Rule 4. Process

(a) CONTENTS; AMENDMENTS.

(1) Summons. A summons must:

(A) name the court and the parties;

(B) be directed to the defendant;

(C) state the name and address of the plaintiff’s attorney or, if unrepresented, of the

plaintiff;

(D) state the time within which the defendant must file a response to the complaint

and appear in court;

(E) notify the defendant that a failure to file a response to the complaint and to

appear at any scheduled hearing will result in a default judgment against the defendant

for the relief demanded in the complaint;

(F) be signed by the clerk; and

(G) bear the court’s seal.

(2) Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance. A Notice of Hearing and Order

Directing Appearance must:

(A) name the court and the parties;

(B) specify the date and time of the hearing;

(C) be directed to the defendant or individual whose attendance is required;

(D) state the name and address of the filer’s attorney or, if unrepresented, of the

filer;

(E) state the time period within which any response is required;

(F) notify the defendant or individual that failure to appear may result in issuance of

a bench warrant and a default judgment or order;

(G) be signed by the clerk; and

(H) bear the court’s seal.

(3) Amendments. The court may permit a summons or notice to be amended.

(4) Service Outside the District of Columbia. A summons, notice, or order in lieu of

summons should correspond as nearly as possible to the requirements of a statute or

rule whenever service is made pursuant to a statute or rule that provides for service of a

summons, notice, or order in lieu of summons on a party not an inhabitant of or found

within the District of Columbia.

to be amended.

(4) Service Outside the District of Columbia. A summons, notice, or order in lieu of

summons should correspond as nearly as possible to the requirements of a statute or

rule whenever service is made pursuant to a statute or rule that provides for service of a

summons, notice, or order in lieu of summons on a party not an inhabitant of or found

within the District of Columbia.

(b) ISSUANCE.

(1) Summons. At the time the complaint is filed, the clerk must issue a summons for

each defendant named in the complaint and must provide to the plaintiff or the plaintiff's

agent a copy of each summons for service of process in accordance with Rule 4(c).

(2) Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance.

(A) Support or Parentage Case. In a case in which a party seeks permanent or

temporary support of a child, to modify a child support order, or to establish parentage,

the clerk must issue a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance to each

named defendant or individual whose attendance is required and must provide to the

plaintiff, petitioner, or movant, a copy of the notice for service of process in accordance

with Rule 4(d).

(B) Motion for Contempt or Post-Judgment Motion. When a judge or magistrate

judge orders a hearing on a motion for contempt or a post-judgment motion, the clerk

must issue and mail a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance to each

named defendant or individual whose attendance is required.

titioner, or movant, a copy of the notice for service of process in accordance

with Rule 4(d).

(B) Motion for Contempt or Post-Judgment Motion. When a judge or magistrate

judge orders a hearing on a motion for contempt or a post-judgment motion, the clerk

must issue and mail a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance to each

named defendant or individual whose attendance is required.

(c) SERVING A SUMMONS AND COMPLAINT.

(1) In General. A summons must be served with a copy of the complaint and any

scheduling or other order directed to the parties at the time of filing. The plaintiff is

responsible for having the summons, complaint, and any order directed to the parties at

the time of filing served within the time allowed by Rule 4(i) and for furnishing the

necessary copies to the person who makes service.

(2) Methods of Service. Service of the summons, complaint, and any order must be

made in one of the following ways:

(A) by any person who is at least 18 years of age and not a party:

(i) delivering a copy of each to an individual personally; or

(ii) leaving a copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of abode with

someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there;

(B) by mailing a copy of each to the person to be served at the person’s dwelling or

usual place of abode by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested;

(C) by mailing a copy of each by first-class mail, postage prepaid, to the person to

be served, together with 2 copies of a Notice and Acknowledgment conforming

substantially to the form maintained by the clerk’s office and a return envelope, postage

prepaid, addressed to the sender, and unless good cause is shown for not doing so, the

court must order the party served to pay the costs incurred in securing an alternative

method of service authorized by this rule if the person served does not complete and

return, within 21 days after mailing, the Notice and Acknowledgment of receipt of the

summons;

