Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding for a Petition To List the Lesser Prairie-Chicken as Threatened and Designate Critical Habitat

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding

for a Petition To List the Lesser Prairie-Chicken as Threatened and

Designate Critical Habitat

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notice of 12-month petition finding.

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SUMMARY: The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) announces a 12-month

finding for a petition to list the lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus

pallidicinctus) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 as amended.

After review of all available scientific and commercial information,

the Service finds that listing this species is warranted but precluded

by other higher priority actions to amend the Lists of Endangered and

Threatened Wildlife and Plants. The lesser prairie-chicken is added to

the Service's candidate species list.

DATES: The finding announced in this document was made on June 1, 1998.

ADDRESSES: Data, information, comments, or questions concerning this

petition should be sent to the Field Supervisor, U. S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, 222 S. Houston, Suite A, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 74127. The

petition finding, supporting data, and comments are available for

public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the

above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jerry Brabander, Field Supervisor,

Oklahoma Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES section)

(telephone 918/581-7458 ext. 224, facsimile 918/581-7467).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Endangered Species Act (Act) of 1973, as

amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), requires that for any petition to

revise the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants that

contains substantial scientific and commercial information, the Service

make a finding within 12 months of the receipt of the petition on

whether the petitioned action is: (a) not warranted, (b) warranted, or

ited States, and that critical habitat be

designated as soon as needs of the species are sufficiently well known.

However, from October 1995 through April 1996, funding for the

Service's listing program was severely reduced or eliminated and the

Service was unable to act on the petition.

The Service made a 90-day finding that the petition presented

substantial information indicating that the

requested action may be warranted. The 90-day finding was announced in

the Federal Register on July 8, 1997 (62 FR 36482). In that notice,

additional information on the status, trend, distribution, and habitat

use of the species was requested by September 8, 1997, for use in a

status review. In response to a request by the Lesser Prairie-chicken

Interstate Working Group comprised of state agencies and other

interested parties, an additional 30-day period for submission of

information was announced in the Federal Register on November 3, 1997

(62 FR 59334).

The Service has reviewed the petition, the literature cited in the

petition, other available literature and information, and consulted

with biologists and researchers familiar with the lesser prairie-

chicken. On the basis of the best scientific and commercial information

available, the Service finds the petition is warranted but precluded by

work on other species having higher priority for listing.

The lesser prairie-chicken is in the Order Galliformes, Family

Phasianidae, subfamily Tetraoninae, and is recognized as a species

separate from the greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido)

(American Ornithologist's Union 1957). Average length ranges from 38-41

centimeters (15-16 inches) (Johnsgard 1973). The plumage of the lesser

prairie-chicken is similar to that of the greater prairie-chicken,

although it is somewhat lighter and is characterized by alternating

brown and buff-colored barring. Males have long tufts of feathers on

the sides of the neck which are erected during courtship display

ologist's Union 1957). Average length ranges from 38-41

centimeters (15-16 inches) (Johnsgard 1973). The plumage of the lesser

prairie-chicken is similar to that of the greater prairie-chicken,

although it is somewhat lighter and is characterized by alternating

brown and buff-colored barring. Males have long tufts of feathers on

the sides of the neck which are erected during courtship display. Males

also display yellow-orange eyecombs and reddish-purple air sacs during

courtship displays (Copelin 1963, Johnsgard 1983). Lesser prairie-

chickens were first described as a subspecies of the greater prairie-

chicken (Ridgway 1873) but were granted specific status in 1885

(Ridgway 1885). A discussion of lesser prairie-chicken taxonomy is

found in Giesen (1997).

Lesser prairie-chickens exhibit a lek mating system. Males gather

to display on leks at dusk and dawn beginning in late February through

early May (Copelin 1963, Hoffman 1963, Crawford and Bolen 1975). A

dominant older male occupies the center of the lek, while younger males

gather in outlying areas. Females arrive at the lek in early spring;

peak hen attendance at leks is during mid-April (Copelin 1963, Haukos

1988). The sequence of vocalizations and posturing of the dominant

male, termed ``booming,'' has been described by Johnsgard (1983) and

Haukos (1988).

After mating, the hen selects a nest site, usually 1-3 kilometers

(km) (0.6-2 miles (mi)) from the lek (Giesen 1994b), and lays an

average clutch of 10-14 eggs (Bent 1932, Taylor and Guthery 1980).

Second nests may occur when the first attempt is unsuccessful.

Incubation lasts 23-26 days, and young leave the nest within hours of

hatching (Coats 1955). Broods may remain with females for 6-8 weeks

(Ehrlich et al. 1988). Campbell (1972) estimated a 65 percent annual

mortality rate, and a 5-year maximum life span. Giesen (1997) provided

a comprehensive summary of lesser prairie-chicken breeding behavior,

habitat, and phenology

attempt is unsuccessful.

Incubation lasts 23-26 days, and young leave the nest within hours of

hatching (Coats 1955). Broods may remain with females for 6-8 weeks

(Ehrlich et al. 1988). Campbell (1972) estimated a 65 percent annual

mortality rate, and a 5-year maximum life span. Giesen (1997) provided

a comprehensive summary of lesser prairie-chicken breeding behavior,

habitat, and phenology.

The lesser prairie-chicken historically occupied areas of sand

sagebrush (Artemesia filifolia)--bluestem (Andropogon spp. and/or

Schizachyrium spp.) or shinnery oak (Quercus havardii)--bluestem

grasslands in portions of southeastern Colorado (Giesen 1994a),

southwestern Kansas (Schwilling 1955), western Oklahoma (Duck and

Fletcher 1944), the Texas Panhandle (Henika 1940, Oberholser 1973), and

eastern New Mexico (Ligon 1927). In Colorado and Kansas, the sand

sagebrush prairie community used by lesser prairie-chickens also

includes sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), little bluestem

(Schizachyrium scorparium), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), blue grama

(Bouteloua gracilis), and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula)

(Baker 1953, Taylor and Guthery 1980, Giesen 1994a). Most of the lesser

prairie-chickens in Kansas are found south of the Arkansas River in

sand sagebrush prairies similar to those in southeastern Colorado

(Sexson and Horak 1978).

