Town of Boone v. State

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 93A15-2

Filed 21 December 2016

TOWN OF BOONE,

Plaintiff

v.

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Defendant,

COUNTY OF WATAUGA,

Intervenor-Defendant

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-27(a1) from an order entered on 29 July 2015

by a three-judge panel of the Superior Court, Wake County, appointed by the Chief

Justice under N.C.G.S. § 1-267.1. Heard in the Supreme Court on 22 March 2016.

Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, L.L.P., by Daniel F.E. Smith,

Jim W. Phillips, Jr., and Julia C. Ambrose, for plaintiff-appellee.

Roy Cooper, Attorney General, by Lauren M. Clemmons, Special Deputy

Attorney General, for defendant-appellant.

Eggers, Eggers, Eggers & Eggers, by Stacy C. Eggers, IV, for intervenor-

defendant-appellant.

NEWBY, Justice.

In this case we consider whether the General Assembly may withdraw the

previous extension of a town’s jurisdiction beyond its corporate limits and return

governance to the county. The first clause of Article VII, Section 1 of our state

constitution recognizes the historic plenary authority of the General Assembly to

TOWN OF BOONE V. STATE

Opinion of the Court

provide for the “organization and government and the fixing of boundaries of counties,

cities and towns, and other governmental subdivisions.” This language acknowledges

the legislative power to organize local government and fix the jurisdictional

boundaries. Extraterritorial jurisdiction affects the organization of local

governmental subdivisions by extending a town’s jurisdiction into the county, thus

shifting the political authority over certain subjects from one local government to

another. Here, by withdrawing the Town of Boone’s extraterritorial jurisdiction, the

legislature restored the local jurisdictional boundaries as originally fixed, returning

the governance of territory located outside of the Town limits to Watauga County.

The limitations imposed by Article II, Section 24 do not apply to an action by the

General Assembly establishing or modifying the jurisdictional boundaries of local

governmental units. Because the legislative act withdrawing the Town’s

extraterritorial jurisdiction falls squarely within this plenary power, we hold that the

act is constitutional, and we reverse the decision of the trial court.

Historically, the General Assembly established the governmental jurisdiction

of a municipality by fixing the municipality’s corporate limits. See State v. Eason,

114 N.C. 787, 795, 19 S.E. 88, 90 (1894) (“[T]he jurisdiction of a municipality does not

extend beyond [its boundary], in the absence of some other language in the

charter . . . .”). Beginning in the late 1800s, the General Assembly began to extend

the jurisdiction of select municipalities beyond their corporate limits with regard to

designated governmental functions. See id. at 792, 19 S.E. at 89 (“[T]he legislature

unquestionably ha[s] the power to extend the jurisdiction of the town, for police

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purposes . . . .”); see also, e.g., Act of Jan. 17, 1911, ch. 2, sec. 27, 1911 N.C. Priv.

[Sess.] Laws 3, 17 (extending the City of Greensboro’s jurisdiction for sanitation and

the protection of city property for one mile “outside of said city limits”). Each grant

of extraterritorial authority was by local act on a city-by-city basis. Despite the

growing usage of extraterritorial jurisdiction, the General Assembly precluded

municipalities in Watauga County from governing extraterritorially. E.g., Act of May

26, 1955, ch. 1334, 1955 N.C. Sess. Laws 1387 (authorizing municipalities to regulate

the subdivision of land within one mile of the corporate limits but excluding Watauga

County and fifty-two other counties); see also Act of June 19, 1959, ch. 1204, sec. 1,

1959 N.C. Sess. Laws 1354, 1354 (expressly precluding towns located within Watauga

County from governing extraterritorially). In 1961 the General Assembly granted

extraterritorial jurisdictional authority to certain municipalities located within

Watauga County, including the Town of Boone, over territory not more than one mile

beyond their corporate limits. Act of May 30, 1961, ch. 548, sec. 1¾, 1961 N.C. Sess.

Laws 748, 748. Article 19 of Chapter 160A of the General Statutes includes the

current codification of extraterritorial jurisdiction.

For twenty years, the Town did not attempt to govern within the

extraterritorial area. In 1981 the Town “initiate[d] the steps necessary to extend

extraterritorial [jurisdiction] to [the] one mile perimeter” surrounding the Town and

also sought “permission from the Watauga County Board of Commissioners to extend

this radius to two miles.” See N.C.G.S. § 160A-360(a) (2015) (requiring approval from

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the county to extend jurisdiction beyond the one-mile perimeter).1 When the County

denied the Town’s request to exercise jurisdiction beyond the one-mile extraterritorial

area, the Town adopted Ordinance 82-11 to exercise “[e]xtraterritorial zoning

jurisdiction pursuant to [N.C.G.S. §] 160A-360” for five specified areas located within

the permitted one-mile perimeter outside the Town limits. Boone, N.C., Ordinance

82-11 (Aug. 26, 1982).2

In 2014 the General Assembly withdrew extraterritorial jurisdiction from the

Town and returned governance of the areas to the County. Act of June 26, 2014, ch.

33, sec. 1, 2013 N.C. Sess. Laws (Reg. Sess. 2014) 139, 140 (the Boone Act)

(“Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Town of Boone shall not exercise

1Even when a municipality wishes to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction in an area

within one mile of its corporate limits, county approval is required if the county is already

enforcing zoning ordinances, subdivision regulations, and the State Building Code in that

area. N.C.G.S. § 160A-360(e) (2015).

2 A municipality that wishes to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction must specify by

ordinance the areas to be included, defining the boundaries “to the extent feasible, in terms

of geographical features identifiable on the ground.” N.C.G.S. § 160A-360(b) (2015). These

boundaries must “at all times be drawn on a map, set forth in a written description, or shown

by a combination of these techniques.” Id. A copy of this delineation must be filed with the

Register of Deeds and, as is true of the delineation of the municipality’s corporate boundaries,

maintained in the office of the municipality’s clerk. Id. §§ 160A-22 (2015), -360(b).

To establish its extraterritorial boundary, the Town adopted Ordinance 83-2,

describing the extraterritorial area by metes and bounds and topographical features, Boone,

N.C. Ordinance 83-2, § 1 (Mar. 31, 1983), and amended the zoning map to include the

extraterritorial area, id. § 4. The Town later expanded its reach of extraterritorial

jurisdiction into other specified areas located within the one-mile perimeter. E.g., id. 83-5

(Apr. 7, 1983); id. 87-12 (Dec. 22, 1987); id. 92-03 (Sept. 3, 1992); id. 98-04 (Nov. 19, 1998);

id. 99-02 (May 27, 1999). With each additional area, the Town amended its zoning map to

reflect and describe the new boundaries. E.g., id. 83-2, § 4; id. 83-5; id. 87-12, § 4; id. 92-03,

§ 4; id. 98-04, § 4; id. 99-02, § 4. County residents living within the added territory were then

notified that the political body governing zoning and development had changed. See N.C.G.S.

§ 160A-360(a1) (2015).

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any powers of extraterritorial jurisdiction as provided in Article 19 of Chapter 160A

of the General Statutes.”). The Boone Act effectively reorganized the specified local

governmental jurisdictions within Watauga County by confining the Town’s

jurisdictional reach to its corporate limits and restoring governance of the

extraterritorial area to the County. See N.C.G.S. §§ 160A-360(a)-(b) (2015).

The Town filed its complaint, challenging the Boone Act as a facially

unconstitutional local act prohibited by Article II, Section 24 of the North Carolina

Constitution. The State unsuccessfully moved to dismiss the complaint and, in its

answer, denied the Town’s allegations regarding the applicability of Article II, Section

24.3 The County intervened, asserting its “special interest” in the action as a

“property owner” and “the duly elected governing body for the citizens and residents

residing within the former extraterritorial jurisdiction.”4

A three-judge panel heard oral arguments and granted summary judgment in

favor of the Town, concluding “that the revocation of the Town of Boone’s power of

3 The State contends that plaintiff’s claims are barred by the doctrine of sovereign

immunity, that “[p]laintiff lacks standing, as well as the capacity to sue, for the withdrawal

of its extraterritorial jurisdictional powers,” that reallocation of authority over planning and

development within the extraterritorial jurisdiction “constitutes a legitimate exercise of

legislative authority over [the legislature’s] political subdivisions” and a non-justiciable . . .

political question[ ] within the purview of the legislative branch of government,” and that

plaintiff fails to state a claim for relief under the state constitution. Because we resolve this

case based on the General Assembly’s plenary power acknowledged in the first clause of

Article VII, Section 1, we do not address the other arguments.

4Residents of extraterritorial jurisdiction areas are not allowed to vote in local

government municipal elections; they remain county residents for voting purposes. See

Ordinance 82-11; N.C.G.S. §§ 160A-360(a1), -362 (2015).

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extraterritorial jurisdiction by [the Boone Act] is unconstitutional pursuant to the

prohibition on local acts contained in Article II, Section 24” and enjoining its

implementation. The State and the County appealed that decision under N.C.G.S.

§ 7A-27(a1).

The State and the County argue that, under Article VII, Section 1 of the

constitution, the legislature delegates to municipalities the authority to govern a

particular territory and retains plenary power to modify the governance of that

geographic territory. To hold otherwise would allow Article II, Section 24 to

impermissibly restrict the General Assembly’s broad authority over municipalities as

acknowledged by Article VII, Section 1. The Town responds that the Boone Act is a

prohibited local act because it removes the authority of the Town to enforce its

ordinances, some of which may “[r]elat[e] to health, sanitation, and the abatement of

nuisances,” N.C. Const. art. II, § 24(1)(a), or “[r]egulat[e] labor, trade, mining, or

manufacturing,” id. art. II, § 24(1)(j), and that the Act otherwise partially repeals

N.C.G.S. § 160A-360, a general law, see id. art II, § 24(2).

The analytical framework for reviewing a facial constitutional challenge is

well-established. Our “State Constitution is in no matter a grant of power,” Lassiter

v. Northampton Cty. Bd. of Elections, 248 N.C. 102, 112, 102 S.E.2d 853, 861 (1958),

aff’d, 360 U.S. 45, 79 S. Ct. 985, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1072 (1959), and as such, “[a]ll power

which is not limited by the Constitution inheres in the people, and an act of a State

legislature is legal when the Constitution contains no prohibition against it,” id. at

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112, 102 S.E.2d at 861 (citation omitted). See also State ex rel. Ewart v. Jones, 116

N.C. 570, 570, 21 S.E. 787, 787 (1895) (“[P]ower resides with the people and is

exercised by their representatives in the General Assembly.”). “We seldom uphold

facial challenges because it is the role of the legislature, rather than this Court, to

balance disparate interests and find a workable compromise among them.” Beaufort

Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Beaufort Cty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 363 N.C. 500, 502, 681 S.E.2d 278,

280 (2009) (citation omitted). An act of the General Assembly will be declared

unconstitutional only when “it [is] plainly and clearly the case,” State ex rel. Martin

v. Preston, 325 N.C. 438, 449, 385 S.E.2d 473, 478 (1989) (quoting Glenn v. Bd. of

Educ., 210 N.C. 525, 529-30, 187 S.E. 781, 784 (1936)), and its unconstitutionality

must be demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt, Baker v. Martin, 330 N.C. 331, 334-

35, 410 S.E.2d 887, 889 (1991) (citations omitted).

Though not expressly stated in our first constitution, the General Assembly

has long enjoyed plenary power to create political subdivisions of local government,

establish their jurisdictional boundaries, and invest them with certain powers, see

Quality Built Homes Inc. v. Town of Carthage, ___ N.C. ___, ___, 789 S.E.2d 454, 457

(2016), which “may be enlarged, abridged or modified at the will of the legislature,”

id. at ___, 789 S.E.2d at 457 (quoting White v. Comm’rs of Chowan Cty., 90 N.C. 437,

438 (1884)). Our Constitution of 1868 affirmed “the duty of the Legislature to provide

for the organization of cities, towns, and incorporated villages.” N.C. Const. of 1868,

art. VIII, § 4. By 1876, following a brief suspension of “provisions relating to

municipal[ities]” during Reconstruction, see id., art. VII, § 12, the constitution

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reaffirmed that “[t]he General Assembly shall have full power by statute to modify,

change, or abrogate any and all of the provisions” pertaining to municipalities, id.,

Amends. of 1875, art. VII, § 14. See Journal of the Constitutional Convention of the

State of North Carolina 162-63 (Raleigh, Josiah Turner 1875) (dismissing concerns

that the 1875 amendment to Article VII would provide “unlimited control of the

Legislature” over “the municipal government of cities, towns, &c.”).

Local political subdivisions are “mere instrumentalities of the State for the

more convenient administration of local government,” Holmes v. City of Fayetteville,

197 N.C. 740, 746, 150 S.E. 624, 627 (1929), appeal dismissed per curiam, 281 U.S.

700, 50 S. Ct. 353, 74 L. Ed. 1126 (1930), whose territory and functions rest “in the

absolute discretion of the state,” State ex rel. Dyer v. City of Leaksville, 275 N.C. 41,

50, 165 S.E.2d 201, 207 (1969) (quoting Hunter v. City of Pittsburgh, 207 U.S. 161,

178, 28 S. Ct. 40, 46, 52 L. Ed. 151, 159 (1907)); accord Greensboro-High Point Airport

Auth. v. Johnson, 226 N.C. 1, 9-10, 36 S.E.2d 803, 809 (1946). Under its plenary

power, the General Assembly may create, organize, and abolish these local

governmental units, arranging and rearranging local government to best meet the

specific local needs of the people. See People ex rel. Van Bokkelen v. Canaday, 73 N.C.

198, 222 (1875) (Political subdivisions “are parts and parcels of the State, organized

for the convenience of local self-government.”); accord White, 90 N.C. at 438. Each

locality presents different challenges and needs for the arrangement of local

governmental units. The General Assembly is the only branch of government

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equipped to organize local government and, through oversight, craft responses to the

changing needs of local communities.

As acknowledged by the case law, this broad power of the General Assembly

has remained unchanged throughout our history and is recognized in Article VII,

Section 1 of our current constitution, adopted in 1971:

The General Assembly shall provide for the

organization and government and the fixing of boundaries

of counties, cities and towns, and other governmental

subdivisions, and, except as otherwise prohibited by this

Constitution, may give such powers and duties to counties,

cities and towns, and other governmental subdivisions as

it may deem advisable.

N.C. Const. art. VII, § 1. As such, Article VII, Section 1 “is not a delegation of power

to the General Assembly” but “a general description” and “merely a recognition” of

“the General Assembly’s power to provide for the organization and powers of local

government,” Report of the North Carolina State Constitution Study Commission 85

(1968) [hereinafter 1968 Constitution Commission Report], as affirmed in the 1875

amendment, which “gave the General Assembly full power to revise or abolish the

form and powers of county and township governments,” id. at 143.5

5 Significantly, the text of Article VII, Section 1, recognizing the General Assembly’s

historic duty to provide for local government, was adopted against the backdrop of Article II,

Section 24 and the various court decisions describing its application. See 1968 Constitution

Commission Report 85; see also N.C. State Bar v. DuMont, 304 N.C. 627, 635, 286 S.E.2d 89,

94 (1982) (relying on the 1968 Constitution Commission Report to “ascertain[ ] the intent of

the framers and adopters, [and] the object and purpose of the revision”). Following well-

established principles of construction, one amendment cannot be read to eliminate the other,

and the one more recent in time is given its full application. In re Peoples, 296 N.C. 109, 159,

250 S.E.2d 890, 919 (1978) (considering constitutional amendments “in pari materia with the

other sections of our Constitution which it was intended to supplement” (citations omitted)),

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The text of the first clause of Article VII, Section 1, “[t]he General Assembly

shall provide for the organization and government and the fixing of boundaries” of

local governmental entities, mandates the statutory creation, structuring,

restructuring, and defining of local governmental subdivisions and their

jurisdictional boundaries. We look to the plain meaning of the phrase to ascertain its

intent. State v. Webb, 358 N.C. 92, 97, 591 S.E.2d 505, 510-11 (2004) (The

constitution is construed for its plain meaning.); see also Dunn v. Pac. Emp’rs Ins.

