Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered Status for 10 Plant Taxa From Maui Nui, Hawaii

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AE22

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed

Endangered Status for 10 Plant Taxa From Maui Nui, Hawaii

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes

endangered status pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as

amended (Act), for 10 plant taxa: Clermontia samuelii (`oha wai),

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (haha), Cyanea glabra (haha),

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (haha), Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

humilis (na`ena`e), Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (kopa),

Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama o Kanaloa), Labordia

tinifolia var. lanaiensis (kamakahala), Labordia triflora (kamakahala),

and Melicope munroi (alani). All 10 taxa are endemic to the Maui Nui

group of islands, in the Hawaiian Islands. This group includes Maui,

Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe. Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii

ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora, and Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis are endemic to the

island of Maui. Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi and Labordia

tinifolia var. lanaiensis are endemic to the island of Lanai. Kanaloa

kahoolawensis is endemic to the island of Kahoolawe, although pollen

studies indicate it may have been a dominant species on Oahu until 800

years ago. Labordia triflora is endemic to Molokai, and Melicope munroi

is found on Lanai but was also known historically from Molokai. The 10

plant taxa and their habitats have been variously affected or are

currently threatened by one or more of the following: Competition,

predation or habitat degradation from alien species, natural disasters,

and random environmental events. This proposal, if made final, would

implement the Federal protection provisions provided by the Act.

nai but was also known historically from Molokai. The 10

plant taxa and their habitats have been variously affected or are

currently threatened by one or more of the following: Competition,

predation or habitat degradation from alien species, natural disasters,

and random environmental events. This proposal, if made final, would

implement the Federal protection provisions provided by the Act.

DATES: Comments from all interested parties must be received by July

14, 1997. Public hearing requests must be received by June 30, 1997.

ADDRESSES: Comments and materials concerning this proposal should be

sent to Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office,

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 6307,

P.O. Box 50167, Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Comments and materials received

will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal

business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific

Islands Ecoregion Office, see ADDRESSES section, or telephone 808-541-

2749 or FAX 808-541-2756.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea

glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

humilis, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Kanaloa kahoolawensis,

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Labordia triflora, and Melicope

munroi are, or were, known from four Hawaiian Islands: Molokai, Lanai,

Maui, and Kahoolawe. The current and historical distribution by island

for each of the 10 taxa is presented in Table 1.

The Hawaiian archipelago includes eight large volcanic islands

(Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii), as

well as offshore islets, shoals, and atolls set on submerged volcanic

remnants at the northwest end of the chain

an Islands: Molokai, Lanai,

Maui, and Kahoolawe. The current and historical distribution by island

for each of the 10 taxa is presented in Table 1.

The Hawaiian archipelago includes eight large volcanic islands

(Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii), as

well as offshore islets, shoals, and atolls set on submerged volcanic

remnants at the northwest end of the chain. The archipelago covers a

land area of about 16,600 square kilometers (sq km) (6,400 sq miles

(mi)), extending roughly between latitude 18 deg.50' to 28 deg.15' N

and longitude 154 deg.40' to 178 deg.70' W, and ranging in elevation

from sea level to 4,200 meters (m) (13,800 feet (ft)) (Department of

Geography 1983). The regional geological setting is a mid-oceanic

volcanic island archipelago set in a roughly northwest to southeast

line, with younger islands to the southeast. The four main central

islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe are part of a large

volcanic mass of six major volcanoes, which were united as a single

island during times of lower sea level. This island, called Maui Nui,

covered about 5,200 sq km (2,000 sq m). The youngest island in this

group, Maui, consists of two volcanoes--the older West Maui, 1.3

million years old, and the younger Haleakala, 0.4 to 0.8 million years

old. The islands progress in age from Haleakala (or East Maui), through

Kahoolawe (1 million years old), West Maui, Lanai (1.2 to 1.5 million

years old), to Molokai. Molokai consists of three volcanoes: East

Molokai (1.3 to 1.5 million years old), West Molokai (1.5 to 1.8

million years old), and Kalaupapa Peninsula (1.2 million years old).