(D) by the Metropolitan Police Depart

ge

prepaid, addressed to the sender, and unless good cause is shown for not doing so, the

court must order the party served to pay the costs incurred in securing an alternative

method of service authorized by this rule if the person served does not complete and

return, within 21 days after mailing, the Notice and Acknowledgment of receipt of the

summons;

(D) by the Metropolitan Police Department as authorized by D.C. Code § 13-302.01

(b) (2012 Repl.);

(E) by a United States marshal or deputy marshal as authorized by D.C. Code § 13-

302 (2012 Repl.);

(F) in any manner authorized by Rule 4(f);

(G) in any other manner authorized by statute;

(H) by any other method to which the person to be served consents in writing, with

an acknowledgement that the person:

(i) received the summons, complaint, and any order;

(ii) understands that the person must answer the complaint within 21 days after

signing the consent; and

(iii) understands that judgment by default may be entered against the person if the

person fails to answer the complaint within that time;

(I) by sending a copy of each to a registered user using the court’s electronic filing

system—in which event service is complete on transmission, but is not effective if the

serving party learns that it did not reach the person to be served; or

(J) by sending a copy of each to the individual by electronic means, including, but

not limited to email, text message, or social media—in which event service is complete

on transmission, but is not effective if the serving party learns that it did not reach the

person to be served.

ansmission, but is not effective if the

serving party learns that it did not reach the person to be served; or

(J) by sending a copy of each to the individual by electronic means, including, but

not limited to email, text message, or social media—in which event service is complete

on transmission, but is not effective if the serving party learns that it did not reach the

person to be served.

(3) Alternative Methods of Service. If the court determines that, after diligent effort, a

plaintiff or petitioner has been unable to accomplish service by a method prescribed in

Rule 4(c)(2), the court may permit an alternative method of service reasonably

calculated to give actual notice of the action to the defendant or respondent. The court

may specify how the plaintiff or petitioner must prove that service was accomplished by

the alternative method. Alternative methods of service may include delivering a copy to

the individual’s employer by leaving it at the individual’s place of employment with a

clerk or person in charge, and any other method that the court deems just and

reasonable.

(4) Service by Publication.

(A) When Allowed. The court may permit service by publication, instead of service

under Rule 4(c)(2) or (3), if:

(i) a summons for the defendant has been issued and returned “not to be found,”

and an affidavit establishes that the defendant is a nonresident or has been absent from

the District of Columbia for at least 6 months;

(ii) the defendant cannot be found after diligent efforts; or

(iii) the defendant, by concealment, seeks to avoid service of process.

(B) Manner of Publication. An order of publication must be published in at least one

legal newspaper or periodical of daily circulation and any other newspaper or periodical

specifically designated by the court, at least once a week for 3 successive weeks or as

otherwise ordered by the court.

(C) Definition of Legal Newspaper or Periodical. A legal newspaper or periodical

means a publication designated by the court that is:

er of publication must be published in at least one

legal newspaper or periodical of daily circulation and any other newspaper or periodical

specifically designated by the court, at least once a week for 3 successive weeks or as

otherwise ordered by the court.

(C) Definition of Legal Newspaper or Periodical. A legal newspaper or periodical

means a publication designated by the court that is:

(i) devoted primarily to publication of opinions, notices, and other information from

the District of Columbia courts;

(ii) circulated generally to the legal community; and

(iii) published at least on each weekday that the court is in session.

(D) Posting Order of Publication in the Clerk’s Office and the Court’s Website. In

accordance with D.C. Code § 13-340 (2018 Supp.), in a divorce or child custody

proceeding, on a finding that the plaintiff is unable to pay the cost of publishing without

substantial hardship to the plaintiff or the plaintiff’s family, the court may permit

publication to be made by posting the order of publication in the clerk’s office and on the

court’s website for 21 days.