In western Oklahoma, lesser prairie-chickens use sand sagebrush-

bluestem grasslands as well as the shinnery oak-bluestem grasslands,

dominated by sand bluestem (Andropogon halli), little bluestem, and

sand dropseed (Duck and Fletcher 1944, Copelin 1963). In Texas,

populations are confined almost exclusively to sandy ridges containing

shinnery oak and/or sand sagebrush, as well as tall grasses such as

sand bluestem, little bluestem, and switchgrass (Jackson and De Arment

1963, Litton 1978)

shinnery oak-bluestem grasslands,

dominated by sand bluestem (Andropogon halli), little bluestem, and

sand dropseed (Duck and Fletcher 1944, Copelin 1963). In Texas,

populations are confined almost exclusively to sandy ridges containing

shinnery oak and/or sand sagebrush, as well as tall grasses such as

sand bluestem, little bluestem, and switchgrass (Jackson and De Arment

1963, Litton 1978).

In the southeastern part of New Mexico, lesser prairie-chickens

exist in the shrub-dominated High Plains Bluestem habitat type in mixed

stands of tall grasses (i.e., sand bluestem, little bluestem) and

shinnery oak (Riley et al. 1993a). In northern New Mexico, lesser

prairie-chickens primarily used sand sagebrush rangelands dominated by

sand bluestem, little bluestem, and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans),

with some yucca (Yucca spp.), shinnery oak, and mesquite (Prosopsis

spp.) (Taylor and Guthery 1980).

The diet of lesser prairie-chickens is dominated by vegetative

matter in autumn and winter, with insects increasing in proportion in

the diet during the summer months. Shinnery oak leaf galls, catkins,

leaves, and acorns may comprise 60-70 percent of the autumn and winter

diet (Davis et al. 1979; Riley et al. 1993b); fragrant sumac (Rhus

aromatica) and sand sagebrush also are important winter foods (Doerr

and Guthery 1980). When available, grain sorghum fields are often used

as winter food (Copelin 1963, Donaldson 1969). In New Mexico, green

vegetation constituted about 80 percent of the spring diet (Davis et

al. 1979). Insects (Acrididae, Tettigoniidae, and Membracidae)

comprised 55 percent of the summer diet of adults, and 99-100 percent

of the summer diet of juveniles (Davis et al. 1979, Davis et al. 1980).

Summary of Population Status

m fields are often used

as winter food (Copelin 1963, Donaldson 1969). In New Mexico, green

vegetation constituted about 80 percent of the spring diet (Davis et

al. 1979). Insects (Acrididae, Tettigoniidae, and Membracidae)

comprised 55 percent of the summer diet of adults, and 99-100 percent

of the summer diet of juveniles (Davis et al. 1979, Davis et al. 1980).

Summary of Population Status

Little information is available on lesser prairie-chicken

populations prior to 1900. Litton (1978) suggested that there may have

been as many as two million birds in Texas alone prior to 1900. The

Service is not aware of any independent estimate to corroborate

Litton's claim, and the source or methodology behind his estimate is

unknown. However, in the early twentieth century, lesser prairie-

chickens were reportedly quite common throughout their range in

Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas (Bent 1932, Baker

1953, Bailey and Niedrach 1965, Sands 1968, Fleharty 1995). By the

1930s, extensive cultivation, overgrazing, and drought had begun to

cause the species to disappear from areas where it had been abundant

(Bent 1932, Baker 1953, Bailey and Niedrach 1965, Davison 1940, Lee

1950, Oberholser 1974). Lesser prairie-chicken abundance appeared to

fluctuate somewhat during the 1940s and 1950s (Copelin 1963, Snyder

1967, Crawford 1980), and by the early 1970s, the total fall population

may have been reduced to about 60,000 birds (Crawford 1980). By 1980,

the estimated total fall population was approximately 44,000 to 53,000

birds (Crawford 1980).

Each of the five State wildlife agencies provided the Service with

information regarding the status of the lesser prairie-chicken. Most

states collect data in the form of one or both of the following

indices--average lek size (i.e., number of males per lek); or density

of leks in a given area. The State of Kansas estimates density of birds

per square mile (sq mi). In general, each of

1980).

Each of the five State wildlife agencies provided the Service with

information regarding the status of the lesser prairie-chicken. Most

states collect data in the form of one or both of the following

indices--average lek size (i.e., number of males per lek); or density

of leks in a given area. The State of Kansas estimates density of birds

per square mile (sq mi). In general, each of

the State wildlife agencies believes that they are unable to provide a

precise estimate of lesser prairie-chicken population abundance in

their State. In the absence of bird density data, the number of active

leks over large areas was recommended as the most reliable index to

prairie grouse population trends (Cannon and Knopf 1981).

In Colorado, the lesser prairie-chicken has been listed as

threatened under State law since 1973. The total number of lesser

prairie-chickens counted on leks increased substantially between 1959

and 1990 as did survey effort. The Colorado Division of Wildlife

currently estimates a total of 800-1,000 lesser prairie-chickens in the

State (K. Giesen, pers. comm. August 26, 1997).

In Kansas, the lesser prairie-chicken is an upland game bird with a

legal harvest between December 1 and January 31. In the early part of

this century, lesser prairie-chickens were considered plentiful in the

sandhill and bunchgrass areas (Colvin 1914 as reported by Bent 1932),

and they remained abundant until the droughts of the 1930s (Schwilling

1955). Estimated fall population in 1979 was 17,000-18,000 birds

(Crawford 1980). Eight of 10 lesser prairie-chicken survey routes in

Kansas had a significantly declining trend of birds per sq mi (data

available from most routes from 1969-1995; R. Applegate, in litt.

August 8, 1996). In 1997, the rangewide average of 0.69 birds per 100

hectares (ha) (1.8 birds per sq mi) was not a statistically significant

decline over the 1996 average of 0.8 birds per 100 ha (2.2 birds per sq

mi) (Rodgers 1997)

ie-chicken survey routes in

Kansas had a significantly declining trend of birds per sq mi (data

available from most routes from 1969-1995; R. Applegate, in litt.

