Gustafson, P. v. American Fed. of State, Aplt.

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.]

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

WESTERN DISTRICT

PENNY GUSTAFSON, : No. 24 WAP 2024

:

Appellee : Appeal from the Order of the

: Commonwealth Court entered

: February 20, 2024, at No. 1298 CD

v. : 2022, reversing and remanding the

: Order of Cambria County Court of

: Common Pleas entered February

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE, : 11, 2022, at No. 2021-3223.

COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES, :

COUNCIL 13; AMERICAN FEDERATION : ARGUED: April 10, 2025

OF STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL :

EMPLOYEES, DISTRICT COUNCIL 83; :

AND AMERICAN FEDERATION OF :

STATE, COUNTY, AND MUNICIPAL :

EMPLOYEES, LOCAL 2047, :

:

Appellants :

DISSENTING OPINION

CHIEF JUSTICE TODD DECIDED: JANUARY 21, 2026

In reversing the decision of the Commonwealth Court, the majority concludes that,

“when a public employee’s claim for a union’s breach of its duty of fair representation

stems from the union’s alleged mishandling of a grievance, the claim constitutes a

‘dispute . . . arising out of the interpretation of the provisions of a collective bargaining

agreement,’” such that “the employee’s remedy from the court is limited to an order

directing the underlying grievance be arbitrated nunc pro tunc.” Majority Opinion at 20

(quoting 43 P.S. § 1101.903) (ellipses original; footnote omitted). Because I disagree

with the conclusion that an employee’s claim for a union’s breach of the duty of fair

representation arises out of a collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) and that, therefore,

under the Public Employe Relations Act (“PERA”),1 a public employee who sues their

union for breach of the duty related to its handling of a grievance may receive nothing

more than an order directing arbitration of the underlying grievance nunc pro tunc, I must,

respectfully, dissent.

The United States Supreme Court first recognized in Steele v. Louisville & N.R.

Co., 323 U.S. 192 (1944), that a union owes a duty of fair representation to all employees

included in a bargaining unit to which it is the exclusive bargaining representative.

Therein, the high Court determined that, by enacting the Railway Labor Act,2 which

authorized the creation of a labor union to serve as the exclusive bargaining

representative of a class of railway employees, Congress “did not intend to confer plenary

power upon the union to sacrifice, for the benefit of its members, rights of the minority of

the craft, without imposing on it any duty to protect the minority.” Id. at 199. Indeed, the

Court emphasized that “[t]he labor organization chosen to be the representative of the

craft or class of employees is . . . chosen to represent all of its members, regardless of

their union affiliations or want of them.” Id. at 200 (emphasis added). Thus, the Court

reasoned that, via the language of the Railway Labor Act, Congress deliberately

expressed the aim “to impose on the bargaining representative . . . the duty to exercise

fairly the power conferred upon it in behalf of all those for whom it acts, without hostile

discrimination against them.” Id. at 202-03 (emphasis added).

On the same day that it decided Steele, the Supreme Court seemingly extended

the duty of fair representation to unions certified under the National Labor Relations Act

(“NLRA”).3 See Wallace Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 323 U.S. 248, 255-56 (1944) (“The duties of

1 43 P.S. §§ 1101.101 et seq.

2 45 U.S.C. §§ 151-188.

3 29 U.S.C. §§ 151-169.

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 2

a bargaining agent selected under the terms of the [NLRA] extend beyond the mere

representation of the interests of its own group members. By its selection as bargaining

representative, it has become the agent of all the employees, charged with the

responsibility of representing their interests fairly and impartially. Otherwise, employees

who are not members of a selected union at the time it is chosen by the majority would

be left without adequate representation.”). The high Court further expounded upon the

duty owed by a bargaining unit representative under the NLRA in Ford Motor Co. v.

Huffman, 345 U.S. 330 (1953), wherein it stated that the statutory obligation of a union to

represent all members “requires [it] to make an honest effort to serve the interests of all

of those members, without hostility to any.” Id. at 337 (citations omitted).

While the high Court’s initial consideration of the duty of fair representation

pertained to a union’s obligation to members in the course of bargaining with an employer,

the Court later clarified that the duty also extended to the union’s representation of

employees during the grievance process. In the seminal case of Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S.