(5) Serving a Minor or Incompetent Person. A minor or an incompetent person in the

United States must be served by following District of Columbia law (D.C. Code §§ 13-

332, -333 (2012 Repl.)) or the state law for serving a summons or like process on such

a defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of the state where

service is made. A minor or an incompetent person who is not within the United States

must be served in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(g)(2)(A), (g)(2)(B), or (g)(3).

(6) Manner of Conducting Service. Service of process under Rule 4(c)(2)(A)-(J) may,

at the plaintiff’s or the court’s election, be attempted either concurrently or successively.

courts of general jurisdiction of the state where

service is made. A minor or an incompetent person who is not within the United States

must be served in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(g)(2)(A), (g)(2)(B), or (g)(3).

(6) Manner of Conducting Service. Service of process under Rule 4(c)(2)(A)-(J) may,

at the plaintiff’s or the court’s election, be attempted either concurrently or successively.

(d) SERVING A NOTICE OF HEARING AND ORDER DIRECTING APPEARANCE. A

Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance must be served on the defendant,

respondent, or other named person, along with the complaint, petition, or motion, in one

of the following ways:

(1) by any person who is at least 18 years of age and not a party:

(A) delivering a copy of each to that individual personally;

(B) leaving a copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of abode with

someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there; or

(C) leaving a copy of each at the individual’s place of employment with someone of

suitable age and discretion;

(2) by mailing a copy of each to the person to be served at the person’s dwelling or

usual place of abode or at the person’s place of employment, by certified mail, return

receipt requested, and also by separate first-class mail;

(3) by the Metropolitan Police Department as authorized by D.C. Code § 13-302.01

(2012 Repl.);

(4) by a United States marshal or deputy marshal as authorized by D.C. Code § 13-

302 (2012 Repl.); or

(5) in any manner authorized by applicable statute.

(e) TERRITORIAL LIMITS OF EFFECTIVE SERVICE. Serving a summons, complaint,

and any order or a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance establishes

personal jurisdiction over a defendant:

(1) who is subject to the jurisdiction of this court;

(2) who is a party joined under Rule 19 and is served at a place not more than 100

miles from the place of the hearing or trial; or

(3) when authorized by a federal or District of Columbia statute.

a summons, complaint,

and any order or a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance establishes

personal jurisdiction over a defendant:

(1) who is subject to the jurisdiction of this court;

(2) who is a party joined under Rule 19 and is served at a place not more than 100

miles from the place of the hearing or trial; or

(3) when authorized by a federal or District of Columbia statute.

(f) SERVING AN INDIVIDUAL WITHIN THE UNITED STATES. Unless applicable law

provides otherwise, an individual—other than a minor, an incompetent person, or a

person whose acknowledgment has been filed—may be served anywhere in the United

States by:

(1) following District of Columbia law, or the state law for serving a summons in an

action brought in courts of general jurisdiction or, if applicable, in courts with jurisdiction

over domestic relations proceedings, in the state where service is made; or

(2) doing any of the following:

(A) delivering a copy of the summons, complaint, and any order directed by the

court to the parties at the time of filing to the individual personally;

(B) leaving a copy of each at the individual's dwelling or usual place of abode with

someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there; or

(C) delivering a copy of each to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to

receive service of process.

