Ms. Whitstine further testified that the family’s relationship with Angola commenced in 1954, when their father began working there, and Capt, Knapps’ mother, seven of the eleven siblings, including Ms. Whitstine, and other extended family members also worked there. Ms. Whitstine stated that the entire family was last together on Christmas Eve, just days before the murder, and she identified persons in five photographs of Capt. Knapps with family members and his fiancée. She explained the family routinely got together on weekends, and Capt. Knapps was “the entertainer” in the family, playing the guitar and singing.
Capt. Knapps’ brother-in-law and music partner, Shannon Herring, also testified. He identified several non-testifying family members in the courtroom and informed the jury of Capt. Knapps’ musical passion and talent, playing two to three times per week, including at family get-togethers. He described Capt. Knapps as “the focal point” of family events because of his musical contributions.. The jury observed an edited two-and-one-half minute video of Capt. Knapps at a family function.
The State also called Dr. Michael Wei-ner, a stipulated expert in forensic psychiatry. 47 Dr. Weiner testified that he based his opinions about the defendant on numerous records (including: evidence and *622 testimony related to the defendant’s prior conviction; evidence and testimony from the Capt. Knapps’ murder investigation and proceedings; the defendant’s prison records, including disciplinary, psychological, medical, and pharmacy records; transcripts of over a year of telephone calls between the defendant, his mother, and others; and prior ^statements by the defendant’s friends and family); however, Dr, Weiner did not interview the defendant. Dr. Weiner evaluated the defendant against the PCL-R psychopathy checklist and determined that the defendant is not a psychopath. Dr. Weiner also considered where the defendant fell on the nine levels of risk set forth in the Violence Risk' Assessment Guide, and he found the defendant scored at level four (with level nine as the highest risk of violence). Dr. Weiner further assessed the defendant on the HCR-20 (a twenty-item tool for assessing history, clinical, and risk factors) and determined that the defendant was notable for his .history of previous violence, employment instability, negative attitudes in custody, and exposure to destabilizing influences, stress, and unmanageability in the.context of maximum security custody or secure custody in the past.
Dr. Weiner viewed the defendant’s middle age and avoidance of lethal violence over the intervening eleven years since the Knapps murder as positives, but noted both of these factors also applied to the defendant before Capt. Knapps’ murder on December 28,1999, 48 Dr. Weiner also cited as positive prognostic factors that the defendant: was not in a gang, had good impulse control, had no history of physically preying on other inmates, had a “very supportive” and loving family, was “quite educated” with “many different skills,” and had no history of substance abuse, psychotic illness, or head trauma. Again, all of these positive factors were also present prior to the murder of Capt. Knapps.
On the negative side, Dr. Weiner emphasized that the defendant killed in 1984, and he killed again in the instant 1999 murder in a maximum security setting. Dr. Weiner also noted that the defendant had a history of scheming to the point of outlandishness, secreting weapons, circumventing natural boundaries and obstacles established to keep others safe, and “getting very angry when he doesn’t |aRget his way when something means a lot to him.” Dr. Weiner pointed out that all of these negative behavior patterns were present the night of Capt. Knapps’ murder, and he opinioned that they were likely to be repeated under the conditions of the defendant’s confinement, Dr. Weiner described how a situation in which the defendant felt frustrated and powerless, combined with an' opportunity to use his creativity while engaged in a group of scheming peers, increased the defendant’s risk of violence even in a secure setting..
On cross-examination, Dr, Weiner expressed concern, even if the defendant remains confined under the most restrictive conditions at Angola, because he found the defendant to be an “usually .resourceful individual” “so savant in the culture ■ of concealment and hidden movement, that to an unclear degree [the defendant] is unusually able to navigate restrictions so they are not as restrictive depending on what he wants,” Dr. Weiner went on to describe, in general .terms, instances, in the defendant’s Angola records that supported his opinion that the defendant would “find ways to make things happen” because he is “clever” and “persistent” even under the *623 most restrictive conditions. Thereafter, the State rested.
The defendant first called Larry Clark, then chairman of the pardon board and no relation to the defendant, to testify regarding the procedure by which, and unlikelihood of, the governor’s exercise of the pardon power in a first degree murder case. Several friends and family also testified on the defendant’s behalf.
\
Sherry Richard, the wife of the defendant’s long-time friend Lance Richard, testified that the defendant would come to their home, enjoying game nights and occasionally staying with them, and visited them in the hospital on the day their third child was born right before he was arrested in 1984 for Andrew Cheswick’s murder. Ms. Richard said the defendant has maintained his relationship with the Richard family since then, calling collect from time to time.
LaLance Richard testified he and the defendant became best friends at Morgan City High School, often hunting and fishing together, doing “crazy things" (like trespassing on “Judge Robinson’s land”), and working together at a regional restaurant in high school and later at fencing and trucking companies. Mr. Richard characterized their relationship as “very close,” “[p]robably just like a brother”; he expressed continuing disbelief in the defendant’s involvement in the two murders of which he had been convicted.
The defendant’s older brother, Christopher Clark, testified about various aspects of the Clark family life. When the defendant was eight, their father, Talmadge “Sonny” Clark, was convicted of armed robbery so their mother, Edie Guy, had to raise the four kids (brothers Christopher, Jeffrey, Tom, and daughter Tracy) alone. Before that time, Christopher recalled Sonny drank and beat him and the defendant’s mother like they were “his punching bag.” Eventually, Christopher and Sonny reconciled and would go visit the defendant frequently at-Angola, until Christopher got arrested in 1999 and served five years on a drug charge, Sonny died in 2006, and Christopher started • traveling more frequently for work. The defendant used to call Christopher collect regularly, but Christopher cancelled his landline when he started traveling. One of. Christopher’s two sons maintained a relationship with the defendant, and Christopher stated that he was open to his six grandchildren knowing the defendant when they were older.
The defendant’s mother, Edie Guy, also testified and provided additional information regarding the defendant’s family history and upbringing. After discussing her own parents and her courtship with the defendant’s father, she described their quick marriage and having four children in six years, while the defendant’s father attended LSU on a golf scholarship and worked part-time at night at Sears; she worked when she could at a local department store. Both sets of grandparents assisted financially. Ms. Guy testified:
|4ftAs you can see by my two sons, they never miss[ed] meals. They were well fed. But it was hard. It was a struggle. And I don’t mind saying Sonny began to drink and Sonny was fantastic sober, was a wonderful father, a lot of fun to be around. But when hé took that first drink,' that was it. He became an ogre.
The young family moved somewhat frequently with Sonny drinking nightly and “literally beating the crap out of [her].” She testified that at .some point Sonny committed armed robbery at a Baton Rouge bank, and law enforcement arrested him at the family home, removing him in shackles in front of the children while she was away at-work. Sonny was sentenced to *624 eight years in Angola, and he served four years.
Ms. Guy testified that she left Baton Rouge, with the children, for a job in Morgan City when Sonny got out on parole. However, while on parole, Sonny committed another armed robbery at the same bank. Ms. Guy did not mention Sonny’s second sentence, but obviously he was out of prison by the time he and Christopher began visiting the defendant at Angola in 1985.
Ms. Guy described the defendant’s brother Christopher as the “hellion” child, so she sent him to live with her mother, described as a 4'7" Cajun marine drill sergeant. Ms. Guy stated that the defendant had “a mind of his own,” but was more “manageable” for a single mother working long hours. After graduating high school, Ms. Guy related that the defendant joined the Army and worked intermittently in Morgan City until his arrest in 1984.
With respect to the defendant’s reaction to Sonny’s criminal behavior, Ms. Guy testified:
Now, I will tell you this. In Morgan City, Jeffrey never really wanted to accept the fact that his father was a criminal or had robbed the bank. I mean, it just wasn’t something he wanted to live with. And we had many discussions about that. But living in Morgan City, like I said, I worked all day long. I would come home after 5:00 o’clock, 5:30, made sure they had their homework done and cooked supper, little television, and everybody went to bed. But the one thing about one particular afternoon, I came in from work and Jeffrey was sitting on the sofa by himself. The other kids weren’t there. And I saw him 14i sitting with this box on his lap. I said what is that? And he said, this is — I think this is stuff from dad. Okay. Well, I walked over and looked at it, started lifting out stuff .... [Under the boys’ seasonal clothing and coats] is a jacket, a wig, and a gun .... He said, mom, is this what I think it is. I said, yep, it is. It’s what the FBI has been looking for against your dad .... And he pleaded with me, do not call the FBI, do not turn this stuff over because he knew it would be the final nail in the FBI’s case .... And for the longest time, Jeffrey wouldn’t forgive me for that. Even though he did not have a real close relationship with his dad at the time, he just would not forgive me for giving this stuff up.
Ms. Guy expressed her sorrow for Andrew Cheswick’s mother, offered her condolences to Capt. Knapps’ family, described how each member of the defendant’s family has supported and maintained contact with the defendant in their own way over the years of his incarceration, and identified the ways in which she believed the defendant could contribute to others if the jury voted for a life sentence (e.g., the defendant earned his paralegal degree with straight A’s and apparently helped the family by offering advice as to legal issues).
The defendant also called Deputy Warden Vannoy to discuss the conditions of the defendant’s incarceration since Capt. Knapps’ murder. Initially, the defendant was on restricted lockdown in a one-man cell for twenty-three hours per day, with one hour to shower and visit with other inmates housed on the same tier, and three hours per week in a pen in the exercise yard. At some point, the defendant managed to get transferred to Hunt Correctional Center, and he moved from lockdown to a working cell block. When Warden Vannoy became aware of this transfer, he informed his superior and had the defendant returned to Angola’s restricted lockdown, where he will likely re *625 main for as long as he is at Angola. On cross-examination, Warden Vannoy stated that the defendant will continue to be able to write and visit with his family members and Mends while on lockdown. He also described how informing Capt. Knapps’ mother of her son’s death was the hardest thing he has ever done.
| ^Following closing arguments and the trial court’s charge, the jury deliberated for what is listed on the trial transcript as “a short break” and unanimously returned a verdict sentencing the defendant to death for the murder of Captain Knapps.
