Rule 201. Judicial notice of adjudicative facts

Alabama Rules of Evidence

Article II. Judicial Notice

Rule 201.

Judicial notice of adjudicative facts.

(a)

Scope of rule. This rule governs only judicial notice of adjudicative facts.

(b)

Kinds of facts. A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable

dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or

(2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot

reasonably be questioned.

(c)

When discretionary. A court may take judicial notice whether requested or not.

(d)

When mandatory. A court shall take judicial notice if requested by a party and

supplied with the necessary information.

(e)

Opportunity to be heard. A party is entitled upon timely request to an opportunity

to be heard as to the propriety of taking judicial notice and the tenor of the matter noticed. In the

absence of prior notification, the request may be made after judicial notice has been taken.

(f)

Time of taking notice. Judicial notice may be taken at any stage of the proceeding.

(g)

Instructing jury. In a civil action or proceeding, the court shall instruct the jury to

accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed. In a criminal case, the court shall instruct the

jury that it may, but is not required to, accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed.

Advisory Committee’s Notes

Section (a). Scope of rule. Rule 201, adopted verbatim from the corresponding Federal

Rule of Evidence, deals with judicial notice of adjudicative facts only. No effort is made to set

forth rules to govern the process of judicially noticing what authorities in the field have

categorized as legislative facts. The latter form of judicial notice is left to continue its evolution

and application under the common law.

As one author has observed: “In practice, the line between legislative facts and

adjudicative facts is often indistinct. In theory, however, the two types of facts are quite different.”

process of judicially noticing what authorities in the field have

categorized as legislative facts. The latter form of judicial notice is left to continue its evolution

and application under the common law.

As one author has observed: “In practice, the line between legislative facts and

adjudicative facts is often indistinct. In theory, however, the two types of facts are quite different.”

W. Schroeder, Judicial Notice in Alabama, 34 Ala.L.Rev. 197, 228 (1983). Adjudicative facts,

governed by this rule, are “simply the facts of the particular case.” Fed.R.Evid. 201 advisory

committee’s note. These facts are normally proven by putting a witness on the stand. Judicial

notice, however, permits the judge to dispense with this procedure when the facts are beyond

reasonable controversy and possess a high degree of indisputability. This process is well

described as follows:

“When a court or an agency finds facts concerning the immediate parties –

who did what, where, when, how, and with what motive or intent – the court or

agency is performing an adjudicative function, and the facts are conveniently called

adjudicative.... Stated in other terms, the adjudicative facts are those to which the

law is applied in the process of adjudication. They are the facts that normally go to

the jury in a jury case. They relate to the parties, their activities, their properties,

their businesses.” 2 K. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise § 15.03, at 353 (1958).

The concept of judicially noticing adjudicative facts has a long history of application in

Alabama courts. See, e.g., Peebles v. Miley, 439 So.2d 137 (Ala.1983) (court judicially knows

that great majority of collections are done on a contingent fee basis); Edwards v. Edwards, 333

So.2d 597 (Ala.Civ.App.1976) (upon petition to increase previously ordered child support, court

judicially noticed that the buying power of the dollar had noticeably lessened since original order);

Callahan v. Booth, 275 Ala

e, e.g., Peebles v. Miley, 439 So.2d 137 (Ala.1983) (court judicially knows

that great majority of collections are done on a contingent fee basis); Edwards v. Edwards, 333

So.2d 597 (Ala.Civ.App.1976) (upon petition to increase previously ordered child support, court

judicially noticed that the buying power of the dollar had noticeably lessened since original order);

Callahan v. Booth, 275 Ala. 275, 154 So.2d 32 (1963) (recognizing power to take judicial notice

that there are 5, 280 feet in a mile); Cox v. Board of Trustees, 161 Ala. 639, 49 So. 814 (1909)

(judicially noticing that Union troops burned buildings on the University of Alabama campus

during the Civil War); Pickens County v. Jordan, 239 Ala. 589, 196 So. 121 (1940) (judicially

noticing the location of a town). See also C. Gamble, McElroy’s Alabama Evidence § 480.01 (4th

ed. 1991).

Legislative facts, not covered by Rule 201, are those to which a court resorts as the basis

for establishing a rule of law or interpreting a statute. That spousal testimony will destroy a

marriage, historically noticed as the basis for declaring one spouse incompetent to testify against

the other, would be a legislative fact. See Hawkins v. United States, 358 U.S. 74 (1958). The

following two authoritative descriptions, much quoted in the evidence literature, give

considerable guidance in identifying legislative facts:

“My opinion is that judge-made law would stop growing if judges, in thinking

about questions of law and policy, were forbidden to take into account the facts

they believe, as distinguished from facts which are ‘clearly ... within the domain of

the indisputable.’ Facts most needed in thinking about difficult problems of law and

policy have a way of being outside the domain of the clearly indisputable.” K. Davis,

A System of Judicial Notice Based on Fairness and Convenience 82 (1964).