The older islands are increasingly eroded (Macdonald et al. 1986). The

topography of the Hawaiian Islands comprising Maui Nui is extremely

diverse

ears old), West Maui, Lanai (1.2 to 1.5 million

years old), to Molokai. Molokai consists of three volcanoes: East

Molokai (1.3 to 1.5 million years old), West Molokai (1.5 to 1.8

million years old), and Kalaupapa Peninsula (1.2 million years old).

The older islands are increasingly eroded (Macdonald et al. 1986). The

topography of the Hawaiian Islands comprising Maui Nui is extremely

diverse. On the youngest part of the island of Maui, gently sloping

unweathered shield volcanoes with very poor soil development are

juxtaposed with older, heavily weathered valleys with steep walls,

well-developed streams, and gently sloped flood plains. The older

volcanoes, West Maui and Molokai, are generally more weathered. On a

typical older island, sea cliffs and large amphitheater-headed valleys

on the windward (northeast) side contrast with erosionally younger,

dissected slopes on the leeward (southwest) side (Department of

Geography 1983).

Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of the Proposed Species

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Island within Maui Nui

Species -------------------------------------------------------

M Mo L Ka

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Clermontia samuelii..................................... C ............ ............ ............

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis................... C ............ ............ ............

Cyanea glabra........................................... C ............ ............ ............

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora..................... C ............ ............ ............

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis....................... C ............ ............ ............

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana ssp. remyi.................. ............ ............ C ............

Kanaloa kahoolawensis................................... ............ ............ ...........

...........

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora..................... C ............ ............ ............

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis....................... C ............ ............ ............

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana ssp. remyi.................. ............ ............ C ............

Kanaloa kahoolawensis................................... ............ ............ ............ C*

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis...................... ............ ............ C ............

Labordia triflora....................................... ............ C ............ ............

Melicope munroi......................................... ............ H C ............

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KEY

C = current; population last observed within the past 20 years.

H = historical; population not seen for over 20 years.

M-Maui

Mo-Molokai

L-Lanai

Ka-Kahoolawe

*Kanaloa kahoolawensis was most likely a dominant species in the lowland areas of Oahu, and possibly Maui, up

until 800 years ago, according to pollen records.

The climate of the Hawaiian Islands reflects the tropical setting

buffered by the surrounding ocean (Department of Geography 1983). The

prevailing winds are northeast trades with some seasonal fluctuation in

strength. There are also winter storm systems and occasional

hurricanes. Temperatures vary over the year an average of 5

deg.Celsius (C) (11 deg.Fahrenheit (F)) or less, with daily variation

usually exceeding seasonal variation in temperature. Temperature varies

with elevation and ranges from a maximum recorded temperature of 37.7

deg.C (99.9 deg.F), measured at 265 m (870 ft) elevation, to a minimum

of -12.7 deg.C (9.1 deg.F) recorded at 4,205 m (13,795 ft) elevation.

Annual rainfall varies greatly by location, with marked windward to

leeward gradients over short distances

tion

usually exceeding seasonal variation in temperature. Temperature varies

with elevation and ranges from a maximum recorded temperature of 37.7

deg.C (99.9 deg.F), measured at 265 m (870 ft) elevation, to a minimum

of -12.7 deg.C (9.1 deg.F) recorded at 4,205 m (13,795 ft) elevation.

Annual rainfall varies greatly by location, with marked windward to

leeward gradients over short distances. Minimum average annual rainfall

is less than 250 millimeters (mm) (10 inches (in.)); the maximum

average precipitation is well in excess of 11,000 mm (450 in.) per

year. Precipitation is greatest during the months of October through

April. A dry season is apparent in leeward settings, while windward

settings generally receive tradewind-driven rainfall throughout the

year (Department of Geography 1983).

The native-dominated vegetation of the Hawaiian Islands varies

greatly according to elevation, moisture regime, and substrate. The

most recent classification of Hawaiian natural communities recognizes

nearly 100 native vegetation types. Within these types are numerous

island-specific or region-specific associations, comprising an

extremely rich array of vegetation types within a very limited

geographic area. Major vegetation formations include forests,

woodlands, shrublands, grasslands, herblands, and pioneer associations

on lava and cinder substrates (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990).

