The opinion
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST DISTRICT, STATE OF FLORIDA
SONNY ERIC PIERCE, NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
Appellant, DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED
v. CASE NO. 1D15-1984
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
_____________________________/
Opinion filed June 6, 2017.
An appeal from the Circuit Court for Bay County.
Brantley S. Clark, Judge.
Michael Ufferman, Tallahassee, for Appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and Michael Schaub, Assistant Attorney
General, Tallahassee, for Appellee.
BILBREY, J.
Sonny Eric Pierce appeals his judgment of conviction and sentences raising
several issues. Because the trial court erred in denying Pierce’s motion to suppress
the statements made during his custodial interrogation, we must reverse the
judgment, vacate his sentences, and remand for a new trial.
Following his arrest for his participation in a shooting incident, Pierce was
subjected to questioning by a police detective. During the interrogation, Pierce
was handcuffed. The State does not deny that Pierce was in custody and thus was
not free to leave. The interrogation of Pierce was video recorded, and we have
reviewed the video as well as the transcript of it. The interrogation began as
follows:
Q. Sir would you state your name for me?
A. Sonny Eric Pierce.
Q. And Mr. Pierce would you raise your right hand for me? Do you
swear this statement you’ll give is the truth, the whole truth, nothing
but the truth, so help you God?
A. I swear.
Q. Ok all right I got to just talk to you. We got to go over this real
quick before we can discuss any parts of this case, okay? This is your
Miranda form here. I’ll read it to you and we’ll go over anything. If
you feel like we need to hit one of them again, we’ll talk about it and
explain it in detail, ok. All right first of all, you have the right to
remain silent. Anything you say can be used against you in court.
You have the right to talk to a lawyer for advice before we ask you
any questions. You have the right to have a lawyer with you during
questioning. Ok. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed
to you before any questioning if you wish. If you decide to answer
questions now without a lawyer present, you have the right to stop
answering at any time until you have consulted a lawyer. You
understand that part? Ok if you would those last 2 sentences could
you read those out loud?
A. I have read the Statement of my Rights and I understand what my
rights are. At this time I am willing to answer questions without a
lawyer present.
2
Q. Is that a true statement?
A. I don't know what I’m being charged for.
Q. Ok well I want to explain everything.
A. Okay.
Q. But I mean just for your, we’ll go back over this one. If you
decide to answer questions now without a lawyer present, you have
the right to stop answering at any time until you have consulted a
lawyer.
A. Ok.
Q. Ok so it can’t hurt you to talk with me but it’s up to you. If
you don’t want to say anything now, that’s fine. We’ll just do this and
then just go with what happens, but if you want to talk about
something [sic]. And I can explain to you some things; we can do it
that way. I thought the whole reason why you wanted to talk to me is
so we could talk and this [sic].
A. Yeah absolutely.
Q. Ok.
A. And I, I just, I don’t know what I’ve done. And I don’t want to
get pinned doing something.
Q. Ok.
A. Do you know what I’m saying?
Q. Yeah that’s why if I was you, if that was the truth I’d want to
talk.
A. Absolutely. I mean I do and just, so.
Q. Ok so you are willing to talk ok. I need you to sign right there.
3
A. All right.
(Emphasis added). At that point, Pierce signed a waiver of Miranda rights.
After substantial probing by the detective, Pierce confessed to being part of a
drug sale in the parking lot of a Home Depot. The deal went awry, Pierce claimed,
when the buyers grabbed the contraband and began to drive away with it without
paying. As the buyers sped towards him, Pierce told the detective that he
commenced shooting at the car. He fled the scene in the car of his associates.