In accordance with the jury’s verdict, on May 23, 2011, the trial court sentenced the defendant to death. On August 12, 2011 the trial court heard arguments on the defendant’s motion for reconsideration of sentence, in which he claimed that the trial court had discretion to set aside the jury’s death sentence and that the death sentence was unconstitutional based on evolving standards of decency. The motion for reconsideration of the sentence was denied.
On appeal, the defendant makes thirty-seven assignments of error. After a thorough review, we find no reversible error in the defendant’s conviction and sentence.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Guilt Phase Issues
Insufficient Proof of Specific Intent
In his first assignment of error, the defendant argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence of his specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm as required by R.S. 14:30(A)(1) and (2). In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, the appellate court must determine that the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to convince a rational trier of fact that all of the elements of the crime had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Captville, 448 So.2d 676, 678 (La. 1984) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 316-19 , 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2787-89 , 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)) (“[N]o person shall be made to suffer the onus of a criminal conviction except upon sufficient proof — defined as evidence necessary to convince a trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt of the existence of every 1^element of the offense .... [T]he relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”). 49 See also LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 821(B) (“A post verdict judgment of acquittal shall be granted only if the court finds that the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the state, does not reasonably permit a finding of guilty.”).
Specific criminal intent is defined as “that state of mind which exists when the circumstances indicate that the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal consequences to follow his act or failure to act.” LSA-R.S. 14:10(1). Specific intent need not be proven as a fact, but may be inferred from the defendant’s actions and the circumstances of the transaction. State *626 v. Broaden, 99-2124, p. 18 (La. 2/21/01), 780 So.2d 349, 362 , cert. denied, 534 U.S. 884 , 122 S.Ct. 192 , 151 L.Ed.2d 135 (2001); State v. Cousan, 94-2503, p. 13 (La. 11/25/96), 684 So.2d 382, 390 . Specific intent may be formed in an instant. State v. Wright, 01-0322, p. 11 (La. 12/4/02), 834 So.2d 974 , 984, cert. denied, 540 U.S. 833 , 124 S.Ct. 82 , 157 L.Ed.2d 62 (2003); State v. Cousan, 94-2503 at p. 13, 684 So.2d at 390 . Assuming every fact to be proved that the evidence tends to prove, circumstantial evidence must “exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” LSA-R.S. 15:438.
The defendant argues that the State’s evidence was insufficient because “not one witness saw [him] attacking Capt. Knapps” or “saw a weapon in [his] - hands at any time.” In addition, he claims “so much blood was spilled and spread to so 144many places by so many people that making a reliable determination as to how the blood got where it got is beyond the capacity of any rational juror.”
As an initial matter, the defendant’s arguments ignore: the testimony of inmate Shockley (to whom the defendant admitted to participating in the attack and hitting Capt. Knapps in the head with the mallet); the testimony of inmate Taylor (who saw the defendant in the hallway with what appeared to be blood on his grey sweatshirt, pants, and hands and holding what appeared to be a weapon in his hands); and the testimony of Col. Scanlan (whose testimony revealed the defendant’s active and dynamic participation in the crime, based on the defendant’s transfer lift shoe-prints found in the officer’s restroom, where Capt. Knapps lost substantial amounts of blood, as well as on the blood spatter' pattern on the grey sweatshirt linked to defendant, as the habitual wearer).
- It is well-settled that appellate courts will not review the trier of fact’s credibility determinations. See State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1311 (La. 1988) (holding that, based on the precepts announced in Jackson v. Virginia, a reviewing court should not substitute its judgment for the trier of fact’s “rational credibility calls” or as to “what the verdict should be”; however, “the jury cannot be permitted to speculate if the evidence is such that reasonable jurors must have a reasonable doubt”); State v. Corkern, 03-1393, p. 3 (La.App. 1 Cir. 9/17/04), 897 So.2d 57, 60 , writ denied, 04-2627 (La. 2/18/05), 896 So.2d 29 (“The reviewing court will not assess the credibility of witnesses or reweigh the evidence to overturn a -fact finder’s determination of guilt.”). See also LSA-Const. Art. V, Sec. 10(B) (“In criminal cases its appellate jurisdiction extends only to questions of law.”). The jury’s decision to accept or reject a witness’s testimony is given great deference. See State v. Tate, 01-1658, p. 6 (La. 5/20/03), 851 So.2d 921, 929 , cert. denied, 541 U.S. 905 , 124 S.Ct. 1604 , 158 L.Ed.2d 248 (2004) (“The trier of fact makes credibility determinations and may, within the bounds of rationality, 14fiaccept or reject the testimony of any witness; thus, a reviewing court may impinge upon the fact finder’s discretion ‘only to the extent necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law.’”) (citing State v. Mussall, 523 So.2d at 1310 ), In the instant case, the jury determined that the testimony of the State’s witnesses was more credible than the self-serving statements of the defendant and his witnesses.
In addition, despite the defendant’s efforts to provide alternative explanations for the evidence tying him to Capt. Knapps’ murder and to participation in the attempted aggravated escape and aggravated kidnappings, no reasonable hypothe *627 sis of innocence was presented in this case. With respect to specific intent alone, the defendant admitted from the beginning that the escape plan included armed and physically-imposing inmates targeting specific correctional officers to achieve the planned escape. On implementation, when the plan failed to be successful, the defendant and the other involved inmates clearly abandoned whatever notions they may have had about executing the escape plan without injuring or" killing the hostages. Viewed in a light most.favorable to the prosecution, the physical evidence showed, inter alia, that: (1) Capt. Knapps’ blood was on every outer layer of clothing tied to the defendant, on layers of clothing underneath -as saturation stains, and on the defendant’s hands and shoes; and (2) the defendant was present in the officers’ restroom when Capt. Knapps had suffered at least great bodily harm, if not the fatal blows to his head, as evidenced by the defendant’s bloody lift transfer shoeprints. This evidence combined with the defendant’s post-murder behavior, in continuing to direct the evolving plan and negotiations with Angola personnel, which included observing without the slightest objection his accomplices’ repeated threats to Sgt. Walker with the bloody ice pick-like shank, provide ample support that a rational jury could have found that the defendant possessed the requisite intent to kill or to inflict great bodily |4fiharm beyond a reasonable doubt. In addition, despite the defendant’s periodic claim that the involved inmates never intended to hurt anyone, he admitted in his letter to Warden Vannoy that the involved inmates discussed killing Lt. Ross as part of the planned escape and, in fact, lulled Capt. Knapps because they could not locate Lt. Ross (and Capt. Knapps refused to tell them where Lt. Ross was), apparently thinking that killing a state prison guard would somehow facilitate their transfer to federal prison.
The jurors could reasonably have considered this additional evidence of the defendant’s intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm. Moreover, the jury may have found credible the testimony of inmate Shockley, regarding the jailhouse confession made by the defendant in which he stated that he was the one who hit Capt. Knapps in the head with the mallet in the restroom (in effect inflicting the fatal blows), while Durham stabbed Capt. Knapps in the chest. 50
Thus, direct and circumstantial evidence linked the defendant to the first degree murder of Capt. Knapps, and the totality of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to convince beyond a reasonable doubt the jury, who obviously resolved issues of credibility against the defendant, that the defendant had formed the requisite specific intent to take the life of Capt. Knapps. This assignment of error is without merit. “Minor Role” Renders Death Penalty Unconstitutional .
In his second assignment of error, the defendant argues that his “minor participation” in Capt. Knapps’ murder renders imposition of the death penalty against him unconstitutional, in violation of the Sixth and Eight Amendments of 147the U.S. Constitution. The defendant asserts that the jurors were never required to determine that the defendant “both killed and intended to kill Capt. Knapps.”
This court summarized the most relevant Eighth Amendment jurisprudence in *628 State v. Anthony, 98-0406 (La. 4/11/00), 776 So.2d 376 , cert. denied, 531 U.S. 934 , 121 S.Ct. 320 , 148 L.Ed.2d 258 (2000):
Under Enmund v. Florida, [ 458 U.S. 782 , 102 S.Ct. 3368 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982)], an aider and abettor may not receive the death penalty for felony murder, if he does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend to kill. Enmund, 458 U.S. at 797 , 102 S.Ct. at 3376 (emphasis added). However, the United States Supreme Court modified the En-mund decision slightly in Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137 , 107 S.Ct. 1676 , 95 L.Ed.2d 127 (1987). In Tison, the Court found that the Eighth Amendment does not prohibit the death penalty in the case of a defendant who participates in a felony, which results in murder, if the defendant’s participation is “major” and “the defendant has a mental element of reckless indifference.” Tison, 481 U.S. at 158 , 107 S.Ct. at 1688 .
Id., 98-0406, pp. 13-14, 776 So.2d at 386 . 51
As discussed hereinabove, regarding the sufficiency of the evidence as to the defendant’s specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm, sufficient evidence was presented to the jury from which the jury clearly concluded that neither the degree of the defendant’s participation nor mental state at the time of the attempted escape and murder of Capt. Knapps would exempt him from imposition of the death penalty.
The physical evidence of the defendant’s active and direct participation in the crime (e.g., blood spatter on his sweatshirt and other clothing as well as his 14Sblood soaked pants, and bloodstained jacket, shoes, and hands), dynamic presence at the murder scene (e.g., blood transfer shoe prints in the restroom), detailed knowledge regarding what took place in that restroom (e.g., defendant’s account set forth in the October 17, 2001 letter to Warden Van-noy), and jailhouse confession to participating in the attack and bludgeoning of Capt. Knapps in the head with one of the mallets, inter alia, provide substantial support that his participation was in fact major. In addition, even under one of the defendant’s many versions, his behavior throughout the ordeal more than adequately reflects reckless indifference.
