The opinion
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
ex rel. Ganoom v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Elections, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-5864.]
NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.
SLIP OPINION NO. 2016-OHIO-5864
THE STATE EX REL. GANOOM v. FRANKLIN COUNTY
BOARD OF ELECTIONS ET AL.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as State ex rel. Ganoom v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Elections,
Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-5864.]
Elections—Mandamus—City charter imposes clear legal duty on city—Writ
granted as to city—Writ denied as to board of elections.
(No. 2016-1241—Submitted September 13, 2016—Decided September 16, 2016.)
IN MANDAMUS.
________________
Per Curiam.
{¶ 1} In this expedited election case, relator, Omar Ganoom, seeks a writ
of mandamus compelling the city of Upper Arlington1 to conduct an election to fill
a seat on the city council. For the reasons discussed below, we grant the writ.
Background
1
“Upper Arlington” here refers to respondents the city of Upper Arlington, the Upper Arlington
City Council, and City Manager Theodore J. Staton.
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{¶ 2} The term of office for an Upper Arlington City Council member is
four years. In November 2015, Mike Schadek was reelected to his seat on the
council. Four months later, in March 2016, he resigned his council seat. On May
9, 2016, the Upper Arlington City Council appointed Sue Ralph as Schadek’s
replacement.
{¶ 3} Ganoom contends that there must be an election in November 2016,
with the winner to serve in the vacated council seat until Schadek’s term expires in
January 2020, and he alleges that he has taken all the steps necessary to appear on
the ballot as a candidate. Ralph has also submitted nominating petitions (apparently
out of an abundance of caution). Upper Arlington contends that according to the
city charter, no election is required to fill the seat.
The motion to amend
{¶ 4} On August 18, 2016, Ganoom filed this expedited election
complaint seeking a writ of mandamus against the Franklin County Board of
Elections and the Upper Arlington respondents. The complaint did not include an
affidavit, as required by S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.02(B)(1). The next day, Ganoom filed an
affidavit, in which he stated that the matters in the complaint were true, based on
his personal knowledge. However, the affidavit indicates that it was served on
respondents by ordinary U.S. mail; it therefore did not comply with S.Ct.Prac.R.
12.08(C), which requires all documents in expedited election cases to be “served
on the date of filing by personal service, facsimile transmission, or e-mail.”
{¶ 5} Respondents filed answers pointing out the lack of an affidavit
accompanying the complaint and Ganoom’s failure to properly serve the affidavit
that he filed on August 19. Ganoom and Upper Arlington briefed the case on the
merits, and on September 6, 2016, along with his reply brief, Ganoom filed and
properly served a motion for leave to amend his affidavit, along with the new
affidavit.
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January Term, 2016
{¶ 6} The complaint in an original action must “contain a specific
statement of facts upon which the claim for relief is based [and] an affidavit
specifying the details of the claim.” S.Ct.Prac.R. 12.02(B)(1). In opposition to the
motion, Upper Arlington asserts that the amended affidavit is defective because it
does not specify the details of the claim. But in this case, there are no additional
“details” for Ganoom to submit by way of affidavit. The case presents a single,
discrete question of law: the proper interpretation of the Upper Arlington City
Charter. We therefore see no defect in Ganoom’s affidavit.
{¶ 7} Alternatively, Upper Arlington and the board of elections argue that
Ganoom unreasonably delayed submitting his motion. But since the parties all
understood and briefed the legal issue and Ganoom’s affidavit provided no
additional legal or factual information, we hold that respondents suffered no
prejudice from the alleged delay.
{¶ 8} We grant the motion for leave to amend.
The Upper Arlington City Charter
{¶ 9} The Upper Arlington City Council consists of seven members
serving four-year terms. Elections for these seats are held in odd-numbered years,
with three seats on the ballot in some years and four seats in others.
{¶ 10} The charter provision in controversy is the second paragraph of
Section IV:
A vacancy in the Council shall be filled by a majority vote
of the remaining Council Members. If an appointment occurs after
June 30 in the final two years of a term, then Council shall make the
appointment for the unexpired term. Otherwise the appointment
shall be until the second Monday in January following the next
general election.
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Pursuant to the third sentence quoted above, the Upper Arlington City Council
appointed Ralph to fill Schadek’s vacant seat until the second Monday in January
following the general election.