After Pierce was charged with attempted second degree murder with a
firearm and shooting into an occupied vehicle, he moved to suppress, on several
grounds, the statements he made during his police interrogation. The argument
raised below and renewed on appeal is that the statements were obtained in
violation of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), and Traylor v. State, 596
So. 2d 957 (Fla. 1992). After receiving the State’s response, but without the
testimony presented, the trial court denied the motion without making any findings
of facts.1
1
Generally, in reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, this court
accords a presumption of correctness to the trial court’s findings of historical fact,
reversing only if the findings are not supported by competent, substantial evidence,
but reviews de novo “whether the application of the law to the historical facts
establishes an adequate basis for the trial court’s ruling.” Parker v. State, 873 So.
2d 270, 279 (Fla. 2004) (citing Connor v. State, 803 So. 2d 598, 608 (Fla. 2001)).
However, the deference to a trial court’s findings of fact does not fully apply when
the findings are based on evidence other than live testimony. Parker; Thompson v.
4
The general rule is that law enforcement officers must give a suspect an
appropriate warning under Miranda before conducting a custodial interrogation.
Brookins v. State, 704 So. 2d 576 (Fla. 1st DCA 1997). Florida’s Constitution also
requires that prior to custodial interrogation in Florida suspects must be told that
they have a right to remain silent, that anything they say will be used against them
in court, that they have a right to a lawyer’s help, and if they cannot pay for a
lawyer one will be appointed to help them. Art. 1, § 9, Fla. Const.; see Traylor.
The United States Supreme Court recognized in Miranda that “[e]ven
without employing brutality, the ‘third degree’ or [other] specific stratagems, . . .
the very fact of custodial interrogation exacts a heavy toll on individual liberty and
trades on the weakness of individuals.” 384 U.S. at 455. Because the “coercion
inherent in custodial interrogation blurs the line between voluntary and involuntary
statements” thus heightening the risk that a suspect will not be accorded his right
not to be compelled to incriminate himself, the Court “laid down ‘concrete
constitutional guidelines for law enforcement agencies and courts to follow.’”
Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 435 (2000) (quoting Miranda, 384 U.S.
at 442). As Chief Justice Rehnquist explained in Dickerson:
State, 548 So. 2d 198, 204 n.5 (Fla. 1989) (“[T]he clearly erroneous standard does
not apply with full force in those instances in which the determination turns in
whole or in part, not upon live testimony, but on the meaning of transcripts,
depositions or other documents reviewed by the trial court, which are presented in
essentially the same form to the appellate court.”). As noted, no findings of fact
were made by the trial court in denying suppression.
5
Those guidelines established that the admissibility in evidence of any
statement given during custodial interrogation of a suspect would
depend on whether the police provided the suspect with four
warnings. These warnings (which have come to be known
colloquially as “Miranda rights”) are: a suspect “has the right to
remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court
of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if
he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to
any questioning if he so desires.”
Id. (quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479). These warnings “have become part of our
national culture.” Id. at 443.
The determination as to whether a waiver of Miranda rights was knowingly
and voluntarily made is a two-pronged inquiry:
First, the evidence must show that the waiver was a free choice by the
suspect and that it was not produced by police intimidation, coercion,
or deception. Second, the evidence must show that the waiver was
made with a full awareness of the nature and consequences of the
rights given up.
Brookins, 704 So. 2d at 577 (citing Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 (1986), and
State v. Mallory, 670 So. 2d 103 (Fla. 1st DCA 1996)). Each step of this inquiry
employs a totality of the circumstances test. Brookins, 704 So. 2d at 577 (citing
Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707 (1979)); see also Moran, 475 U.S. at 1141, and
North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 374–75 (1979). The burden is on the State
to show by a preponderance of the evidence that a waiver of a defendant’s Miranda
rights was knowingly and voluntarily made. Brookins, 704 So. 2d at 577. On
6
review, the question of the voluntariness of a confession is a legal one requiring
independent review. Connor v. State, 803 So. 2d 598 (Fla. 2001).