(g) SERVING AN INDIVIDUAL IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY. Unless applicable law

provides otherwise, an individual—other than a minor, an incompetent person, or a

person whose acknowledgment has been filed—may be served at a place not within the

United States:

(1) by any internationally agreed means of service that is reasonably calculated to

give notice, such as those authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad

of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents;

law

provides otherwise, an individual—other than a minor, an incompetent person, or a

person whose acknowledgment has been filed—may be served at a place not within the

United States:

(1) by any internationally agreed means of service that is reasonably calculated to

give notice, such as those authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad

of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents;

(2) if there is no internationally agreed means, or if an international agreement allows

but does not specify other means, by a method that is reasonably calculated to give

notice:

(A) as prescribed by the foreign country’s law for service in that country in an action

in its courts of general jurisdiction;

(B) as the foreign authority directs in response to a letter rogatory or letter of

request; or

(C) unless prohibited by the foreign country’s law, by:

(i) delivering to the individual personally a copy of the summons, complaint, and

any order directed by the court to the parties at the time of filing; or

(ii) using any form of mail that the clerk addresses and sends to the individual and

that requires a signed receipt; or

(3) by other means not prohibited by international agreement, as the court orders.

(h) PROVING SERVICE.

(1) In General. Unless service is waived, proof of service must be made to the court.

Except for service by a United States marshal or deputy marshal, proof must be by the

server’s affidavit.

(A) Service by Delivery. If service is made by delivery pursuant to Rule 4(c)(2)(A),

(c)(2)(D), (c)(2)(E), (c)(2)(F), (d)(1), (d)(3), or (d)(4), the return of service must be made

under oath (unless service was made by the United States marshal or deputy United

States marshal) and must specifically state:

by a United States marshal or deputy marshal, proof must be by the

server’s affidavit.

(A) Service by Delivery. If service is made by delivery pursuant to Rule 4(c)(2)(A),

(c)(2)(D), (c)(2)(E), (c)(2)(F), (d)(1), (d)(3), or (d)(4), the return of service must be made

under oath (unless service was made by the United States marshal or deputy United

States marshal) and must specifically state:

(i) the caption and number of the case;

(ii) the process server’s name, residential or business address, and the fact that

he or she is eighteen (18) years of age or older;

(iii) the date, time, and place when service was made;

(iv) the fact that a summons, a copy of the complaint, and any order directed by

the court to the parties at the time of filing setting the case for a hearing were delivered

to the person served; and

(v) if service was made by delivery to a person other than the party named in the

summons, then specific facts from which the court can determine that the person to

whom process was delivered meets the appropriate qualifications for receipt of process

set out in Rule 4(c)(2)(A)(ii), (d)(1)(B), or (d)(1)(C).

(B) Service by Registered or Certified Mail. If service is made by registered or

certified mail under Rule 4(c)(2)(B), the return must be accompanied by the signed

receipt attached to an affidavit which must specifically state:

(i) the caption and number of the case;

(ii) the name and address of the person who posted the registered or certified

letter;

(iii) the fact that the letter contained a summons, a copy of the complaint, and any

order directed by the court to the parties at the time of filing setting the case for a

hearing; and

d by the signed

receipt attached to an affidavit which must specifically state:

(i) the caption and number of the case;

(ii) the name and address of the person who posted the registered or certified

letter;

(iii) the fact that the letter contained a summons, a copy of the complaint, and any

order directed by the court to the parties at the time of filing setting the case for a

hearing; and

(iv) if the return receipt does not purport to be signed by the party named in the

summons, then specific facts from which the court can determine that the person who

signed the receipt meets the appropriate qualifications for receipt of process set out in

Rule 4(c)(2)(A)(ii).

(C) Service by Publication. Proof of service by publication must be made by affidavit

of an officer or agent of the publisher stating the dates of publication with an attached

copy of the document as published.

(D) Service of a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance Under Rule

4(d)(2). Proof of service of a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing Appearance by

certified mail and first-class mail under Rule 4(d)(2) must be made by filing, with the

clerk, the signed return receipt, when available, and an affidavit, which must state:

(i) the caption and number of the case;

(ii) the name and address of the person who posted the certified and first-class

mail;

(iii) the fact that the mailing contained a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing

Appearance and the complaint, petition, or motion;

(iv) if the return receipt does not purport to be signed by the party named in the

notice, then specific facts from which the court can determine that the person who

signed the receipt meets the appropriate qualifications for receipt of process set out in

Rule 4(d);

the fact that the mailing contained a Notice of Hearing and Order Directing

Appearance and the complaint, petition, or motion;

(iv) if the return receipt does not purport to be signed by the party named in the

notice, then specific facts from which the court can determine that the person who

signed the receipt meets the appropriate qualifications for receipt of process set out in

Rule 4(d);

(v) if the return receipt is not available, whether the certified mail was unclaimed or

refused; and

(vi) whether the first-class mail was returned.