August 8, 1996). In 1997, the rangewide average of 0.69 birds per 100

hectares (ha) (1.8 birds per sq mi) was not a statistically significant

decline over the 1996 average of 0.8 birds per 100 ha (2.2 birds per sq

mi) (Rodgers 1997).

In New Mexico the lesser prairie-chicken is an upland game bird,

although the hunting season was closed in 1996. Estimates of occupied

range in New Mexico over the last century suggest a pattern of decline

and increase, including reoccupation of former range (Ligon 1927,

Snyder 1967, Sands 1968). In the 1950s, the population was estimated at

40,000-50,000 (Sands 1968) and by 1972, at 6,000-10,000 birds (Taylor

and Guthery 1980 based on Campbell 1972). Survey data from 1971-1997

analyzed by the New Mexico Natural Heritage Institute show a clear

decrease after 1988. During the 1990s, much greater survey effort

continually failed to yield increased numbers of prairie chickens on

traditional lek sites on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administered

property.

In Oklahoma, the lesser prairie-chicken is considered an upland

game bird, although the harvest season will be closed beginning with

the fall 1998 hunting season. Abundance estimates in Oklahoma also

suggest population fluctuations--in 1944, 15,000 birds were estimated

(Duck and Fletcher 1944); by 1956, only 2,500-3,000 (Summars 1956); and

in 1960, approximately 15,000 (Copelin 1963). By 1979, Cannon and Knopf

sser prairie-chicken is considered an upland

game bird, although the harvest season will be closed beginning with

the fall 1998 hunting season. Abundance estimates in Oklahoma also

suggest population fluctuations--in 1944, 15,000 birds were estimated

(Duck and Fletcher 1944); by 1956, only 2,500-3,000 (Summars 1956); and

in 1960, approximately 15,000 (Copelin 1963). By 1979, Cannon and Knopf

(1980) reported an estimated total of 7,500 lesser prairie-chickens. A

very rough estimate of 475 total lesser prairie-chickens in spring of

1995 was provided to the petitioner by the Oklahoma Department of

Wildlife Conservation (ODWC). Between 1968 and 1997, the mean number of

males per active lek ranged from a high of 16.5 in 1975 to a low of 4.6

in 1995. In both 1996 and 1997, an average of 6.8 males per active lek

was estimated. Between 1987 and 1997, the estimated density of leks

within occupied habitat ranged from a high of 0.13 leks per 100 ha

(0.33 leks per sq mi) in 1988 to a low of 0.024 leks per 100 ha (0.06

leks per sq mi) in 1997 (ODWC 1997).

In Texas, the lesser prairie-chicken is an upland game bird with a

legal harvest from October 18-19. Although Litton (1978) reported

estimates of 2 million birds in Texas prior to 1900, the source of this

estimate is unknown. By 1937, the population may have been reduced to

12,000 (Oberholser 1974). In 1967, the State of Texas believed the

lesser prairie-chicken population was of sufficient size to reinstate a

limited harvest, which had been closed since 1937. In 1979, the

population was estimated at 11,000-18,000 birds (Crawford 1980).

Between 1942 and 1986, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD)

annually estimated density of leks per 100 ha in two counties of the

Texas panhandle (Wheeler and Hemphill). During this time period,

density of leks in Hemphill County remained fairly stable, and averaged

0.083 leks per 100 ha (0.21 leks per sq mi)

1979, the

population was estimated at 11,000-18,000 birds (Crawford 1980).

Between 1942 and 1986, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD)

annually estimated density of leks per 100 ha in two counties of the

Texas panhandle (Wheeler and Hemphill). During this time period,

density of leks in Hemphill County remained fairly stable, and averaged

0.083 leks per 100 ha (0.21 leks per sq mi). In 1997, density estimated

on this study area was 0.049 leks per 100 ha (0.13 leks per sq mi), 41

percent below the 1942-1986 average. In Wheeler County, the 1942-1985

average was 0.518 leks per 100 ha (1.35 leks per sq mi), and the 1997

estimate was 0.074 leks per 100 ha (0.19 leks per sq mi), 85.7 percent

lower than the 1942-1986 average (J. Hughes, in litt. August 26, 1997).

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act and regulations (50 CFR

part 424) promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the Act

set forth the procedures for adding species to the Federal lists. A

species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened species due

to one or more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1). These

factors and their application to the lesser prairie-chicken are as

follows:

A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment

of Its Habitat or Range

Historical and Current Range

In the early twentieth century, lesser prairie-chickens were

reportedly common throughout their five-state range (Bent 1932, Baker

1953, Sands 1968, Fleharty 1995). Lesser prairie-chickens are currently

found within each of the five states, although their distribution

within those states has declined (Bent 1932, Taylor and Guthery 1980,

Giesen 1997).

The area originally occupied by lesser prairie-chickens was

estimated as 358,000 square kilometers (sq km) (140,000 sq mi), and by

1969 it was about 125,000 sq km (49,000 sq mi), due to wide-scale

conversion of native prairie to cultivated cropland (Taylor and Guthery

1980 based on Aldrich 1963)

distribution

within those states has declined (Bent 1932, Taylor and Guthery 1980,

Giesen 1997).

The area originally occupied by lesser prairie-chickens was

estimated as 358,000 square kilometers (sq km) (140,000 sq mi), and by

1969 it was about 125,000 sq km (49,000 sq mi), due to wide-scale

conversion of native prairie to cultivated cropland (Taylor and Guthery

1980 based on Aldrich 1963). In 1980, occupied range was estimated at

27,300 sq km (10,700 sq mi), which represented a 78 percent decrease in

range since 1963, and a 92 percent decrease since the 1800s (Taylor and

Guthery 1980).

Colorado--It is likely that lesser prairie-chickens were resident

only in six counties prior to settlement (Giesen 1994a). Museum

specimens are known only from Baca and Prowers counties (Giesen 1994a).

At present, lesser prairie-chickens are known to be present in Baca,

Prowers, and Kiowa counties (Giesen 1994a).

Kansas--Lesser prairie-chicken historical range included 38

counties (Schwilling 1955, Figure 1), and they are currently known to

exist in 19 Kansas counties (R. Applegate, in litt. October 8, 1997).