Co., 332 N.C. 129, 134, 418 S.E.2d 645, 648 (1992) (Ordinary rules of grammar

apply.). Each word informs a proper understanding of the whole. “Organization”

means something “put together into an orderly, functional, [and] structured whole.”

Organize, The American Heritage Dictionary 926 (new coll. ed. 1979). “Government”

is defined as “[t]he act or process of governing; especially, the administration of public

policy in a political unit; political jurisdiction.” Government, id. at 570. The “fixing

of boundaries” means establishing borders or limits. See Fix and Boundary, id. at

497, 156. Thus, the plain meaning of the phrase “organization and government and

fixing of boundaries” includes the designation and realignment of the political

jurisdictions of local governmental units.

The General Assembly alone has the oversight responsibility and authority to

define, limit, and expand the otherwise competing jurisdictions of local political

cert. denied, 442 U.S. 929, 99 S. Ct. 2859, 61 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1979); Perry v. Stancil, 237 N.C.

442, 444, 75 S.E.2d 512, 514 (1953) (“Constitutional provisions should be construed in

consonance with the objects and purposes in contemplation at the time of their adoption.”

(emphasis added)).

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subdivisions. See Hailey v. City of Winston-Salem, 196 N.C. 17, 22-23, 144 S.E. 377,

380 (1928) (“When a new governmental agency is established by the Legislature, such

as a municipal corporation, it takes control of all the affairs over which it is given

authority, to the exclusion of other governmental agencies.”).6 Setting the

jurisdictional boundaries of political subdivisions is left to legislative discretion.7

Since the needs of each community differ, this Court has repeatedly acknowledged

the practical reality that the General Assembly may exercise that discretion by local

act.8

6Instances of creating, organizing, and reorganizing political subdivisions have met

this Court’s approval, both before and after the 1917 amendments that created the

predecessor to Article II, Section 24. See, e.g., Bethania Town Lot Comm. v. City of Winston-

Salem, 348 N.C. 664, 668, 502 S.E.2d 360, 362 (1998) (“The General Assembly may, by special

or local act, create municipalities and change the boundaries of municipalities.” (citations

omitted)); Lilly v. Taylor, 88 N.C. 489, 490-91, 494-95 (1883) (affirming the legislature’s

creation and subsequent repeal of the charter of the Town of Fayetteville); Mills v. Williams,

33 N.C. (11 Ired.) 558, 560, 563-64 (1850) (upholding the legislature’s “power to create and

abolish” Polk County); see also In re Ordinance of Annexation No. 1977-4, 296 N.C. 1, 16-17,

249 S.E.2d 698, 707 (1978) (Municipalities have no inherent constitutional right to their

boundaries and derive authority only from the powers delegated by the legislature. (citations

omitted)).

7See Piedmont Ford Truck Sale, Inc. v. City of Greensboro, 324 N.C. 499, 502, 380

S.E.2d 107, 109 (1989) (“The extension of boundaries of cities has been held to be a political

decision . . . .” (citations omitted)); see also Texfi Indus., Inc. v. City of Fayetteville, 44 N.C.

App. 268, 273, 261 S.E.2d 21, 25 (1979) (recognizing the General Assembly’s authority to

create, destroy, or change the boundaries of any political subdivision), aff’d, 301 N.C. 1, 269

S.E.2d 142 (1980); Jones v. Jeanette, 34 N.C. App. 526, 532, 239 S.E.2d 293, 296 (1977)

(stating that setting boundaries under Article VII, Section 1 is a “permissible legislative

function” “left to legislative discretion” (citing, inter alia, Hunter, 207 U.S. at 178-79, 28 S.

Ct. at 46, 52 L. Ed. at 159)).

8See Bethania Town Lot Comm., 348 N.C. at 668, 502 S.E.2d at 362; Plemmer v.

Matthewson, 281 N.C. 722, 725, 190 S.E.2d 204, 206-07 (1972) (The legislature may create a

municipality by special act and may provide procedures for annexation by special act.); Town

of Highlands v. City of Hickory, 202 N.C. 167, 168, 162 S.E. 471, 471 (1932) (upholding a local

act that extended the municipal limits of one town and repealed statutes under which

adjacent towns were organized); Holmes, 197 N.C. at 748, 150 S.E. at 628 (The legislature

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The second clause of Article VII, Section 1 concerns the authority of the

General Assembly to confer specific “powers and duties” on local governmental units.

Unlike the first clause in Article VII, Section 1, the second clause includes an express

limitation; namely, it prohibits any legislative delegation of “powers and duties” to

local governmental units that is “otherwise prohibited by this Constitution.” Only

under the second clause, then, is the General Assembly’s authority over local

governments expressly subject to limitations imposed by other constitutional

provisions, including the constraints on local acts in Article II, Section 24 first

adopted in 1917. For example, under the Article II, Section 24 prohibition on certain

local acts, the General Assembly cannot grant to one county the power to enact local

employment legislation, see Williams v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of N.C., 357 N.C. 170,

191, 581 S.E.2d 415, 430 (2003), or remove a city’s power to enforce certain ordinances

regarding specific properties within its municipal limits, see City of New Bern v. New

Bern–Craven Cty. Bd. of Educ., 338 N.C. 430, 442, 450 S.E.2d 735, 742 (1994).9

may extend by special act extraterritorial jurisdiction and the authority of a municipality to

provide services outside its corporate limits.); State v. Rice, 158 N.C. 635, 636, 74 S.E. 582,

582 (1912) (recognizing the legislature’s authority to allow the exercise of extraterritorial

jurisdiction outside municipal limits by local act); Lutterloh v. City of Fayetteville, 149 N.C.

65, 69, 62 S.E. 758, 760 (1908) (recognizing validity of extension of corporate boundaries

through annexation by local act); see also In re City of Durham Annexation Ordinance, 69

N.C. App. 77, 84, 316 S.E.2d 649, 654 (“Article VII, Section 1 is not a power of the General

Assembly which must be carried out or enacted by general laws as defined in Article XIV,

Section 3.”), appeal dismissed and disc. rev. denied, 312 N.C. 493, 322 S.E.2d 553 (1984).

9 This approach of conducting an Article II, Section 24 analysis only when the

challenged statute specifies a specific “power” or “duty” is consistent with our prior decisions.

In Piedmont Ford Truck Sale, Inc. v. City of Greensboro, the plaintiffs challenged a local act

annexing certain land to the City of Greensboro. 324 N.C. 499, 501, 380 S.E.2d 107, 108

(1989). While the annexation clearly arose under the authority to “fix the boundaries of

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Acting under its plenary authority, the General Assembly creates

municipalities. Historically, the municipality’s governmental authority ended at its

corporate limits. The General Assembly first granted municipalities the authority to

govern extraterritorially by amending municipal charters.10 Even after the adoption

of the restrictions on local acts, the legislature continued to delegate to select cities

on an individual basis the authority to enforce more comprehensive zoning

cities” acknowledged in Article VII, Section 1, id. at 503, 380 S.E.2d at 110, because the act

also contained a specific “provision regarding solid waste collection,” the plaintiffs argued the

statute violated Article II, Section 24, id. at 504, 380 S.E.2d at 110. Because the statute

specified a particular “power,” this Court conducted an analysis under Article II. Id. at 504-

06, 380 S.E.2d at 110-11. When viewed as a whole, the explicit grant of power was a “small

part” of the legislation, id. at 506, 380 S.E.2d at 111, and this Court concluded that “[t]he

provision . . . regarding solid waste collection” did not violate Article II, Section 24, id. at 506,

380 S.E.2d at 111. See also, e.g., Lamb v. Bd. of Educ., 235 N.C. 377, 379-80, 70 S.E.2d 201,

203 (1952) (concluding that an act expressly restricting certain express powers of the

Randolph County Board of Education violated the Article II limitations on local acts); Idol v.

Street, 233 N.C. 730, 733, 65 S.E.2d 313, 315 (1951) (concluding that an act that “confer[red]

power upon the Board of Aldermen of the City of Winston-Salem and the Board of

Commissioners of Forsyth County” to, inter alia, “name a joint city-county board of health,”

which varied from general law, “[wa]s a local act relating to health” in violation of the Article

II limitations on local acts); Bd. of Health v. Bd. of Comm’rs, 220 N.C. 140, 143-44, 16 S.E.2d

677, 678-79 (1941) (concluding that an act removing from the Nash County Board of Health

the power to appoint a county health officer was a local act relating to health in violation of

the Article II limitations on local acts).

See Rice, 158 N.C. at 636, 640, 74 S.E. at 582, 584 (upholding a City of Greensboro

10

ordinance regulating hog farming within one-fourth mile of the corporate limits, adopted

pursuant to the 1911 statutory delegation of authority by charter amendment).

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regulations within their one-mile perimeters.11 Over time extraterritorial

jurisdiction has become more common and the governmental authority expanded.12

At its essence, jurisdiction is “[a] government’s general power to exercise

authority over all persons and things within its territory” or the “geographic area

within which political . . . authority may be exercised.” Jurisdiction, Black’s Law

Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). Extraterritorial jurisdiction extends the Town’s

jurisdictional boundary, allowing the Town to impose certain ordinances—already

applicable within its corporate limits—one mile into County territory without the

County’s approval, thus superseding any County regulations on those same subjects.

See N.C.G.S. § 160A-360 (2015); see also Trey Allen, Univ. of N.C. Sch. of Gov’t,

General Ordinance Authority, in County and Municipal Government in North

Carolina 77, 84 (Frayda S. Bluestein ed., 2d ed. 2014) (“A city may enforce zoning and

other development ordinances inside its corporate limits and within its

extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ). . . . When a city chooses to enforce development

11 E.g., Act of Apr. 23, 1949, ch. 1192, sec. 1, 1949 N.C. Sess. Laws 1521, 1521

(authorizing Town of Tarboro to exercise zoning powers within one mile beyond the Town’s

corporate limits); Act of Mar. 31, 1949, ch. 700, sec. 3, 1949 N.C. Sess. Laws 732, 733 (same

for City of Gastonia); Act of Mar. 28, 1949, ch. 629, secs. 1, 2, 1949 N.C. Sess. Laws 640, 640-

41 (same for Town of Chapel Hill); Act of Mar. 25, 1949, ch. 540, secs. 1, 4, 1949 N.C. Sess.

Laws 541, 541-42, 543 (same for City of Raleigh); see also Report of the Municipal Government

Study Commission 18 (1958) [hereinafter Municipal Report] (“A total of 19 cities have, by

special act, been given authority to zone for one mile or more beyond their limits.”).

12Whether enforcing its ordinances inside its municipal limits or extraterritorially, a

town receives the authority to govern territory from the legislature. See Holmes, 197 N.C. at

744, 150 S.E. at 626 (“The general rule is that a municipal corporation has no extra-territorial

powers . . . .”); Town of Lake Waccamaw v. Savage, 86 N.C. App. 211, 213, 356 S.E.2d 810,

811 (recognizing that the General Assembly may by local act permit a town to exercise

extraterritorial jurisdiction), disc. rev. denied, 320 N.C. 797, 361 S.E.2d 89 (1987).

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Opinion of the Court

ordinances in its ETJ, the county’s development ordinances no longer apply

there . . . .”). Extraterritorial jurisdiction remains extraordinary because it broadens

a municipality’s jurisdictional reach beyond its corporate limits. This extension of

extraterritorial jurisdictional authority deprives the residents of the extraterritorial

area of meaningful representation and the right to vote for local government

representatives who shape policies affecting their property interests.13 See Wesberry

v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1, 17, 84 S. Ct. 526, 535, 11 L. Ed. 2d 481, 492 (1964) (“No right

is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election of those

who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other rights, even

the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined.”).

The pivotal question before this Court is whether the Boone Act, which

withdraws the Town’s extraterritorial jurisdiction, is an exercise of the General

Assembly’s plenary authority to “provide for the organization and government and

fixing of boundaries” of local government under the first clause of Article VII, Section

1. If so, our analysis ends, and there is no need to address the application of the

13 County citizens residing within the affected territory cannot vote for Town officials.

Ordinance 82-11; see N.C.G.S. §§ 160A-360(a1), -362. While County residents subject to the

Town’s extraterritorial jurisdiction are represented on the Town’s planning board and board

of adjustment, Ordinance 82-11, these extraterritorial-jurisdiction appointees may only vote

on matters involving the extraterritorial area, see N.C.G.S. §§ 160A-360(a1), -362; see also

Municipal Report 18 (“[G]overnmental action affecting the use of property should originate

in a governing board elected by persons subject to such action . . . [and] residents of the area

affected should be given a voice . . . through the naming of outside residents to local planning

boards and boards of adjustment.”).

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TOWN OF BOONE V. STATE

Opinion of the Court

second clause of Article VII, Section 1 and any restrictions imposed by Article II,

Section 24.

Extraterritorial jurisdiction is inextricably tied to a municipality’s authority to

enforce its zoning and development ordinances within certain geographic boundaries.

By retracting the Town’s jurisdictional reach to its corporate limits, the Boone Act

restores the local government boundaries within Watauga County as originally fixed.

This local jurisdictional reorganization is precisely the type of “organization and

government and fixing of boundaries” contemplated by the first clause of Article VII,

Section 1 and historically approved by this Court. The Boone Act withdraws from the

Town its extraterritorial jurisdiction and its governing authority to enforce certain

ordinances within the one-mile perimeter and returns governance of that territory to

the County and its residents. The General Assembly is the only body politic uniquely

qualified to oversee local government and set the jurisdictional lines that divide the

Town and the County.

Because the state constitution authorizes the General Assembly to reduce the

Town’s jurisdictional reach, the removal of extraterritorial jurisdiction falls squarely

within the legislature’s general power as described in the first clause of Article VII,

Section 1. For the reasons stated above, the decision of the three-judge panel finding

the Act unconstitutional is reversed.

REVERSED.

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TOWN OF BOONE V. STATE

Opinion of the Court

Justice ERVIN concurring in the result.

Although I concur in the Court’s determination that the Boone Act is not

facially unconstitutional, I am unable to agree with the Court’s determination to

uphold the Boone Act pursuant to the first portion of the first paragraph of Article

VII, Section 1 of the North Carolina Constitution, which recognizes the General

Assembly’s authority to provide for the “organization and government and the fixing

of boundaries of counties, cities and towns, and other governmental subdivisions” on

the theory that the Boone Act effectuates a “reorganization” of the authority granted

to Boone and Watauga County. N.C. Const. art. VII, § 1. Instead, I believe that a

determination of the constitutionality of the Boone Act hinges upon the second part

of the first paragraph of Article VII, Section 1, which recognizes the General

Assembly’s authority to “give such powers and duties to counties, cities and towns,

and other governmental subdivisions as [the General Assembly] may deem advisable”

so long as any legislation that is enacted pursuant to this provision is not “otherwise

prohibited by [the North Carolina] Constitution.” Id. For the reasons set forth below,

while I believe that the General Assembly’s decision to alter the Town’s regulatory

authority is subject to constitutional limitations, such as those contained in Article

II, Section 24, I also believe that the Boone Act is not impermissibly connected to the

subjects about which the General Assembly lacks the authority to enact local

legislation. Moreover, even if the Boone Act does implicate “the organization and

government and the fixing of boundaries” provision, that determination does not

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

obviate the necessity for the Court to consider “any restrictions imposed by Article II,

Section 24” given our decision in Piedmont Ford Truck Sale, Inc. v. City of Greensboro,

324 N.C. 499, 380 S.E.2d 111 (1989). As a result, while I concur in the result reached

by the Court, I am unable to join its decision.