171 (1967), the Supreme Court opined that individual employees do not have the right to

compel arbitration of grievances, even if meritorious in nature, as unions must be given

considerable discretion to handle and settle employee grievances. Indeed, the Court

reasoned that “the settlement machinery” provided by a CBA negotiated between a union

and employer would otherwise be “substantially undermined,” thus “destroying the

employer’s confidence in the union’s authority and returning the individual grievant to the

vagaries of independent and unsystematic negotiation.” Id. at 191. The Court observed

that this, in turn, would significantly increase “the cost of the grievance machinery,” while

simultaneously overburdening the arbitration process in a manner which would “prevent

it from functioning successfully.” Id. at 192. Nevertheless, the Court stressed that, “[i]n

administering the grievance and arbitration machinery as statutory agent of the

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 3

employees, a union must, in good faith and in a nonarbitrary manner, make decisions as

to the merits of particular grievances.” Id. at 194 (citing Humphrey v. Moore, 375 U.S.

335, 349-50 (1964); Huffman, 345 U.S. at 337-39). In essence, the high Court clarified

that, to prove a union’s breach of its duty of fair representation, a dissatisfied employee

of the bargaining unit must prove that their grievance was meritorious and that the union

acted arbitrarily or in bad faith in processing the grievance. Id. at 193.

Of particular relevance to the instant case, the Vaca Court also concluded that

“[t]he appropriate remedy for a breach of a union’s duty of fair representation must vary

with the circumstances of the particular breach.” Id. at 195. Indeed, although the Court

noted that “an order compelling arbitration should be viewed as one of the available

remedies when a breach of the union’s duty is proved,” it declined to “inflexibly . . . require

arbitration in all cases.” Id. at 196. The Court reasoned that such a limitation would be

improper, given that, in some cases, “part of the employee’s damages may be attributable

to the union’s breach of duty, and an arbitrator may have no power under the bargaining

agreement to award such damages against the union.” Id. To that end, the Court opined

that, in such cases, a court should remain “free to decide the contractual claim and to

award the employee appropriate damages or equitable relief.” Id. However, the Court

cautioned that, in apportioning liability between the employer and the union, the

“governing principle” is that damages should be determined in accordance with the fault

of each party. Id. at 197. In that vein, the Court explained that “damages attributable

solely to the employer’s breach of contract should not be charged to the union,” while any

increases to those initial damages which are the result of the union’s refusal to process

the grievance “should not be charged to the employer.” Id. at 197-98.

While the Supreme Court was refining the duty of fair representation in the federal

realm, this Court concurrently honed the contours of the duty in the context of

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 4

Pennsylvania law. Our Court first considered the duty in Falsetti v. Local Union No. 2026,

United Mine Workers of America, 161 A.2d 882 (Pa. 1960), wherein an employee filed a

complaint in equity against his former employer and union officials after he was laid off in

violation of the seniority provisions contained in the parties’ CBA. The employee sought

to be reinstated, with full seniority rights and damages. Following the initiation of his

lawsuit, the employee was expelled from the union, prompting him to amend his complaint

to join the union as a defendant, alleging wrongful severance of his union membership.

Initially, our Court determined that it was procedurally improper for the employee

to allege two unrelated claims in a single complaint. Nevertheless, we proceeded to

consider whether, on remand, assuming the claims were properly severed, the lower

courts would have jurisdiction over either of the claims. With respect to the expulsion

claim, we found that our courts would lack jurisdiction, given the employee’s failure to

exhaust the internal union remedies of appealing his expulsion to the union’s executive

board and then to the international union. Turning to the employee’s attempt to garner

reinstatement under the parties’ CBA, we observed that nothing therein permitted an

individual bargaining unit member to directly seek enforcement of the contractual terms.

To that end, we explained that the relevant CBA — and most labor agreements generally

— are drafted in a manner which limits the enforcement of the contract to actions (i.e.,

grievances) brought and overseen by the union, as trustee for the individual employees

of the bargaining unit, to prevent management from facing “the constant threat of

attempted individual enforcement through litigation.” Id. at 894. We found, however, that

an employee does not lack a remedy where the union wrongfully declines to pursue a

meritorious grievance on their behalf, emphasizing that, because the union “has assumed

the role of trustee for the rights of its members and other employees in the bargaining

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 5

unit” by entering into the CBA, “the [u]nion bears a heavy duty of fair representation to all

those within the shelter of its protection.” Id. at 895 (citations omitted).

In light of this “heavy duty,” we stressed that, “[i]f the [u]nion, in processing an

employee’s grievance, does not act in good faith, in a reasonable manner[,] and without

fraud, it becomes liable in damages for breach of duty.” Id. (emphasis added). This, we

reasoned, would both compensate the employee “for the harm he had suffered” and

simultaneously preserve “the process of collective bargaining in the industry.” Id. at 896.

Despite finding that unions owe a broad duty to fairly represent all employees included in

their bargaining units, we concluded that the employee’s suit could not proceed, as he

brought it against his union representatives, rather than the union itself.