{¶ 11} But what happens then? The charter does not expressly state that
the vacated council seat’s unexpired term must appear on the next general election
ballot. For this reason, Upper Arlington argues that “there is no plausible reading
of Section IV other than that City Council is to make consecutive appointments to
fill vacant Council seats.” In other words, the city council claims that when Ralph’s
appointment expires in January 2017, it can simply reappoint her—and continue
appointing her as many times as is necessary until Schadek’s original term expires
in 2020.
{¶ 12} Upper Arlington’s interpretation of this provision is illogical. The
fact that the second paragraph of Section IV of the charter ties the duration of the
appointment to the next general election strongly suggests that the intent is to fill
the seat at that election. Upper Arlington’s position fails to account for this
language.
{¶ 13} Moreover, Upper Arlington’s position that it can fill a vacant seat
by appointment multiple times would lead to an absurd result. A council seat
became vacant when Schadek unexpectedly resigned. And when Ralph’s
appointment expires in January 2017, according to Upper Arlington, there will be
another vacancy, such that the city council can make another appointment. But if
the expiration of a term creates a vacancy, then, in theory, city council could carry
on making appointments in perpetuity and never conduct another election.
{¶ 14} But the most persuasive reason to reject Upper Arlington’s position
is that its interpretation of Section IV, Paragraph 2 of the city charter creates a
conflict with the very next paragraph. Section IV, Paragraph 3 provides:
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January Term, 2016
No person shall hold the office of Council Member for a
period longer than two consecutive terms of four years. For
purposes of this section, any appointment or election for less than a
full four-year term shall not count against the two-term limitation.
(Emphasis added.) If Upper Arlington’s argument were correct, there could never
be an election for less than a full four-year term. This paragraph of the charter only
makes sense if it is possible for a member to be elected to the unexpired portion of
a term.
{¶ 15} The charter imposes a clear legal duty upon the city of Upper
Arlington to fill Schadek’s seat for its unexpired term at the November 2016
election.
Conclusion
{¶ 16} The Upper Arlington City Council has authority, by resolution, to
order a special election at any time. We hereby grant a writ of mandamus ordering
the Upper Arlington respondents to take whatever steps are necessary to place the
council seat on the November 2016 ballot. Because this matter has not yet reached
the Franklin County Board of Elections, we grant no relief against the board.
Motion to amend granted,
and writ granted in part
and denied in part.
PFEIFER, FRENCH, and O’NEILL, JJ., concur.
O’CONNOR, C.J., concurs with an opinion.
LANZINGER and KENNEDY, JJ., concur in judgment only.
O’DONNELL, J., dissents, with an opinion.
_________________________
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O’CONNOR, C.J., concurring.
{¶ 17} I fully concur in the per curiam opinion. I write separately to explain
the flaws in the dissenting opinion’s analysis of the Upper Arlington City Charter.
{¶ 18} The dissent suggests that the reference to “the next general election”
in Section IV of the charter “unmistakably” refers to the next general election for
municipal office, which will not occur until November 2017. Dissenting opinion at
¶ 30. But in order to reach the desired result, the dissent must add words to the
charter that are not there: the words “for municipal office” are conspicuously absent
from Section IV.
{¶ 19} Section IV is the only charter provision to use the phrase “general
election.” Section VII, which governs elections, refers to “[r]egular municipal
elections” and “special municipal elections.” If the drafters of the charter had
intended “general election” in Section IV to mean the same thing as “regular
municipal election” in Section VII, they would have used the same term in both
places. They did not.
{¶ 20} “General election” is not a defined term in the city charter, but it is
a defined term in the Ohio Revised Code. It means “the election held on the first
Tuesday after the first Monday in each November.” (Emphasis added.) R.C.
3501.01(A). Nothing in the charter purports to alter or supersede this definition.