Although the Court believes that its decision to uphold the constitutionality of the

Boone Act obviates the need to address the State’s sovereign immunity and standing

arguments, I do not find that assertion convincing. Since both sovereign immunity

and standing are threshold issues, they must be addressed in order for the Court to

reach the merits of the constitutional claims that have been advanced for our

consideration. For that reason, I will begin by addressing the sovereign immunity

and standing arguments that the State has advanced in opposition to the Town’s

claims.

In seeking relief from the order of the three-judge panel of the Superior Court,

Wake County, before this Court, the State argues that the panel erred by granting

summary judgment in the Town’s favor because (1) the Town’s challenge to the Boone

Act is barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity; (2) the Town lacks standing to

challenge the constitutionality of the Boone Act; and (3) the Town’s challenge to the

Boone Act in reliance upon Article II, Section 24 fails given that the Boone Act falls

squarely within the General Assembly’s authority regarding the “fixing of

boundaries” pursuant to Article VII, Section 1 of the North Carolina Constitution.14

14 The County echoes the State’s substantive argument.

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

With respect to the sovereign immunity issue, the State contends that the Town failed

to specifically allege a waiver of sovereign immunity in its complaint; that nothing in

the relevant statutory provisions authorizes a municipality to file suit against the

State; and that the Town does not have a valid constitutional claim sufficient to

support a direct action against the State. In response, the Town asserts that it was

not required to do anything other than allege a reasonable basis for determining that

its claim is not barred by sovereign immunity. Moreover, the State’s argument

directed to the substance of the Town’s claim does not serve the purpose for which

sovereign immunity exists, which is to obviate the necessity for the State to defend

itself in litigation in the absence of consent. The lack of any valid basis for the State’s

sovereign immunity argument is bolstered by the substantial number of decisions

stemming from challenges to legislation asserted in reliance upon Article II, Section

24, none of which has suggested that such claims are barred by sovereign immunity.

I do not find the State’s sovereign immunity argument to be persuasive.

“Sovereign immunity stands for the proposition that . . . ‘the State cannot be

sued except with its consent or upon its waiver of immunity.’ ” Dawes v. Nash County,

357 N.C. 442, 445, 584 S.E.2d 760, 762 (2003) (quoting Paul L. Whitfield, P.A. v.

Gilchrist, 348 N.C. 39, 42, 497 S.E.2d 412, 414 (1998), and citing Guthrie v. N.C. State

Ports Auth., 307 N.C. 522, 534, 299 S.E.2d 618, 625 (1983)). “[S]overeign immunity

. . . ‘is an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability . . . .’ ” Craig v.

New Hanover Cty. Bd. of Educ., 363 N.C. 334, 338, 678 S.E.2d 351, 354 (2009)

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

(quoting Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526, 86 L. Ed. 2d 411, 425 (1985)). “[T]he

doctrine of sovereign immunity . . . is a common law theory or defense established by

this Court,” so that, “when there is a clash between . . . constitutional rights and

sovereign immunity, the constitutional rights must prevail.” Corum v. Univ. of N.C.,

330 N.C. 761, 786, 413 S.E.2d 276, 292, cert. denied, 506 U.S. 985, 121 L. Ed. 2d 431

(1992).

The State’s argument in reliance upon the Town’s failure to specifically plead

a waiver of sovereign immunity relies exclusively upon Vest v. Easley, in which the

Court of Appeals noted that “[i]t is well-established law that with no allegation of

waiver [of sovereign immunity] in a plaintiff’s complaint, the plaintiff is absolutely

barred from suing the state and its public officials in their official capacities in an

action for negligence.” 145 N.C. App. 70, 74, 549 S.E.2d 568, 573 (2001) (citations

omitted). Instead of asserting a negligence-based claim for monetary damages such

as the claim at issue in Vest, however, the Town has sought a declaration concerning

the constitutionality of the Boone Act. “A declaratory judgment may be used to

determine the construction and validity of a statute,” Town of Emerald Isle v. State,

320 N.C. 640, 646, 360 S.E.2d 756, 760 (1987) (citing City of Raleigh v. Norfolk S. Ry.

Co., 275 N.C. 454, 168 S.E.2d 389 (1969)), with “a municipality [being entitled to]

have its rights and obligations determined in a declaratory judgment action,” id. at

646, 360 S.E.2d at 760 (citing Bd. of Managers v. City of Wilmington, 237 N.C. 179,

74 S.E.2d 749 (1953)). In light of that fact, this Court has regularly entertained

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

declaratory judgment actions against the State and its political subdivisions

involving challenges to the constitutionality of legislation as violative of Article II,

Section 24. E.g., id. at 645-52, 360 S.E.2d at 759-63; Bd. of Managers, 237 N.C. at

186-90, 74 S.E.2d at 754-57. On the other hand, the State has failed to identify a

single decision of this Court holding that the Town was required to plead a waiver of

sovereign immunity as a prerequisite for challenging the constitutionality of the

Boone Act under Article II, Section 24 or that the doctrine of sovereign immunity

presents any obstacle to our consideration of the merits of the Town’s constitutional

challenge.15

As previously noted, the State asserts that this Court’s decisions under Article

II, Section 24 have no bearing upon the sovereign immunity claim that it has

advanced in this case because the constitutionality of the Boone Act is controlled by

the boundary fixing provision of Article VII, Section 1, rather than Article II, Section

24. However, even when this Court has rejected constitutional claims predicated

upon Article II, Section 24, those decisions rest upon substantive considerations

rather than upon the doctrine of sovereign immunity, see, e.g., Town of Emerald Isle,

320 N.C. at 648-52, 360 S.E.2d at 761-63; Cheape v. Town of Chapel Hill, 320 N.C.

549, 557-60, 359 S.E.2d 792, 797-99 (1987), with such results obtaining even in cases

involving challenges to legislation related to annexation and the creation or alteration

15Even if the Town was required to plead a waiver of sovereign immunity, I believe that its complaint

satisfies this requirement given that a waiver of sovereign immunity is inherent in the very

constitutional challenge that the Town asserted in its complaint.

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

of municipal boundaries, see, e.g., Piedmont Ford Truck Sale, 324 N.C. at 505, 380

S.E.2d at 111 (holding that a local act obligating the City of Greensboro to provide

solid waste collection in newly annexed areas did not relate to health and sanitation

for purposes of Article II, Section 24(1)(a), because it had the “effect” of making a

general law of statewide application applicable to an annexation being effectuated by

means of a local act and because the challenged legislation did not “subject the

annexed area to a different treatment than” would have been the case if Greensboro

“had annexed the area under the general annexation law”). As a result, our precedent

indicates that the mere fact that a constitutional challenge to legislation advanced in

reliance upon Article II, Section 24 proves unsuccessful does not establish that the

underlying claim should have been dismissed on sovereign immunity grounds.

Aside from the fact that the Town was not required to allege or prove that a

traditional cause of action exists under Article II, Section 24 in order to seek and

obtain a declaration concerning the constitutionality of the Boone Act, see Town of

Emerald Isle, 320 N.C. at 646, 360 S.E.2d at 760 (stating that a plaintiff seeking a

judicial declaration “is not required to allege or prove that a traditional ‘cause of

action’ exists against [a] defendant” (citing Sharpe v. Park Newspapers of Lumberton,

Inc., 317 N.C. 579, 588, 347 S.E.2d 25, 31-32 (1986))), this Court has “clearly

establish[ed] the principle that sovereign immunity [cannot] operate to bar direct

constitutional claims,” particularly if the plaintiff is left with “no adequate remedy at

state law,” Craig, 363 N.C. at 340, 678 S.E.2d at 356 (citing Corum, 330 N.C. at 782-

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

86, 413 S.E.2d at 289-92). Although this Court’s decisions in Corum, 330 N.C. at 782-

86, 413 S.E.2d at 289-92, and Craig, 363 N.C. at 338-42, 678 S.E.2d at 354-57,

specifically mention the constitutional protections contained in the Declaration of

Rights, no decision of this Court limits the applicability of the principle enunciated

in those cases to the constitutional principles enunciated in Article I of the North

Carolina Constitution. On the contrary, this Court held in Craig that the plaintiff

was entitled to obtain a decision on the merits with respect to a claim advanced in

reliance upon Article IX, Section 1 of the North Carolina Constitution, which provides

that “schools, libraries, and the means of education shall forever be encouraged,” in

addition to the claims that he asserted pursuant to Article I, Sections 15 and 19 of

the North Carolina Constitution. Craig, 363 N.C. at 335, 342, 678 S.E.2d at 352, 357.

The prohibition against local legislation addressing certain subjects contained in

Article II, Section 24 is an integral part of our State’s fundamental law and should

not be treated as of lesser importance. As a result, the doctrine of sovereign immunity

does not bar the Town from asserting a claim against the State pursuant to Article

II, Section 24.

In support of its contention that the Town lacks standing to challenge the

constitutionality of the Boone Act, the State places principal reliance upon Wood v.

City of Fayetteville, 43 N.C. App. 410, 259 S.E.2d 581 (1979), appeal dismissed and

disc. rev. denied, 299 N.C. 125, 261 S.E.2d 926-27 (1980), in which the Court of

Appeals held that the City of Fayetteville lacked standing to challenge certain

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

limitations that the General Assembly had imposed upon Fayetteville’s annexation

authority. According to the State, Wood and our decision in In re Martin, 286 N.C.

66, 209 S.E.2d 766 (1974), establish that a municipality, as a creature of the State, is

only entitled to exercise those powers granted to it by the General Assembly and lacks

the right to challenge the constitutionality of legislation enacted by the body that

created it. Moreover, given that the ability of a municipality to exercise certain

powers outside its corporate limits stems from a discretionary decision made by the

General Assembly rather than from any vested right possessed by the municipality,

any decision by the General Assembly to eliminate that municipality’s authority to

exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction cannot result in any injury to that municipality

sufficient to give it standing to bring suit against the State. Finally, the State

contends that there is no statutory support for the proposition that the Town has the

authority to bring suit against the State on any basis.

After acknowledging that this Court has allowed municipalities to assert

claims against it in the past, the State claims that these cases are distinguishable.

For example, the State argues that, since this case is governed by the boundary fixing

provision of Article VII, Section 1 rather than the limitations upon the enactment of

local legislation contained in Article II, Section 24, it is clearly distinguishable from

the cases in which municipalities have been allowed to challenge the constitutionality

of legislation, such as Town of Spruce Pine v. Avery County, 346 N.C. 787, 488 S.E.2d

144 (1997), and Town of Emerald Isle, each of which involved the imposition of a new

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TOWN OF BOONE V. STATE

ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

obligation on a local government. Similarly, this case is deemed to be distinguishable

from City of New Bern v. New Bern–Craven County Board of Education, 328 N.C. 557,

402 S.E.2d 623 (1991) (New Bern I), given that New Bern I did not stem from an action

brought by a municipality against the State and given that the challenged legislation

involved the removal of the city’s authority to enforce the State Building Code within,

rather than outside, its own municipal boundaries, coupled with a grant of authority

to the county to enforce the building code within the municipal boundary contained

in a local, rather than a general, law, see N.C.G.S. § 153A-320 (2015); id. § 160A-

360(d) (2015). Finally, the State argues that, since there is no earlier decision of this

Court arising from a challenge to the withdrawal of a municipality’s extraterritorial

jurisdiction, nothing forecloses the State’s ability to challenge the Town’s standing to

prosecute the present litigation.

In response, the Town argues that Wood and In re Martin do not establish a

standing rule of the breadth for which the State contends. Moreover, the Town

contends that a series of decisions after In re Martin, including Town of Emerald Isle,

New Bern I, and Town of Spruce Pine, fatally undermine the State’s position. In the

Town’s view, these more recent decisions, especially New Bern I, demonstrate that a

municipality has standing to challenge the constitutionality of legislation depriving

it of the ability to exercise regulatory authority, that the General Assembly’s

authority to regulate municipal corporations is not without limit, and that allowing

municipalities to challenge the constitutionality of legislation pursuant to Article II,

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

Section 24 is of critical importance given that “they are the best positioned—indeed,

they are often the only parties positioned—to do so.” Finally, the Town contends that

the Boone Act is primarily concerned with powers rather than with boundaries and

that the Court has rejected similar boundary-related arguments in the past, as is

evidenced by our decision to invalidate the legislation at issue in City of New Bern v.

New Bern–Craven County Board of Education, 338 N.C. 430, 450 S.E.2d 735 (1994)

(New Bern II).

As this Court has previously stated, “[t]he ‘gist of the question of standing’ is

whether the party seeking relief has ‘alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of

the controversy as to assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the

presentation[ ] of issues upon which the court so largely depends for illumination of

difficult constitutional questions.’ ” Stanley v. Dep’t of Conservation & Dev., 284 N.C.

15, 28, 199 S.E.2d 641, 650 (1973) (quoting Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 99, 20 L. Ed.

2d 947, 961 (1968) (citation omitted)). According to N.C.G.S. § 1-254, “[a]ny person

. . . whose rights, status or other legal relations are affected by a statute . . . may have

determined any question of construction or validity arising under the . . . statute . . .

and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations thereunder,”

N.C.G.S. § 1-254 (2015), in order “to settle and afford relief from uncertainty and

insecurity, with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations,” Walker v. Phelps,

202 N.C. 344, 349, 162 S.E. 727, 729 (1932).

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“An action may not be maintained under the Declaratory Judgment Act . . .

unless the action involves a present actual controversy between the parties.” Town

of Emerald Isle, 320 N.C. at 645-46, 360 S.E.2d at 760 (citing City of Greensboro v.

Wall, 247 N.C. 516, 519, 101 S.E.2d 413, 416 (1958)); see New Bern I, 328 N.C. at 559,

402 S.E.2d at 624-25 (stating that, “in order to invoke the provisions of the

Declaratory Judgment Act[,] there must be a justiciable controversy between the

parties” (citations omitted)). “Although it is not necessary that one party have an

actual right of action against another to satisfy the jurisdictional requirement of an

actual controversy, it is necessary that litigation appear unavoidable.” Gaston Bd. of

Realtors, Inc. v. Harrison, 311 N.C. 230, 234, 316 S.E.2d 59, 61 (1984) (citation

omitted). Litigation is unavoidable for declaratory judgment purposes in instances

in which a “[c]ounty contends it has the right to enforce certain laws,” and a “[c]ity

says the [c]ounty does not have the right.” New Bern I, 328 N.C at 561, 402 S.E.2d

at 626. Thus, a municipality’s challenge to the constitutionality of legislation

affecting its legal position involves an actual or justiciable controversy cognizable

under the Declaratory Judgment Act. See, e.g., N.C. Dep’t of Corr. v. N.C. Med. Bd.,

363 N.C. 189, 198-99, 675 S.E.2d 641, 647-48 (2009) (concluding that a justiciable

controversy existed between two governmental entities and sufficed to confer

standing to seek and obtain a declaration concerning the nature and extent of their

disputed powers and duties); see also Town of Spruce Pine, 346 N.C. at 790, 488

S.E.2d at 146 (concluding that Avery County had standing to seek a declaration

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concerning the constitutionality of the Water Supply Watershed Protection Act in

light of this Court’s decisions in New Bern I and Town of Emerald Isle);16 Town of

Emerald Isle, 320 N.C. at 646, 360 S.E.2d at 760 (concluding that the Town had

standing to seek a declaration concerning the constitutionality of legislation requiring

the Town to maintain facilities providing pedestrian beach access because the action

involved a present actual controversy between the parties (citation omitted)). As a

result, the Town clearly has standing to seek a declaration concerning the

constitutionality of the Boone Act.