We next examined the duty of fair representation in Ziccardi v. Commonwealth,

456 A.2d 979 (Pa. 1982), wherein we clarified that an employee’s claim against their

union for refusing to submit a grievance to arbitration “does not fall under any of the

categories of unfair labor practices enumerated in Section 1201(b) of PERA.”4 Id. at 980

(citation and footnote omitted). In so doing, we reaffirmed our determination that “a public

employee’s remedy for his bargaining agent’s refusal to submit a grievance to arbitration

is an action against the union for damages for breach of its duty of fair representation.”

Id. at 981 (emphasis added). We also highlighted that, in the context of an employee who

sues a union for failing to process a grievance challenging their discharge from

employment, “the issue of just cause does not determine liability” for the union’s breach

of the duty of fair representation, but, instead, “becomes relevant on the issue of

damages[] only after bad faith has been shown” on the part of the union. Id. Relatedly,

we observed that “an employee has no right to sue his employer in equity and assumpsit

for wrongful discharge where his union has refused to proceed to arbitration,” as

4 43 P.S. § 1101.1201(b)(1).

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 6

giving the employee an unfettered right to sue the employer

for the union’s bad faith[] . . . would relieve the wrongdoer of

any effective sanction, make the plaintiff whole at the expense

of an innocent party[,] and bind that innocent party by the

action of the plaintiff’s agent, over whom it has no control.

Id. at 981-82 (emphasis added).

Two years after our decision in Ziccardi, we were tasked with determining whether

a public employee is precluded from obtaining relief against his public employer for

discharge in breach of a CBA “when the union has violated its duty of fair representation

by failing in bad faith to pursue his grievance to impartial arbitration.” Martino v. Transp.

Workers’ Union of Phila., Local 234, 480 A.2d 242, 243 (Pa. 1984). In Martino, the union

filed a grievance on behalf of an employee who was discharged from his employment

with the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (“SEPTA”); however, after

the first three steps of the grievance procedure were resolved in SEPTA’s favor, the union

declined to seek arbitration of the grievance. In turn, the employee filed a complaint

against SEPTA, alleging that it discharged him in violation of the relevant CBA. The

employee also sought relief from the union, arguing that it breached its duty of fair

representation in declining to submit his grievance to arbitration.5 As a remedy, the

employee sought an order compelling the union and SEPTA to participate in an arbitration

proceeding nunc pro tunc.

On review, we concluded that an employee alleging that his union breached its

duty of fair representation in handling his grievance may seek arbitration nunc pro tunc

under state or federal law, stressing, however, that the employee is required to join his

employer as a party to the lawsuit where “such joinder is necessary to afford him an

adequate remedy.” Martino, 480 A.2d at 245. In that vein, we distinguished Ziccardi,

5 Notably, the employee did not claim that SEPTA was embroiled in the union’s breach of

its duty of fair representation.

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 7

noting that, therein, “we did not consider nor did we preclude joining the employer where

necessary to provide a just and effective remedy,” given that the employee in Ziccardi

sought a contractual remedy directly against his employer, rather than seeking to arbitrate

his grievance nunc pro tunc. Id. Nevertheless, cautioning that the union’s breach of its

duty of fair representation “should not deprive the employer of all the procedural and

substantive benefits of the bargained for grievance procedure” mandated under PERA,

we concluded that an employee’s relief against his employer under PERA for discharge

in violation of the relevant CBA “is limited to an order from the chancellor compelling

arbitration of the underlying grievance.” Id.

It is largely based upon the framework espoused in Martino that the majority in the

case sub judice finds that the only remedy available to Appellee Penny Gustafson for the

alleged breach of the duty of fair representation by her union, the American Federation of

State, County, and Municipal Employees (“AFSCME”), is an order compelling AFSCME

and Appellee’s employer, the Commonwealth Department of Human Services (“DHS”),

to submit to arbitration nunc pro tunc, and therein consider the merits of the grievance

previously filed regarding Appellee’s ostensible loss of overtime opportunities. Despite

the inherent differences between this matter and Martino — namely, that, here, Appellee

sued only the union for its breach of the duty of fair representation and did not seek an

order compelling arbitration or any other remedy which would require her employer’s

participation; whereas, in Martino, the employee sued his employer, as well as his union,

and expressly and solely sought arbitration of the underlying grievance seeking his

reinstatement to employment — the majority applies the same reasoning espoused in

Martino, highlighting that Section 903 of PERA mandates the arbitration of “disputes or

grievances arising out of the interpretation of the provisions of a [CBA].” 43 P.S. §

1101.903; see Majority Opinion at 18. In so doing, the majority concludes that Appellee’s

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 8

“dispute with AFSCME falls within Section 903’s arbitration mandate,” id. at 18, because,

“[a]t the heart of [her] complaint is her assertion that the grievance resolution agreed to

by AFSCME was inadequate and she was entitled to a more advantageous outcome

under the [CBA],” id. at 19. Thus, in the majority’s view, Appellee’s complaint necessarily

“aris[es] out of the interpretation of the provisions of a [CBA].” See 43 P.S. § 1101.903.