In Hawaii, lowland, montane, and subalpine forest types extend from

sea level to above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation. Coastal and lowland

forests are generally dry or mesic and may be open or closed-canopied.

The stature of lowland forests is generally under 10 m (30 ft). Three

of the taxa proposed for listing (Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Labordia

triflora) have been reported from lowland mesic forest habitat

a level to above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation. Coastal and lowland

forests are generally dry or mesic and may be open or closed-canopied.

The stature of lowland forests is generally under 10 m (30 ft). Three

of the taxa proposed for listing (Cyanea copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Labordia

triflora) have been reported from lowland mesic forest habitat. Montane

wet forests, occupying elevations between 915 and 1,830 m (3,000 and

6,000 ft), occur on the windward slopes and summits of the islands of

Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The forests may be open- to

closed-canopied, and may exceed 20 m (65 ft) in stature. Montane wet

forests are usually dominated by several species of native trees and

tree ferns. Four of the proposed taxa (Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, and Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp. hamatiflora) have been reported from montane wet forest habitat.

Hawaiian shrublands are also found from coastal to alpine

elevations. The majority of Hawaiian shrubland types are in dry and

mesic settings, or on cliffs and slopes too steep to support trees. One

of the proposed taxa, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, has been reported from

coastal dry shrubland on Kahoolawe. Two of the proposed taxa, Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. humilis and Melicope munroi, have been reported from

lowland wet shrublands, and Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi has

been reported from lowland mesic shrublands.

The land that supports these 10 plant taxa is owned by various

private parties, the State of Hawaii (including forest reserves and

natural area reserves), and the Federal government (Department of the

Interior, National Park Service).

Discussion of the 10 Plant Taxa

Clermontia samuelii

et shrublands, and Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi has

been reported from lowland mesic shrublands.

The land that supports these 10 plant taxa is owned by various

private parties, the State of Hawaii (including forest reserves and

natural area reserves), and the Federal government (Department of the

Interior, National Park Service).

Discussion of the 10 Plant Taxa

Clermontia samuelii

Clermontia samuelii, was first described by C.N. Forbes from a

collection he made in 1919 (Degener and Degener 1958, Forbes 1920).

Harold St. John described C. hanaensis in 1939, based on a specimen

collected by C.N. Forbes in 1920 (Degener and Degener 1960, St. John

1939). Later, St. John formally described C. gracilis, C.

kipahuluensis, and C. rosacea (St. John 1987a). In the most recent

treatment of this endemic Hawaiian genus, Lammers considers all four

species to be synonymous with C. samuelii, and divides the species into

two subspecies--ssp. hanaensis (including the synonyms C. hanaensis and

C. kipahuluensis) and ssp. samuelii (including C. gracilis and C.

rosacea) (Lammers 1989, 1990).

Clermontia samuelii, a member of the bellflower family

(Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub 1.2 to 5 m (4 to 16 ft) tall.

The leaves are elliptical, sometimes broader at the tip, with blades 5

to 10 cm (2 to 4 in.) long and 1.8 to 4.5 cm (0.7 to 1.8 in.) wide. The

upper surfaces of the leaves are dark green, often tinged purplish, and

may be sparsely hairy. The lower surfaces of the leaves are pale green,

and sparsely to densely hairy. The leaf margins are thickened, with

shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. The tips and bases of the leaves are

typically sharply pointed. The inflorescences (flowering clusters) bear

2 to 5 flowers on a main stem that is 4 to 18 mm (0.2 to 0.7 in.) long.

The stalk of each individual flower is 12 to 28 mm (0.5 to 1.1 in.)

long

urfaces of the leaves are pale green,

and sparsely to densely hairy. The leaf margins are thickened, with

shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. The tips and bases of the leaves are

typically sharply pointed. The inflorescences (flowering clusters) bear

2 to 5 flowers on a main stem that is 4 to 18 mm (0.2 to 0.7 in.) long.