Oklahoma--Lesser prairie-chickens historically occurred in 16

Oklahoma counties (Duck and Fletcher 1944). In 1943, lesser prairie-

chickens were located in nine counties, comprising an estimated range

of 10,143 sq km (3,962 sq mi) (Duck and Fletcher 1944). In 1963, they

were located in 12 counties, with an estimated range of 6,225 sq km

(2,432 sq mi) (Copelin 1963). By 1979, they were verified in 8

counties; isolated fragments totaled an estimated 2,791 sq km (1,090 sq

mi), a decrease of approximately 72 percent since 1944 (Cannon and

Knopf 1980).

At present, there are reports of lesser prairie-chickens occurring

in seven counties (ODWC 1997; R. Horton, ODWC, in litt. November 12,

1997; J. Shackford, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish

,432 sq mi) (Copelin 1963). By 1979, they were verified in 8

counties; isolated fragments totaled an estimated 2,791 sq km (1,090 sq

mi), a decrease of approximately 72 percent since 1944 (Cannon and

Knopf 1980).

At present, there are reports of lesser prairie-chickens occurring

in seven counties (ODWC 1997; R. Horton, ODWC, in litt. November 12,

1997; J. Shackford, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish

and Wildlife Research Unit, in litt. May 27, 1997). The estimated

occupied range in 1995 was 1,162 sq km (454 sq mi) (R. Horton, ODWC,

pers. comm. December 13, 1995), which would indicate a decrease of 89

percent since Duck and Fletcher's (1944) estimate.

Texas--The earliest systematic survey of lesser prairie-chickens in

the State was Henika (1940) (M. Peterson, TPWD and Wildlife, in litt.

October 17, 1997). At that time, range of the lesser prairie-chicken

encompassed portions of 20 counties (Henika 1940). In addition to those

counties, Oberholser (1974) reported that museum specimens exist for

five additional counties, although there is uncertainty as to whether

two of the five specimens were actually greater prairie-chicken and

Attwater's prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri), respectively

(M. Peterson, in litt. November 12, 1997). Although Henika (1940) may

have reported the first systematic survey, Henika considered the

occupied range at that time to be a reduction of the historical range.

In 1989, the TPWD produced an occupied range map that encompassed

portions of 13 counties (Locknane 1992), with an estimated range of

5,732 sq km (2,239 sq mi) (A. Sansom, in litt. April 3, 1997); a net

loss of 793 sq km (310 sq mi) of occupied habitat had occurred between

1940 and 1989 (M. Peterson, in litt. October 17, 1997). In 1997, TPWD

reported that lesser prairie-chickens were found in 16 counties (K.

Mote, in litt. October 17, 1997)

hat encompassed

portions of 13 counties (Locknane 1992), with an estimated range of

5,732 sq km (2,239 sq mi) (A. Sansom, in litt. April 3, 1997); a net

loss of 793 sq km (310 sq mi) of occupied habitat had occurred between

1940 and 1989 (M. Peterson, in litt. October 17, 1997). In 1997, TPWD

reported that lesser prairie-chickens were found in 16 counties (K.

Mote, in litt. October 17, 1997).

New Mexico--In the 1920s and 1930s, the former range of the lesser

prairie-chicken in New Mexico was described as all of the sandhill

rangeland of eastern New Mexico, from Texas to Colorado, and west to

Buchanan in DeBaca County (Ligon 1927, Bent 1932, Snyder 1967). Ligon

(1927) mapped the breeding range at that time as encompassing portions

of seven counties, a small subset of what he described as former range.

In the 1950s and 1960s, occupied range mapped by Frary (1957) and

Snyder (1967) was more extensive, indicating reoccupation of some

areas. Presently, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF)

reports that lesser prairie-chickens are known in portions of seven

counties (B. Hale, NMDGF, pers. comm. October 6, 1997), and that they

have apparently been extirpated from 3,308 sq km (1,292 sq mi) of an

original range of 22,131 sq km (8,645 sq mi) (Bailey 1997).

Habitat Destruction

Conversion of native sand sagebrush and shinnery oak rangeland to

areas of cultivation is cited by many authors as an important factor in

the decline of lesser prairie-chickens (Copelin 1963; Jackson and

DeArment 1963; Crawford and Bolen 1976; Crawford 1980; Taylor and

Guthery 1980; Braun et al. 1994; Lesser Prairie-chicken Interstate

Working Group 1997). Between 1915 and 1925, many new acres of prairie

sod were plowed on the Great Plains to grow needed wheat (Laycock

1987). By the 1930s, Bent (1932) speculated that extensive cultivation

or overgrazing had begun to cause the species to disappear from

sections where it had been abundant

ord 1980; Taylor and

Guthery 1980; Braun et al. 1994; Lesser Prairie-chicken Interstate

Working Group 1997). Between 1915 and 1925, many new acres of prairie

sod were plowed on the Great Plains to grow needed wheat (Laycock

1987). By the 1930s, Bent (1932) speculated that extensive cultivation

or overgrazing had begun to cause the species to disappear from

sections where it had been abundant. Because grain crops increased

winter food supply, the initial conversion of some native prairie to

cultivation may have been beneficial to the species. However, areas

with greater than 20-37 percent cultivation may be incapable of

supporting stable populations (Crawford and Bolen 1976). In the 1940s,

1970s, and 1980s, additional acres of previously unbroken grassland

were plowed (Laycock 1987).

Bragg and Steuter (1995) estimated that in 1993, only 8 percent of

the bluestem-grama association and 58 percent of the mesquite-

buffalograss association as described by Kuchler (1985) remained. The

remaining mixed-grass prairie vegetation differs from pre-settlement

conditions. The present grazing, fire, and water management regimes are

vastly different and less variable, cultivated cropland has been added,

and the amount of woodland habitat has expanded (Knopf and Samson

1997).

Recent loss of native rangeland within the range of the lesser

prairie-chicken was determined using the National Resources Inventory

(NRI) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources

Conservation Service (NRCS). The 1992 NRI Summary Report provided

estimates of change in rangeland acreage from 1982-1992 for each state.

When considered state-wide, each of the five states with lesser

prairie-chickens showed a decline in the amount of rangeland acreage

over that time period, indicating that loss of habitat may still be

occurring

. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources

Conservation Service (NRCS). The 1992 NRI Summary Report provided

estimates of change in rangeland acreage from 1982-1992 for each state.