The highlighted portions of the interrogation quoted above show that the
detective advised Pierce that speaking to police would not cause harm, but in fact,
would benefit him. This is a clear misstatement of Miranda. 2
While it is true that a suspect need not be given all the information that
“might” affect his decision to confess and that police do not have to supply a
defendant “with a flow of information to help him calibrate his self-interest in
deciding whether to speak or stand by his rights,” Moran, 475 U.S. at 422, it is also
true that a waiver is not voluntarily and knowingly made if police have affected the
ability of the suspect to understand the nature of the rights he is waiving. A waiver
is not valid unless a suspect, “at all times knew he could stand mute and request a
lawyer, and that he was aware of the State’s intention to use his statements to
secure a conviction.” Id. As Pierce’s waiver was procured by a misstatement as to
effect of his waiver, it was not valid. See Ramirez v. State, 739 So. 2d 568 (Fla.
1999) (holding that any evidence that the accused was threatened, tricked, or
cajoled into a waiver of Miranda rights will show that the defendant did not
voluntarily waive his privilege); Dooley v. State, 743 So. 2d 65 (Fla. 4th DCA
2
Whether the interrogating detective intimidated, coerced, or deceived Pierce, or
merely inadvertently misstated Miranda, the second prong of the Brookins test was
not met. Therefore, Pierce’s waiver of his Miranda rights was not knowingly and
voluntarily made. See Brookins, 704 So. 2d at 577.
7
1999). 3 At trial, the State extensively utilized Pierce’s incriminating statements.
The denial of the motion to suppress therefore cannot be deemed harmless, and we
are constrained to reverse the resulting convictions and remand for further
proceedings without use in the State’s case in chief of the statements made during
the interrogation. See Ramirez; Ross v. State, 45 So. 3d 403 (Fla. 2010).
Pierce also challenges in this appeal the denial of his motion to suppress the
search conducted of his cell phone pursuant to a warrant. We do not agree that the
3
The case on which the dissent principally relies, United States v. Graham, 323
Fed. Appx 793 (11th Cir. 2009), is factually distinguishable from the case before
us. In Graham, based on what the interrogating officer testified, a magistrate
concluded that the defendant was not misled by the officer as to the effect of
Miranda. The magistrate concluded in pertinent part: “Defendant does not
argue—and the court declines to find—that this case is comparable to those in
which officers told defendants that honesty would not hurt them, in contradiction
to the Miranda warning that anything they said could be used against them in
court.” 323 F. Appx. at 4 (bold added).
In affirming the denial of the motion to suppress, the 11th Circuit observed in
Graham: “Graham’s incriminating statements were not the product of any
deceptive comments made by Officer Conway. As discussed above, it was
Graham who came forward and wanted to cooperate, even before the officers
asked him any questions. Thus, . . . this case does not present a situation where an
officer was attempting to elicit a confession from a recalcitrant or confused
suspect. To the contrary, from the moment of his arrest, Graham had apparently
made a calculated decision that his best option was to cooperate and hope for
leniency.” Id. at 7.
There was no such desire to cooperate evident in the instant case. Appellant was,
instead, a “recalcitrant” as well as a “confused” suspect. Repeatedly, he indicated
to the interrogating officer that he was confused and that he did not want endanger
himself. Therefore, Graham is not on point.
8
affidavit filed in support of a search warrant failed to allege probable cause. The
trial court correctly decided this issue.
Because we are reversing and remanding for a new trial, we need not reach
the question of whether the trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing
to object to the verdict form which did not list the lesser included offenses in the
order from most serious to least serious. See Sanders v. State, 944 So. 2d 203 (Fla.
2006). Additionally, while the scoresheet erroneously identified Pierce’s
aggravated battery conviction as a level 8, rather than a level 7 offense, this error is
rendered moot given our disposition. Finally, we note, for the trial court’s benefit,
that the offense of shooting into an occupied vehicle is a non-qualifying offense
under section 775.087(2), and thus, had the convictions been affirmed in this
cause, consecutive sentencing was required. See William v. State, 186 So. 3d 989
(Fla. 2016).
Accordingly, the judgment of conviction is REVERSED, the sentences are
VACATED, and the cause is REMANDED for further proceeding below
consistent with this opinion.