The defendant also introduces a new argument on appeal, challenging the adequacy of the jury instructions, which included a reference to specific intent to inflict great bodily harm as set forth in LSA-R.S. 14:30(A)(1), in light of Enmund. However, the defendant did not raise this objection below and therefore may not assign it as error, as stated in LSA-C.Cr.P. Art. 801, which provides in pertinent part: “A party may not assign as error the giving or failure to give a jury charge or any portion thereof unless an objection thereto is made before the jury retires or within such time as the court may reasonably cure the alleged error. The nature of the objection and grounds therefor shall be stated at the time of objection. The court *629 shall give. the party an opportunity to make the objection out of the presence of the jury.” Moreover, the argument ignores Tison’s modification to Enmund, and, regardless, intent to inflict great bodily harm appears to be a more culpable mental state than reckless indifference. In addition, contrary to the defendant’s assertion, a review of the jury instructions does not reveal that the trial court incorrectly defined the crime. This assignment is without merit.
Evolving Standards of Decency
The defendant argues in his third assignment of error that developments since the Supreme Court’s Tison decision suggest that the Court may soon revisit Lathe Enmund standard of permitting imposition of the death penalty only for those who kill, attempt to kill, or intend to kill. Although the defendant correctly points out that the Supreme Court has removed certain categories of death penalty eligible offenders and offenses over time, the thrust of his argument is not that this court should deem the death penalty unconstitutional per se, but rather it should do so in this defendant’s case based on his allegedly limited role, Thus, his argument merely reworks his “minor role” argument, asserted in his second assignment of error. This assigned erroris.without merit.
Inconsistent Theories Against Co-Defendants
In the defendant’s fourth assignment of error he argues that: (1) the State highlighted different evidence and called different witnesses at each co-defendant’s trial; and (2) the State’s crime scene reconstruction expert Col. Scanlan testified that Capt. Knapps was murdered in the officers’ restroom, and Col. Scanlan did not observe sufficient evidence, collected by Mr. Lane and Mr. Vara from the crime scene, to opine at the defendant’s trial whether the involved inmates initially attacked Capt. Knapps in the hallway, while he testified during the co-defendants’ trials that the attack likely started in the hallway. Although the defendant withdrew his adoption of his co-defendant’s motion on this issue in the trial court, 52 we address the arguments raised on appeal in light of the potential due process concerns.
As a general matter, due process forbids the State from employing inconsistent and irreconcilable theories to secure convictions against individuals |Knfor the same offenses arising from the same ■ event. State v. Dressner, 08-1366, p. 19 (La. 7/6/10), 45 So.3d 127, 140 , cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1271 , 131 S.Ct. 1605 , 179 L.Ed.2d 500 (2011) (citing Smith v. Groose, 205 F.3d 1045, 1048-49 (8th Cir. 2000), cert. denied sub nom. Gammon v. Smith, 531 U.S. 985 , 121 S.Ct. 441 , 148 L.Ed.2d 446 (2000) (wherein convictions of murder-robbery accomplices were obtained at separate trials, through diametrically opposed testimony from a third participant, and such manipulation of evidence were held to have ren *630 dered the trial(s) fundamentally unfair, requiring reversal)). See also State v. Scott, 04-1312, p. 79-83 (La. 1/19/06), 921 So.2d 904, 956-58 , cert. denied, 549 U.S. 858 , 127 S.Ct. 137 , 166 L.Ed.2d 100 (2006), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Dunn, 07-0878 (La. 1/25/08), 974 So.2d 658 . Cf. Nichols v. Scott, 69 F.3d 1255, 1268-72 (5th Cir. 1995), cert. denied sub nom Nichols v. Johnson, 518 U.S. 1022 , 116 S.Ct. 2559 , 135 L.Ed.2d 1076 (1996) (holding that a defendant’s guilty plea does not preclude prosecution of a co-defendant when it could not be determined whose gun caused the fatal wound).
This court has stated that, in a situation in which the State has adopted fundamentally inconsistent positions in co-perpetrators’ separate trials, basic fairness may require the trial court to permit the defendant-to expose the inconsistencies. State v. Dressner, 08-1366 at pp, 19-20, 45 So.3d at 140 (citing State v. Lavalais, 95-0320, p. 13 (La. 11/25/96), 685 So.2d 1048, 1056 , cert. denied, 522 U.S. 825 , 118 S.Ct. 85 , 139 L.Ed.2d 42 (1997); State v. Wingo, 457 So.2d 1159, 1166 (La. 1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1030 , 105 S.Ct. 2049 , 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985)). Thus, absent discovery of significant new evidence, the State cannot offer inconsistent theories, or facts regarding the same crime in seeking to convict co-defendants at separate trials. State v. Dressner, 08-1366 at p. 20, 45 So.3d at 140 (citing Thompson v. Calderon, 120 F.3d 1045, 1058 (9th Cir. 1997)).
|R1In assessing an “inconsistent theories” claim, this court has generally distinguished the use of mutually exclusive theories from selective emphasis on evidence relating to the culpability of the defendant at trial. State v. Dressner, 08-1366 at p. 20, 45 So.3d at 140 ; State v. Wingo, 457 So.2d at 1166 . This court explored, the distinction in State v. Scott, supra, a case in which three men robbed a bank while armed with weapons and fatally wounded two tellers. State v. Scott, 04-1312 at pp. 2-4, 921 So.2d at 913-14 . The Scott defendant was convicted of first- degree murder and sentenced to death. Id., 04-1312 at p. 1, 921 So.2d at 912-13 . On appeal, he assigned as error that the State had argued at his trial that he was responsible for the death of both tellers, although the State argued at a co-defendant’s trial that the co-defendant was the shooter. Id., 04-1312 at p. 79, 921 So.2d at 956 . Finding no due process violation, this court relied on the fact that the prosecutor who tried both Scott and his co-defendant did not argue a division 'of their culpabilities at either trial. Id., 04-1312 at p. 81, 921 So.2d at 957 . Rather, at both trials, the State argued that both the Scott defendant and his co-defendant possessed specific intent to kill or inflict great bodily harm, and moreover, this court noted that nothing the State had articulated at the co-defendant’s trial exculpated Scott; both Scott and his co-defendant were equally guilty as principals. Id. Thus, there was no due process violation because th¿ State’s theories of the case were not mutually exclusive. Id., 04-1312 at p. 81-83, 921 So.2d at 958 .
This distinction highlights the general consensus that, to violate due'pro-céss, the inconsistency must exist at the core of -a state’s cases against the co-defendants. Smith v. Groose, 205 F.3d at 1052 (“We do not hold that prosecutors must present precisely the same evidence and theories in trials for different defendants. Rather, we hold only that the use of inherently factually contradictory theories violates the principles of due process.”). Sevei-al jurisdictions have' employed the requirement that the inconsistencies go “to the core” of a state’s case. See Brandon Buskey, “If |R2the Convictions Don’t Fit, You Must Acquit: Examining the Constitutional Limitations on the State’s Pursuit *631 of Inconsistent Criminal Prosecutions,” 36 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 311 , 327 (2012); Sifrit v. State, 383 Md. 77, 105 , 857 A.2d 65, 81 (Md. Ct. App. 2004) (“The theme requiring an inconsistency at the core of the state’s case before finding a due process violation runs throughout the majority of cases that,have addressed'the issue.”). It follows that, although a defendant has a right to a fair proceeding before an impartial factfinder based on reliable evidence, he does not have a right to prevent the prosecution from arguing a justifiable inference from a complete evidentiary record, even if the prosecutor has argued for a different inference from the then-complete evidentiary record in another trial. Stumpf v. Robinson, 722 F.3d 739, 751 (6th Cir. 2013).
Applying this framework and even considering the instant defendant’s reference to portions of the trial transcripts from the prosecutions of co-perpetrators Car-ley, Edge, and Brown, we conclude that nothing argued by the defendant, as having been presented in a co-defendant’s trial, appears in any way inconsistent with the evidence presented at his trial. For example (and assuming the defendant’s references are accurate), the State’s presentation of evidence at parley’s trial, establishing that Carley was involved in planning the escape before the defendant became involved, was seen wielding a bloody ice pick-like shank, and made numerous inculpatory statements was entirely consistent with the evidence adduced at the defendant’s trial. Likewise, evidence of Edge’s early involvement in the escape plan and possession of a mallet found to have Capt. Knapps’ blood on it was presented at the trials of both Edge and the defendant. With respect to Brown, witnesses at both trials testified Brown had a mallet in his possession' at some point. Apparently, an unidentified witness may have testified at Brown’s trial that Brown said, “Go get [Carley] off the phone,” to the defendant |mat some point, but that evidence is neither inconsistent with anything presented at the defendant’s trial nor related to a core issue.
As to the defendant’s complaint about the State’s theory, regarding the location of the attack and murder of Capt. Knapps, from the,beginning the State’s theory of the crime, as set forth in its opening statement- at the defendant’s trial, was that Capt. Knapps was attacked in the hallway and dragged into the security officers’ restroom, where the inmates bludgeoned and stabbed him to death. Whether the State’s crime scene reconstruction expert Col. Scanlan could point to evidence to support the initial attack-in-the-hallway aspect of that theory, nothing about Col. Scanlan’s testimony at the defendant’s trial is contradictory to that theory or even a core issue despite the defendant’s arguments to the contrary. Col. Scanlan admitted on cross-examination that the initial attack could have taken place in the hallway near the doorway to the officers’ restroom but the crime scene evidence, as collected by Mr. Lane and Mr. Vara hours after the murder, revealed slight evidence of that aspect of the State’s theory. That one or more of the defendant’s various attempts to explain the physical evidence against him may have relied heavily on his assertion of an initial attack on Capt. Knapps in the hallway-and subsequent dragging and/or “duck walking” with Capt. Knapps somehow clinging to his pants and sweatshirt with sufficient strength to pull the defendant into the restroom, does not render the precise location of the initial attack, or the State’s theory related thereto, a core issue in the case. Under the circumstances here, whether the involved inmates initially attacked Capt. Knapps in the hallway, the doorway, or just inside the officers’ restroom does not appear to be an *632 issue of core relevance sufficient to disturb the defendant’s conviction, particularly when he expressly abandoned the issue below.