When considered state-wide, each of the five states with lesser

prairie-chickens showed a decline in the amount of rangeland acreage

over that time period, indicating that loss of habitat may still be

occurring. However, estimates of rangeland from 1982-1992 for counties

specifically within lesser prairie-chicken range showed no

statistically significant change, possibly due to small sample size and

large variance estimates.

Habitat Modification (Grazing and Fragmentation)

Grazing has always been an ecological force within the Great Plains

ecosystem. The evolutionary history of the mixed-grass prairie resulted

in endemic bird species adapted to a mosaic of lightly to severely

grazed areas (Bragg and Steuter 1995, Knopf and Samson 1997). The

Service believes that areas of heavily, moderately, and lightly grazed

areas are necessary on a landscape scale. In some areas within lesser

prairie-chicken range, an insufficient amount of lightly grazed habitat

is available to support successful nesting (Crawford 1980; Jackson and

DeArment 1963; Davis et al. 1979; Taylor and Guthery 1980; Davies

1992). Uniform or widespread livestock grazing of rangeland to a degree

that leaves less than adequate residual cover remaining in the spring

is considered detrimental to lesser prairie-chicken populations (Bent

1932; Davis et al. 1979; Cannon and Knopf 1980; Crawford 1980; Bidwell

and Peoples 1991; Riley et al. 1992; Giesen 1994b), because grass

height is reduced below that necessary for nesting cover and desirable

food plants are markedly reduced. Superior cover at and around nests is

thought to increase nest success because nests are better concealed

from predators (Davis et al. 1979; Wisdom 1980; Riley et al. 1992;

Giesen 1994b)

d Knopf 1980; Crawford 1980; Bidwell

and Peoples 1991; Riley et al. 1992; Giesen 1994b), because grass

height is reduced below that necessary for nesting cover and desirable

food plants are markedly reduced. Superior cover at and around nests is

thought to increase nest success because nests are better concealed

from predators (Davis et al. 1979; Wisdom 1980; Riley et al. 1992;

Giesen 1994b). When grasslands are in a deteriorated condition due to

overgrazing, the soils have less water-holding capacity, and the

availability of succulent vegetation and insects is reduced. Thus, the

effects of overgrazing are likely exacerbated by drought (Davis et al.

1979; Merchant 1982).

In summary, livestock grazing is not necessarily detrimental to

lesser prairie-chickens. However, a level of grazing that leaves little

cover in the spring for concealment of prairie-chicken nests is

detrimental. In some areas, limited brush control may be warranted, but

widespread eradication of brush to increase forage for livestock can

result in a lack of shrub cover for lesser prairie-chickens which is

also detrimental. Because the lesser prairie-chicken depends on medium

and tall grasses that are preferred by cattle in regions of low

rainfall, its habitat is easily overgrazed (Hamerstrom and Hamerstrom

1961). To be favorable to lesser prairie-chickens, grazing management

must ensure that a diversity of plants and cover types remain on the

landscape (Taylor and Guthery 1980).

Because suitable habitat for lesser prairie-chickens has been lost

due to conversion to agriculture and modified through grazing practices

and other factors, much of the remaining suitable habitat is fragmented

(Crawford 1980; Braun et al. 1994). Fragmentation may exacerbate the

extinction process (Wilcove et al. 1986) through several mechanisms:

remaining fragments may be smaller than the necessary home range size

(Samson 1980), necessary

ens has been lost

due to conversion to agriculture and modified through grazing practices

and other factors, much of the remaining suitable habitat is fragmented

(Crawford 1980; Braun et al. 1994). Fragmentation may exacerbate the

extinction process (Wilcove et al. 1986) through several mechanisms:

remaining fragments may be smaller than the necessary home range size

(Samson 1980), necessary

habitat heterogeneity may be lost, habitat between patches may house

high levels of predators or brood parasites, and the probability of

recolonization decreases as distance from nearest patch increases

(Wilcove et al. 1986; Knopf 1997). As a group, grouse may be relatively

intolerant of extensive habitat fragmentation due to their short

dispersal distances and other life history characteristics such as

specialized food habits and generalized anti-predator strategies (Braun

et al. 1994).

B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or

Educational Purposes

In the late 19th century, lesser prairie-chickens were subject to

market hunting (Jackson and DeArment 1963). Harvest has been regulated

since approximately the turn of the century (Crawford 1980). Giesen

(1997) summarized the history of regulated harvests in each of the

states: hunting seasons were closed in Colorado in the early 1900s; in

Kansas from 1903-1905, 1913-1916, 1927-1930, 1936-1940, 1944-1950, and

1953-1956; in Texas from 1937-1967; in New Mexico from the early 1930s

to 1948, 1950-1958, and 1996 through present; and in Oklahoma from

1916-1928, 1930, 1932, and 1934-1949. Currently, the lesser prairie-

chicken is classified as a game species in Kansas, New Mexico,

Oklahoma, and Texas, although the legal harvest is now closed in New

Mexico and Oklahoma.

The Service does not believe that overutilization through

recreational hunting is a primary cause of lesser prairie-chicken

population declines

resent; and in Oklahoma from

1916-1928, 1930, 1932, and 1934-1949. Currently, the lesser prairie-

chicken is classified as a game species in Kansas, New Mexico,

Oklahoma, and Texas, although the legal harvest is now closed in New

Mexico and Oklahoma.

The Service does not believe that overutilization through

recreational hunting is a primary cause of lesser prairie-chicken

population declines. However, when populations are small and

fragmented, they are vulnerable to local extirpations through many

mechanisms, including human harvest. The Service does not know if the

continental lesser prairie-chicken population has declined to the point

where recreational harvest could cause a significant decline at the

population level.

Braun et al. (1994) called for definitive experiments that evaluate

the extent to which hunting is an additive mortality factor at

different harvest rates and in different patch sizes. In the interim,

they suggested conservative harvest regimes for small or fragmented

populations, because fragmentation likely decreases the resilience of

populations to harvest. The Service concurs with this recommendation.