WETHERELL, J., CONCURS, JAY, J., CONCURS IN PART and DISSENTS IN
PART WITH OPINION.
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JAY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
After reviewing the video and transcript of Pierce’s interrogation, I believe
that Pierce’s Miranda waiver was knowingly and voluntarily made, and, therefore,
I would affirm the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress.
First, “[a] trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress comes to the appellate
court clothed with a presumption of correctness, and the reviewing court must
interpret the evidence and reasonable inferences and deductions derived therefrom
in a manner most favorable to sustaining the trial court’s ruling.” Pagan v. State,
830 So. 2d 792, 806 (Fla. 2002). Thus, we are required to evaluate the exchanges
between Pierce and Detective Wray in a manner that is “most favorable” to
affirming the trial court’s decision that Pierce voluntarily waived his Miranda
rights. Id.
Second, in our evaluation of Pierce’s interrogation, we should “‘make
every effort to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight’” bias and in doing so,
analyze Detective Wray’s “performance from [his] perspective at the relevant
time.” Martin v. State, 107 So. 3d 281, 309 (Fla. 2012) (citations omitted). As
Martin recognized, “[t]he fact that select statements from law enforcement officers
may later be taken out of context and construed as misrepresentative, while
relevant, is but one factor in a larger, totality of the circumstances evaluation of the
interview.” Id. at 310.
10
Third, as referenced by the majority, “[a] valid waiver of Miranda rights
must . . . be knowingly and intelligently made.” United States v. Gaddy, 894 F.2d
1307, 1312 (11th Cir. 1990) (citation omitted). “Whether a waiver is knowing and
intelligent is determined by the particular facts and circumstances of the case,
‘including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.’” Id. (citation
omitted) (emphasis added). “The relevant question is not whether the ‘criminal
suspect [knew] and [understood] every possible consequence of a waiver . . . ,’ but
rather whether the ‘suspect [knew] that he [could] choose not to talk to law
enforcement officers, to talk only with counsel present, or to discontinue talking at
any time.’” Garner v. Mitchell, 557 F.3d 257, 261 (6th Cir. 2009) (en banc)
(quoting Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 574 (1987)).
In accord with these principles, I believe that Pierce’s Miranda waiver was
the product of his own “free and deliberate choice” and was not related to any
purported coercion or deception by Detective Wray. Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S.
412, 421 (1986). Specifically, Detective Wray’s statements to Pierce were not
coercive, and based on the video, Pierce’s interview was conducted in a civil and
non-confrontational manner. Also, there is no evidence that Pierce was deceived
by the purported misstatements highlighted by the majority or that Pierce
detrimentally relied upon those representations. See United States v. Thompson,
422 F.3d 1285, 1295-96 (11th Cir. 2005) (“Sufficiently coercive conduct normally
11
involves subjecting the accused to an exhaustingly long interrogation, the
application of physical force or the threat to do so, or the making of a promise that
induces a confession.” (quoting United States v. Mendoza-Cecelia, 963 F.2d 1467,
1475 (11th Cir.1992) (emphasis added))); United States v. Small, 2013 WL
1400610, *5 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 11, 2013).
Moreover, as to Pierce’s “awareness of the nature and consequences of the
rights” that he waived, it is undisputed that the Miranda rights were accurately read
to Pierce and, subsequently, Pierce voluntarily signed the proffered Miranda
waiver. See Thomas v. State, 894 So. 2d 126, 136 (“Although a written statement
is neither necessary nor by itself sufficient to establish waiver, it is strong proof
that a waiver is valid.”). While Detective Wray’s statement that “it can’t hurt you
to talk with me” was not ideal, the statement was an apparent attempt to
communicate that cooperating would be to Pierce’s benefit—a permissible
interrogation strategy. See United States v. Graham, 323 F. App’x 793, 800 (11th
Cir. 2009). Because the statement was made shortly after a full and accurate
recitation of Pierce’s Miranda rights, common sense would suggest that Pierce
would have asked about the conflict if he was confused about the discrepancy or,
conversely, deferred signing the waiver until he was provided a clarification by
Detective Wray. Neither event occurred.