The State’s reliance upon Wood and In re Martin for standing-related purposes

is misplaced. In In re Martin, this Court held, in the context of an administrative

appeal, that a county lacked standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute

granting tax exemptions as violative of the uniform taxation provisions of Article V,

Section 2 of the North Carolina Constitution. 286 N.C. at 71, 75-76, 209 S.E.2d at

770, 773. In the aftermath of In re Martin, this Court has allowed a municipality to

challenge the constitutionality of a statute affecting its rights or status in a

declaratory judgment action on multiple occasions. E.g., Town of Spruce Pine, 346

N.C. at 790, 488 S.E.2d at 146; New Bern I, 328 N.C. at 558-61, 402 S.E.2d at 624-26;

16 Although Town of Spruce Pine does not specifically state that the County’s challenge to the

constitutionality of the Water Supply Watershed Protection Act took the form of a declaratory

judgment action, the Court of Appeals’ decision clearly establishes that it did. 123 N.C. App. 704, 711,

475 S.E.2d 233, 237 (1996) (stating that, “[f]or standing in a declaratory judgment action, there must

be a present, actual controversy at the time the pleading requesting declaratory relief is filed” (citing

Sharpe, 317 N.C. at 584, 347 S.E.2d at 29)), rev’d on other grounds, 346 N.C. 787, 488 S.E.2d 144

(1997).

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

Town of Emerald Isle, 320 N.C. at 646, 360 S.E.2d at 760. In re Martin does not

articulate a broad standing rule of the nature posited by the State. Instead, the

Court’s standing decision in In re Martin stemmed from the fact that, given that

counties lack inherent taxing authority, they do not have a right to complain that the

enabling legislation authorizing counties to tax personal property “is lacking in

breadth,” 286 N.C. at 74, 209 S.E.2d at 772; that the county, which was seeking to

avail itself of the authority to tax personal property pursuant to the same legislation

that it alleged to be unconstitutional, could “not accept the benefits of the taxing

power conferred upon it by the statute and at the same time reject on constitutional

grounds the statutory classification of property which ‘shall not be assessed for

taxation,’ ” id. at 75, 209 S.E.2d at 772 (citation omitted); and that the county was

precluded from challenging the constitutionality of the statute in question because

the “uniformity in taxation” requirement contained in Article V, Section 2 “relates to

equality in the burden on the State’s taxpayers” rather than the county’s interest in

collecting tax revenues, id. at 76, 209 S.E.2d at 773 (citation omitted). Thus, our

decision in In re Martin rested on a number of factors, most of which provide no

support for the State’s position with respect to the standing issue.

Although the Court of Appeals focused its attention in Wood on the first of the

three factors mentioned in In re Martin, 43 N.C. App. at 419, 259 S.E.2d at 586

(stating that, as was the case with Mecklenburg County in In re Martin, “the City of

Fayetteville . . . is a creature of the legislature and an agency of the state” that “has

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ERVIN, J., concurring in the result

no inherent power to annex” and that, “[i]n light of Martin, . . . the City cannot

question the limitations placed by the legislature on its power to annex” (internal

citations omitted)), this Court is not bound by that decision.17 Contrary to the

approach adopted in Wood, we have interpreted In re Martin as holding that a local

government lacks standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute in the event

that it has accepted benefits arising from the same statute that it seeks to challenge.

See, e.g., Town of Spruce Pine, 346 N.C. at 790, 488 S.E.2d at 146.18 Consistent with

that interpretation of In re Martin, in New Bern I, 328 N.C. at 559, 402 S.E.2d at 625,

this Court rejected the argument that a unit of local government lacks standing to

seek a declaration concerning the constitutionality of a statute divesting it of existing

regulatory authority on the theory that the local government has no inherent or

“vested right” to exercise that authority.

In my opinion, the standing issue before the Court in this case is remarkably

similar to the one that we resolved in favor of the municipality in New Bern I. Like

the powers at issue in this case, the inspection power at issue in New Bern I and II

was a component of a bundle of regulatory powers that had been granted to

municipalities by the General Assembly in Article 19 of Chapter 160A. See N.C.G.S.

17 The Court of Appeals has never cited Wood in any subsequent decision.

18 Although Wood does not mention the “acceptance of a benefit” theory, Fayetteville was challenging

the constitutionality of certain limitations that the General Assembly had placed upon the exercise of

authority contained in the same statute upon which Fayetteville predicated its claim to have a right

to annex the affected area. As a result, the outcome reached in Wood is consistent with that compelled

by the “acceptance of benefits” theory.

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§§ 160A-360(a), -411 to -439 (2015). Prior to the enactment of the legislation at issue

in New Bern I and II, the city had the authority to conduct inspections pursuant to

N.C.G.S. § 160A-411 and had, in fact, performed them. New Bern II, 338 N.C. at 434,

450 S.E.2d at 738. Although this Court recognized that the General Assembly had

the authority to confer building and fire and safety code enforcement responsibility

upon municipal governments and that the municipality had no inherent or vested

right to exercise that authority, we held that the City had the right to seek a

declaration of the extent, if any, to which the challenged legislation violated Article

II, Section 24 on the grounds that the city “had the right to enforce the codes prior to

the action by the General Assembly” and that this “change in” an enforcement

responsibility that had “previously belonged to” the city could be challenged “under

the Declaratory Judgment Act.” New Bern I, 328 N.C. at 559, 402 S.E.2d at 625

(citing Bd. of Health v. Bd. of Comm’rs, 220 N.C. 140, 142-44, 16 S.E.2d 677, 678-79

(1941) (holding that legislation allowing the Nash County Board of Commissioners to

veto the appointment of the county health officer by the county board of health and

requiring that the appointment of the health officer be confirmed by the county

commissioners was subject to constitutional challenge in a declaratory judgment

action)). In addition, we rejected an argument that the city lacked standing to bring

a declaratory judgment action for the purpose of challenging the constitutionality of

the legislation in question on the grounds that no duty was being imposed on the city

by the challenged legislation, stating “[t]hat is not the test,” that the city’s “status

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was changed by the acts of the General Assembly,” and that the city “may challenge

this change of status by an action for a declaratory judgment.” Id. at 560, 402 S.E.2d

at 625. Finally, this Court concluded in New Bern I that the parties’ disagreement

over the county’s right to enforce the laws in question had no effect on the city’s ability

to maintain the present litigation. Id. at 561, 402 S.E.2d at 626. Thus, the fact that

both the Town and the County claim the right to regulate land use in the Town’s

extraterritorial jurisdiction and the fact that the County has taken steps to resume

exercising regulatory authority in the affected area establish that the Town and the

County have “alleged such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as to

assure that concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation[ ] of issues upon

which the court so largely depends for illumination of difficult constitutional

questions.” Stanley, 284 N.C. at 28, 199 S.E.2d at 650 (quoting Flast 392 U.S. at 99,

20 L. Ed. 2d at 961 (citation omitted)).

The State correctly notes that the facts at issue in New Bern I and II and the

facts at issue here are different in that this case involves the removal of an entire

bundle of powers, rather than a single power, from the authority that the General

Assembly has delegated to the Town; that the enforcement authority at issue in this

case, unlike the authority at issue in the New Bern cases, involves the exercise of

regulatory authority in an area located outside of the municipality’s corporate limits

rather than inside those limits; that the legislation at issue in New Bern I and II,

unlike the Boone Act, explicitly transferred enforcement authority from the

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municipality to the county; and that the Town, unlike the municipality in New Bern

I and II, was required to and did enact ordinances defining the area in which it

intended to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction as a prerequisite for exerting

regulatory authority there. However, while these distinctions implicate facts that are

relevant to a determination of the merits of the Town’s challenge to the

constitutionality of the Boone Act, I am unable to see how they have any bearing on

the proper resolution of the standing issue in this case. Thus, for all these reasons, I

believe that the State’s challenge to the Town’s standing to maintain the present

action lacks merit.

The ultimate issue before us in this case is whether the constitutionality of the

Boone Act should be evaluated on the basis of the General Assembly’s authority to

“provide for the organization and government and the fixing of boundaries,” N.C.

Const. art. VII, § 1, or the General Assembly’s authority to “give such powers and

duties” to local governments “except as otherwise prohibited by this Constitution.”

As a result of the fact that Article II, Section 24 was enacted for the purpose of placing

certain limits on the authority retained by the General Assembly, including at least

a portion of the authority recognized in Article VII, Section 1, I believe that a proper

resolution of the issue before us requires a consideration of Article VII, Section 1,

Article II, Section 24, and the decisions of this Court discussing the reach of the

limitations on the legislative power to enact local legislation worked by Article II,

Section 24. After conducting what I believe to be the required analysis, I am unable

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to escape the conclusion that the logic adopted by the Court in upholding the Boone

Act unduly enlarges the scope of the first portion of the first paragraph of Article VII,

Section 1 and unduly narrows both the second part of the first paragraph of Article

VII, Section 1 and the reach of the limitations on the scope of the legislative power

set out in Article II, Section 24 in a manner that is not “in consonance with the objects

and purposes in contemplation at the time of their adoption.” Perry v. Stancil, 237

N.C. 442, 444, 75 S.E.2d 512, 514 (1953).

Since the adoption of our first constitution in 1776, the General Assembly has

enjoyed considerable authority over units of local government. See generally John L.

Sanders, The Proposed Constitution of North Carolina: An Analysis, 23 Popular Gov’t

1, 9 (Feb. 1959) (noting that “North Carolina has a strong tradition of state legislative

control and supervision of local government, both county and municipal,” and that,

“[f]rom 1776 until 1868, the Constitution left provision for and control of local

government almost entirely in the hands of the General Assembly”). Although the

delegates at the 1835 convention elected to propose constitutional amendments to

prohibit “private laws” addressing a number of subjects, including the granting of

requests for divorce, alimony, name changes, legitimation of individuals born out of

wedlock, and restoration of citizenship rights of convicted felons, N.C. Const. of 1776,

Amends. of 1835, art. I, §§ 3, 4, paras. 3-5, which were subsequently ratified by the

voters, the delegates rejected a proposal that “[t]he General Assembly shall have no

power to pass any private law to effect any object, that could be effected by a general

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law on the same subject.” Proceedings and Debates of the Convention of North-

Carolina [1835] 379, 382 (Raleigh, Joseph Gales & Son 1836).

The 1868 Constitution provided that “[i]t shall be the duty of the Legislature

to provide for the organization of cities, towns, and incorporated villages,” N.C. Const.

of 1868, art. VIII, § 4, without requiring the adoption of uniform legislation

addressing that subject. Although the framers of the 1868 Constitution limited the

enactment of such legislation with respect to private businesses, those limitations did

not apply to municipal and public corporations. Id., art. VIII, § 1 (providing that

“[c]orporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special

act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the

Legislature, the object of the corporations cannot be attained under general laws,”

with “[a]ll general laws and special acts passed pursuant to this Section” being subject

to “alter[ation] from time to time or repeal[ ]”). In 1875, the General Assembly’s

authority over local governments was expanded, with the changes by which this

policy was effectuated including the adoption of an amendment to Article VII of the

Constitution of 1868 adding new language providing that “[t]he General Assembly

shall have full power by statute to modify, change or abrogate any and all of the

provisions of this article and substitute others in their place, except sections seven,

nine and thirteen.” Id., Amends. of 1875, art. VII, § 14; see generally John V. Orth &

Paul Martin Newby, The North Carolina State Constitution 25-26 (2d ed. 2013)

(stating that “[t]he principal aim” of these amendments “was to restore to the General

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Assembly more of the power it had lost” in 1868 and that “the General Assembly

regained its former power over local government” by means of Article VII, § 14). The

1875 amendments to the constitutional provisions governing the relationship

between the General Assembly and local government were adopted despite concerns

that they would “abridg[e] the rights of the citizens by placing the government and

organization of cities, towns, and &c., under the unlimited control of the Legislature.”

Journal of the Constitutional Convention of the State of North Carolina 162-63, 252

(Raleigh, Josiah Turner 1875).

The present version of the first paragraph of Article VII, Section 1 was

recommended in the report of the North Carolina State Constitution Study

Commission. Report of the North Carolina State Constitution Study Commission 33,

90 (1968). In support of this recommendation, the Commission noted that, given the

version of Article VII adopted in 1875, the constitutional provisions governing the

General Assembly’s authority over local government, except for those relating to

financial matters and providing for the office of Sheriff, were subject to modification

by the General Assembly, which “ha[d] often exercised that power.” Id. at 33. “In

view of this fact,” the Commission recommended eliminating the provisions contained

in Article VII that prescribed the General Assembly’s authority over the organization

and powers of local government to the extent that they were subject to modification

by statute and inserting in their stead what is now the first paragraph of Article VII,

Section 1, which the Commission depicted as “a general description of the General

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Assembly’s power to provide for the organization and powers of local government”

that, instead of constituting “a delegation of power to the General Assembly,” “merely

[recognizes] . . . the [General Assembly’s] power in this regard.” Id. The

Commission’s recommended modifications to the constitutional provisions relating to

the General Assembly’s authority over local governments were not “calculated . . . to

bring about any fundamental change in the power of state and local government or

the distribution of that power.” Id. at 4. Those amendments were submitted for

ratification by the voters, approved at the 1970 general election, and became effective

on 1 July 1971, Act of July 2, 1969, ch. 1258, secs. 1, 2, 4, 1969 N.C. Sess. Laws 1461,

1479, 1484. As a result, the General Assembly’s well-established and long-standing

authority over the organization and powers of local government currently appears in,

while antedating, Article VII, Section 1, which provides, in pertinent part, that:

The General Assembly shall provide for the

organization and government and the fixing of boundaries

of counties, cities and towns, and other governmental

subdivisions, and, except as otherwise prohibited by this

Constitution, may give such powers and duties to counties,

cities and towns, and other governmental subdivisions as

it may deem advisable.

N.C. Const. art. VII, § 1.

Article II, Section 24 expressly precludes the General Assembly from

“enact[ing] any local, private, or special act or resolution” concerning fourteen

“[p]rohibited subjects.” Among other things, Article II, Section 24 provides that:

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(1) Prohibited subjects. – The General Assembly

shall not enact any local, private, or special act or

resolution:

(a) Relating to health, sanitation, and the abatement

of nuisances;

....

(e) Relating to non-navigable steams;

....

(j) Regulating labor, trade, mining, or

manufacturing;

....

(3) Prohibited acts void. – Any local, private, or

special act or resolution enacted in violation of the

provisions of this Section shall be void.