The effect of recreational observations of birds at leks is

unknown. These effects are likely to be minimal at the population level

if disturbance is minimized by observers remaining in vehicles or

blinds until the birds disperse from the lek after sunrise, and if

observations are confined to a limited number of total leks.

C. Disease or Predation

he Service concurs with this recommendation.

The effect of recreational observations of birds at leks is

unknown. These effects are likely to be minimal at the population level

if disturbance is minimized by observers remaining in vehicles or

blinds until the birds disperse from the lek after sunrise, and if

observations are confined to a limited number of total leks.

C. Disease or Predation

Giesen (1997) reported no available information on ectoparasites or

infectious diseases in lesser prairie-chickens, although several

endoparasites including nematodes and cestodes are known to infect the

species. In the spring of 1997, a sample of 12 lesser prairie-chickens

from Hemphill County, Texas, were captured and tested for the presence

of disease and parasites. No evidence of viral or bacterial diseases,

hemoparasites, parasitic helminths, or ectoparasites was found (J.

Hughes, TPWD, in litt. August 26, 1997). The significance of the

parasite infestations noted in the literature is unknown. The Lesser

Prairie Chicken Interstate Working Group (1997) concluded that while

density-dependent transmission of disease was unlikely to have a

significant effect on lesser prairie-chicken populations, a disease

that was transmitted independently of density could have drastic

effects.

Prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus), northern harriers (Circus

cyaneus), great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and coyotes (Canis

latrans) have been identified as predators of lesser prairie-chicken

adults and chicks (Copelin 1963; Davis et al. 1979; Merchant 1982;

Haukos and Broda 1989; Giesen 1994). Predators of nests and eggs also

include Chihuahuan ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus), striped skunks

(Mephitis mephitis), ground squirrels (Spermophilus spilosoma), and

bullsnakes (Pituophis melanoleucus), as well as coyotes and badgers

(Taxidea taxus) (Davis et al. 1979, Giesen 1997).

Predation on lesser prairie-chickens is especially important

relative to nest success

Broda 1989; Giesen 1994). Predators of nests and eggs also

include Chihuahuan ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus), striped skunks

(Mephitis mephitis), ground squirrels (Spermophilus spilosoma), and

bullsnakes (Pituophis melanoleucus), as well as coyotes and badgers

(Taxidea taxus) (Davis et al. 1979, Giesen 1997).

Predation on lesser prairie-chickens is especially important

relative to nest success. Nest success and brood survival of greater

prairie-chickens accounted for most of the variation in population

trends (Wisdom and Mills 1997). Thus, to have the greatest effect on

population growth, management for greater prairie-chickens should focus

on improving nest success and brood survival. To the Service's

knowledge, a similar analysis has not been completed for the lesser

prairie-chicken, but the Service expects that survival of young is

important for all prairie grouse. Bergerud (1988) concluded that

population changes in many grouse species are driven by changes in

breeding success; this conclusion was supported by an analysis of

Attwater's prairie-chicken (Peterson and Silvy 1994).

The community of prairie mammals has undergone a significant

reconstruction due to destruction of habitat, decimation of keystone

species and top predators, and the increase in generalist and

introduced animals (Benedict et al. 1996). Habitat generalist species

such as the coyote, red fox (Vulpes fulva), gray fox (Urocyon

cinereoargenteus), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) may all have increased

in population size or range size since European settlement (Bowles

1981; Jones et al. 1983; Caire et al. 1989; Benedict et al. 1996). The

initial reduction of large canids of the Great Plains may have been

responsible for an increase in medium-sized predators such as skunk,

raccoon, and fox, which are known to cause low duck nest success in the

northern Great Plains (Sargeant et al. 1984, Garrettson et al. 1996).

As habitat fragmentation increases, the effects of terrestrial nest

predators may increase (Braun et al

1996). The

initial reduction of large canids of the Great Plains may have been

responsible for an increase in medium-sized predators such as skunk,

raccoon, and fox, which are known to cause low duck nest success in the

northern Great Plains (Sargeant et al. 1984, Garrettson et al. 1996).

As habitat fragmentation increases, the effects of terrestrial nest

predators may increase (Braun et al. 1978). The Lesser Prairie-chicken

Interstate Working Group (1997) reported that two ongoing studies of

prairie grouse, in Kansas and Oklahoma, have shown a very high rate of

nest failure due to predators. However, the significance of nest

predation at the population level is not known.

D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

In 1973, the lesser prairie-chicken was listed as threatened in

Colorado under the State's ``Nongame and Endangered or Threatened

Species Conservation Act.'' In July of 1997, the NMDGF received a

formal request to commence an investigation into the status of the

lesser prairie-chicken within New Mexico. This request was the

beginning of the process for potential listing of this species under

New Mexico's Wildlife Conservation Act. Most occupied lesser prairie-

chicken habitat throughout its current range occurs on private land

(Taylor and Guthery 1980), where states have little authority to

protect the species or its habitat, with the exception of setting

harvest regulations.

The National Forest Management Act (NFMA, 36 CFR Ch. 11, Section

219.19), requires that certain species be identified as management

indicator species if their population changes are believed to indicate

the effects of management activities. According to the NFMA, planning

alternatives should be evaluated in terms of population trends of

management indicator species, and biologists from state and Federal

agencies should be consulted to coordinate planning. In Region 2 of the

Forest Service (USFS), the Pike and San Isabel National Forests, which

heir population changes are believed to indicate

the effects of management activities. According to the NFMA, planning

alternatives should be evaluated in terms of population trends of

management indicator species, and biologists from state and Federal

agencies should be consulted to coordinate planning. In Region 2 of the

Forest Service (USFS), the Pike and San Isabel National Forests, which

administers the Comanche and Cimarron National Grasslands, designates

the lesser prairie-chicken as a management indicator species. Its Land

and Resource Management Plan contains specific standards and guidelines

for lesser prairie-chicken habitat management. Revision of the current

Land and Resource Management Plan is scheduled to be completed in 1999

(J. Hartman, pers. comm. April 22, 1997).