^Exclusion of Certain Witness Statements
The defendant complains in his fifth assignment of error that the trial court erred in excluding testimony from Major Holden regarding information obtained during the initial interviews from two uninvolved inmates who were unable to testify at defendant’s trial. 53
Both the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Art. I, § 16 of the Louisiana Constitution ensure a defendant the right to present a defense and, as found in Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 , 93 S.Ct. 1038, 1049 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), few rights are more fundamental. Moreover, all relevant evidence necessary to the defense must be presented for full adjudication of the case and, in some circumstances, including statements that may not fall under any statutorily recognized exception to the hearsay rule. See State v. Vigee, 518 So.2d 501, 503-05 (La. 1988). See State v. Van Winkle, 94-0947, pp. 4-6 (La. 6/30/95), 658 So.2d 198, 201-02 (holding that the exclusion of hearsay evidence suggesting that the defendant’s roommate killed the victim was reversible error); State v. Gremillion, 542 So.2d 1074, 1078 (La. 1989) (“While the statement does not fit into any of the recognized exceptions to the hearsay rule, it should have, nevertheless, been admitted into evidence due to its reliability and trustworthy nature.”). In Chambers v. Mississippi, the Supreme Court reasoned that when constitutional rights, directly affecting ascertainment of guilt are implicated, even well-established evidentiary rules may not be mechanistically applied to subvert the ends of justice. 54 Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. at 302 , 93 S.Ct. at 1049 .
IfisAt trial, the following exchange took place during Maj. Holden’s cross-examination:
[Defendant]: Do you recognize that document? [55]
*633 [Holden]: Yes.
[Defendant]: Do you recall if you were the one to prepare that document?
[Holden]: Yes.
[The Court]: Let’s get it marked. It’s a 5 now or whatever you want to put on it.
[Defendant]: I think it’s D-5.
⅜ H* ⅜
[Defendant]: If you would, please turn to Page 5.
⅜ ⅝ ⅜
[Defendant]: Where I have it marked on the paragraph.
[Holden]: Here.
[Defendant]: Please read that to yourself and refresh yourself.
[Holden]: Okay.
[Defendant]: Based on that, were you informed that Robert Carley and—
[Holden]: Yes.
[State]: Objection. It calls for a hearsay response. Unless that witness is here to testify, Your Honor, it’s hearsay.
[The Court]: I understand your objection. Ask the question and don’t answer it unless I tell you you can.
[Holden]: Yes, sir.
[The Court]: Ask your question.
[Defendant]: Based on the information given in your interviews, do you have reason to believe that Robert Carley ever struck Captain Knapps with a mallet?
| S(i[The Court]: Objection is sustained. You don’t have to answer it.
[Defendant]: Turn to page 5 and look at the second paragraph, second part.
[Holden]: Okay.
[Defendant]: Based on your interview, do you have information that Jeffrey Clark was fighting with Joel Durham or Robert Carley in the hallway?
[State]: Judge, same objection.
[The Court]: Same ruling. It’s sustained. You don’t have to answer it.
[Defendant]: No more questions, Your Honor.
[The Court]: You’re done with the witness, Mr. Clark?
[Defendant]: I am, Your Honor.[ 56 ]
Although the defendant raised no contemporaneous objection or other indication that this testimony was key to his defense, the defendant now argues that the trial court’s exclusion of the hearsay evidence interfered with his fundamental right to present a defense. Because the defendant raised no such argument in the district court, he is not entitled to assert the matter here. See LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 841(A) (“An irregularity or error cannot be availed, of after verdict unless it was objected to at the time of occurrence. A bill of exceptions to rulings or orders is unnec *634 essary. It is sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which .he desires the court to take, or of his objections to the action of the court, and the grounds therefor.”); LSA-C.E. art. 103 (“Error may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits, or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, " and ... [w]hen the ruling is one admitting evidence, a timely objection or motion to admonish the jury to limit or disregard appears of record, stating the specific ground of objection .... ”); State v. Taylor, 93-2201, pp. 4-7 (La. 2/28/96), 669 So.2d 364, 367-69 (“[T]he contemporaneous objection rule contained in La.Code Crim.P. art. 841(A) and La.Code Evid. art, 103, does not frustrate the goal of efficiency. Instead, it is | ¡^specifically designed to promote judicial efficiency by. preventing a defendant from gambling for a favorable verdict and then, upon conviction, resorting to appeal on errors which either could have been avoided or corrected at’ the time or should have put an immediate halt to the proceedings.”), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 860 , 117 S.Ct. 162 , 136 L.Ed.2d 106 (1996),
Moreover, aside from- whether the .inmate statements to investigators are of a rehable and trustworthy nature, the more important aspect of the testimony, which the defendant sought to elicit from Maj. Holden (that the defendant was .fighting with Durham and Carley in the hallway and purportedly trying to interfere with the attack on Capt. Knapps), is not supported by the information in Maj.' Holden’s report (indicating that the defendant, Durham, and Carley were in the hallway fighting but did not state with whom or imply they were fighting with each other, as the defendant suggests); Furthermore, such testimony appears to be double or triple hearsay, as Williamson told investigators that he heard an unidentified person say the inmates were in the hallway fighting. This assignment of error is without merit.
Removal of Appointed Counsel Burton Guidry
The defendant asserts in his sixth assignment of error that the removal of one of his initially appointed defense counsel, Burton Guidry, over his objection, violated his federal and state rights to counsel. 57
*635 | KsUnder federal and state law, criminal defendants with retained counsel have a right to both effective assistance of counsel and counsel of choice, whereas defendants with appointed counsel only have the right to effective representation (“a criminal defendant is not entitled to choose his appointed private counsel or the appointed public defender”). State v. Reeves, 06-2419, p. 39-47 (La. 5/5/09), 11 So.3d 1031, 1058-62 , cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1031 , 130 S.Ct. 637 , 175 L.Ed.2d 490 (2009). Moreover, neither the federal nor state constitutions provide a criminal defendant represented by appointed counsel "with a “right to maintain a particular attorney-client relationship in the absence of a right to counsel of choice.” Id., 06-2419 atp, 53, 11 So.3d at 1066 .
In accordance with the dictates of the United States Constitution Amendment VI and XIV, as well as Louisiana Constitution Article I, Section 13, a criminal defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel includes a right to conflict-free counsel. State v. Franklin, 400 So.2d 616, 620 (La. 1981). In State v. Cisco, 01-2732, pp. 21-22 (La. 12/3/03), 861 So.2d 118, 132-33 , cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1005 , 124 S.Ct. 2023 , 158 L.Ed.2d 522 (2004), this court made clear:
We stress the importance of the trial judge’s protecting the defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights, even if a defendant expresses a desire to proceed with conflicted counsel. Because courts “possess an independent interest in ensuring that criminal trials are conducted within the ethical standards of the profession and that the legal proceedings appear fair to all that observe them,;,]” Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 160 , 108 S.Ct. 1692, 1698 , 100 L.Ed.2d 140 (1988), the defendant’s ability to waive certain conflicts is not unfettered. Id. For example, in United States v. Fulton, 5 F.3d 605, 612 (2d Cir. 1993), the court stated, “When a lawyer’s conflict, actual or potential, may result in inadequate representation of a defendant or jeopardize the federal court’s institutional interest in the rendition of a just verdict, a trial judge has discretion to disqualify an attorney or | .^decline a proffer of waiver.” Nonetheless, a trial court ruling on potential conflicts when raised pretrial is entitled to broad, discretion, regardless of whether the court permits or refuses enrollment of potentially conflicted counsel after a valid waiver. Wheat, 486 U.S. at 164 , 108 S.Ct. at 1700 . [Footnote omitted.]'
In the instant case, the record reflects that the trial court appointed Mr. Guidry and Bert Garraway to represent the defendant shortly after the arrest warrant issued. 58 Mr. Guidry was removed three months later, on March 13,. 2000, because Mr. Guidry chose to undertake the representation of the heirs of Joel Durham, the involved inmate who was shot and killed during Sgt, Walker’s rescue. In ordering the removal of Mr. Guidry, the trial court stated that there was a “substantial likelihood that a conflict of interest will exist.” Thus, despite the defendant’s unsupported suggestion that Angola per *636 sonnel somehow orchestrated the removal of Mr. Guidry because Mr. Guidry was effectively representing him, the defendant had no constitutional right to choose his appointed counsel, maintain an attorney-client relationship with appointed counsel, or waive an actual conflict. 59 With respect to the conflict, Mr. Guidry’s representation of Durham’s | CTheirs in a civil case involved the exact same series of events at issue in the defendant’s criminal case. Given the defendant’s defense from the beginning was that others, including Durham, were more responsible for the events of December 28, 1999, than the defendant, that defense was substantially at odds with the version of events Mr. Guidry would likely advocate on behalf of Durham’s heirs.
In addition, the defendant’s right to effective representation was not compromised. The more experienced Mr. Garra-way remained on the defendant’s case until his untimely death in November 2005. Moreover, even though the defendant chose to represent himself with the assistance of his appointed counsel during certain aspects of his trial, he repeatedly praised his subsequently appointed attorneys and noted that if he had the money to hire anyone, he would hire them without any mention of the now-lauded Mr. Gui-dry. 60 This assignment of error is without merit.