On top of this determination concerning Appellee’s complaint, the majority sweepingly

pronounces that in all instances in which “a public employee’s claim for a union’s breach

of its duty of fair representation stems from the union’s alleged mishandling of a

grievance, the claim constitutes a ‘dispute . . . arising out of the interpretation of the

provisions’” of a CBA. Majority Opinion at 20 (quoting 43 P.S. § 1101.903). I cannot

subscribe to the majority’s findings in this regard.

As the majority explains, “public sector unions’ duty of fair representation is derived

from their statutory authority as the exclusive representative of all members of the

bargaining unit the union has been selected to represent.” Id. at 16 (citing 43 P.S. §§

1101.602, 1101.606). While, indubitably, a public sector union in Pennsylvania would

incur no duty of fair representation if it was not officially certified to represent a bargaining

unit, PERA does not expressly bind public sector unions to adhere to the duty of fair

representation. Indeed, as a result, our Court concluded that a claim raising a union’s

breach of its duty did not constitute an unfair labor practice. See Ziccardi, 456 A.2d at

980 (“The union’s refusal to submit a grievance to arbitration does not fall under any of

the categories of unfair labor practices enumerated in Section 1201(b) of PERA”). The

distinct lack of express statutory language evinces that, although the duty of fair

representation which is incumbent upon a public sector union is, in a sense, tethered to

PERA, the duty is not derived solely therefrom nor governed entirely thereby.

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 9

Rather, despite the inherent connection to labor statutes, the duty of fair

representation has “judicially evolved” as “an essential means of enforcing fully the

important principle that ‘no individual union member may suffer invidious, hostile

treatment at the hands of the majority of his coworkers.’” Breininger v. Sheet Metal

Workers Int’l Ass’n Loc. Union No. 6, 493 U.S. 67, 79 (1989) (citations omitted); see

Tech., Pro., & Officerworkers Ass’n of Mich. v. Renner, 15 N.W.3d 524, 533 (Mich. 2024)

(observing that “the duty of fair representation under federal law [i]s a hybrid of statutory

and common law because it was judicially crafted under the common law but derived from

the NLRA” (citation omitted)). From my perspective, like the federal duty of fair

representation, the duty in this Commonwealth is a hybrid creature of both statutory and

common law origins which is akin to a fiduciary duty, paralleling “the duty a trustee owes

to trust beneficiaries,” “the relationship between . . . attorney and client,” or “the

responsibilities of corporate officers and directors toward shareholders.” Air Line Pilots

Ass’n, Int’l v. O’Neill, 499 U.S. 65, 74-75 (1991) (citations omitted).

More significantly, notwithstanding the origins of the duty of fair representation

imposed on public sector unions in our Commonwealth, contrary to the majority’s

suggestion, the duty does not arise out of CBAs. The most obvious rebuke of the

majority’s finding in this regard may be detected in the early Supreme Court cases

adopting and defining the duty of fair representation, wherein the breaches of the duty

arose in the context of contract negotiations. See Breininger, 493 U.S. at 80 (“Indeed,

the earliest fair representation suits involved claims against unions for breach of the duty

in negotiating a collective-bargaining agreement, a context in which no breach-of-contract

action against an employer is possible.” (citing Ford, supra; Steele, supra) (emphasis

original)); see also Air Line Pilots, 499 U.S. at 77 (observing that the duty applies in other

contexts, “such as when the union operates a hiring hall” (citation omitted)). Plainly, if the

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 10

duty of fair representation is imposed on a union before the effectuation of a CBA, a claim

for breach of that duty cannot be characterized as a “dispute[] or grievance[] arising out

of the interpretation of the provisions of a [CBA],” 43 P.S. § 1101.903, which is subject to

mandatory bargaining under Section 903 of PERA, as the majority purports.

Moreover, because a CBA is a contract between an employer and a union, it does

not typically contemplate the specifics of the relationship between the union and the

employees in the certified bargaining unit, much less internal union affairs. This is for

good reason, as these matters do not involve employers; indeed, it would go against a

union’s own interests to enter into negotiations with an employer over such matters.