N.C. Const. art. II, § 24(1)(a), (3). Although the General Assembly is prohibited from

“enact[ing] any local, private, or special act” regarding any of the fourteen subjects

listed in Article II, Section 24(1) “by the partial repeal of a general law,” id. § 24(2),

the General Assembly “may . . . repeal local, private, or special laws enacted by it,”

id., and “enact general laws regulating the matters set out” in the relevant

constitutional provision, id. art. II, § 24(4).

Article II, Section 24, which was Article II, Section 29 at the time of its original

adoption, was one of three constitutional amendments seeking to curtail local,

private, and special legislation that were submitted for ratification by the General

Assembly in 1915, were ratified by the people on 7 November 1916, and became

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effective on 10 January 1917. See Act of Mar. 9, 1915, ch. 99, secs. 1, 8, 1915 N.C.

Pub. [Sess.] Laws 148, 148-49, 151; see also Kornegay v. City of Goldsboro, 180 N.C.

441, 449, 105 S.E. 187, 191 (1920) (describing the adoption of former Article II,

Section 29; Article VIII, Section 1; and former Article VIII, Section 4 as “a complete

and comprehensive scheme” intended to “remedy” the “fully realized . . . evils of

special, local, and private acts” and “to get rid of special legislation as far as

practicable”).19 As the history of Article II, Section 24 demonstrates:

The organic law of the State was originally drafted

and promulgated by a convention which met at Halifax in

19 Article VIII, Sections 1 and 4 provided, after the adoption of the 1916 amendments, that:

Section 1. No corporation shall be created nor shall its charter be

extended, altered, or amended by special act, except corporations, for

charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory purposes that are to be

and remain under the patronage and control of the State; but the

General Assembly shall provide by general laws for the chartering and

organization of all corporations, and for amending, extending, and

forfeiture of all charters, except those above permitted by special act.

All such general laws and special acts may be altered from time to time

or repealed; and the General Assembly may at any time by special act

repeal the charter of any corporation.

....

[Section 4.] It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide by general

laws for the organization of cities, towns, and incorporated villages,

and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money,

contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in

assessment and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations.

Ch. 99, sec. 1, 1915 N.C. Pub. [Sess.] Laws at 149. This Court held, in a sharply divided opinion, that

Article VIII, Section 1 only applied to “private or business corporations, and does not refer to public or

quasi-public corporations acting as governmental agencies,” Kornegay, 180 N.C. at 446, 105 S.E. at

189 (quoting Mills v. Bd. of Comm'rs, 175 N.C. 215, 219, 95 S.E. 481, 482 (1918)), and that, since the

general law provision contained in Article VIII, Section 4 was directory, rather than mandatory, id. at

448, 105 S.E. at 190, it did not prevent the enactment of local or special legislation governing the

organization and operation of municipal governments, id. at 448-50, 105 S.E. at 190-91. Article VIII,

Section 4 was deleted from the North Carolina Constitution when Article VII, Section 1 was adopted.

Ch. 1258, sec. 1, 1969 N.C. Sess. Laws at 1479.

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December, 1776. During the ensuing 140 years, the

Legislature of North Carolina possessed virtually

unlimited constitutional power to enact local, private, and

special statutes. This legislative power was exercised with

much liberality, and produced a plethora of local, private,

and special enactments. As an inevitable consequence, the

law of the State was frequently one thing in one locality,

and quite different things in other localities. To minimize

the resultant confusion, the people of North Carolina

amended their Constitution at the general election of 1916

so as to deprive their Legislature of the power to enact

local, private, or special acts or resolutions relating to

many of the most common subjects of legislation.

....

In thus amending their organic law, the people were

motivated by the desire that the General Assembly should

legislate for North Carolina in respect to the subjects

specified as a single united commonwealth rather than as

a conglomeration of innumerable discordant communities.

To prevent this laudable desire from degenerating into a

mere pious hope, they decreed in emphatic and express

terms that “any local, private, or special act or resolution

passed in violation of the provisions of this section shall be

void[.]”

Williams v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of N.C., 357 N.C. 170, 185-86, 581 S.E.2d 415,

426-27 (2003) (first alteration in original) (quoting Idol v. Street, 233 N.C. 730, 732-

33, 65 S.E.2d 313, 314-15 (1951) (quoting N.C. Const. of 1868, art. II, § 29 (1917) (now

art. II, § 24(3)))).

It was the purpose of the amendment to free the General

Assembly from the enormous amount of petty detail which

had been occupying its attention, to enable it to devote

more time and attention to general legislation of statewide

interest and concern, to strengthen local self-government

by providing for the delegation of local matters by general

laws to local authorities, and to require uniform and

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coordinated action under general laws on matters related

to the welfare of the whole State.

High Point Surplus Co. v. Pleasants, 264 N.C. 650, 656, 142 S.E.2d 697, 702 (1965).

Although the majority posits that Article VII, Section 1 is more recent in time

than Article II, Section 24 and, consequently, that the provisions in Article VII,

Section 1 are to be given their “full application” to the extent there is any conflict

between these two constitutional provisions, I am unable to agree with this logic. As

was noted above, the modifications to Article VII that led to the enactment of the first

paragraph of Article VII, Section 1 were not “calculated . . . to bring about any

fundamental change in the power of state and local government or the distribution of

that power.” Report of the North Carolina State Constitution Study Commission 4.

In other words, Article VII, Section 1 was not designed to effectuate any substantive

change to the General Assembly’s authority over units of local government and did

nothing more than reflect the same legislative authority that existed when Article II,

Section 24 was adopted, effectively making Article II, Section 24, rather than Article

VII, Section 1, more recent in time. As a result, given that the enactment of Article

VII, Section 1 did not have the effect of changing existing North Carolina law, Article

II, Section 24 and this Court’s decisions construing it remain critical to a proper

resolution of this case.

As noted earlier, the State and County argue that the exercise of

extraterritorial jurisdiction constitutes the “fixing of boundaries” for purposes of

Article VII, Section 1, rendering the limitations on local legislation imposed by Article

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II, Section 24 inapplicable to the Boone Act, a proposition with which the Court

appears to agree. Although the Town acknowledges that Article VII, Section 1 gives

the General Assembly plenary authority over municipal boundaries, it contends that

the “boundaries” referenced in the relevant constitutional provision are the municipal

boundaries that are fixed at the time of initial incorporation or by means of

subsequent charter amendments or annexations rather than the area within which a

municipality is authorized to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction; that

extraterritorial jurisdiction relates to regulatory power or authority rather than the

establishment of municipal boundaries; that the establishment and exercise of

extraterritorial jurisdiction is materially different from the initial establishment or

subsequent alteration of municipal boundaries; and that any alteration in the

regulatory authority that the Town is entitled to exercise is subject to constitutional

limitations, such as those contained in Article II, Section 24, on the General

Assembly’s authority to “give such powers and duties to counties, cities and towns,

and other governmental subdivisions as it may deem advisable,” N.C. Const. art. VII,

§ 1. I find this interpretation of Article VII, Section 1 persuasive.

Neither the State, the County, nor the Court point to any cases holding that

the exercise of extraterritorial land use regulatory authority constitutes the “fixing of

boundaries” for purposes of Article VII, Section 1. The only reason that a

municipality is required to define the area in which it is entitled to exercise

extraterritorial jurisdiction is to specify the location or locations within which the

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municipality can take a limited number of actions that could not otherwise be taken

there with respect to regulation of the planning, development, and use of land,

including (1) the subdivision of land, N.C.G.S. §§ 160A-371 to -377 (2015); (2) zoning,

id. §§ 160A-381 to -393 (2015); (3) historic districts and landmarks, id. §§ 160A-400.1

to -400.15 (2015); (4) private development agreements, id. §§ 160A-400.20 to -400.32

(2015); (5) wireless telecommunications facilities, id. §§ 160A-400.50 to -400.53

(2015); (6) the acquisition of open space, id. §§ 160A-401 to -407 (2015); (7) building

inspections, id. §§ 160A-411 to -439 (2015); (8) minimum housing standards, id. §§

160A-441 to -450 (2015); and (9) community appearance standards, id. §§ 160A-451

to -455 (2015), as well as certain other “[m]iscellaneous [p]owers” delineated in Part

8 of Article 19 of Chapter 160A, such as community development programs and

activities, the acquisition and disposition of property for redevelopment, urban

development action grants, and urban homesteading programs, id. §§ 160A-456 to -

457.2 (2015); erosion and sedimentation control, id. § 160-458 (2015); floodway

regulation, id. § 160A-458.1 (2015); mountain ridge protection, id. § 160A-458.2

(2015); downtown development projects, id. § 160A-458.3 (2015); designation of

transportation corridor official maps, id. § 160A-458.4 (2015); stormwater control, id.

§ 160A-459 (2015); and programs to finance energy improvements, id. § 160A-459.1

(2015). See David W. Owens, Univ. of N.C. Sch. of Gov’t, Land Use Law in North

Carolina 31 & n.47 (2d ed. 2011) (stating that, “[w]hen a city adopts an

extraterritorial boundary ordinance, the city acquires jurisdiction for all of its

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ordinances adopted under Article 19 of Chapter 160A of the General Statutes” (citing

N.C.G.S. § 160A-360(a)); see also id. at 30 (discussing how concerns about “chaotic”

development “along the urban fringe, often in unregulated areas just outside of city

corporate limits,” resulted in the General Assembly’s decision to authorize cities to

implement “ ‘perimeter zoning,’ which is now known as municipal extraterritorial

jurisdiction”). On the other hand, the initial creation of municipal boundaries and

the process of extending those boundaries through boundary extension legislation or

annexation results in the identification of those individuals entitled to vote in

municipal elections and receive municipal services and required to pay municipal

taxes and to be subject to the full panoply of the municipality’s authority. See, e.g.,

N.C.G.S. § 160A-31 (2015) (annexation by petition); Frayda S. Bluestein,

Incorporation, Annexation, and City–County Consolidation, in County and Municipal

Government in North Carolina 15, 17-24 (Frayda S. Bluestein ed., 2d ed. 2014)

[hereinafter County and Municipal Government] (discussing the various forms of

statutorily authorized annexation, required provision of governmental services, and

taxation of newly annexed property); Trey Allen, General Ordinance Authority, in

County and Municipal Government, 77, 84 (stating that, “[f]or the most part, a city’s

police power ordinances apply only within the corporate limits and to any city-owned

property or right-of-way outside the city,” although “[a] city may enforce zoning and

other development ordinances inside its corporate limits and within its

extraterritorial jurisdiction” (citing N.C.G.S. § 160A-176 (2013)). Thus, even though

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a municipality must define the boundary within which it intends to exercise

extraterritorial regulatory authority, the enforcement of those powers, rather than

the establishment of a territorial boundary, is the defining characteristic of

extraterritorial jurisdiction, rendering legislative decisions relating to the exercise of

extraterritorial jurisdiction subject to constitutional limitations not applicable to

legislation prescribing and governing the establishment of municipal boundaries.

New Bern II, 338 N.C. at 438, 450 S.E.2d at 740 (rejecting the county’s argument that

local legislation removing the city’s authority to conduct building code inspections

relating to certain properties located within the city’s corporate limits and shifting

that authority to the county was within the General Assembly’s “plenary powers to

enact local laws pursuant to Article VII, Section 1” (citing State ex rel. Martin v.

Preston, 325 N.C. 438, 448, 385 S.E.2d 473, 478 (1989))).

In addition, the Court holds that the Boone Act is not subject to the limitations

upon the enactment of local legislation contained in Article II, Section 24 because

extraterritorial jurisdiction implicates the “organization and government” of units of

local government as authorized by Article VII, Section 1,20 and that the Boone Act “is

an exercise of the General Assembly’s plenary authority to ‘provide for the

organization and government and fixing of boundaries’ of local government under the

first clause of Article VII, Section 1.” However, the Court has not cited any prior

20Neither the State nor the Town argued that the Boone Act involves the “organization and

government” of local governments as provided for in Article VII, Section 1.

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decisions of this Court holding that the limitations imposed by Article II, Section 24

do not apply to legislation, such as the Boone Act, effectuating what amounts to the

reassignment of local government jurisdiction over particular subjects of regulation,

or that the “powers and duties” which the General Assembly is authorized to delegate

to local governments pursuant to Article VII, Section 1 are not subject to the

limitations upon legislative authority imposed by Article II, Section 24, and I know

of none. On the contrary, this Court has repeatedly invalidated local acts changing

the existing assignment of regulatory authority among units of local government as

violative of Article II, Section 24.

A careful review of this Court’s decisions concerning Article II, Section 24

demonstrates that we have repeatedly held that the enactment of local legislation

which had the effect of shifting, reassigning, or re-delegating the authority to regulate

certain activities from one unit of local government to another violated Article II,

Section 24 without ever stating that the analysis required by Article II, Section 24 is

limited to instances involving the exercise of “power” separate and apart from the

reassignment of regulatory jurisdiction. For example, we have held that local

legislation transferring the authority to enforce health and safety regulations from

one local government entity to another was invalid pursuant to Article II, Section 24.

See, e.g., New Bern II, 338 N.C. at 440, 450 S.E.2d at 741 (invalidating legislation

that shifted responsibility for enforcing the State Building Code by expanding Craven

County’s jurisdiction to include certain properties located within New Bern’s

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municipal corporate boundaries as impermissible local legislation relating to health

and sanitation); see also Idol, 233 N.C. at 733, 65 S.E.2d at 315 (finding it “clear

beyond peradventure” that legislation authorizing the consolidation of the Winston-

Salem and Forsyth County health departments and providing for the appointment of

a joint city-county board to administer the public health laws in the affected

jurisdictions constituted a prohibited “local act relating to health”); Bd. of Health v.

Bd. of Comm’rs, 220 N.C. at 143, 16 S.E.2d at 679 (emphasizing our “commit[ment]

to the proposition that a law affecting the selection of officers to whom is given the

duty of administering the health laws is a law ‘relating to health’ ” while invalidating

a local law requiring that the county health officer appointed by the county board of

health be confirmed by the Nash County Board of Commissioners (citing Sams v. Bd.

of Cty. Comm’rs, 217 N.C. 284, 285, 7 S.E.2d 540, 541 (1940))); Sams, 217 N.C. at 285-

86, 7 S.E.2d at 541 (concluding that a local act “undertak[ing] to create for Madison

County, alone, a county board of health and to name its members” “conflict[ed] with

the constitutional restrictions upon the power of the General Assembly imposed by”

Article II, Section 24). The Court’s decision that the Boone Act is not subject to the

limitations upon the enactment of local legislation spelled out in Article II, Section

24 conflicts with the clear import of these decisions.

As support for its broad interpretation of “organization and government” as

used in the first part of the first paragraph of Article VII, Section 1, the Court

conducts a plain language analysis focusing upon dictionary definitions of the

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relevant words. However, the plain language in which the provision in question is

couched suggests to me that the phrase “organization and government” refers to the

creation of units of local government and the manner in which those units of local

government are governed rather than the powers that those units are entitled to

exercise. My interpretation is fully consistent with the numerous decisions upon

which the Court relies, almost all of which relate to the establishment of municipal

boundaries or the creation or abolition of units of local government, rather than to

the authority that units of local government are entitled to exercise. Unlike the

majority’s interpretation, this interpretation of “organization and government” also

avoids overly narrowing or eviscerating the “powers and duties” language contained

in the second part of the first paragraph of Article VII, Section 1, see Bd. of Educ. v.