Faretta Waiver
In his seventh assignment of error, the defendant argues that his decision to represent himself during certain portions of his trial, while knowingly and intelligently made, was involuntary due to *637 his “attorneys’ unilateral decision to concede [his] guilt of first degree murder over [his] objection.” The record shows that the factual basis of this argument is false.
| mBased on defense counsel’s opening statement in the defendant’s first trial for the murder of Capt. Knapps, which resulted in a mistrial, to which the defendant referred during the Faretta colloquy, his counsels’ plan was to concede only that he was involved in the attempted aggravated escape, a fact wholly supported by the testimony of numerous inmates and correctional officers and defendant’s own actions and statements before, and following, efforts to secure the Camp D education building. During the first trial, defense counsel stated:
Let me tell you right now, ladies and gentlemen, because I’m not here to try to fool you or mislead you in any way. Evidence is going to be presented that will prove that Jeffrey Clark was involved in the aggravated — in the attempted aggravated escape. I’m not here to tell you any different, but I want you to know the truth.
But what the evidence isn’t going to show is that Jeffrey Clark was involved in the death, the first-degree murder death, of Captain Knapps. He did not have specific intent to kill or commit great bodily harm. He did not know that whoever killed Captain Knapps had that specific intent to kill or create great bodily harm.
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The evidence is going to show that he did not have specific intent to kill or commit great bodily harm; therefore, he is not guilty of first-degree murder.
Indeed, the defendant’s own explanation for seeking to represent himself on specific aspects of the trial (in questioning the fact witnesses during the guilt phase), as stated during the extensive Faretta colloquies between the defendant and the trial court, does not support the argument now presented. 61 In addition, the defendant explained during his opening statement that the reason he invoked his right to participate in his representation was “because it [was] important to [him] that you ladies and gentlemen of the jury get an opportunity to gauge the type of | faperson [he is] ... better if [he] talk[s] and look[s] at [them], rather than if [he] just sit[s] mute at defense counsel [table].”
As a general matter, an acknowledgment of some degree of culpability may form part of sound defense strategy. See, e.g., State v. Brooks, 505 So.2d 714, 724 (La. 1987) (trial counsel’s strategy in acknowledging the defendant bore some culpability, in being in the company of the murderer at the scene of the crime, did not constitute ineffective assistance), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 947 , 108 S.Ct. 337 , 98 L.Ed.2d 363 (1987); State v. Holmes, 95 -0208, pp. 7-8 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/29/96), 670 So.2d 573, 577-78 . See also State v. McCoy, 14-1449, 2016 WL 6506004 (La. 10/19/16), 218 So.3d 535 .
In addition, the defendant does not challenge the adequacy of the trial court’s compliance with Faretta v. Calif *638 ornia, 422 U.S. 806 , 95 S.Ct. 2525 , 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975), ensuring the defendant’s decision to represent himself, during certain aspects of the trial, was clear and unequivocal. 62 Nor could he reasonably | nado soj as the record reflects' over thirty pages of discussion regarding the defendant’s capacity, knowledge, and ability to comply with courtroom, evidentiary,- and criminal procedure, with his attorneys’ assistance, understanding of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, and the voluntary nature of his request. 63 Following this colloquy, which took place just before the commencement of the Wither-spoon 64 voir dire, the trial court granted the defendant’s request to act as co-eoun-sel to represent himself with his attorneys’ assistance, as to the questioning of fact witnesses for the State and defense, with the understanding that his attorneys would handle all expert- witnesses and, if' necessary, all aspects of the'penalty phase, as defendant requested. The following day, the trial court held another conference, in chambers, to determine if the defendant should be appointed lead counsel and to clarify the scope of his attorneys’ role re *639 garding voir dire, opening statements, and the like, during which the defendant repeatedly confirmed his desire to-pursue his alternative approach, represent himself, and act as lead counsel with his attorneys’ assistance. The trial court determined it appropriate to appoint the defendant lead counsel, reminded him of the perils of his decision, and warned him that the court would not permit his appointed attorneys to participate in anything illegal or unethical. Thus, even assuming that the defendant’s hybrid representation .implicates Faretta, this assignment of error is without merit.
^Recording and Monitoring of Jailhouse Calls
The defendant asserts, in his eighth assignment of error, several arguments related to the recording and monitoring of jailhouse telephone calls by prison officials, contending that a defendant’s right to counsel includes the right to confidential communication with .his attorney; the defendant asserted that the trial court should have held a hearing to determine whether improper monitoring of his communications with counsel may have prejudiced his defense and/or tainted the proceeding.
The issue arose when discussions on the record, during a hearing held March 31, 2011, revealed that prosecutors had inadvertently received CDs containing recordings of two telephone calls initiated by the defendant to his attorneys on the inmate telephone system at'Angola; 65 The State informed defense counsel and the trial court immediately-of the .-situation, confirmed that the prosecutors did not listen to the two recordings, and placed copies of the recordings in the record under seal. The State also informed the trial court of its institution of “clean team” procedures, utilized by some federal district courts, whereby it hired a former federal prosecutor to manage secondary screening of any inmate call recordings provided to the “Angola 5” prosecutors to ensure they, did not inadvertently receive attorney-client privileged communications. The State confirmed repeatedly it had no desire to listen to, or use, the potentially privileged calls. The defendant’s counsel listened to the two recordings and confirmed that neither contained any attorney-client privileged information. No request for ■ an evidentiary hearing, | ^pursuant to Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441 , 92 S.Ct. 1653 , 32 L.Ed.2d 212 (1972), or for an order to Angola personnel to cease recording- calls placed on the inmate telephone system wás made.
Nonetheless, on April 27, 2011, the defendant filed, pro se, a motion entitled “Motion, to .Recuse ‘Angola 5’ Prosecution Team,” arguing that the pre-trial removal of the prosecutors was required, given their exposure to the defendant’s and the other co-defendants’ attorney-client privileged telephone calls and the continued sanctioning of the recording and monitor *640 ing of prison telephone system calls by Angola personnel, as well as the defendant’s newly filed federal suit against the prosecution team members. The trial court held a contradictory hearing, during which defendant called no witnesses and relied solely on his brief and oral argument; the motion was denied.
Post-trial, the defendant adopted co-defendant Brown’s motion to bar Angola personnel from recording and monitoring calls made on the inmate telephone system. On September 18, 2012 the trial court held a full evidentiary hearing on the matter, during which Angola personnel explained that, although they were in the process of converting to a new system and third-party vendor, there were three means at that time by which inmates could communicate verbally with counsel: in person, via the inmate telephone system, or on the secure landline. Access to the secure landline was available by appointment, on request (but not on demand), and those calls do not appear to have been recorded. Calls initiated by inmates on the inmate telephone system were made in an area where signs were posted cautioning inmates that all calls, save for “properly placed legal calls,” could be recorded and/or monitored. 66 A similar warning was on the individual inmate phone list form (on which the inmate could identify certain | ^numbers as attorney telephone numbers, which were tagged for exclusion from monitoring). 67 While Angola personnel made clear that they recorded all calls made on that system, the tagging procedure ensured attorney-client calls were not monitored when an inmate had listed the number for exclusion. If an attorney-client call was inadvertently untagged, the monitoring employee would stop the recording as soon as a call recipient identified itself as a “law office,” and the monitor would tag the call so that others could not access it. Recorded statements were also played during the course of every call made on the inmate telephone system; one such recorded statement informed the inmate (but apparently not the recipient), “This call is subject to recording and monitoring.” Another recording stated, “All calls are subject to monitoring and recording”; however, there was no testimony about the circumstances of when, or to whom, the message would be played during a call. The State also confirmed that it was no longer requesting recordings of inmate calls for the Angola 5. The trial court denied that part of co-defendant Brown’s motion that sought to bar the recordings of all calls by Brown and the defendant prospectively, but granted the request to identify any attorney-client calls already turned over to the prosecution, inadvertently, as to Brown.
The defendant’s appellate counsel also filed a motion related to the inmate call recordings on October 9, 2012, entitled “Motion for Hearing on Violation of Right to Counsel,” complaining about alleged violations of the defendant’s right to counsel through the pretrial and post-trial recording of his calls (based on information learned in the September 18,2012 hearing) and demanding a Kastigar hearing. The trial court set the matter for evidentiary hearing, but the matter did not proceed because defense counsel withdrew the motion, subject to preservation l^of the de *641 fendant’s prior objections to the rulings on his pro se and adoption of co-defendant motions.
With the historical context in mind, we conclude that the defendant’s current arguments on the issue have no merit. The trial court did not err in failing to bar the recording of the defendant’s calls to counsel on the inmate telephone system before trial, because the defendant did not seek that relief (he only sought to recuse the prosecution team) until post-trial when he joined co-defendant Brown’s motion. See LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 841(A) (“An irregularity or error cannot be availed of after verdict unless it was objected to at the time of occurrence.”); State v. Taylor, 93-2201 at pp. 4-7, 669 So.2d at 367-69 . Further, the trial court did not err in failing to hold a Kastigar hearing on defense counsel’s post-trial motion because counsel withdrew it on the scheduled hearing date. In addition, given the security measures necessary in a facility such as Angola, the various warnings about recording and/or monitoring calls on the inmate telephone system, the avenues available to inmates to avoid monitoring on that system (by identifying the attorney phone numbers for tagging) and to avoid recording/monitoring altogether by communicating with counsel in another manner (via the by-appointment secure land-line designated for calls to counsel, in person, or by letter marked “legal mail”), the defendant bears some responsibility for the recording/monitoring of his attorney-client calls. Finally, of the two inadvertently produced recordings of attorney-client calls, defense counsel confirmed on the record these recordings contained no attorney-client privileged communications, and the prosecutors stated they did not listen to them. Therefore, this assignment is without merit.