Simply stated, it would be contrary to purpose of collective bargaining and the nature of

CBAs to negotiate over such topics. In any event, given that, in the instant case, the

relevant CBA between AFSCME and DHS is not included in the record before this Court,

I find it vexing that the majority has deemed Appellee’s suit based on AFSCME’s breach

of the duty of fair representation to be an issue which arises out of the interpretation of

the CBA. Likewise, I am perplexed that the majority has declared that all suits for a

union’s breach of the duty of fair representation stemming from alleged mishandling of a

grievance arise from the interpretation of a CBA, without requiring individualized

assessment of the contract in place between the parties involved in each particular case.

Here, without the relevant CBA, the nature of Appellee’s claim against AFSCME

must be discerned solely from her complaint. The claim Appellee raises therein relates

to nothing more than AFSCME’s alleged breach of its duty of fair representation in

processing and settling the grievance filed on her behalf; Appellee does not allege

wrongdoing on the part of DHS or seek to vindicate a right under the parties’ CBA, nor

does she seek monetary damages related to the underlying grievance or the opportunity

to arbitrate her grievance nunc pro tunc, as did the employee in Martino, supra. In light

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 11

of the limited nature of her complaint, particularly when coupled with the lack of contract

language pertaining to the union’s duty of fair representation, I struggle to see how

Appellee’s complaint against AFSCME “aris[es] out of the interpretation of the provisions

of a [CBA],” 43 P.S. § 1101.903, such that her claim is subject to mandatory arbitration

and her remedy for the union’s breach of its duty limited to an order compelling arbitration

nunc pro tunc.

Relatedly, I find that Martino does not support the majority’s ultimate conclusion in

that regard, given that the majority neglects to meaningfully acknowledge that the

employee in Martino sought as his sole remedy arbitration of his grievance nunc pro tunc.

Although arbitration of grievances arising under the terms of a CBA is mandatory under

Section 903 of PERA, arbitration clauses are regularly included in CBAs as the final step

in the grievance procedure. By seeking an order directing the parties to arbitrate his

grievance, the employee in Martino necessarily affixed his claim to the terms of the CBA,

thus rendering his claim within the purview of the parties’ CBA. Appellee, conversely,

seeks monetary damages which are not similarly contained within the terms of the

applicable CBA, at least as far as I can discern from the record before our Court;

consequently, Appellee should not be limited to arbitration of her underlying grievance

nunc pro tunc based on Martino’s interpretation and application of Section 903.

Moreover, from my perspective, the majority’s reliance upon Martino to bar

Appellee from seeking damages against AFSCME wholly disregards the general nature

of the duty which a union owes to those employees under its charge and renders hollow

our pronouncements in Falsetti and Ziccardi that an employee may recover damages

against their union stemming from the union’s breach of its duty of fair representation.

See Falsetti, 161 A.2d at 895 (“If the Union, in processing an employee’s grievance, does

not act in good faith, in a reasonable manner and without fraud, it becomes liable in

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 12

damages for breach of duty.” (emphasis added)); Ziccardi, 456 A.2d at 981 (“In Falsetti

this Court held that a public employee’s remedy for his bargaining agent’s refusal to

submit a grievance to arbitration is an action against the union for damages for breach of

its duty of fair representation.” (emphasis added)). Hence, in my view, the only way to

harmonize Falsetti, Ziccardi, and Martino is to find that the latter is limited to its facts: that

an employee who sues their union for breaching its duty of fair representation in handling

a grievance is limited to the remedy of arbitration nunc pro tunc only when that employee

seeks reinstatement for being discharged without just cause under the relevant CBA and

the union fails to process the related grievance. See, e.g., Maloney v. Valley Med.

Facilities, Inc., 984 A.2d 478, 485-86 (Pa. 2009) (“[T]he axiom that decisions are to be

read against their facts prevents the wooden application of abstract principles to

circumstances in which different considerations may pertain.” (internal citation omitted));

Tincher v. Omega Flex, Inc., 104 A.3d 328, 378 (Pa. 2014) (stressing that legal rules,

especially broad ones, must be read “against their facts and the corollary that judicial

pronouncements should employ due modesty”). Otherwise, the majority’s expansive

interpretation of Martino, beyond its facts, will essentially overrule the holdings in Falsetti

and Ziccardi that a union may be held liable for damages as a result of its breach of the

duty of fair representation.

