United States v. Nicholas Crowder

ON PETITION FOR REHEARING

PER CURIAM.

Appellant’s petition for rehearing suggested our consideration of points not directly raised or argued in the District Court or in this Court. We, nevertheless, took notice of them and ordered further argument on the following questions.

1) Does Plaintiff-Appellee contend that conviction may be based solely on proof of conduct of defendant following return of the indictment?

2) If conviction may not be so based, may proof of such conduct be adduced to corroborate proof of conduct occurring prior to return of the indictment?

3) If such proof may be used as suggested in question 2, was there sufficient proof of preindictment conduct in the present case to warrant such corroboration?

We have considered the arguments directed to these points and conclude that the requested rehearing should be denied.

1) May conviction rest solely on post-indictment conduct?

The government concedes that testimony as to Crowder’s activities in Donna Brown’s apartment on April 13, 1962, would not, standing alone, be sufficient to convict him of participating in the conspiracy charged in the indictment which had been returned on April 12, 1962, the preceding day. It is indeed proper to concede that a trial for later misconduct could not be based on an indictment for an offense not yet committed when the indictment was returned. This is good law and good sense. Land-field v. United States, 9 F.2d 315, 316 (CA9, 1925); Goulson v. United States, 16 F.2d 44 (CA6, 1926).

2) May postindictment conduct corroborate evidence of the preindictment criminal conduct charged in the indictment?

The government’s proof as to Crowder’s criminal conduct prior to the indictment consists of admissions made by Crowder after the indictment was returned. It is also asserted that we should accept as substantive evidence a statement given to an FBI agent by one Williams, an alleged co-conspirator, asserting facts which, if true, would show Crowder’s guilt. Williams, however, repudiated the statement as “all a fictitious lie” when called as a witness at Crowder’s trial. The statement was admitted to impeach Williams’ trial testimony. We are aware of scholastic agreement in favor of allowing use of such impeaching statements to provide substantive proof. See 3 Wigmore, Evidence, § 1018 (3d Ed.1940) and the Second Circuit’s relevant discussion in United States v. DeSisto, 329 F.2d 929, 932-34 (1964), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 979 , 85 S.Ct. 1885 , 12 L.Ed.2d 747 (1964). But we are not persuaded that we should now abandon the traditional rule that such statements do not supply needed substantive testimony. We have so held in Green v. Baltimore & Ohio RR, 337 F.2d 673 , 675 (CA 6, 1964); United States v. Duff, 332 F.2d 702, 706-707 (CA6, 1964).

The government’s case, therefore, is supported only by admissions made by Crowder when he was arrested following the indictment. The arresting officer, an FBI agent, testified that Crowder then told of being offered and refusing to receive the stolen money orders around Christmas time of 1961 (the indictment alleged that this traffic in the stolen orders began “on or about January 15, 1962, and continuing to on or about April 2, 1962”). This admission was supplemented by the following:

“Crowder advised that some time thereafter all of the money orders came into his possession. These money orders were at that time approximately 340 to 360 in number, and approximately 100 of them were made out with a check protector.

* * * He said he was afraid of *5 them because he said he saw that they were going through a bank which is a member of the Federal Reserve. When asked if he sold or gave any of these money orders to A1 Berger or Chris Williams, he smiled and didn’t answer the question. * * * Crowder stated that shortly after they commenced being passed, the money orders, shortly after in January, 1962, they became very hot and nobody wanted to touch them. * * * After he was released on bond * * * Whitney came to him, Crowder, and wanted some more of the money orders. * * * Crowder stated he refused to give him any of the money orders. About this time, Crowder stated, all the remaining money orders came into his possession again and that he put them in a new suitcase, standard size, tan in color, which he described as being approximately three feet long, about eighteen to twenty inches deep, and ten inches wide. He stated he put these money orders in the suitcase and took it to a girl he knew on Ferris Street. He said he did not want those in his home and that he could easily tell people the address of the girl on Ferris Street.” (Emphasis supplied.)

We are satisfied that the inferences that could be drawn from the content of such admissions would, if corroborated, be substantive evidence of Crowder’s guilt. As admissions, however, they needed corroboration. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488-491 , 83 S.Ct. 407 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963); Opper v. United States, 348 U.S. 84, 93 , 75 S.Ct. 158 , 99 L.Ed. 101 (1954). We see no reason why the testimony of the witness Brown who observed Crowder carrying two cans containing the money orders up to her apartment on April 13, the day after the return of the indictment, and the activities then carried on to prepare the money orders for negotiation, should not be received as corroboration. These were the money orders that were seized later that day upon search of the Brown apartment.

3) Was there sufficient proof of preindictment conduct to warrant the corroboration?

Our discussion above suggests our affirmative answer to this question. Crowder’s admission to being in possession of the stolen money orders and his knowledge that some of them were being “passed” (having said that he had possession of all of them at various times clearly implies that those that were passed came from him) made the identification of Crowder as the conveyor of what remained of them to the Brown apartment quite relevant and logical corroboration. The admission plus the corroboration made a case for the jury.

The petition for rehearing is denied.