Alleged Correctional Officer Brutality
The defendant alleges in his ninth assignment of error that the trial court erred in denying his motion to quash the indictment or, alternatively, to suppress | fisthe inmates’ statements, including his own, based on allegations of correctional officer brutality. 68
We first reject the defendant’s assertion that he is entitled to seek, the suppression of the statements made by other inmates. A person adversely affected by an incriminating statement of another, unlawfully obtained under the United States Fifth or Sixth Amendments or LSA-Const. Art. I, § 16, has no standing to assert its invalidity. State v. Burdgess, 434 So.2d 1062, 1064-65 (La. 1983); State v. Byrd, 568 So.2d 554, 562-63 (La. 1990); State v. Singleton, 376 So.2d 143, 144-45 (La. 1979). See also State v. Tart, 93-0772, pp. 25-26 (La. 2/9/96), 672 So.2d 116, 143-44 (appendix), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 934 , 117 S.Ct. 310 , 136 L.Ed.2d 227 (1996). “This principle has been applied where, as in this case, one co-defendant or co-conspirator seeks to suppress evidence incriminating him that was obtained from a coparticipant in crime without proper compliance with the procedural requirements of Miranda [v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 , 86 S.Ct. 1602 , 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)] or otherwise in violation of that party’s Fifth or *642 Sixth Amendment rights.” State v. Burdgess, 434 So.2d at 1064 .
This court, however,' expressly “reserve[d] judgment on the' question of whether gross police misconduct against third parties in the overly zealous pursuit of criminal convictions might lead to limited standing.” Id., 434 So.2d at 1065 (citing United States v. Fredericks, 586 F.2d 470, 481 (5th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 962 , 99 S.Ct. 1507 , 59 L.Ed.2d 776 (1979)) (finding no justification for suppressing the defendant’s statement, allegedly prompted by his co-defendant’s illegally obtained confession wherein the conduct of the police ' in Imthe taking of a co-defendant’s statement was “a far cry from the sort of third-degree physical or psychological coercion that might prompt ‘ [a court] to disregard altogether the societal interest in law enforcement by excluding the highly probative testimony Of a nondefendant”). See also State v. Rhodes, 04-207, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/31/04), 881 So.2d 1263, 1266 (refusing to consider assigned error regarding suppression of a co-defendant’s identification of a defendant, wrongly obtained without the presence of co-defendant’s counsel, because that wrongdoing was not “the type of conduct that warrants granting limited standing to the adversely affected third-party”), writ denied sub nom. State ex rel. Rhodes v. State, 04-2773 (La. 6/24/05), 904 So.2d 727 .
Here, the trial court held a lengthy evi-dentiary hearing 69 and stated its reasons for judgment, denying the motion in open court on October 1,2008, to wit:
That brings us to -Motion 36 .... The Court is prepared to rule on this motion today which I’ll note for the record that it was adopted by all of the defense teams. We have taken extensive testimony in connection with that motion, and I think we’ve taken testimony from forty something witnesses at least.
The hearing held before this Court was unprecedented in the State of Louisiana and was prompted by the allegations in this motion. The allegations being so grave that, if true, they would be possible grounds for exclusion of all or a part of any testimony given by a third party nondefendant witness. The allegations specifically were directed to alleged torture, cruelty, abuse, inhuman treatment and so on. In making a decision to have this hearing, the Court relied on the Louisiana Supreme Court’s reservations expressed in [State v. Burdgess] about possible limited standing and the Court’s reference to a Fifth Circuit Federal case, [United States v. Fredericks], which discussed gross police misconduct against third parties as being grounds to exclude the testimony of a nohdefendant witness, which otherwise the defense would not have standing to contest that testimony. And there are no cases in the State of Louisiana that this Court has been able to find, and, obviously, I don’t think the defense teams [of ten capital-qualified attorneys] has found any, or you would have pointed them out, which grants standing other than the very 170lim.ited reference I made earlier .... In any event, this Court’s, decision to proceed in this case with such a hearing was upheld by *643 the Louisiana Supreme Court. [70] In connection therewith, testimony was taken from, I believe, something in excess of forty witnesses consisting of inmates, prison authorities, former prison employees, medical personnel, ■ and would-be experts on torture. Before the Supreme Court’s decision in Miranda and currently the courts have always been concerned about the truthfulness of a statement or confession and whether or not something happened, or were there, particular circumstances unique to the case or statement which would have a bearing on the truthfulness of the statement. And before Miranda and through date, courts have been particularly concerned with whether the state authorities, the police, or in this instance corrections employees, did some act, torture, threats, et cetera, which would result in an untruthful or forced statement. Miranda added to the law back in the sixties, I believe, or late sixties or middle sixties such that it’s now necessary that you advise defendants or anyone — which is the posture the police have taken now — practically anyone, receives advice about their constitutional rights. You delve into the understanding of the constitutional rights, find out whether or not the potential witness wishes to waive constitutional rights and so on. However, the courts still look at confessions or statements in view of the original position of the courts over the years. Did something happen which would make the statement untruthful or was it extracted by such horrible means that you just shouldn’t use the statement at all. In this case the Court is convinced well beyond a reasonable doubt that the witnesses in question were advised of their constitutional rights and knowingly and intelligently waived same and elected to give a statement. Having said that the Court still must examine the first principle — first and long standing principle of law relating to whether or not the authorities did something which would call into question the truthfulness of the statements which the defendants seek to suppress. In deciding this question, the Court has to take into account the credibility of the witnesses and the circumstances surrounding the statements. ' From the outset the defendants urge the Court to accept a pattern of misconduct by prison authorities which would, in this Court’s view, amount to a vast institutional conspiracy to abuse inmates and then maintain an institution-alwide cover-up of such abuse. The Court cannot, accept this viéw or theory for the following reasons: Starting with the very top and Warden Cain, when the tact[ical] team members first ’ en- ’ tered the [dorm bundle] room ... to secure a hostage release [of Sgt. Walker], one defendant was shot and killed[, inmate Durham,] and another defendant, [inmate] Mathis, who is now on trial, was shot. At that point Warden Cain could have simply said, Let Mathis bleed to death, or could have directed or asked the officer to.shoot him again .to make sure he’s dead. Instead Warden Cain directed that immediate medical aid be given, and, in fact, due to the circumstances surrounding the entire event and what was known to Warden Cain and the tact[ical] team at that point, this 171 Court believes that Mathis received aid from the medical team be *644 fore Captain Knapps, the officer allegedly killed by the defendants in this case .... We have had a hearing on a Motion to Suppress concerning Mr. Mathis’ later statement. In the first round of witnesses, the forty something I heard ... I did not hear any evidence . that indicated that Mr. Mathis had so much as a scratch or abrasion beyond the obvious damage caused to his person by the gunshot [sustained during Sgt. Walker’s rescue]. So if there was some type of institutional cover[-]up or conspiracy, it certainly didn’t come from the top, or it would not appear to have come from the top to this Court, because of the way Mr. Mathis was treated. Secondly, there’s absolutely no written trail of medical evidence to support the many claims of the inmates that they were abused, tortured, threatened, hit, pushed, shoved and so on. Next, the claims of the abuse allegedly suffered by the inmates so perfectly crystalized when claimed money damages in a [federal] civil suit came into play that this Court’s take on the testimony as a whole that it was cookie cutter perfect, and any inmate’s testimony could have been substituted for another.[ 71 ] This Court has grave concerns about the truthfulness of depositions given in connection with the federal lawsuit where nondefendant inmates, based on legal advice, refused to testify about certain aspects of the case while others couldn’t recall certain aspects of this case despite a seemingly steel trap memory about the alleged abuse and their injuries. Next, many of the inmates testi- *645 fled that they were not abused, didn’t see any abuse, or falsified claims of abuse to obtain money damages. There were at least three of the inmates that we know were injured, and the reason |7awhy we say we know that is because the inmates talked about it and the guards also talked about it. There were violent takedowns in two of the classrooms. The first classroom on what I would refer to as the right hand end of the building when an inmate wouldn’t follow a directive to, I think, get down on the floor. Then there was another classroom further down the hall where there was still a hostage in that room, and that hostage, I believe, was covered up by a sheet or blanket and there was again a problem with an inmate following a directive, and there was a violent takedown of that inmate which would certainly account for any injuries discussed relative to those ,.. inmates. A third inmate was one of the defendants who has filed a Motion to Suppress and claims to have been injured and the medical evidence relative to this inmate backs up what he has to say. The major testified about that and says, well, when he got into the hall, the inmate assumed a fighting position and in response to that he delivered a pretty good blow to the inmate’s face or forehead area.[ 72 ] Almost without exception the inmates testified that even if they were beaten, it had no bearing on their statements which were true and were not related to State misconduct. There was no testimony that the beatings and abuse, even if true, were designed to extract a statement or information from the potential witness, and if any conclusion can be drawn from that, it would have to be that, if true, that some officers were emotional and anything that they may have done were gratuitous responses to the death of one of their own. But, again, I have to go back and state that the inmates universally testified that whatever they said, whatever the guards might have done, didn’t have any bearing on what they had to say.
Additionally, the inmates3’3 testimony, if true, presented the Court with a most amazing statistical anomaly that I believe, with one partial exception, all of the inmates claiming injuries were *646 wrongfully convicted and innocent of the crimes resulting in their incarceration at Angola. While the Court recognizes the • possibility that there may be, out of the fifty-two hundred or so inmates at Angola, a very small percentage who are actually innocent and were wrongfully convicted, it defies imagination and the laws of probability that such a large | ^percentage of those wrongfully convicted would be those that showed up in this Court claiming abuse and injury. As an aside to the credibility issue, I can’t help but mention the testimony of inmate Robert Cooper who exhibited the astounding and almost superhuman ability to change from fact to fiction in the . same sentence. While I view him as the most prolific liar I’ve ever heard on the witness stand, I would have to say that he was also the least successful.