“In determining the content or applicability of a rule of domestic law, the

judge is unrestricted in his investigation and conclusion

n the domain of

the indisputable.’ Facts most needed in thinking about difficult problems of law and

policy have a way of being outside the domain of the clearly indisputable.” K. Davis,

A System of Judicial Notice Based on Fairness and Convenience 82 (1964).

“In determining the content or applicability of a rule of domestic law, the

judge is unrestricted in his investigation and conclusion. He may reject the

propositions of either party or both parties. He may consult the sources of pertinent

data to which they refer, or he may refuse to do so. He may make an independent

search for persuasive data or rest content with what he has or what the parties

present.... [T]he parties do no more than to assist; they control no part of the

process.” E. Morgan, Judicial Notice, 57 Harv. L. Rev. 269, 270-71 (1944).

Alabama courts obtain knowledge of law, both judicial and legislative, outside the proof

process. The Alabama Supreme Court has characterized this practice as more in the nature of

“judicial knowledge” than “judicial notice.” Rayburn v. State, 366 So.2d 708 (Ala.1979). This kind

of judicial notice is not affected by Rule 201.

Section (b). Kinds of facts. Consistent with historic practice, a court is to dispense with

the customary methods of proof “only in clear cases.” Fed.R.Evid. 201 advisory committee’s

note. A court is to take judicial notice of adjudicative facts only when those facts are beyond

reasonable dispute either because they are generally known within the court’s territorial

jurisdiction or because they can be accurately and readily determined by consulting sources that

are acknowledged to be accurate. This limit upon judicial notice is consistent with historic

Alabama law. See, e.g., Peebles v. Miley, 439 So.2d 137 (Ala.1983) (court judicially knows that

great majority of collections are done on a contingent fee basis); Strother v. Strother, 355 So.2d

731 (Ala.Civ.App.1978) (judicial notice of increases in cost of living due to inflation); Mutual Bldg.

& Loan Ass’n v

wledged to be accurate. This limit upon judicial notice is consistent with historic

Alabama law. See, e.g., Peebles v. Miley, 439 So.2d 137 (Ala.1983) (court judicially knows that

great majority of collections are done on a contingent fee basis); Strother v. Strother, 355 So.2d

731 (Ala.Civ.App.1978) (judicial notice of increases in cost of living due to inflation); Mutual Bldg.

& Loan Ass’n v. Moore, 232 Ala. 488, 169 So. 1 (1936) (facts found in reliable source).

Section (c). When discretionary. Power is vested in the trial judge to take judicial notice

of adjudicative facts without having been requested to do so. The judge may take such notice

upon the motion of a litigant or upon the judge’s own initiative. This position is believed to reflect

prior Alabama authority. See Cullman Broadcasting Co. v. Bosley, 373 So.2d 830 (Ala.1979);

Byrd v. State ex rel. Colquett, 212 Ala. 266, 102 So. 223 (1924). Cf. W. Schroeder, Judicial Notice

in Alabama, 34 Ala.L.Rev. 197 (1983).

Section (d). When mandatory. This section makes it mandatory for the court to take

judicial notice of adjudicative facts subject to judicial notice under section (b) whenever a party

requests it to do so and, with its request, supplies the court with the necessary information. It is

believed that this principle is a departure from former Alabama practice, under which the taking

of judicial notice has been vested largely in the trial judge’s discretion. Byrd v. State ex rel.

Colquett, 212 Ala. 266, 102 So. 223 (1924). It remains fully within the trial court’s discretion, of

course, as to whether it takes judicial notice upon its own initiative. See Ala.R.Evid. 201(c).

Section (e). Opportunity to be heard. Procedural fairness dictates that a party has the

right to be heard regarding the court’s judicially noticing facts – both as to the propriety of taking

notice and as to the nature of the facts to be noticed. This right, however, arises only upon a

timely request

rse, as to whether it takes judicial notice upon its own initiative. See Ala.R.Evid. 201(c).

Section (e). Opportunity to be heard. Procedural fairness dictates that a party has the

right to be heard regarding the court’s judicially noticing facts – both as to the propriety of taking

notice and as to the nature of the facts to be noticed. This right, however, arises only upon a

timely request. No formal scheme is established for determining timeliness. A party often will

receive prior notice that the court may take judicial notice of a fact by being served with a copy

of an opponent’s request for the court to do so or by hearing the opponent’s oral request. In other

instances, such prior notice will arise from statements of the trial judge. Section (e) recognizes,

however, that a party may learn only after the fact that the judge has taken judicial notice; in such

a situation the “timely request” can be made after the party learns that the judge has taken judicial

notice.