Bd. of Comm’rs, 137 N.C. 310, 312, 49 S.E. 353, 354 (1904) (stating that, “[i]f different

portions [of the state constitution] seem to conflict, the courts must harmonize them,

if practicable, and must lean in favor of a construction which will render every word

operative, rather than one which may make some words idle and nugatory” (quoting

Thomas M. Cooley, Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations 92 (7th ed. 1903))); see also

Lacy v. Fid. Bank of Durham, 183 N.C. 374, 380, 111 S.E. 612, 615 (1922) (stating

that the constitution should be “construed so as to allow significance to each and every

part of it if this can be done by any fair and reasonable intendment” (citation

omitted)), and does not conflict with the numerous decisions invalidating local

government reorganizations cited in the preceding paragraph. As a result, for all

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these reasons, I cannot agree that the Boone Act constitutes a valid exercise of the

General Assembly’s authority to provide for the “organization and government” of

local governmental bodies.

Even if the enactment of local legislation eliminating the Town’s authority to

exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction constitutes the alteration of municipal corporate

boundaries and the exercise of the General Assembly’s authority over the

“organization and government” of units of local government, our opinion in Piedmont

Ford Truck Sale indicates that the limitations on the enactment of local legislation

imposed by Article II, Section 24 remain relevant. In that case, the owners of recently

annexed property challenged the validity of a local act authorizing the City of

Greensboro to annex certain land contiguous to Greensboro’s existing corporate

limits, contending, among other things, that the challenged legislation constituted an

impermissible local law relating to health and sanitation in violation of Article II,

Section 24(1)(a).21 324 N.C. at 500, 380 S.E.2d at 108. In rejecting the property

owners’ challenge to the validity of the legislation in question, which, like the

challenge advanced by the Town in this case, rested upon the powers or duties that

the Greensboro would be required to exercise (or precluded from exercising) in the

21 The language quoted by the Court from Piedmont Ford Truck Sale does not appear in that portion

of our opinion addressing the property owners’ claim in reliance upon Article II, Section 24. 324 N.C.

at 502, 380 S.E.2d at 109 (stating that “[t]he extension of boundaries of cities has been held to be a

political decision which is not protected by the United States Constitution or the Constitution of North

Carolina” in addressing the property owners’ argument in reliance on the Fourteenth Amendment to

the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 19 of the North Carolina Constitution (citations

omitted)).

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relevant area, we acknowledged that the alteration and extension of Greensboro’s

municipal corporate boundaries fell within the ambit of Article VII, Section 1. Id. at

501-02, 380 S.E.2d at 109. In spite of the fact that the legislation at issue in that case

constituted “the fixing of boundaries” for purposes of Article VII, Section 1 and

effectuated what the Court has labeled in this case as a restructuring of the

regulatory jurisdiction made available to the City of Greensboro by subjecting the

annexed territory and those persons living within it to the full panoply of rights,

obligations, and regulations available to and imposed upon City residents, this Court

did not refrain from conducting an Article II, Section 24 analysis, as consistency with

the Court’s decision in this case would seem to require. Instead, we proceeded to

analyze the substance of the property owners’ contention that the legislation in

question, which required the City to provide solid waste collection service in the newly

annexed territory, constituted impermissible local legislation relating to health and

sanitation in violation of Article II, Section 24(1)(a). Id. at 504-05, 380 S.E.2d at 110-

11. Although we ultimately held that the legislation in question did not violate

Article II, Section 24(1)(a), id. at 505-06, 380 S.E.2d at 110-11, the fact that we

reached the merits of the property owners’ claim under Article II, Section 24 suggests

that a local act that alters local government jurisdictional boundaries and reorganizes

units of local government is not immune from challenge under Article II, Section 24.

Thus, even if the Boone Act amounted to a revision of municipal boundaries or the

organization of local government, Piedmont Ford Truck Sale suggests that the

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limitations upon the enactment of local legislation enunciated in Article II, Section

24 remain applicable in the event that the legislation in question has the effect of

altering the local government’s powers or duties relating to prohibited subjects such

as health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances. As a result, for all these

reasons, I believe that we are required to address the merits of the Town’s challenge

to the Boone Act under Article II, Section 24.

The first step in determining whether the Boone Act violates Article II, Section

24 would ordinarily be for us to decide whether the Boone Act “is a local act prohibited

by Article II, section 24 of the Constitution” or “a general law which the General

Assembly has the power to enact.” Adams, 295 N.C. at 690, 249 S.E.2d at 406. In

this case, however, the State and the County have conceded that the Boone Act is a

local act.22 As a result, we need only determine whether the Boone Act “[r]elat[es] to

health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances,” N.C. Const. art. II, § 24(1)(a),

22 The parties have made conflicting assertions about the origin of the Town’s

authority to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction. In 1959, the General Assembly authorized

municipalities with populations of “2,500 or more” in eighty-one counties to “adopt[ ] zoning

regulations” “extending for a distance of one mile beyond [their corporate] limits in all

directions.” Act of June 19, 1959, ch. 1204, sec. 1, 1959 N.C. Sess. Laws 1354, 1354-55

(codified at N.C.G.S. § 160-181.2 (1959)). However, municipalities located in eighteen

counties, including Watauga, were specifically excluded from the coverage of this legislation.

Id., sec. 1, at 1355. In 1961, the General Assembly authorized municipalities with a

population of 1,250 or more to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction and eliminated the

exclusion for municipalities located in Watauga County. Act of May 30, 1961, ch. 548, secs.

1, 1¾, 1961 N.C. Sess. Laws 748 (amending N.C.G.S. § 160A-181.2 (1959)). In view of the

fact that an act “eliminating a county from a list of [counties] excepted” and “making the

provisions of” a general law applicable to that county is “tantamount to a re-enactment of the

general law making it applicable” to the county in question rather than a local law, State v.

Ballenger, 247 N.C. 216, 217-18, 100 S.E.2d 351, 353 (1957), the 1961 Act appears to have

been a general, rather than a local, law.

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“[r]elat[es] to non-navigable streams,” id. § 24(1)(e), or “[r]egulat[es] labor, trade,

mining, or manufacturing,” id. § 24(1)(j).

Although the stated purpose of a local act and its substantive provisions are

undoubtedly relevant to the determination of whether a local law violates Article II,

Section 24(1), City of Asheville v. State, ___ N.C. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (Dec. 21,

2016) (93A15-2), our recent precedent clearly indicates that the practical effect of the

challenged legislation is pertinent to, and perhaps determinative of, the required

constitutional inquiry, e.g., Williams, 357 N.C. at 189, 581 S.E.2d at 429 (concluding

that, while “the record demonstrates that . . . the intent of the enabling legislation

and the Ordinance [enacted pursuant to the challenged legislation] is to prohibit

discrimination in the workplace, the effect of these enactments is to govern the labor

practices of [certain businesses] in Orange County”); New Bern II, 338 N.C. at 433-

42, 450 S.E.2d at 737-42 (concluding that legislation shifting the responsibility for

enforcing the State Building Code with respect to certain buildings from the City of

New Bern to Craven County constituted unconstitutional local acts related to health

and sanitation). Thus, we must determine the extent to which the Boone Act

impermissibly impinges upon one of the subjects about which the General Assembly

lacks the authority to enact local legislation by examining the stated purpose of the

challenged legislation, the content of its substantive provisions, and the practical

effect that the challenged legislation will have if it is allowed to go into effect.

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As we noted in City of Asheville, this Court has not, to date, clearly indicated

when a local act does and does not “relate” to a prohibited subject for purposes of

Article II, Section 24. For the reasons set forth in that decision, the issue of whether

a local law relates to one of the prohibited subjects enumerated in Article II, Section

24 requires us to consider whether, in light of its stated purpose and practical effect,

the Boone Act has a material, but not exclusive or predominant, connection to one of

those purposes. In undertaking the required analysis in a case, such as this one,

which involves legislation implicating a broad range of issues rather than a single

subject that has been subject to a facial, rather than an as-applied challenge, I believe

that we are required to evaluate the challenged legislation as a whole and to ascertain

the materiality of the relationship between the challenged legislation and the

prohibited subjects delineated in Article II, Section 24 by determining whether the

challenged legislation, considered in its entirety, has a material relationship to one

or more of those prohibited subjects.23 Any other approach will fail to honor the

presumption of constitutionality to which legislation enacted by the General

Assembly is entitled and result in a mistaken understanding of the genuine purpose

for and practical effect of the challenged legislation.

23 The applicability of the analytical approach that I deem appropriate in this case hinges upon the

fact that the General Assembly has treated the range of issues about which a municipality would

ordinarily be entitled to exercise regulatory authority as a unified whole. In other words, the

applicable legislation authorizes a municipality, in the exercise of its discretion, to do a number of

different things in regulating land use in its extraterritorial jurisdiction without in any way indicating

that the availability of these different types of regulatory authority should be treated as severable. A

subject-by-subject approach would, of course, be perfectly permissible in the event that the challenged

legislation addressed a number of discrete issues that the General Assembly has not linked together.

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Unlike the situation with respect to the legislation at issue in City of Asheville,

the Boone Act lacks a statement of the purpose that motivated the General

Assembly’s decision to eliminate the Town’s ability to exercise extraterritorial

jurisdiction. However, the clear effect of the General Assembly’s decision to enact the

Boone Act is to prevent the Town from regulating certain activities in the existing

extraterritorial area and to preclude the Town from exercising such authority in

additional areas in the future. Although the Boone Act does not explicitly “undo” the

designation of the extraterritorial areas in which the Town was entitled to exercise

regulatory jurisdiction, see Act of June 26, 2014, ch. 33, sec. 1, 2013 N.C. Sess. Laws

(Reg. Sess. 2014) 139, 140 (stating that “the Town of Boone shall not exercise any

powers of extraterritorial jurisdiction as provided in Article 19 of Chapter 160A of the

General Statutes”), I am not convinced that the General Assembly intended to create

a zone in which no local governmental entity has the ability to exercise regulatory

authority. For that reason, I see no basis for believing that the General Assembly

intended to do anything other than to transfer regulatory authority with respect to

the affected area from the Town to the County. See N.C.G.S. § 153A-320 (stating that

“[e]ach of the powers granted to counties by this Article and by Article 19 of Chapter

160A of the General Statutes may be exercised throughout the county except as

otherwise provided in G.S. 160A-360); id. § 160A-360(f1) (2015) (stating that, “[w]hen

a city relinquishes jurisdiction over an area that it is regulating under this Article to

a county, the city regulations and powers of enforcement shall remain in effect until

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(i) the county has adopted this regulation or (ii) a period of 60 days has elapsed

following the action by which the city relinquished jurisdiction”); cf. id. § 160A-360(d)

(stating that, in the event that “a city fails to adopt an ordinance specifying the

boundaries of its extraterritorial jurisdiction, the county of which it is a part shall be

authorized to exercise the powers granted by [Article 19] in any area beyond the city’s

corporate limits”). As a result, this Court must evaluate the extent to which the entire

bundle of powers removed from the Town and transferred to the County has a

material connection to one of the prohibited purposes set out in Article II, Section 24,

rather than the extent to which any isolated power which the Town is prevented from

exercising by the Boone Act relates to a prohibited purpose.

In seeking to persuade this Court that the Boone Act relates to health,

sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances, the Town relies upon a number of

statutory provisions, including N.C.G.S. § 160A-381 (granting zoning authority to

municipalities “[f]or the purpose of promoting health, safety, morals, or the general

welfare of the community” and authorizing municipalities to regulate and restrict the

height, number of stories, and size of buildings and other structures; the percentage

of lots that may be occupied; the size of yards, courts, and other open spaces;

population densities; and the location and use of buildings, structures and land); id.

§ 160A-383 (providing that “[z]oning regulations shall be designed to promote the

public health, safety, and general welfare” and may address issues such as the

provision of “adequate light and air”; the prevention of “overcrowding of land”;

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avoiding undue population concentration; lessening street congestion; securing

“safety from fire, panic, and dangers”; and facilitating the “provision of

transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks, and other public requirements”); id.

§ 160A-383.4 (authorizing regulations seeking to reduce the amount of energy

consumption through the use of measures like density bonuses and similar

incentives); id. § 160A-412(a) (providing for the enforcement of state laws and local

ordinances relating to the “construction of buildings and other structures”; the

installation of facilities such as plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning systems;

the “safe, sanitary, and healthful” “maintenance of buildings and other structures”;

and other issues specified by the city council); id. § 160A-424(a) (providing that “[t]he

inspection department may make periodic inspections, subject to the council’s

directions, for unsafe, unsanitary, or otherwise hazardous and unlawful conditions in

buildings or structures within its territorial jurisdiction”); id. § 160A-426(b)

(providing that “an inspector may declare a nonresidential building or structure

within a community development target area to be unsafe if” it “appears . . . to be

vacant or abandoned” and “appears . . . to be in such dilapidated condition as to cause

or contribute to blight, disease, vagrancy, fire or safety hazard, to be a danger to

children, or to tend to attract persons intent on criminal activities or other activities

that would constitute a public nuisance”); id. § 160A-432(c) (stating that “[n]othing

in this section shall be construed to impair or limit the power of the city to define and

declare nuisances and to cause their removal or abatement by summary proceedings,

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or otherwise”); id. § 160A-439(a) (authorizing the adoption of ordinances providing

for the repair, closing, and demolition of nonresidential buildings or structures “that

fail to meet minimum standards of maintenance, sanitation, and safety established

by the governing body”); and id. § 160A-441 (finding “that the existence and

occupation of dwellings in this State that are unfit for human habitation are inimical

to the welfare and dangerous and injurious to the health, safety and morals of the

people” and “that a public necessity exists for the repair, closing or demolition of such

dwellings”). Although the statutory provisions upon which the Town relies clearly

implicate issues relating to health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances, I do

not believe the Boone Act, when considered as an integrated whole, has a material

relation to health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances.

As an initial matter, many of the statutory provisions to which the Town has

directed our attention essentially amount to assertions that the statute in question

has been enacted pursuant to the State’s police power. City of Raleigh v. Norfolk S.

Ry. Co., 275 N.C. at 460-61, 168 S.E.2d at 394 (stating that “[t]he General Assembly

may delegate to a municipality, as an agency of the State, authority to enact

ordinances in the exercise of the police power” (citation omitted)); State v. Ballance,

229 N.C. 764, 769, 51 S.E.2d 731, 734-35 (1949) (stating that the “police power”

authorizes the “enact[ment of] laws, within constitutional limits, to protect or

promote the health, morals, order, safety, and general welfare of society” and that,

for “a statute . . . to be sustained as a legitimate exercise of the police power, it must

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have a rational, real, or substantial relation to the public health, morals, order, or

safety, or the general welfare” (citations omitted)). Although the presence of language

invoking the police power is certainly relevant to the inquiry that must be conducted

pursuant to Article II, Section 24(1)(a), New Bern II, 338 N.C. at 439-40, 450 S.E.2d

at 740-41, the ubiquity with which such language appears in the General Statutes

makes it difficult for me to treat its presence as determinative for the purpose of

ascertaining whether a particular piece of legislation relates to any prohibited

subjects listed. As noted by a leading scholar cited with regularity by this Court, see,

e.g., Adams, 295 N.C. at 690-91, 249 S.E.2d at 407, using “[t]he recital of legislative

intent in” a statute that simply reflects “standard boiler plate language used to invoke

the exercise of the police power of the state in the protection of the public health,

safety and morals” to bring an act within the coverage of Article II, Section 24 “would

cast doubt on the validity of any exercise of the police power in less than all the

counties should the General Assembly employ” words such as “ ‘health’ in the usual

descriptive formula.” Joseph S. Ferrell, Local Legislation in the North Carolina

General Assembly, 45 N.C. L. Rev. 340, 396 (1967) (noting this Court’s reliance upon

such language in State ex rel. Carringer v. Alverson, 254 N.C. 204, 207, 118 S.E.2d

408, 410 (1961), to support a determination that legislation allowing municipalities

with a population of 500 or more in fourteen named counties to create a housing

authority related to health and sanitation for purposes of what is now Article II,

Section 24(1)(a) and stating that “[a]n extension of Carringer would cast doubt on the

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validity of any exercise of the police power in less than all the counties should the

General Assembly employ the word ‘health’ in the usual descriptive formula”). 24

Thus, the fact that the statutory provisions that a municipality is entitled to enforce

while exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction were enacted pursuant to the police

power should not obscure our obligation to examine the Boone Act in its entirety.