(2) Proving Service by Acknowledgement. Proof of service by acknowledgment must

be made by notice to the clerk filed by the serving party or the person to be served.

(3) Proving Service by Electronic Methods. Proof of service by an electronic method

specified in Rule 4(c)(2)(J) must demonstrate that the electronic method was

reasonably calculated to give the defendant actual notice of the case.

(4) Proving Service by Alternative Methods. Proof of service by an alternative method

specified in Rule 4(c)(3) must demonstrate that the plaintiff or petitioner complied with

the order authorizing the alternative method.

(5) Validity of Service. Failure to prove service does not affect the validity of service.

(6) Amending Proof. The court may permit proof of service to be amended.

(i) TIME LIMIT FOR SERVICE.

(1) In General. Within 60 days of the filing of the complaint, the plaintiff must file proof

of service of the summons, the complaint, and any order directed by the court to the

parties at the time of filing. A separate proof must be filed as to each defendant who has

not responded to the complaint.

(2) Motion for Extension of Time. Prior to the expiration of the 60-day time period, the

party may file a motion to extend the time for service.

complaint, the plaintiff must file proof

of service of the summons, the complaint, and any order directed by the court to the

parties at the time of filing. A separate proof must be filed as to each defendant who has

not responded to the complaint.

(2) Motion for Extension of Time. Prior to the expiration of the 60-day time period, the

party may file a motion to extend the time for service.

(3) Dismissal. The plaintiff’s failure to comply with the requirements of this rule may

result in the dismissal without prejudice of the complaint. The clerk may enter the

dismissal and serve notice on all the parties.

COMMENT TO 2022 AMENDMENTS

Subsection (c)(2) was amended to provide greater flexibility for plaintiffs and

petitioners to accomplish service. New subsection (c)(2)(I) permits service using the

court’s electronic filing system. New subsection (c)(2)(J) (former subsection (c)(3)(B))

now permits electronic service without requiring leave from the court and includes a

non-exhaustive list of examples of electronic service methods. The language of former

subsection (c)(3)(C) related to service by posting on the court’s website was moved to

subsection (c)(4)(D). Subsection (c)(6) was amended consistent with the addition of

subsection (c)(2)(I) and (J). Subsection (h)(3) was amended to specify how proof of

service is to be made for electronic service under new subsection (c)(2)(J) and former

subsections (c)(4) and (c)(5) were redesignated accordingly.

In domestic relations cases, service at the defendant’s place of employment under

subsection (c)(3) may raise substantial privacy concerns and create a significant risk of

unfair prejudice at the workplace

h)(3) was amended to specify how proof of

service is to be made for electronic service under new subsection (c)(2)(J) and former

subsections (c)(4) and (c)(5) were redesignated accordingly.

In domestic relations cases, service at the defendant’s place of employment under

subsection (c)(3) may raise substantial privacy concerns and create a significant risk of

unfair prejudice at the workplace. The court should take these factors into account in

deciding whether to authorize service at the defendant’s place of employment and

should consider whether the imposition of any special conditions or requirements may

provide greater protection of the defendant’s privacy or make the defendant’s receipt of

actual notice of the case more likely. Safeguards the court should consider include, but

are not limited to, requiring that the papers be served in a sealed envelope marked

“confidential” and that the process server’s affidavit specify the name and title of the

person with whom the papers were left.