{¶ 21} The dissent’s analysis turns on the inclusion of a word, “municipal,”
that is not in the statute and not in the controlling charter provision. But we may
not include language in a statute that the General Assembly omitted. Rather, when
construing a statute, we must give effect to all the enacted language, Church of God
in N. Ohio, Inc. v. Levin, 124 Ohio St.3d 36, 2009-Ohio-5939, 918 N.E.2d 981,
¶ 30, and we may not enlarge the statutory language, Weaver v. Edwin Shaw Hosp.,
104 Ohio St.3d 390, 2004-Ohio-6549, 819 N.E.2d 1079, ¶ 13, quoting Wachendorf
v. Shaver, 149 Ohio St. 231, 78 N.E.2d 370 (1948), paragraph five of the syllabus
(statutes “ ‘may not be restricted, constricted, qualified, narrowed, enlarged or
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January Term, 2016
abridged; significance and effect should, if possible, be accorded to every word,
phrase, sentence and part of an act’ ”).
{¶ 22} Finally, the dissent draws an unconvincing parallel with the
constitutional procedure for filling judicial vacancies. When a judicial vacancy
occurs, the replacement election does not automatically occur at the next general
election; rather, it waits until the next general election in an even-numbered year,
when judicial elections are held. According to the dissent, the same rule should
apply to council elections in Upper Arlington.
{¶ 23} But the same rule does not apply, because the language in the
Constitution is significantly different from that of the Upper Arlington City Charter.
When a judicial vacancy occurs, the governor appoints someone to hold the seat
until a successor is elected for the unexpired term “at the first general election for
the office which is vacant that occurs more than forty days after the vacancy shall
have occurred.” (Emphasis added.) Article IV, Section 13, Ohio Constitution.
Thus, the Constitution expressly states that the replacement election does not occur
until the next time judicial offices appear on the ballot in the ordinary course.
{¶ 24} To make the Upper Arlington City Charter and the Ohio
Constitution say the same thing, the dissent must add language to the former or
delete language from the latter. It has the power to do neither. The deletion of the
people’s language in the constitutional provision is as improper as the inclusion of
statutory language not provided by the drafters of the Upper Arlington City Charter
or by the General Assembly. State ex rel. Summit Cty. Republican Party Executive
Commt. v. Brunner, 118 Ohio St.3d 515, 2008-Ohio-2824, 890 N.E.2d 888, ¶ 26
(O’Donnell, J., concurring), citing Columbus–Suburban Coach Lines, Inc. v. Pub.
Util. Comm., 20 Ohio St.2d 125, 127, 254 N.E.2d 8 (1969) (“it is the duty of this
court to give effect to the words used, not to delete words used or to insert words
not used”). See also Church of God in N. Ohio, Inc., 124 Ohio St.3d 36, 2009-
Ohio-5939, 918 N.E.2d 981, at ¶ 30; Weaver, 104 Ohio St.3d 390, 2004-Ohio-6549,
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819 N.E.2d 1079, ¶ 13, quoting Wachendorf, 149 Ohio St. 231, 78 N.E.2d 370, at
paragraph five of the syllabus; State v. Rose, 89 Ohio St. 383, 387, 106 N.E. 50
(1914) (“Where there is no doubt, no ambiguity, no uncertainty as to the meaning
of the language employed by the Constitution makers, there is clearly neither right
nor authority for the court to assume to interpret that which needs no interpretation
and to construe that which needs no construction”).
{¶ 25} Accordingly, I concur in the per curiam opinion and judgment
granting the writ.
_________________________
O’DONNELL, J., dissenting.
{¶ 26} Respectfully, I dissent.
{¶ 27} Because the Upper Arlington City Council appointed Sue Ralph to
a seat on the city council for an unexpired term that in my view will end on the
second Monday in January 2018 pursuant to the city’s charter, I would deny Omar
Ganoom’s request for a writ of mandamus compelling Upper Arlington to conduct
an election in November 2016 to fill that seat.
{¶ 28} The Upper Arlington charter provides for a vacancy on the city
council to be filled by a majority vote of the remaining council members, and
Section IV of the charter states that “[i]f an appointment occurs after June 30 in the
final two years of a term, then Council shall make the appointment for the unexpired
term.” Ralph’s appointment did not occur after June 30 in the final two years of
the term, so that provision does not apply.
{¶ 29} The Upper Arlington charter then provides, “Otherwise the
appointment shall be until the second Monday in January following the next general
election.” Thus, we are to consider what the phrase “the next general election”
means in that section of the charter.