I also find that the majority’s limitation on an employee’s remedies in cases alleging

that a union breached its duty of fair representation in handling a grievance could

embolden unions to disparately treat bargaining unit employees who are not union

members, as a union will face no meaningful consequences for engaging in such

discriminatory behavior. Indeed, under the rule enunciated by the majority, a union’s only

consequence for even the most egregious breach of its duty of fair representation will be

to merely represent the aggrieved employee at arbitration as it should have in the first

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 13

place. A union could discriminate with near impunity, knowing that, if an employee sues,

at most, it will be required to arbitrate the underlying grievance nunc pro tunc, rendering

the union no worse off than if it had processed the grievance to arbitration in the first

place. Meanwhile, the aggrieved employee must accept representation in that arbitration

from the very entity (and representatives) that subjected them to discriminatory conduct,

with nothing constraining the union representatives from subjecting the aggrieved

employee to further hostile or invidious acts.6 Thus, there will be nothing to deter union

representatives from engaging in discriminatory behavior against employees on the basis

of their union membership status, or, indeed, based upon other protected attributes like

race, sex, or religion. This would be ironic, as instances of racial discrimination spurred

the creation and recognition of the duty of fair representation just short of a century ago.

See, e.g., Steele, supra.

Not only will the majority’s decision render the common law duty of fair

representation hollow in this way, it will also place an unfair burden upon employers such

as DHS that have engaged in no wrongdoing — in a sense, requiring employers to

subsidize union wrongdoing and depriving employers of the benefit of their bargain struck

during the grievance settlement process. For example, here, DHS engaged in the

grievance procedure with AFSCME in good faith, ultimately reaching what it believed to

be a mutually-acceptable resolution of the grievance pertaining to Appellee’s overtime-

related claims. Requiring DHS to submit to arbitration nunc pro tunc, despite the fact that

6 Here, for example, the majority’s remedy forces Appellee to sit through an arbitration

hearing while represented by the very union representatives whom she alleges called her

a “free rider,” Complaint at 7 ¶ 51, and a “freeloader” who was “sponging” off the union,

id. ¶ 53. Once again, the circumstances of this case diverge from those which were

before us in Martino, as the employee in Martino expressly sought to have the union

arbitrate his grievance, evidencing that he lacked any trepidation about receiving

representation from the same entity and individuals he claimed breached the duty of fair

representation. Moreover, his main allegations of wrongdoing were directed at his

employer, rather than his union.

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 14

it was not involved in the union’s alleged wrongdoing, results in an innocent party suffering

consequences through no fault of its own. Moreover, placing such a burden upon

innocent employers will negatively impact the field of labor law as a whole by upending

employers’ ability to rely upon settlements of grievances reached between themselves

and the unions with which they are associated. See Bowen v. U.S. Postal Serv., 459 U.S.

212, 226 (1983) (“When the union, as the exclusive agent of the employee, waives

arbitration or fails to seek review of an adverse decision, the employer should be in

substantially the same position as if the employee had had the right to act on his own

behalf and had done so. Indeed, if the employer could not rely on the union’s decision,

the grievance procedure would not provide the uniform and exclusive method for the

orderly settlement of employee grievances, which the Court has recognized is essential

to the national labor policy.” (quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted)). Plainly,

as we observed in Ziccardi, the party that engaged in wrongdoing should be the party to

suffer the consequences of its actions; we should not be placing those consequences on

innocent parties. See Ziccardi, 456 A.2d at 982 (“By giving the employee an unfettered

right to sue the employer for the union’s bad faith, we would relieve the wrongdoer of any

effective sanction, make the plaintiff whole at the expense of an innocent party and bind

that innocent party by the action of the plaintiff’s agent, over whom it has no control. This

would be in total violation of the principles of the law of agency.”).

The majority attempts to rectify this inequity by pronouncing that, pursuant to

Martino, the arbitrator will be required to apportion damages between the union and the

employer during the ensuing nunc pro tunc arbitration. See Majority Opinion at 22. The

majority is correct that the Martino Court asserted that an arbitrator would have the ability

to apportion damages between the employer and the union in fashioning a remedy to

make the aggrieved employee whole, finding that the Supreme Court’s decision in Bowen,

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 15

supra, laid the groundwork for such a premise. Critically, the sum of the Court’s reasoning

to that effect is as follows:

We are also persuaded by Bowen that [an arbitrator] must limit

the employer’s liability for backpay to the period from the date

of wrongful discharge to the date when arbitration would

normally have commenced. In the absence of an

apportionment providing meaningful sanctions against the

union, incentives to comply with the grievance procedure

would be diminished.

See Martino, 480 A.2d at 251. I am unconvinced that Martino’s scanty conclusion in this

regard transcends the category of mere dicta,7 as the sole question before the Court in

Martino distilled to whether the courts of common pleas had subject matter jurisdiction

over the employee’s complaint against his employer and his union. See id. at 243 (“The

sole question for our consideration is whether a public employee is totally precluded from

obtaining any relief directly or indirectly, involving his public employer, for discharge in

arguable breach of a collective bargaining agreement when the union has violated its duty

of fair representation by failing in bad faith to pursue his grievance to impartial arbitration.”