COMMENT TO 2018 AMENDMENTS

This rule has been amended to conform to the general restyling of the civil rules. The

rule was also reorganized and expanded. While the rule is modeled after Civil Rule 4,

the provisions concerning the method and proof of service reflect the statutes governing

service in domestic relations cases, including cases involving child support and

parentage.

Consistent with Civil Rule 4, subsection (a)(1)(D) now requires the summons to

include the date and time of the initial hearing in a new case. Unlike Civil Rule 4,

subsection (a)(1)(D) also requires the summons to state the time by which the

defendant must file a response to a complaint so that self-represented defendants are

aware of their obligation to file a written response to a complaint as well as to appear at

the initial hearing

(1)(D) now requires the summons to

include the date and time of the initial hearing in a new case. Unlike Civil Rule 4,

subsection (a)(1)(D) also requires the summons to state the time by which the

defendant must file a response to a complaint so that self-represented defendants are

aware of their obligation to file a written response to a complaint as well as to appear at

the initial hearing.

Subsection (a)(1)(E) was added to require the summons to specify that not only a

failure to answer on a timely basis but also a failure to appear at the initial or other

scheduled hearing may result in entry of a default judgment against a defendant.

Subsection (b)(2)(B) was added to provide for issuance of a Notice of Hearing and

order Directing Appearance (“NOHODA”) if the court orders a hearing on a motion for

contempt or a post-disposition motion. This provision was moved from Rule 7 and

amended to reflect the fact that the court would schedule the hearing.

Subsection (d)(2) provides for service of a NOHODA by certified mail, return receipt

requested, and first-class mail. However, D.C. Code § 46-206 (b)(2) (2012 Repl.)

provides that “[s]ervice by certified mail that is unclaimed or refused and first-class mail

alone shall not be a sufficient basis to permit the entry of a default order of paternity in a

case where the respondent fails to file an answer or otherwise fails to respond

appropriately.” See also Rule 55(b)(2)(B)(i) (requiring compliance with D.C. Code § 46-

206 (b) for entry of default parentage order).

Subsection (c)(2)(C) was added consistent with Civil Rule 4(c)(5) to authorize

service by first-class mail with notice and acknowledgement and to include a related

cost-shifting provision if the defendant does not appear or respond.

New subsection (c)(2)(H) permits the parties to agree to other methods of service.

New subsection (c)(3) authorizes alternative methods of service if the court makes the

appropriate determination

nsistent with Civil Rule 4(c)(5) to authorize

service by first-class mail with notice and acknowledgement and to include a related

cost-shifting provision if the defendant does not appear or respond.

New subsection (c)(2)(H) permits the parties to agree to other methods of service.

New subsection (c)(3) authorizes alternative methods of service if the court makes the

appropriate determination. Among the alternative methods listed are service by

electronic means or posting on the court’s website.

Finally, subsection (i)(2) now requires a party to file a motion if the party wants more

time to serve. The provision allowing the clerk to grant one 60-day extension was

deleted because it is unnecessary and created practical problems.

COMMENT

Subparagraph (a)(2) of this Rule provides for the use of a Notice of Hearing and

Order Directing Appearance (NOHODA) in cases initiated by petition. Pursuant to SCR-

General Family H, this process is signed by the Clerk of the Division and has the same

force and effect as a civil subpoena. In cases seeking to establish paternity, D.C. Code

§ 46-206(b) permits personal service of the NOHODA by a combination of first class

and certified mail. Such service is not, however, a sufficient basis for issuance of a

bench warrant for failure of the defendant to appear.

Paragraph (i) incorporates the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial

and Extrajudicial Documents, and other applicable international agreements on service

of process. The applicability of an international agreement on service of process in a

foreign country should be checked before other methods of service are attempted.

Where a party has been granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis, the 60-day time

period in which proof of service of process must be filed under paragraph (l) will start to

run at the time the summons is issued by the Clerk. See SCR-Dom. Rel.54(f). For

waiver of prepayment of costs, including filing fees, see SCR-Dom. Rel. 54(f).