Upon examining the practical effect of the Boone Act in its entirety, one cannot

escape the conclusion that, while portions of the zoning, building code, housing

quality, and urban development regulations that the Town enforces in its

extraterritorial jurisdiction clearly implicate health, sanitation, and the abatement

of nuisances, the other powers that the Town is entitled to exercise on an

extraterritorial basis do not have such a clear relationship to those subjects. For

example, it is not clear to me that extraterritorial regulation of subdivisions, N.C.G.S.

§§ 160A-371 to -377; historic districts and landmarks, id. §§ 160A-400.1 to -400.15;

private development agreements, id. §§ 160A-400.20 to -400.32; wireless

communications facilities, id. §§ 160A-400.50 to -400.53; open spaces, id. §§ 160A-401

to -407; community appearance commissions, id. §§ 160A-451 to -455; mountain

ridges, id. § 160A-458.2; transportation corridor maps, id. § 160A-458.4; downtown

development, id. § 160A-458.3; and energy improvements, id. § 160A-459.1 have

much, if anything, to do with health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances. In

24The statement from State ex rel. Carringer discussed in the text constituted mere dicta given our

holding that the trial court should have dismissed the plaintiff’s action based upon his failure to

establish standing to challenge the constitutionality of the legislation in question. 254 N.C. at 208,

118 S.E.2d at 410-11.

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addition, municipalities exercise zoning, building code enforcement, and housing

quality regulations for a number of different purposes, including, but not limited to,

the avoidance of unsightly, but not necessarily unsanitary, conditions; the protection

of property values; and the development of needed infrastructure. Consistent with

my understanding of the reasoning underlying the regulatory authority that the

Town exercises in its extraterritorial jurisdiction, the Town’s Unified Development

Ordinance sets out twenty-five “goals” that the Town seeks to achieve through its

land use policies, the vast majority of which do not appear to have any substantial

bearing on health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances. Boone, N.C., Unified

Dev. Ordinance, art. I, § 1.04.01 (Jan. 1, 2014).25 As a result, when the challenged

legislation is considered as a whole, I am not satisfied that the General Assembly’s

25 More specifically, the Town’s goals of “[p]rotect[ing] water quality,” “[p]rotect[ing] designated water

supply watersheds,” and “[s]upport[ing] public health through provision of convenient exercise

opportunities” appear to have a material relationship to health, sanitation, and the abatement of

nuisances, while “preserv[ing] and protect[ing] areas and landmarks of historic significance,”

“[p]reventing degradation of natural drainage areas,” “[m]inimiz[ing] public and private losses due to

flood conditions,” “[m]inimiz[ing] public and private losses due to slope failure caused by land

disturbance of steep and very steep slopes,” “[p]reserv[ing] and protect[ing] the scenic beauty and

natural environment of the Town’s hillside areas,” “[p]reserv[ing] and protect[ing] the overall quality

of life for residents and visitors,” “[p]reserv[ing] and protect[ing] the character of established

residential neighborhoods,” “[m]aintain[ing] economically vibrant as well as attractive business and

commercial areas,” “[e]ncourag[ing] signage that maintains, enhances, and is compatible with the

beauty and unique character of the Town,” “[f]acilitat[ing] the creation of an attractive environment,”

“[r]etain[ing] and expand[ing] the Town’s employment base,” “[f]acilitat[ing] safe and efficient

movement of motorists, pedestrians and cyclists,” “[e]ncourag[ing] public transit,” “[e]ncourag[ing]

walkability and bikeability,” “[m]aintain[ing] orderly and compatible land-use and development

patterns,” “[e]ncourag[ing] environmentally responsible development practices,” “[p]romot[ing]

rehabilitation and reuse of older buildings,” “[m]aintain[ing] a range of housing choices and options,”

“[e]stablishing clear and efficient development review and approval procedures,” “[p]rotect[ing]

community property values,” “[p]rotect[ing] and balanc[ing] private property rights,” and “[b]ring[ing]

about [the] eventual improvement or elimination of non-conformities” do not. Id.

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decision to eliminate the Town’s ability to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction has a

material relation to health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances.

Although the Town has not made any effort to define a “non-navigable stream”

for purposes of Article II, Section 24(1)(e), the obverse of the term in question is well

established for purposes of our State’s common law regarding riparian rights, in

which it is typically understood to refer to streams that are passable by watercraft.

Gwathmey v. State, 342 N.C. 287, 300-01, 464 S.E.2d 674, 682 (1995) (stating that

“all watercourses are regarded as navigable in law that are navigable in fact” (quoting

State v. Baum, 128 N.C. 600, 604, 38 S.E. 900, 901 (1901)), and that, “if a body of

water in its natural condition can be navigated by watercraft, it is navigable in fact

and, therefore, navigable in law, even if it has not been used for such purpose”). For

that reason, I believe that a non-navigable stream for purposes of Article II, Section

24(1)(e) is a body of water over which watercraft cannot ordinarily travel. Unlike the

prohibition against the adoption of local legislation relating to health, sanitation, and

the abatement of nuisances set out in Article II, Section 24(1)(a), this Court has never

had the occasion to construe the prohibition against the enactment of local legislation

relating to non-navigable streams contained in Article II, Section 24(1)(e). However,

given the fact that both of these constitutional provisions utilize identical “[r]elating

to” language, I believe that the same “materiality” test that this Court adopted in

City of Asheville, ___ N.C. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___, for purposes of determining

whether a particular local law relates to health, sanitation, and the abatement of

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nuisances should be deemed applicable to the prohibition against the enactment of

local legislation relating to non-navigable streams.

In seeking to persuade this Court that the Boone Act constitutes an

impermissible local law relating to non-navigable streams, the Town points to

N.C.G.S. §§ 160A-458, 160A-458.1, and 160A-459(a). Section 160A-458 provides that

“[a]ny city may enact and enforce erosion and sedimentation control ordinances as

authorized by Article 4 of Chapter 113A of the General Statutes, and in such

enactment and enforcement shall comply with all applicable provisions of Article 4.”

N.C.G.S. § 160A-458. In addition, we note that N.C.G.S. § 113A-51, which serves as

the “Preamble” to Article 4 of Chapter 113A, provides that “[t]he sedimentation of

streams, lakes and other waters of this State constitutes a major pollution problem,”

that “[c]ontrol of erosion and sedimentation is deemed vital to the public interest and

necessary to the public health and welfare,” and that “the purpose of” Article 4 is “to

provide for the creation, administration, and enforcement of a program and for the

adoption of minimal mandatory standards which will permit development of this

State to continue with the least detrimental effects from pollution by sedimentation.”

Id. § 113A-51 (2015). Similarly, section 160A-458.1 provides that “[a]ny city may

enact and enforce floodway regulation ordinances as authorized” and in compliance

with “Part 6 of Article 21 of Chapter 143 of the General Statutes,” id. § 160A-458.1,

with the purposes of floodplain regulation being to “[m]inimize the extent of floods by

preventing obstructions that inhibit water flow and increase flood height and

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damage,” “[p]revent and minimize loss of life, injuries, property damage, and other

losses in flood hazard areas,” and “[p]romote the public health, safety, and welfare of

citizens of North Carolina in flood hazard areas,” id. § 143-215.51 (2015). Finally,

section 160A-459 provides that “[a] city may adopt and enforce a stormwater control

ordinance to protect water quality and control water quantity.” Id. § 160A-459. Once

again, while the bundle of powers that a municipality has the authority to exercise in

its extraterritorial jurisdiction includes authority that is relevant to issues relating

to non-navigable streams, along with other water-related subjects, I am unable to

say, when the Boone Act is considered in its entirety, that the apparent purpose or

practical effect of the withdrawal of the Town’s authority to exercise extraterritorial

jurisdiction upon non-navigable streams is a material one.

Finally, the Town has failed to make a detailed argument to the effect that the

Boone Act impermissibly regulates trade. As we have previously held, “trade,” for

purposes of Article II, Section 24(1)(j), consists of “a business venture for profit and

includes any employment or business embarked in for gain or profit.” Cheape, 320

N.C. at 558-59, 359 S.E.2d at 798 (quoting Smith v. County of Mecklenburg, 280 N.C.

497, 508, 187 S.E.2d 67, 74 (1972), and citing Pleasants, 264 N.C. at 655-56, 142

S.E.2d at 702)). In other words, “[p]rivate profit” is “an inherent element of the

concept of trade as used in” Article II, Section 24(1)(j). Smith, 280 N.C. at 510, 187

S.E.2d at 75 (citing Gardner v. City of Reidsville, 269 N.C. 581, 591-92, 153 S.E.2d

139, 148 (1967)). “[R]egulate” for purposes of Article II, Section 24(1)(j), means “to

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govern or direct according to rule[,] . . . to bring under [ ] control of law or constituted

authority.” Williams, 357 N.C. at 189, 581 S.E.2d at 429 (quoting State v. Gulledge,

208 N.C. 204, 208, 179 S.E. 883, 886 (1935) (ellipsis in original), quoted in Cheape,

320 N.C. at 559, 359 S.E.2d at 798 (using the stated definition of “regulate” in

applying Article II, Section 24(1)(j)). In instances where the aim or practical effect of

the challenged legislation is the complete prohibition of a certain type of activity

“without regard to whether profit or other compensation [is] involved,” this Court has

concluded that the legislation does not regulate trade or labor. Smith, 280 N.C. at

510, 187 S.E.2d at 76 (citing State v. Chestnutt, 241 N.C. 401, 403-04, 85 S.E.2d 297,

299 (1955)); see Williams, 357 N.C. at 189-90, 581 S.E.2d at 429 (concluding that the

legislation in question and the related ordinance “regulate[d] labor” because “the

effect of these enactments [was] to govern labor practices of ‘person[s] engaged in an

industry affecting commerce who has 15 or more employees’ ” and “regulate[d] trade”

because “[m]ost of the employers affected by the [o]rdinance [were] businesses

operated for gain or profit,” such that “[r]egulation of these employers ha[d] the

practical effect of regulating trade” (citations omitted)). Although the withdrawal of

the Town’s extraterritorial jurisdiction would have an impact on the business of

exchanging real property for a profit, that fact does not justify a decision to invalidate

the Boone Act as an impermissible attempt to regulate trade in violation of Article II,

Section 24(1)(j) given that the relevant regulations affect all land use-related

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activities instead of being limited to those founded upon a desire for profit. Thus, I

am not persuaded by this aspect of the Town’s challenge to the Boone Act as well.

As a result, for all these reasons, while I believe that the Town has standing to

challenge the constitutionality of the Boone Act as violative of Article II, Section 24,

and that the Town’s claim is not barred by sovereign immunity considerations, I am

unable, in light of the presumption of constitutionality and the breadth of the issues

addressed in the Boone Act, to conclude that the challenged legislation constitutes

local legislation relating to one of the prohibited subjects listed in Article II, Section

24. Although I agree with the result that the Court deems appropriate, I am unable

to agree that the Boone Act implicates the General Assembly’s powers over the

organization, government, and boundaries of local governments and that the

limitations on the enactment of local legislation set out in Article II, Section 24 have

no bearing on the proper resolution of this case. As a result, I concur in the result

reached by the Court without concurring in its opinion.

Justice HUDSON joins in this concurring opinion.

Justice BEASLEY dissenting.

Because I disagree with the majority’s holding that the Boone Act does not

violate Article II, Section 24, I would affirm the decision of the three-judge panel of

the Superior Court, Wake County, that the revocation of the extraterritorial

jurisdiction powers of the Town of Boone (Town) violated “the prohibition on local acts

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contained in Article II, Section 24 of the North Carolina Constitution.” Therefore, I

respectfully dissent.

The first issue before us is to determine whether the facial challenge passes

constitutional muster. The party bringing forth a facial challenge “must show that

there are no circumstances under which the statute might be constitutional.”

Beaufort Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Beaufort Cty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 363 N.C. 500, 502, 681

S.E.2d 278, 280 (2009) (citation omitted). This Court “seldom uphold[s] facial

challenges because it is the role of the legislature, rather than this Court, to balance

disparate interests and find a workable compromise among them.” Id. at 502, 681

S.E.2d at 280. This Court has consistently stated that a facial challenge is “the most

difficult challenge to mount successfully.” State v. Bryant, 359 N.C. 554, 564, 614

S.E.2d 479, 485 (2005) (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.

Ct. 2095, 2100, 95 L.Ed.2d 697, 707 (1987)). However, this Court’s analysis does not

end there. This Court must also “measure the balance struck by the legislature

against the minimum standards of the constitution.” Id. at 565, 614 S.E.2d at 486

(quoting Henry v. Edmisten, 315 N.C. 474, 491, 349 S.E.2d 720, 731 (1986)). “The

best way for the Court to discharge this function is for it to enunciate a workable

principle as to what process the law of the land minimally requires.” Henry, 315 N.C.

at 491, 340 S.E.2d at 731. Here those minimum standards require that the General

Assembly not enact local laws that relate to the prohibited subjects enumerated

within Article II, Section 24. The Boone Act grants the General Assembly the

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authority to withdraw certain powers from the Town that relate to the

constitutionally prohibited subjects listed in Article II, Section 24; therefore, the act

cannot survive a facial challenge.

The General Assembly has broad powers; however, it was never the intent of

the drafters of the constitution that the General Assembly be granted unbridled

powers. Hence, Article II, Section 24 of the North Carolina Constitution (the Local

Act Prohibition) provides instances in which the General Assembly is prohibited from

enacting statutes that directly impact the welfare and services of local governments.

Under the Local Act Prohibition, the North Carolina Constitution bars the General

Assembly from enacting local laws, rather than general laws, affecting fourteen

enumerated subjects. N.C. Const. art. II, § 24. In relevant part, the Local Act

Prohibition provides that:

(1) Prohibited subjects. – The General Assembly

shall not enact any local, private, or special act or

resolution:

(a) Relating to health, sanitation, and the abatement

of nuisances;

....

(e) Relating to non-navigable streams;

....

(j) Regulating labor, trade, mining, or

manufacturing.

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Id. art. II, § 24(1). The Local Act Prohibition further provides that “[a]ny local,

private, or special act or resolution enacted in violation of the provisions of this

Section shall be void.” Id. art. II § 24(3).

This Court has acknowledged that in enacting the Local Act Prohibition “the

people were motivated by the desire that the General Assembly should legislate for

North Carolina in respect to the subjects specified as a single united commonwealth

rather than as a conglomeration of innumerable discordant communities.” Idol v.