Another factor relating to the credibility issue involves the independent witnesses, and I’m referring to those witnesses with no [ongoing] ties to corrections or the sheriffs office. No jobs at stake. No promotions at stake. No demotions at stake or any other factors that may have influenced their testimony, Specifically, former sheriffs office investigator Ivy Cutrer, now retired, testified he has no dog in this hunt to put it in common terms. Warren Melan-con, who is now retired or working elsewhere, he has nothing to gain or lose by his testimony. Security officer David Ross now working elsewhere, and Ross was fired from Angola for, I believe if I recall correctly, a marijuana issue. He certainly has nothing to gain or lose from Angola at this point. Former security captain Jeff Hewes now working elsewhere. Dr, Robert Barnes who’s now practicing medicine, I believe, in Alabama. All these are persons that I would consider to be' independent witnesses wh[o] would have no reason to show any bias, interest, or corruption in their testimony, I think they were all truthful, and all of these witnesses simply didn’t support the version of events put forward by the many inmates that this Court heard.
Finally, I don’t think it’s appropriate for the defense teams to try to put the Court in a box and say, well, we want you to exclude all of these statements and so on because they were not true. They were beaten out of these people, but we want you to suspend that request for a few minutes just long enough to find that they were telling the truth about abuse so you could say that everything that they said was false and that takes the Court around in a circle. That’s just' another reason why this Court has some concerns about this.
Finally, when this case comes to trial, I don’t know everything that can be known about this case and what the defense teams plan to do or what the prosecution plans to do, but I don’t see any reason based, on the facts and circumstances of this case to exclude testimony of any. of these, witnesses addressed in this motion. They- will be subject to cross-examination. In my humble view, after having heard all these witnesses, I would have to say that probably the best conclusion that can be drawn from it is the prosecution proceeds at its own risk. The defense proceeds at its own risk because you just don’t know what you’re going to get from the witness stand from any of these folks that testified before the Court. For all these reasons, the Court will deny Motion No. 36.
Rather than address, in'his brief to this court, in a meaningful way any aspect of the trial court’s extensive ruling- on the defendants’ motion to suppress the uninvolved inmate statements, the defendant *647 argues inapplicable caselaw (i,e., regarding outrageous governmental conduct, wherein the government was involved 174in the commission of the offense or acted outrageously in obtaining inculpatory evidence from the accused), and the defendant attempts to bolster the uninvolved inmates’ credibility by claiming that “[e]ach inmate who testified presented a consistent and detailed explanation of what occurred,” which the trial court acknowledged and expressly rejected. Neither of these arguments provide a tenable basis sufficient for this court to reach, in this case, the issue left open in State v. Burdgess (i.e., whether a defendant has standing to seek suppression of uninvolved witness statements on allegations of gross governmental misconduct in obtaining those statements); nor do the defendant’s arguments on this point identify any error in the trial court’s ruling. We find no error in the trial court’s conclusion that, although members of the tactical team used force against uncooperative inmates in regaining control of the education building, that force was not used for the purpose of obtaining, or resulted in, coerced statements by inmates.
With respect to the defendant’s motion to suppress his own statements, he argues that he presented overwhelming evidence that he was beaten, and he asserts that the State failed to carry its heavy burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt the voluntariness of defendant’s confession, pursuant to State v. Franklin, 381 So.2d 826, 828 (La. 1980). The defendant’s evidence consisted of the testimony of four inmates, who claimed they heard or saw several unidentified correctional officers beating the defendant near the transport bus in the early morning hours of December 29, 1999; the testimony of the defendant’s former appointed counsel, Burton Guidry, who observed severe bruising on defendant’s legs on January 6, 2000 (which appear in photographs taken of said bruising by Mr. Guidry that same day). 73
17BThe State’s evidence included the following:
• Testimony of an EMT who saw the defendant on January 4, 2000, regarding his request for penicillin for an infection in a cut to his lower right shin; there were no complaints or evidence of beatings;
• Testimony of Angola, WFPSO, and State Trooper investigators, who took the defendant’s December 29, 1999 and January 3, 2000 statements, regarding the fact that the defendant did not complain of beating or otherwise show any sign of injury or discomfort;
• Testimony of the bus driver, who had transported the uninvolved inmates to Camp C, but who recalled no incident regarding the defendant, other than the defendant’s spontaneous statements during transport to Camp J that he planned to turn State’s evidence;
*648 • Testimony of numerous Angola personnel, responsible for escorting the defendant to investigators, that the defendant was not forced, threatened, beaten, or promised anything by themselves or anyone else;
• Testimony and medical records related to an incident in June 1988 in which the defendant obtained and left battery acid on his left little finger for a sufficient period of time to cause a third-degree burn and expose the bone, such that amputation was required, in response to his displeasure over a work-related assignment at Angola, as well as the fact there was no indication in the defendant’s records that he had complained of any bruising to medical personnel during sick calls on January 4, 6, 12, 18, or 20, 2000 or on February 8, 2000, although a notation in a February 21, 2000 medical report mentions that the defendant’s thigh contusions were no longer bothering him;
• Testimony of an expert in forensic pathology that his wound and pattern injury interpretation of the January 6, 2000 photographs of the defendant’s wounds: (1) were not consistent with riot baton injuries, which leave railroad track-like marks; (2) were “much fresher” and had not been sustained eight or nine days before as claimed by the defendant; and (3) were not compatible with the beatings described by inmate witnesses because there were no injuries to any area other than the defendant’s thighs and there were no defensive wounds, such as cuff-related marks on his wrists; this expert also observed that the defendant’s self-inflicted battery acid injury demonstrated the defendant’s high tolerance for pain and creativity as to self-mutilation and he also observed that the physical characteristics |7tiof the defendant’s prison cell provided him with an opportunity to self-inflict the bruising;
• Evidence and stipulated testimony related to the physical characteristics of the prison cell, in which the defendant was housed from December 29, 1999 to January 4, 2000 and regarding the means by which the defendant could have inflicted the injuries on himself;
• Testimony of an expert in correctional investigation and proper use of force in correctional settings, opining that the nature of the defendant’s bruising was not consistent with injuries inflicted by a riot baton or by beatings by correctional officers, in general, because of the pattern of bruising on the defendant was confined to the defendant’s front, back, side, and inner thighs.
Based on this evidence, the trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress, giving reasons as follows:
• Clark seeks to suppress several statements but not as a result of any misconduct or failure by officials receiving the statements. Rather, Clark claims that he received beatings and mistreatment by Angola security officers so severe that his frame of mind was such that he could not or would not resist any requests by interrogators for a confession or statement. As the suppression hearing unfolded, the Court was repulsed by photographs showing signs of severe abuse to Clark which, if inflicted by security or law enforcement, would leave no doubt whatever in the Court’s mind that any statement or confession given in close time proximity to the beatings should and would be suppressed, Clark *649 being in the state of mind that he would not feel free to not tell the officers anything that they wanted to hear for fear of retaliation. However, as the hearing progressed several questions arose which, in the mind of the Court, did not support the version of security abuse advanced by Clark. First, Clark’s self-serving attempt to make a deal with Warden Vannoy in his voluntary letter in October 2001 explaining what happened in a fashion calculated to minimize his involvement; two, Clark’s self-mutilation to serve his own ends. The Court is referring directly to the battery acid incident. Three, there is no contemporaneous medical testimony which supported Clark’s photo evidence of injuries before statements were taken. Four, there was no testimony that the Court heard from any inmate or security officer in proximity to the time of the statement or even shortly after the statement such as, well, I saw all these signs of beatings and abuse as Clark was walking to the shower and so on and so forth. Five, the photographic evidence of abuse to the inner portion of Clark’s legs do not appear to the Court to have been something that could have happened in the manner advanced by Clark. Six, the so-called guard baton beatings did not fit or match the wound or bruise patterns examined by the doctor that testified. And ... testimony from state police and sheriffs deputies contemporaneous with Clark’s questioning which revealed no complaints from Clark or signs of discomfort .... And, finally, and most recently, correspondence from Clark which came up in the course of a 1 ^supplemental hearing held by the Court on motion of the State to reopen the suppression hearing prior to a ruling, correspondence from Clark indicating further attempts by Clark and Clark’s willingness to manipulate the system to further his own ends including his civil lawsuit. The most logical conclusion to be drawn from all of this is that the injuries photographically depicted were self-inflicted and self-serving to better Clark’s position in his civil lawsuit and this criminal proceeding. The Motion to Suppress is denied as to the December 29, 1999 statement and the January 3, 2000 statement ....
The defendant challenges this ruling, arguing that the trial court failed to consider the testimony of the four inmates who claimed to have witnessed unidentified correctional officers abusing the defendant near the transport bus and that the State failed to call the correctional officers involved to testify. Neither argument is persuasive since: (1) the trial court previously determined that the four inmate witnesses lacked credibility when it ruled on Motion # 36 74 and noted that the defendant’s efforts to secure favorable, though false, testimony from at least one other witness; and (2) the record does not identify any particular correctional officer(s) who allegedly abused the defendant near the transport bus. More importantly, the nature of the injuries reflected in the photographs taken on January 6, 2000, and the testimony of two experts regarding inconsistencies between those injuries and the timing and method of abuse claimed by the defendant and the four inmate witnesses, as well as the defendant’s history of self-mutilation and witness manipulation to obtain his *650 objectives provide ample support for the trial court’s determination and refusal to suppress the defendant’s December 29, 1999 and. January 3, 2000 statements.
Furthermore, the defendant presents'no argument regarding the basis on which the trial court should-have quashed the indictment in relation to this assignment-of error, nor did the defendant present any argument before the trial |78court in support of that portion of his motion that sought to quásh the indictment; therefore, we find it unnecessary to address this unsupported portion of the defendant’s ninth assignment of error.
We conclude that this assignment is without merit.