(emphasis added)).8

In any event, Martino does not justify the conclusion that, in this case, an arbitrator

would have the authority to apportion damages in a nunc pro tunc arbitration. In my view,

any precedential effect Martino might have with respect to the issue of apportionment is

7 As we have recently reiterated, “‘dicta’ is an opinion by a court on a question that is

directly involved, briefed, and argued by counsel, and even passed on by the court, but

that is not essential to the decision” and, thus, lacks precedential value. In re Huff, 334

A.3d 232, 245 n.11 (Pa. 2025) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

8 The Superior Court’s decision in Martino also demonstrates the limited nature of the

appellate arguments raised by SEPTA therein. See Martino v. Transp. Workers Union of

Phila. Loc. 234, 447 A.2d 292, 295 (Pa. Super. 1982) (“SEPTA argues on appeal that (1)

the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to consider appellee’s complaint, (2) that

the appellee failed to exercise or exhaust his statutory remedy under the PERA and (3)

the complaint fails to state a cause of action.”).

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limited to cases in which the employee’s claim against a union for breach of the duty of

fair representation relates to the mishandling of a grievance challenging an alleged

wrongful discharge. The Martino Court’s reliance upon Bowen in championing

apportionment in the employee’s nunc pro tunc arbitration reveals as much. In Bowen,

the high Court was confronted with the question of “whether a union may be held primarily

liable for that part of a wrongfully discharged employee’s damages caused by his union’s

breach of its duty of fair representation.” Bowen, 459 U.S. at 214. In resolving this issue,

the high Court rejected the union’s contention that it could not be deemed liable for

damages resulting from an employee’s wrongful discharge and that it was, instead, liable

only for the employee’s litigation expenses arising in connection with the union’s breach

of its duty of fair representation in handling the employee’s grievance. In the Court’s view,

the union’s position in this regard skirted Vaca’s governing principle of apportionment of

damages between an employer and a union, where the former wrongfully discharged an

employee and the latter breached its duty of fair representation with respect to a grievance

challenging that discharge. Ultimately, the Court concluded that apportionment was

necessary “where the default of both parties contributes to the employee’s injury,” or else

“incentives to comply with the grievance procedure will be diminished.” Id. at 227.

Consequently, the Court upheld the district court’s jury instruction indicating that the jurors

were to apportion the compensatory damages owed to the employee by attributing

damages arising before the hypothetical date of an arbitration decision to the employer

and any damages arising after that date to the union. Notably, because the union

challenged the district court’s instructions “only on the ground that no back wages at all

could be assessed against it,” the Court declined to consider whether the district court’s

instructions with respect to the manner in which to apportion damages between the

employer and the union were proper. Id. at 230 n.19.

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With this background, it is dubious that the reasoning espoused in Bowen can

apply outside of the context of a duty of fair representation claim triggered by a bargaining

unit employee’s wrongful discharge coupled with the union’s failure to properly handle a

grievance challenging that discharge. While the holding in Bowen logically could have

governed the outcome of Martino (if the apportionment issue had been before the Court),

it strains credulity to extend the same reasoning to this case, given that Appellee was not

discharged from her employment and does not seek back pay. Rather, because Appellee

seeks only damages from the union for its breach of the duty of fair representation in

handling her grievance, there would be nothing for an arbitrator to apportion. As noted,

cases must be read against their facts, to avoid extending holdings beyond their proper

context. Tincher, supra; Maloney, supra.

Furthermore, and critically, Martino’s cursory foray into the issue of apportionment

neglects to identify the basis of an arbitrator’s authority to apportion damages between

an employer and a union, and the majority in this case offers no further insight into the

matter. Indeed, after summarizing Martino’s conclusion regarding apportionment, the

majority states only that:

Consistent with our reasoning in Martino, if a court orders an

employee’s underlying grievance to be arbitrated nunc pro

tunc due to the union’s breach of its duty of fair representation,

the arbitrator is required to determine the merits of the

employee’s grievance and apportion damages, if any,

between the employer and the union in accordance with their

respective responsibility.

Majority Opinion at 22 (citing Martino, 480 A.2d at 252). However, it is well-established

that an issue is “appropriately before the arbitrator” only if “the issue is embraced by the

[CBA].” State Sys. of Higher Educ. (Cheyney Univ.) v. State Coll. Univ. Prof’l Ass’n

(PSEA-NEA), 743 A.2d 405, 413 (Pa. 1999). An arbitrator lacks jurisdiction to issue an

award that is not rationally derived from the terms of the CBA at issue. Millcreek Twp.