From this record, the majority concludes that Pierce’s waiver was “procured
12
by misstatement”—with a primary emphasis on the statement that “it can’t hurt
you to talk with me.” However, there is no evidence that Pierce’s decision to
speak with Detective Wray was induced by Wray’s statement that talking to Wray
would not hurt Pierce. To the contrary, Pierce repeatedly confirmed that he wanted
to speak with Detective Wray about Pierce’s version of what occurred. By
presuming a causal nexus between Pierce’s decision to talk and Wray’s purported
misstatement—without evidence that Pierce was deceived, deluded, or misled by
the statement—the majority has gone beyond what Miranda requires. See State v.
Pitts, 936 So. 2d 1111, 1133 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (“[N]othing in the conduct of the
police here shows that Pitts’ waiver resulted from a coerced choice. The State has
met its burden of establishing the voluntariness of the waiver.” (emphasis added)).
Similar to this case, the defendant in Graham argued that his post-arrest
statements were involuntary because an interrogating officer told him that
cooperating with the police would be to his benefit. 323 F. App’x at 794.
Specifically, the interviewing detective testified that he had an “understanding”
with Graham that if Graham cooperated and provided the police with information,
“it certainly wouldn’t hurt him.” Id. at 796 (emphasis added). In affirming the
denial of Graham’s motion to suppress, the Eleventh Circuit held that the
detective’s statements to Graham “merely confirmed what Graham already
understood, namely, that he might be able to benefit in the future if he cooperated.”
13
Id. at 800. In doing so, the court recognized that “‘[n]o public policy should
castigate a confession of crime merely because it may have been prompted by the
hope that cooperation’” might increase the chances of a less severe sentence. Id. at
801 (quoting United States v. Springer, 460 F.2d 1344, 1347 (7th Cir. 1972)).
Like the defendant’s disclosures in Graham, Pierce’s “statements were not
the product of deception or coercion, but were . . . the product of a voluntary and
calculated decision to cooperate” because Pierce apparently believed it was in his
self-interest to do so. Id. As a result, I would find a valid waiver of Pierce’s
Miranda rights. See United States v. Sweetenberg, 186 F. App’x 879, 883 (11th
Cir. 2006) (“Defendant contends next that his Miranda waiver—given during the
initial phase of his post-arrest interview, where he was asked about the offense for
which he was arrested—was vitiated during the second, cooperation phase when
agents indicated that, if Defendant helped law enforcement, his statements would
be used only for his benefit. We disagree.”) (emphasis added); United States v.
Jaswall, 47 F.3d 539, 542 (2d Cir. 1995) (“An indication by the arresting officers
to the defendant that his cooperation will help him is only one factor to consider in
determining whether the defendant’s waiver was given voluntarily. There is no
inconsistency between the required warning that the defendant’s statement may be
used against him and a further statement that cooperation can help him. Both are
true.”); Martin, 107 So. 3d at 315-16 (“Law enforcement must be afforded some
14
leeway in how they conduct interrogations to ensure public safety and to further
their objective of locating a missing person who might still be alive. The interview
here cannot be characterized as so coercive as to render Martin’s confession
involuntary. Although some of the tactics and techniques used by the detectives
may have been less than ideal, West and Wolcott did not directly threaten, deceive,
or delude Martin into confessing. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s denial of
Martin’s motion to suppress.”); cf. Hart v. Attorney Gen. of State of Fla., 323 F.3d
884, 894 (11th Cir. 2003) (finding that the voluntariness of the defendant’s
Miranda waiver was vitiated by a detective’s statements—to a seventeen-year-old
defendant—that having an attorney present would be a disadvantage and that
“honesty wouldn’t hurt him”).
For all of the above reasons, I respectfully dissent from the reversal of the
denial of the motion to suppress the statements made during Pierce’s custodial
interview.
15