{¶ 30} In my view, this language refers to the next general municipal
election, because city council members are not elected in even numbered years but
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January Term, 2016
rather run in general elections conducted in odd numbered years. R.C. 3501.01(B).
And in this case, the next general election for a councilmanic position in the city of
Upper Arlington will be held in November 2017. Notably, state and county
elections are held in even numbered years, R.C. 3501.01(C), and there is no
language in the Upper Arlington City Charter that requires a special election for
filling a vacant seat on the city council. Rather, the charter’s language is plain: “the
appointment shall be until the second Monday in January following the next general
election.” This reference, in my view, is unmistakably to the next general election
for municipal office, because city council members are elected at general elections
in odd numbered years. The concurring opinion mischaracterizes this analysis as
somehow rewriting the charter. It does not. It is the logical, common sense
approach to determining the meaning of “general election” in order to decipher that
phrase in the context of a councilmanic appointment.
{¶ 31} The charter language here is very similar to the language contained
in Article IV, Section 13 of the Ohio Constitution with respect to filling a vacancy
in the office of judge:
the vacancy shall be filled by appointment by the governor, until a
successor is elected and has qualified; and such successor shall be
elected for the unexpired term, at the first general election for the
office which is vacant that occurs more than forty days after the
vacancy shall have occurred.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 32} The caustic reference in the concurring opinion suggesting an
unconvincing parallel with the constitutional procedure for filling judicial
vacancies fails to comprehend the analogy because it gets into the minutia of words
and misses the big picture. The quarrel is not about adding words to the charter or
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SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
deleting words from the Constitution. The exact language of the Constitution is
quoted above. Rather, the point is that individuals appointed to municipal
judgeships stand for office at the next municipal election, and those appointed to
county judgeships, whether trial or appellate, run in countywide elections in even
numbered years. The point is that those appointed to municipal offices do not run
in even numbered years and those appointed to county judgeships do not run in odd
numbered years.
{¶ 33} In a confused and ill-informed analysis, the majority finds support
for holding an election for an Upper Arlington City Council position in an off-year
election. This confuses the elective process and, in my view, misconstrues the
phrase “general election” by requiring a councilmanic appointee to stand for
election in 2016, an even numbered year, when municipal elections are not
normally held. The charter’s reference to “the next general election” is thus
properly construed to mean the next general election for municipal office, given
that an appointee to that office would then have an opportunity to file as a candidate
for election without being forced to run at a time when other municipal office
holders are not being elected.
{¶ 34} The majority’s view is therefore contrary to the legislative scheme
for conducting municipal elections and to the method that is followed and is well
understood in the judicial arena, which requires an appointee to stand for election
at the next general election for that office.
{¶ 35} The majority also states that “[t]he Upper Arlington City Council
has authority, by resolution, to order a special election at any time,” majority
opinion at ¶ 16, but the language of the charter says the council “may, by resolution,
order a special election at any time * * *.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, it is a
discretionary power of the council, and the council cannot be compelled by
mandamus to exercise its discretion to order a special election.
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January Term, 2016
{¶ 36} In order to issue a writ of mandamus, there must be a clear legal
right to the relief sought and a clear legal duty on the part of the council to provide
that relief. The request for mandamus fails in this case, because there is no clear
legal right to the conduct of a municipal election in an even numbered year, and
there is no mandatory duty that council can be compelled to perform because its
authority to order a special election is discretionary, not mandatory. Therefore, the
relator’s request for a writ should be denied. And for these reasons, I dissent from
the majority’s conclusion.
_________________________
James C. Becker, for relator.
Ron O’Brien, Franklin County Prosecuting Attorney, and Nick A. Soulas
Jr., Harold J. Anderson III, and Timothy A. Lecklider, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorneys, for respondent Franklin County Board of Elections.
Upper Arlington City Attorney’s Office, Jeanine Hummer, Thomas K.
Lindsey, and Thaddeus M. Boggs; McTigue & Colombo, L.L.C., Donald J.
McTigue, J. Corey Colombo, and Derek S. Clinger; and Vorys, Sater, Seymour &
Pease, L.L.P., and John J. Kulewicz, for respondents City of Upper Arlington,
Upper Arlington City Council, and Upper Arlington City Manager Theodore J.
Staton.
_________________________
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