Street, 233 N.C. 730, 732-33, 65 S.E.2d 313, 315 (1951). Further, this Court has

stated that the purpose behind adopting the Local Act Prohibition was to

free the General Assembly from the enormous amount of

petty detail which had been occupying its attention, to

enable it to devote more time and attention to general

legislation of statewide interest and concern, to strengthen

local self-government by providing for the delegation of

local matters by general laws to local authorities, and to

require uniform and coordinated action under general laws

on matters related to the welfare of the whole State.

Williams v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of N.C., 357 N.C. 170, 188, 581 S.E.2d 415,

428 (2003) (emphasis in original) (quoting High Point Surplus Co. v. Pleasants, 264

N.C. 650, 656, 142 S.E.2d 697, 702 (1965)). Therefore, if the General Assembly aims

to address one of the subjects in the Local Act Prohibition, it must do so by enacting

statewide laws of general applicability rather than local acts. See Williams, 357 N.C.

at 188-89, 581 S.E.2d at 428 (concluding that if the General Assembly decided “to

address employment discrimination by means of a state statute, Article II, Section 24

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requires that it enact either a statewide law applicable to employers and their

employees . . . or a general law that makes reasonable classifications based upon

rational differences of circumstances”).

The Local Act Prohibition provides express restrictions on the General

Assembly’s authority in order to safeguard against an abuse of legislative power. See

N.C. Const. art. II, § 24 (limiting certain local, private, or special acts). As previously

stated, the General Assembly is prohibited from enacting local, private, or special

acts relating to one of the enumerated subjects. Id. art. II, § 24(1). Additionally, the

Local Act Prohibition prevents the General Assembly from circumventing the

prohibitions in subsection (1) by also preventing the “enact[ment] [of] any such local,

private, or special act by the partial repeal of a general law.” Id. art. II § 24(2). As a

disincentive for the General Assembly to overstep its powers, the Local Act

Prohibition states that “[a]ny local, private, or special act or resolution enacted in

violation of the provisions of this Section shall be void.” Id. art. II § 24(3) (emphasis

added).

In addition to the constitutional limitations, this Court must determine

through judicial review, whether the General Assembly has abused or overstepped

its legislative power or authority, thereby assessing the constitutionality of legislative

acts. State ex rel. McCrory v. Berger, 368 N.C. 633, 635, 781 S.E.2d 248, 250 (2016)

(citing Bayard v. Singleton, 1 N.C. (Mart.) 5, 6-7 (1787)). Thus, this Court is required

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to ensure that the General Assembly is acting within its powers and that its actions

do not violate direct prohibitions of our constitution.

The Boone Act, which was enacted in 2014 by the General Assembly, withdrew

the extraterritorial jurisdiction from the Town and returned regulatory control of the

extraterritorial area to the County of Watauga. Act of June 26, 2014, ch. 33, sec. 1,

2013 N.C. Sess. Laws (Reg. Sess. 2014) 139, 140 (the Boone Act) (“Notwithstanding

any other provision of law, the Town of Boone shall not exercise any powers of

extraterritorial jurisdiction as provided in Article 19 of Chapter 160A of the General

Statutes.”). The issue here is whether the Boone Act violates the Local Acts

Prohibition of Article II, Section 24 of the state constitution.26 It is well settled law

that courts in North Carolina

have the power, and it is their duty in proper cases, to

declare an act of the General Assembly unconstitutional—

but it must be plainly and clearly the case. If there is any

reasonable doubt, it will be resolved in favor of the lawful

exercise of their powers by the representatives of the

people.

Glenn v. Bd. of Educ., 210 N.C. 525, 529-30, 187 S.E. 781, 784 (1936).

The majority is convinced that because Article VII, Section 1 grants plenary

power to the legislature, its analysis ends as it concludes that the General Assembly

26Along with the issue of whether the Boone Act violates the Local Act Prohibition, this Court is

presented with issues of sovereign immunity and standing. I agree with the analysis in the concurring

opinion regarding these issues, as well as the procedural history of this case.

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has the constitutional authority to enact the Boone Act. The majority concludes that

Article II, Section 24 does not apply here. According to Article VII, Section 1:

The General Assembly shall provide for the

organization and government and the fixing of boundaries

of counties, cities and towns, and other governmental

subdivisions, and, except as otherwise prohibited by this

Constitution, may give such powers and duties to counties,

cities and towns, and other governmental subdivisions as

it may deem advisable.

N.C. Const. art. VII, § 1. The majority concludes that of the two clauses in paragraph

one of Article VII, Section 1, it is only under the second clause that “the General

Assembly’s authority over local governments [is] expressly subject[ed] to limitations

imposed by other constitutional provisions, including the constraints on local acts in

Article II, Section 24.” Assuming that the qualification contained within Article VII,

Section 1 only applies to the second clause, I disagree with the majority’s conclusion

that the Boone Act falls exclusively within the first clause. As stated in the

concurring opinion, the provisions in Article VII, Section 1 relate to both municipal

boundaries (clause 1) and municipal powers (clause 2). As the concurring opinion

correctly states, “extraterritorial jurisdiction relates to regulatory power or authority

rather than the establishment of municipal boundaries” and therefore, the Boone Act

is more properly interpreted as relating to the municipal powers in the second clause.

As such, the Boone Act is subject to Article VII, Section 1’s limiting language,

including the limitations imposed by Article II, Section 24. The concurring opinion

also correctly states that determining the constitutionality of the Boone Act requires

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an analysis of Article II, Section 24’s prohibitions; the analysis does not stop at Article

VII, Section 1, as argued by the majority. Additionally, while I agree with most of

the discussion set forth in the concurring opinion regarding Article II, Section 24 and

the test to be applied under it, I disagree with the application of that test proffered

in the concurring opinion to the facts of this case. Specifically, in regards to whether

the Boone Act violates the constitutional limitations imposed by the Local Act

Prohibition, I believe that this Court’s decisions in City of New Bern v. New Bern–

Craven County Board of Education, 338 N.C. 430, 450 S.E.2d 735 (1994), and

Williams, 357 N.C. 170, 581 S.E.2d 415, guide our analysis.

To determine whether legislation violates the Local Act Prohibition we must

determine whether an act is local or general. This Court follows the “reasonable

classification” test to determine whether a law is general or local. See McIntyre v.

Clarkson, 254 N.C. 510, 518-19, 119 S.E.2d 888, 894-95 (1961). An act is deemed local

if it “discriminates between different localities without any real, proper, or reasonable

basis or necessity–a necessity springing from manifest peculiarities clearly

distinguishing those of one class from each of the other classes, and imperatively

demanding legislation for each class separately that would be useless or detrimental

to the others.” McIntyre, 254 N.C. at 518, 119 S.E.2d at 894 (citation omitted).

Conversely, a law is general if “any rational basis reasonably related to the objective

of the legislation can be identified which justifies the separation of units of local

government into included and excluded categories.” Adams v. N.C. Dep't. of Nat. &

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Econ. Res., 295 N.C. 683, 691, 249 S.E.2d 402, 407 (1978) (quoting Joseph S. Ferrell,

Local Legislation in the North Carolina General Assembly, 45 N.C. L. Rev. 340, 391

(1967)). Here the parties are in agreement that the Boone Act is a local act.

Therefore, the Boone Act discriminates against the Town without “any real, proper,

or reasonable basis.” McIntyre, 254 N.C at 518, 119 S.E.2d at 894 (citation omitted).

In City of New Bern, this Court analyzed the constitutionality of legislation

that withdrew the City of New Bern’s inspection and enforcement authority related

to building, construction, fire, and safety codes for specific properties located within

the city limits and reassigned those responsibilities to Craven County. City of New

Bern, 338 N.C. at 433-44, 450 S.E.2d at 737-38. The City brought a challenge under

Article II, Section 24. The legislation challenged in City of New Bern effectively

shifted the responsibility of enforcing the building code, a power assigned to the city

pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 160A-411, from the city to the county.27 Id. at 437, 450 S.E.2d

at 739-40. After concluding that the challenged acts were local acts, rather than

general, this Court addressed whether the removal of the city’s power to exercise

inspection and enforcement authority pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 160A-411 related to

“health, sanitation, or the abatement of nuisances.” Id. at 439, 450 S.E.2d at 740.

This Court reviewed the legislature’s purpose for creating the building code and held

27 Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 160A-411, the General Assembly authorizes cities to inspect and enforce the

North Carolina Building Code within their planning jurisdictions. This statute also appears within

Article 19 of Chapter 160A; thus, it is among the powers that the Boone Act withdraws from the Town

of Boone.

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that inspections pursuant to the building code affect health and sanitation. Id. at

439-40, 450 S.E.2d at 740-41. This Court concluded that by “alter[ing] the selection

process of those who will enforce the [c]ode,” the legislation affected health and

sanitation and was prohibited by the Local Act Prohibition. Id. at 442, 450 S.E.2d at

742.

The Court’s reasoning in City of New Bern, that a law altering who is charged

with enforcing health and sanitation laws is a law related to health and sanitation,

has been consistently applied to similar local legislation brought before this Court.

See Idol, 233 N.C. at 732-33, 65 S.E.2d at 314-15 (holding unconstitutional a local act

authorizing the board of aldermen and board of commissioners to create a joint city-

county board of health); Bd. of Health v. Bd. of Comm’rs, 220 N.C. 140, 142-44, 16

S.E.2d 677, 678-79 (1941) (holding that local statutes that affected the process of

appointment of a health officer were unconstitutional because they related to health);

Sams v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs, 217 N.C. 284, 7 S.E.2d 540 (1940) (holding that

legislation shifting the responsibility for enforcement of laws affecting the health of

the public was barred by Article II, Section 29 (now Article II, Section 24)). Similarly,

in the present case the Boone Act directly impacts the enforcement of laws, which

themselves affect health and sanitation, by removing the Town’s power to enforce the

building code, fire code, and plumbing code, and other like regulations within the

extraterritorial jurisdiction area. This Court in City of New Bern held that shifting

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the responsibility of enforcing the building code away from the City inescapably

related to health and sanitation, because the

Code regulates plumbing in an effort to maintain sanitary

conditions in the buildings and structures of this state and

thus directly involves sanitation, and consequently the

protection of the health of those who use the buildings. The

enforcement of the fire regulations protects lives from fire,

explosion and health hazards.

City of New Bern, 338 N.C. at 440, 450 S.E.2d at 741. This same reasoning must be

applied here in that the Boone Act shifts the responsibility for enforcement of laws

that affect health and sanitation—mainly, the building code, fire code, and plumbing

code—from the Town to the County of Watauga. The effect on the enforcement of the

building, fire, and plumbing codes in the present case is similar to that in City of New

Bern, because the Boone Act has “alter[ed] the selection process of those who will

enforce” those laws. Id. at 442, 450 S.E.2d at 742. As noted in the concurring opinion

and our recent decision in City of Asheville v. State, ___ N.C. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___,

___ (2016), our current test focuses on whether, in light of its stated purpose and

practical effect, the Boone Act has a material, but not exclusive or predominant,

connection to one of the prohibited subjects. Thus, I would hold that shifting the

responsibility for enforcement of the building code, fire code, and plumbing code

would have a material connection to health and sanitation and thus, is a violation of

the Local Act Prohibition of the North Carolina Constitution.28

28 The concurring opinion correctly notes that the facts at issue in this case differ from the facts at

issue in City of New Bern because City of New Bern involved the removal of a single power, rather than

a “bundle of powers” as is the case here. However, the principles espoused in City of New Bern—

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Moreover, this Court’s decision in Williams lends further support for the

conclusion that the Boone Act violates the Local Act Prohibition. In Williams the

challenged legislation authorized Orange County to adopt an antidiscrimination

ordinance that made it unlawful for an employer “[t]o fail or refuse to hire or to

discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with

respect to that individual’s compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of

employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, national origin,

age, disability, familial status, or veteran status.” 357 N.C. at 175, 581 S.E.2d at 420.

After concluding that the challenged legislation was a local act, this Court considered

whether the legislation regulated any of the subjects listed in the Local Act

Prohibition. Specifically, the Court in Williams sought to determine whether the

legislation “regulate[d] labor or trade.” Id. at 189, 581 S.E.2d at 429; see N.C. Const.

art. II, § 24(1)(j).

In considering whether the challenged legislation regulated labor or trade, this

Court rejected the argument that the legislation related only the acts of

discrimination and did not involve labor or trade. Williams, 357 N.C. at 189, 581

S.E.2d at 429. Rather, this Court concluded that “while the intent of the enabling

legislation and the Ordinance is to prohibit discrimination in the workplace, the effect

of these enactments is to govern the labor practices of ‘person[s] engaged in an

specifically the interpretation of whether the act relates to health and sanitation—are instructive.

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industry affecting commerce [that] has 15 or more employees’ in Orange County.” Id.

at 189, 581 S.E.2d at 429 (first alteration in original) (emphasis added). Thus, the

Court focused on the practical effect of the legislation, and not its intended purpose,

in determining that the legislation violated the Local Act Prohibition. As

demonstrated by Williams, this Court’s analysis is not limited to the legislative

purpose or intent of an enactment. Rather, the analysis also considers the

legislation’s practical effect, see id. at 189-90, 581 S.E.2d at 429 (concluding that while

the intent of the legislation was to prohibit discrimination, the legislation had the

“practical effect of regulating trade”), and whether it has a material connection to the

prohibited subjects of the Local Act Prohibition, as noted in the concurring opinion

and our recent decision in City of Asheville, ___ N.C. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___.

Considering the practical effect of the Boone Act, I would hold that the Act

violates the Local Act Prohibition. The Boone Act removes power from the Town of

Boone to act within the extraterritorial jurisdiction area one mile outside of the town

limits. The practical effect of removing this power is that the Town of Boone cannot

enforce its ordinances within the one-mile extraterritorial jurisdiction area, including

those ordinances that relate to health and sanitation, N.C. Const. art. II, § 24(1)(a),

relate to non-navigable streams, id. art. II § 24(1)(e), and regulate labor, trade,

mining, or manufacturing, id. art. II § 24(1)(j). According to the Town’s Unified

Development Ordinance (UDO), the purposes and goals of the UDO include

“[p]romot[ing] the health, safety, and general welfare within the Town of Boone and

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its environs,” “[p]rotect[ing] water quality,” “[p]rotect[ing] designated water supply

watersheds,” “[p]revent[ing] degradation of natural drainage areas,” and “[s]triv[ing]

to minimize public and private losses due to slope failure caused by land disturbance

of steep and very steep slopes.” Boone, N.C., Unified Dev. Ordinance, art. 1, §§

1.03.01, 1.04.01 (Jan. 1 2014). Because these ordinances themselves relate to health,

sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances, as well as other prohibited subjects,

legislation that shifts the responsibility of their enforcement by removing the Town’s

ability to enforce those ordinances also relates to health, sanitation, and the

abatement of nuisances, and thereby violates the Local Act Prohibition. See City of

New Bern, 338 N.C. at 442, 450 S.E.2d at 742 (holding that the shifting of

responsibility for enforcement of the building code affects health and sanitation, and

thus, is prohibited by the Local Acts Prohibition); Bd. of Health v. Bd. of Comm’rs,

220 N.C. at 143, 16 S.E.2d at 679 (concluding that two local statutes that affected the

process of appointment of a health officer for Nash County were unconstitutional

because “[t]his Court is . . . committed to the proposition that a law affecting the

selection of officers to whom is given the duty of administering the health laws is a

law ‘relating to health’ ”). Thus, by determining that the practical effect of the Boone

Act relates to health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances, I would conclude

that there is a material connection between the Boone Act and the subjects listed in

the Local Act Prohibition.

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As stated above, while I

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