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Sch. Dist. v. Millcreek Twp. Educ. Support Pers., 210 A.3d 993, 1002 (Pa. 2019) (citation

omitted). Although Millcreek and Cheyney were decided in the context of the essence

test — the deferential standard of review employed by courts assessing the validity of an

arbitrator’s award on appeal — they nonetheless support the conclusion that an arbitrator

lacks the authority to consider an issue that does not fall within the scope of the CBA

which they are tasked with interpreting, nor may an arbitrator craft an award that exceeds

that which is authorized under the CBA. See Vaca, 386 U.S. at 196 (observing that “an

arbitrator may have no power under the bargaining agreement to award such damages

against the union”). Here, there is no indication in the record that the CBA negotiated

between AFSCME and DHS provides an arbitrator with the ability to craft an award

entitling Appellee to monetary damages from AFSCME, so I presume that the parties did

not include terms providing arbitrators with such a power.9

From my perspective, if Appellee were permitted to seek damages against the

union in the trial court, the court would be able to craft a remedy specific to AFSCME’s

alleged breach of its duty of fair representation, unlike an arbitrator who is bound by the

terms of the CBA. In so doing, the trial court would not be acting as an arbitrator even

though it would be required to examine the underlying grievance in assessing damages

if Appellee were to successfully prove that AFSCME breached its duty in handling her

grievance. Appellee analogizes the trial court’s role to the role a court undertakes in a

legal malpractice case, reasoning that, “when a lawyer commits malpractice, it does not

mean that the client may reopen the case that the lawyer mishandled,” but, instead, the

9 Given my view that an arbitrator would lack the authority — unless specifically bargained

for between AFSCME and DHS and included in the text of the CBA — to award damages

against AFSCME, as well as the fact that Appellee does not seek damages from DHS or

its participation in an arbitration, I see no reason why DHS would be an indispensable

party to Appellee’s lawsuit. See Majority Opinion at 21-22. Indeed, in Martino, we merely

observed that an employer is an indispensable party where “joinder is necessary to afford

him an adequate remedy.” Martino, 480 A.2d at 245.

[J-29-2025] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 19

client may obtain damages from the lawyer to hold him or her accountable. Appellee’s

Brief at 29. I find some merit to Appellee’s contention in this regard, as, here, the trial

court need not decide the merits of the grievance, albeit it would assess the underlying

claim in the context of determining the appropriate remedy for the union’s breach of its

duty of fair representation in order to make Appellee whole for her losses. See, e.g.,

Ziccardi, 456 A.2d at 981 (noting that the merits of the underlying grievance in the context

of the relevant language of the CBA “becomes relevant on the issue of damages[] only

after bad faith has been shown”). This is similar to a legal malpractice case, in which the

trial court examines the underlying case wherein the practitioner allegedly committed

malpractice to determine damages, but stopping short of reopening or relitigating that

underlying case.

Notably, under the standard delineated herein, an employee would still be required

to overcome a high bar to prove that their union breached its duty of fair representation

in handling a grievance, given that unions are afforded substantial leeway in pursuing and

settling grievances. The grievance process “cannot be expected to be error-free,” Hines

v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 424 U.S. 554, 571 (1976), and an employee alleging a

breach of the duty of fair representation “must prove that the union acted in bad faith” in

mishandling a grievance, Martino, 480 A.2d at 252. This high bar insulates unions from

exposure to vexatious and frivolous lawsuits. Additionally, in my view, even where an

employee meets their burden of proving that the union acted in bad faith, the union would

nonetheless have the opportunity to demonstrate that its settlement or refusal to pursue

the underlying grievance was based on a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason and that

the employee would not have achieved a more favorable result in an arbitration.

For these reasons, and because “[t]he appropriate remedy for a breach of a union’s

duty of fair representation must vary with the circumstances of the particular breach,”

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Vaca, 386 U.S. at 195, I find the majority’s narrow rule — that the only remedy available

to an employee who has been harmed by such a breach is arbitration of their underlying

grievance nunc pro tunc — to be erroneous. I likewise disagree with the majority’s

determination that the arbitrator in a nunc pro tunc arbitration arising in connection with a

union’s alleged breach of the duty of fair representation would be authorized to apportion

damages between an employer and a union in crafting an arbitration award. In my view,

under our case law, Appellee may sue AFSCME, outside of the context of arbitration,

and, if she is able to prove that it breached its duty of fair representation owed to her, be

awarded damages.

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, I would affirm the Commonwealth Court’s

order.

Justices Donohue and Brobson join this dissenting opinion.

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