The current standards and guidelines apply wherever lesser prairie-

chickens occur on these Grasslands (J. Hartman, in litt. April 25,

1997). The guidelines direct the USFS to: maintain range with a

diversity of plant forms, promote mid-seral to potential natural

community plant species, protect all lesser prairie-chicken leks from

surface disturbance at all times, protect nesting habitat from surface

disturbance from April 15-June 30, and limit livestock and wild

herbivore allowable forage use in lesser prairie-chicken habitat to 40

percent (J. Hartman, in litt. April 25, 1997). As stated in the Oil and

Gas Leasing Environmental Impact Statement for the Comanche and

Cimarron National Grasslands, no surface use is allowed in ``prairie

chicken dancing grounds and nesting areas'' between March 1 and June 1

(J. Hartman, in litt. April 25, 1997). Internal USFS recommendations

(USDA Forest Service 1995) to implement a specific habitat monitoring

plan to ensure that nesting habitat standards are met had not been

implemented as of December 1997 (S. Curry, USFS, pers. comm. December

1, 1997)

no surface use is allowed in ``prairie

chicken dancing grounds and nesting areas'' between March 1 and June 1

(J. Hartman, in litt. April 25, 1997). Internal USFS recommendations

(USDA Forest Service 1995) to implement a specific habitat monitoring

plan to ensure that nesting habitat standards are met had not been

implemented as of December 1997 (S. Curry, USFS, pers. comm. December

1, 1997).

In Region 3 of the USFS, the Cibola National Forest, which

administers the Black Kettle, Kiowa, and Rita Blanca National

Grasslands, does not designate the lesser prairie-chicken as a

management indicator species and does not provide specific standards

and guidelines for lesser prairie-chicken habitat management. The Land

and Resource Management Plan is currently being revised, and the USFS

is considering: (1) making the lesser prairie-chicken an indicator

species; and (2) the implementation of grazing guidelines specific to

lesser prairie-chicken habitat needs. However, these decisions have not

been finalized (L. Cosper, USFS, pers. comm. January 13, 1998). Over

the past year, District Rangers of the Cimarron, Comanche, and Black

Kettle National Grasslands have been consulting with the State wildlife

agencies to refine nesting habitat recommendations and to develop

grazing standards (J. Hartman and D. Pieper, in litt. September 5,

1997).

The other Federal land occupied by lesser prairie-chickens is

administered by the BLM in New Mexico. The lesser prairie-chicken has

no official special status on land administered by the BLM (E.

Roberson, BLM, in litt. January 12, 1998). The majority of lesser

prairie-chicken habitat is within the Roswell Resource Area. In October

of 1997 the Roswell Approved Resource Management Plan and Record of

Decision were signed (BLM 1997a). Drilling and 3-D geophysical

exploration will not be allowed in lesser prairie-chicken habitat March

15-June 15 each year

land administered by the BLM (E.

Roberson, BLM, in litt. January 12, 1998). The majority of lesser

prairie-chicken habitat is within the Roswell Resource Area. In October

of 1997 the Roswell Approved Resource Management Plan and Record of

Decision were signed (BLM 1997a). Drilling and 3-D geophysical

exploration will not be allowed in lesser prairie-chicken habitat March

15-June 15 each year. During that period, other activities that produce

noise or involve human activity will not be allowed between 3:00 am and

9:00 am; this does not include normal, around-the-clock operations. No

new drilling will be allowed within 200 meters (m) (650 feet (ft)) of

all known leks, although exceptions will be considered for areas of no

or low prairie-chicken booming activity; unoccupied habitat, including

leks, as determined at the time of permitting; or in emergency

situations (BLM 1997a, App. 1). Because lesser prairie-chickens often

nest within a 3 km (1.9 mi) radius of a lek, restrictions on drilling

within 200 m will not protect all or even a majority of nesting

habitat.

Davis et al. (1979) were contracted by BLM to provide information

necessary to evaluate the effects of grazing on lesser prairie chicken

habitat needs. Although Davis et al. (1979) recommended reduction of

stock levels and construction of a series of livestock exclosures at

least 32 ha (80 acres (ac)) in size, it is not clear that these

recommendations were followed. In 1997 BLM reported the presence of

several 1 ha (2-3 ac) exclosures, one 40 ha (97 ac) exclosure, and a

proposed expansion of a 37 ha (91 ac) exclosure to 80 ha (195 ac) (R.

French, BLM, pers. comm. November 12, 1997; BLM 1997a).

In New Mexico, the BLM administers a total of 2,275 grazing

allotments, 290 of which have Allotment Management Plans in place to

guide livestock grazing management (BLM 1997b). Of the 415 grazing

allotments present in the Roswell Resource Area, 45 have existing

Allotment Management Plans

f a 37 ha (91 ac) exclosure to 80 ha (195 ac) (R.

French, BLM, pers. comm. November 12, 1997; BLM 1997a).

In New Mexico, the BLM administers a total of 2,275 grazing

allotments, 290 of which have Allotment Management Plans in place to

guide livestock grazing management (BLM 1997b). Of the 415 grazing

allotments present in the Roswell Resource Area, 45 have existing

Allotment Management Plans. An estimated 3 new plans or revisions will

be completed each year. The Resource Management Plan states that

adjustments in livestock numbers or other changes will be considered

and implemented, if needed, to avoid conflicts with the management of

habitat for lesser prairie-chickens (BLM 1997a, p. 30). Stocking rates

may not be decreased if a change in grazing management (change in

season of use, pasture rest rotation, or Holistic Range Management) can

be used to meet the same goal (E. Roberson, in litt. January 12, 1998).

As a separate effort, Standards for Public Land Health and

Guidelines for Livestock Grazing are being developed for public lands

by the New Mexico Resource Advisory Council, and ``will be implemented

in the Roswell Resource Area to develop a more effective partnership

between the ranching industry and the BLM'' (BLM 1997a, p. 31). A draft

copy of the Standards and Guidelines provided to the Service indicated

that livestock grazing guidelines will be applied only after it is

determined that a site does not meet the specified standard (BLM

1997b). Site indicator interpretations and targets will be developed by

each BLM field office in conjunction with various rangeland interests

(BLM 1997b, p. 4). The Service noted that no mention was made of NMDGF

or Service participation in the development of these standards. In

addition, while the above-referenced language in the approved Resource

Management Plan discusses potential livestock adjustments to avoid

conflicts with lesser prairie-chicken habitat needs, no specific

proposals to do so were noted

ous rangeland interests

(BLM 1997b, p. 4). The Service noted that no mention was made of NMDGF

or Service participation in the development of these standards. In

addition, while the above-referenced language in the approved Resource

Management Plan discusses potential livestock adjustments to avoid

conflicts with lesser prairie-chicken habitat needs, no specific

proposals to do so were noted. Given that the lesser prairie-chicken is

not currently a Federal- or State-listed species, a regulatory

mechanism may not exist to ensure development of standards and

guidelines that favor lesser prairie-chicken habitat needs.