Suppression of Defendant’s Letter to Warden Vannoy
In his tenth assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in admitting his October 17, 2001 letter to Warden Vannoy and Warden Vannoy’s testimony related the letter, claiming that: (1) the letter was the product of a custodial interrogation conducted in violation of Miranda; and (2) the letter constitutes a statement- “made in the course of ... plea discussions with an attorney for. or other representative of-the prosecuting authority” and should not have been admitted -in violation of LSA-C.E. art. 410(A)(3). 75
As the trial court correctly observed, the defendant’s motion and subsequent memorandum in support, thereof sought suppression of the defendant’s December 29,1999 and January 3, 2000 statements only. The trial court further observed contemporaneously with ruling on that motion that.it would not “suppress [any] spontaneous utterance” and found the letter (and several other statements by defendant) to be “freely and voluntarily self-generated.” Defense counsel asked the trial court to “note [his] objection” to the suppression rulings and, at trial, objected to the introduction of the letter “subject to previous motions.” Indeed, the defendant identifies no portion of the record in which he presented the arguments raised here to the district court orally or by written motion. Thus, the defendant did not preserve this issue for review on appeal, See LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 841, supra; State v. Taylor, 93-2201 at p. 7, 669 So.2d at 369 (“This Court’s scope of review in capital cases will be limited to alleged errors occurring during the guilt phase that are contemporaneously objected to, and alleged errors occurring during the sentencing phase, whether objected to or not.). 76
*651 Excessive and Gruesome Photographs
In his eleventh assignment of error, the defendant claims that the trial court erred in permitting introduction of nine autopsy photographs of the victim because they were “excessive and gruesome.” 77
Under LSA-C.E. art. 403, relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice ....” Photographs are generally admissible if they illustrate any fact, shed any light upon | snan issue in the case, or are relevant to describe the person, thing, or place depicted. State v. Jackson, 30,473, p. 15 (La.App. 2 Cir. 5/13/98), 714 So.2d 87, 96 , writ denied, 98-1778 (La. 11/6/98), 727 So.2d 444 . Even when the cause of death is not at issue, “[t]he state is entitled to the moral force of its evidence and postmortem photographs of murder victims are admissible to prove corpus delicti, to corroborate other evidence establishing cause of death, location, placement of wounds, as well as to provide positive identification of the victim.” State v. Letulier, 97-1360; pp. 18 (La. 7/8/98), 750 So.2d 784, 795 ; State v. Robertson, 97-0177, p. 29 (La. 3/4/98), 712 So.2d 8, 32 , cert. denied, 525 U.S. 882 , 119 S.Ct 190 , 142 L.Ed.2d 155 (1998). The cumulative nature of photographic . evidence does not render it inadmissible if it corroborates the testimony of witnesses on essential matters. State v. Lane, 414 So.2d 1223, 1227 (La. 1982); State v. Miles, 402 So.2d 644, 647 . (La. 1981). Thus, photographic evidence will be admitted unless it is so gruesome as to overwhelm the jurors’ reason and lead them to convict the defendant without sufficient evidence (i.e., when the prejudicial effect of the photographs substantially outweighs their probative value). State v. Broaden, 99-2124, p. 23 (La. 2/21/01), 780 So.2d 349, 364 ; State v. Perry, 502 So.2d 543, 558-59 (La. 1986). Moreover, it is well-settled that a trial court’s ruling with respect to the admissibility of allegedly gruesome photographs, will not be overturned unless it is clear that the prejudicial effect of the evidence its proba *652 tive outweighs value. State v. Maxie, 93-2158, p. 11 n.8 (La. 4/10/95), 653 So.2d 526 , 532 n.8. The trial court has considerable discretion in the admission of photographs, and its ruling will not be disturbed in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. State v. Gallow, 338 So.2d 920, 923 (La. 1976); State v. Watson, 449 So.2d 1321, 1326 (La. 1984).
In the instant case, the trial court permitted the State to introduce a limited set of photographs, taken by crime scene investigator Pat Lane, of the victim at the | S1 autopsy for the purpose of corroborating the testimony of forensic pathologist Dr. Suarez, and the defendant objected to the introduction of nine of the photographs. 78 Given the State’s burden of showing that the defendant had the specific intent to kill or to inflict great bodily harm in support of the first degree murder charge and the highly relevant nature of each of the nine photographs in the limited set to demonstrate the extent and placement of Capt. Knapps’ injuries and his cause and manner of death, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the limited set of photographs. This assigned error is without merit.
Failure to Hold Daubert Hearing
In his twelfth assignment of error, the defendant complains that the trial court erred in failing to hold a Daubert hearing regarding expert testimony of crime scene reconstruction and bloodstain pattern analysis and the admission of said testimony. 79
Under the standards set out in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 , 113 S.Ct. 2786 , 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993), which this court explicitly adopted in State v. Foret, 628 So.2d 1116, 1121-22 (La. 1993) (also finding LSA-C.E. art. 702 “virtually identical to its source provision in the Federal Rules of Evidence ... [Rule] 702”), the trial court is required to perform a “gatekeeping” function to “ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589 , 113 S.Ct. at 2795 . In performing this function, a trial court must have considerable leeway in deciding, in a particular case, how to go about determining whether particular Inexpert testimony is reliable. Kumho Tire Company, Ltd., v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 , 119 S.Ct. 1167, 1176 , 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999). While Daubert specifically addressed scientific evidence, Kumho made clear that the trial court’s essential gatekeeping function applies to all expert testimony, including opinion evidence based solely on special training or experience. Kumho, 526 U.S. at 148-49 , 119 S.Ct. at 1174-75 . Ultimately, “the trial judge must determine whether the testimony has ‘a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of [the relevant] discipline.’ ” Id., 526 U.S. at 149 , 119 S.Ct. at 1175 (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 , 113 S.Ct. at 2796 ). Whether Daubert’s specific factors are, or are not, reasonable measures of reliability is a matter that the trial judge has broad latitude to determine, and a decision to admit or exclude is reviewed on an abuse of discretion standard. *653 Id., 526 U.S. at 153 , 119 S.Ct. at 1176; State v. Edwards, 97-1797, p. 24-25 (La. 7/2/99), 750 So.2d 893, 908-09 .
In this case, the pretrial motion requesting a Daubert hearing regarding crime scene reconstruction and bloodstain pattern analysis pertained only to Col. Scan-lan of the Jefferson Parish Crime Lab and did not apply to Mr. Lane of the State Police Crime Lab, such that the defendant’s current argument regarding Mr. Lane warrants no review. See LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 841(A); LSA-C.E. art. 103; State v. Taylor, 93-2201 at pp. 4-7, 669 So.2d at 367-69 , supra.
On June 30, 2008 the trial court heard oral argument and denied the motion because: (1) defense counsel admitted crime scene reconstruction and bloodstain pattern analysis had been recognized and accepted sciences in this state and nationwide for many years; (2) the trial court had already authorized each of the five co-defendants to hire his own expert in those fields, and each defendant had access to the relevant evidence and reports on which the State intended to rely; and (3) the parties could challenge the qualifications and methodologies of each expert at trial and discrepancies in the experts’ methods and findings could be explored on | mcrosB-examination. At trial, the defendant stipulated Col. Scanlan and Mr. Lane were experts in the fields of crime scene investigation, crime scene reconstruction, and bloodstain pattern analysis, cross-examined both of them thoroughly, and called his own expert in those fields to challenge the methods and findings of the State’s experts. In addition, when the State sought to elicit inappropriate testimony from its experts (i.e., outside of the scope of the fields of expertise), the trial court sustained defendant’s numerous objections. Indeed, although the defendant challenges the admissibility of certain testimony of Col. Scanlan and Mr. Lane, he points to no instance in which the trial court denied any contemporaneously-raised objection. In light of the foregoing, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant’s motion for a Daubert hearing, and the defendant points to no erroneous denial of a contemporaneous objection during trial regarding the testimony of those experts.
Unreasonable Pre-Indictment Delay
The defendant argues that the pre-indictment delay of oyer four years, between the December 28, 1999 murder and March 15, 2004 indictment, was unreasonable and violated the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause and La. Const. Art. I, § 16. The defendant therefore claims that the trial court erred in denying his co-defendants’ motions to quash the indictment on this basis, which claimed they had been prejudiced by the delay, because of the deaths of unidentified “important defense witnesses,” as well as because of lost or destroyed evidence, including the personnel files of Capt. Knapps and Sgt. Walker. 80
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 571 provides that there is no time limitation on the institution of prosecution for a crime punishable by death or life imprisonment. Nonetheless, this court has held pre-indictment delays may Inviolate due process and “ ‘[t]he proper approach in determining whether an accused has been denied due process of law preindictment through a or pre-arrest delay is to measure the government’s justifications for the delay against the degree of prejudice suffered by the accused.’” State v. Schrader, 518 So.2d 1024, 1028 (La. 1988) *654 (quoting State v. Malvo, 357 So.2d 1084, 1087 (La. 1978)).
At the close of the evidentiary hearing on the co-defendants’ motion to quash, the trial court observed that no evidence regarding the deaths of any inmate witnesses had been introduced, nor had any evidence of prejudice been shown regarding the allegedly missing personnel files, and the court held that the State’s reasons for delay were legitimate. Several former prosecutors testified that: (1) the case was complex, with voluminous DNA evidence and other crime scene analysis required by various investigative entities and, thus, the case was not yet ripe for prosecution 'from an evidentiary standpoint for some period of time; (2) they did not want to politicize the indictments during the 2002-2008 election cycle, once the bulk of the evidence had been analyzed; and (3) all defendants were already serving life sentences for unrelated murders.
Although the defendant now argues prejudice from the deaths of inmates Henry Hadwin and Norman Brown, in February 2000 and January 2004, respectively, he cites no portion of the record indicating any attempt to introduce evidence on this topic to the trial court. In addition, nothing in the portions of the record, cited by the defendant, related to the allegedly missing personnel files, establishes any prejudice, and whatever prejudice may have been suffered 81 appears to be outweighed by the State’s justifications. The trial court did not
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