The procedure set up by section (e) has never been formally established by Alabama

appellate decisions. This procedure, however, is fully within the spirit of Alabama’s historic

principle governing judicial notice of adjudicative facts. If facts must be beyond dispute, as a

condition precedent to the exercise of judicial notice, one would assume that such an issue is

open to argument before the judge. See O’Barr v. Feist, 292 Ala. 440, 296 So.2d 152 (1974); W.

Schroeder, Judicial Notice in Alabama, 34 Ala.L.Rev. 197, 204 (1983) (drawing this same

conclusion based upon implication from the preexisting Alabama rule that on appeal a party

cannot assign as error the court’s taking judicial notice unless at trial the party objected to the

court’s doing so).

Section (f). Time of taking notice. In accordance with prior Alabama practice, judicial

notice may be exercised at any stage of the proceeding. Alabama case law is replete with

examples of judicial notice having been taken at both the trial and the appellate level

l a party

cannot assign as error the court’s taking judicial notice unless at trial the party objected to the

court’s doing so).

Section (f). Time of taking notice. In accordance with prior Alabama practice, judicial

notice may be exercised at any stage of the proceeding. Alabama case law is replete with

examples of judicial notice having been taken at both the trial and the appellate level. See, e.g.,

Green v. Mutual Benefit Health & Accident Ass’n, 267 Ala. 56, 99 So.2d 694 (1957); Byrd

v. State ex rel. Colquett, 212 Ala. 266, 102 So. 223 (1924).

Rule 201(d) makes judicial notice of adjudicative facts mandatory when properly

requested. Section (f) makes such judicial notice exercisable at any stage of the proceeding,

including on appeal. The combination of these two sections raises the question of whether an

appellate court must take judicial notice of an adjudicative fact for the first time on appeal. Clear

Alabama authority indicates only that the appellate courts may notice facts for the first time on

appeal. Byrd v. State ex rel. Colquett, 212 Ala. 266, 102 So. 223 (1924); W. Schroeder, Judicial

Notice in Alabama, 34 Ala.L.Rev. 197, 205 (1983) (cases cited therein). Other authority, however,

indicates that the appellate court has the power to refuse to take judicial notice if the party

requesting the court to do so failed to ask the trial court to do so. In all likelihood, this power is

based upon the rule of appellate practice, separate and apart from the present evidence

principle, that matters not complained of at the trial generally may not be assigned as error on

appeal. See O’Barr v. Feist, 292 Ala. 440, 296 So.2d 152 (1974). Section (f) is in no way intended

to limit appellate authority in this regard.

Section (g). Instructing jury. Much national debate has centered upon the question of

whether a court should admit evidence offered to disprove the facts that have been judicially

noticed. See, e.g., J

trial generally may not be assigned as error on

appeal. See O’Barr v. Feist, 292 Ala. 440, 296 So.2d 152 (1974). Section (f) is in no way intended

to limit appellate authority in this regard.

Section (g). Instructing jury. Much national debate has centered upon the question of

whether a court should admit evidence offered to disprove the facts that have been judicially

noticed. See, e.g., J. Thayer, Preliminary Treatise on Evidence 308 (1898) (for admissibility); J.

McNaughton, Judicial Notice -- Excerpts Relating to the Morgan-Whitmore Controversy, 14

Vand.L.Rev. 779 (1961) (against admissibility). At least as regards civil cases, section (g)

precludes such evidence. It precludes it by requiring that the trial judge instruct the jury as to the

conclusiveness of the judicially noticed facts. Compare Unif.R.Evid. 201. The committee has

found no appellate authority in Alabama dealing with this issue, and no Alabama pattern jury

instruction has been published concerning it.

A different rule, however, applies in criminal cases. The trial judge is to instruct the jury

regarding judicial notice, but the judge is to tell the jurors that facts judicially noticed are not

necessarily conclusive upon them. This distinction in treatment is due largely to the feeling that

a mandatory instruction as to conclusiveness, circumscribing the jury in a criminal case, would

be contrary to the spirit of the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. House Comm. on Judiciary,

Fed. Rules of Evid., H.R. Rep. No. 650, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 6 (1973). There is at least one

appellate criminal case in Alabama indicating that a jury does not have to accept a judicially

noticed fact as conclusive. Smith v. State, 373 So.2d 350 (Ala.Crim.App.1979).