E. Other Natural or Human Made Factors Affecting Its Continued

Existence

Drought is considered a universal ecological driver across the

Great Plains (Knopf 1997). Infrequent, severe drought may cause local

extinctions of annual forbs and grasses that have invaded stands of

perennial species, and recolonization of these areas may be slow

(Tilman and El Haddi 1992). In this way, drought may impact lesser

prairie-chickens through its effect on seasonal growth of vegetation

necessary to provide nesting and roosting cover, food, and escape from

predators (Merchant 1982; Peterson and Silvy 1994; Morrow et al. 1996).

The sensitivity of lesser prairie-chickens to drought was discussed

by Crawford (1980) and Hamerstrom and Hamerstrom (1961). Home ranges

may be larger in drought years (Copelin 1963, Merchant 1982), and

recruitment may be less likely after drought years (Merchant 1982,

Morrow 1986, Giesen 1997). Along with other prairie grouse, this

species has a high reproductive potential in years of adequate

e sensitivity of lesser prairie-chickens to drought was discussed

by Crawford (1980) and Hamerstrom and Hamerstrom (1961). Home ranges

may be larger in drought years (Copelin 1963, Merchant 1982), and

recruitment may be less likely after drought years (Merchant 1982,

Morrow 1986, Giesen 1997). Along with other prairie grouse, this

species has a high reproductive potential in years of adequate

conditions. Thus, drought conditions are unlikely to be the sole

causative factor in long-term lesser prairie-chicken population

declines, unless the severity and/or frequency of drought has increased

in recent years.

To address this question, the Service reviewed available records of

the monthly Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI, Palmer 1965) which

takes into account precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil-moisture

conditions (Alley 1985). Monthly PDSI values from January 1895 through

July 1997 were obtained for the climate divisions within the lesser

prairie-chicken's range. Review of the average PDSI for the months

March-August in each year reveals that while major droughts over the

last century are clearly observed in each climate division (1930s,

1950s), there does not appear to be an increase in the frequency or

severity of drought conditions over the last 10-15 years. Highs and

lows during that time are well within the range of variation

experienced over the last 100 years.

Female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) have been

documented parasitizing nests of several species, including greater

prairie-chicken (Vance and Westemeier 1979; Kimmel 1987; Westemeier et

al. 1989). Consequences of nest parasitism vary, and may include

abandonment of the host nest, reduction in number of host eggs, lower

hatching success, and parasitic broods (Kimmel 1987). Predation rate

may increase with incidence of parasitism (Vance and Westemeier 1979)

tizing nests of several species, including greater

prairie-chicken (Vance and Westemeier 1979; Kimmel 1987; Westemeier et

al. 1989). Consequences of nest parasitism vary, and may include

abandonment of the host nest, reduction in number of host eggs, lower

hatching success, and parasitic broods (Kimmel 1987). Predation rate

may increase with incidence of parasitism (Vance and Westemeier 1979).

Further consequences may include the imprinting of the pheasant young

from the parasitized nest to the host species, and later attempts by

male pheasants to court females of the host species (Schein 1963,

Kimmel 1987). Male pheasants have been observed disrupting the breeding

behavior of greater prairie-chickens on leks (Sharp 1957, Follen 1966,

Vance and Westemeier 1979). In addition, pheasant displays toward

female prairie-chickens almost always cause the female to leave the lek

(Vance and Westemeier 1979). Thus, an attempt by a pheasant to display

on a prairie-chicken lek would completely disrupt the normal courtship

activities of prairie-chickens.

To our knowledge, no published reports of this disruption exist for

lesser prairie-chickens, although the Service has received anecdotal

reports from staff of the ODWC, the TPWD, and the Oklahoma Cooperative

Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. The Service considers competition with

and parasitism by pheasants another factor that may have affected

lesser prairie-chicken populations. This factor needs further

quantification to understand its relative impact on lesser prairie-

chicken populations.

Section 4(b) of the Act states that the Service may make warranted

but precluded findings only if it can demonstrate that: (1) An

immediate proposed rule is precluded by other pending proposals; and

that (2) expeditious progress is being made on other listing actions.

On September 21, 1983 (48 FR 43098), the Service published in the

Federal Register its priority system for listing species under the Act

b) of the Act states that the Service may make warranted

but precluded findings only if it can demonstrate that: (1) An

immediate proposed rule is precluded by other pending proposals; and

that (2) expeditious progress is being made on other listing actions.

On September 21, 1983 (48 FR 43098), the Service published in the

Federal Register its priority system for listing species under the Act.

The system considers magnitude of threat, immediacy of threat, and

taxonomic distinctiveness in assigning species numerical listing

priorities on a scale of 1 to 12. The Service has determined that the

overall magnitude of threats to the lesser prairie-chicken throughout

its range is moderate, and that the threats are ongoing, thus they are

considered imminent. A listing priority of 8 has consequently been

assigned for the lesser prairie-chicken. The Service is making

expeditious progress on other, higher priority listing actions.

The Service's 12 month finding contains more detailed information

regarding the above decisions. A copy may be obtained from the Oklahoma

Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES section). If additional

data become available in the future, the Service may reassess the

listing priority for this species or the need for listing.

References Cited

A complete list of references cited in this notice is available

upon request from the Oklahoma Ecological Services Field Office (see

ADDRESSES section).

Author

The primary author of this document is Noreen E. Walsh, Oklahoma

Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES section).

Authority

The authority for this action is the Endangered Species Act (16

U.S.C. 1532 et seq.)

Dated: June 1, 1998.

Jamie Rappaport Clark,

Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.

[FR Doc. 98-15333 Filed 6-8-98; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4310-55-P