The stalk of each individual flower is 12 to 28 mm (0.5 to 1.1 in.)

long. The hypanthium (cup-like structure at the base of the flower) is

widest on the top, 8 to 14 mm (0.3 to 0.6 in.) long, and 5 to 10 mm

(0.2 to 0.4 in.) wide. The sepals and petals are similar in color (rose

or greenish white to white), curved, and tubular. The flowers are 36 to

55 mm (1.4 to 2.2 in.) long and 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) wide. The

lobes of the sepals and petals are erect, and extend 0.2 to 0.5 times

beyond the tube. Berries of this species have not yet been observed. C.

samuelii ssp. hanaensis is differentiated from C. samuelii ssp.

samuelii by the greenish white to white flowers; longer, narrower

leaves with the broadest point near the base of the leaves; and fewer

hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. The species is separated from

other members of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flowers

and the hypanthium (Lammers 1990).

Historically, Clermontia samuelii has been reported from eight

locations on Haleakala, East Maui, from Keanae Valley on the windward

(northeastern) side to Manawainui on the more leeward (southeastern)

side of Haleakala (Hawaii Heritage Program (HHP) 1991a1 to 1991a4,

1991b1 to 1991b4; Medeiros and Loope 1989). Currently, C. samuelii ssp.

hanaensis is known from several populations limited to the northeastern

side of Haleakala, totaling fewer than 300 individuals. The populations

occur on State owned land, within a Natural Area Reserve and a Forest

Reserve (FR) (Arthur C. Medeiros, Biological Resources Division--U.S.

Geological Survey (BRD), pers. comm. 1995). C. samuelii ssp

deiros and Loope 1989). Currently, C. samuelii ssp.

hanaensis is known from several populations limited to the northeastern

side of Haleakala, totaling fewer than 300 individuals. The populations

occur on State owned land, within a Natural Area Reserve and a Forest

Reserve (FR) (Arthur C. Medeiros, Biological Resources Division--U.S.

Geological Survey (BRD), pers. comm. 1995). C. samuelii ssp. samuelii

is known from 5 to 10 populations totalling 50 to 100 individuals. Most

of the populations occur on the back walls of Kipahulu Valley, within

Haleakala National Park, with 2 or 3 of the populations on adjacent

State owned land (Robert Hobdy, Hawaii Division of Forestry and

Wildlife (DOFAW) and A.C. Medeiros, pers. comms. 1995). C. samuelii

ssp. hanaensis is found at, or below, 915 m (3,000 ft) elevation (A.C.

Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995), while C. samuelii ssp. samuelii is

typically found between 1,800 to 2,100 m (6,000 to 6,900 ft) elevation

(HHP 1991b1, 1991b2, 1991b4). Both taxa are found in montane wet forest

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha (o`hi`a) with an understory of

Cibotium sp. (hapu`u) and various native shrubs. Associated plant taxa

include Dubautia sp. (na`ena`e), Clermontia sp. (`oha wai), Hedyotis

sp. (pilo), Vaccinium sp. (ohelo), Carex alligata, Melicope sp.

(alani), and Cheirodendron trigynum (`olapa) (HHP 1991a1, 1991a2,

1991b4).

Threats to Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis include habitat

degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and

competition with alien plant taxa such as Tibouchina herbacea

(glorybush) and two species of Hedychium (ginger) (A.C. Medeiros, pers.

comm. 1995; Fredrick R. Warshauer, BRD, pers. comm. 1995). In addition,

two extremely invasive alien plant taxa, Miconia calvescens (velvet

tree) and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas

and may invade this habitat if not controlled (A.C. Medeiros, pers.

comm. 1995). The habitat of Clermontia samuelii ssp

ybush) and two species of Hedychium (ginger) (A.C. Medeiros, pers.

comm. 1995; Fredrick R. Warshauer, BRD, pers. comm. 1995). In addition,

two extremely invasive alien plant taxa, Miconia calvescens (velvet

tree) and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas

and may invade this habitat if not controlled (A.C. Medeiros, pers.

comm. 1995). The habitat of Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii was

extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and pigs are still a major

threat to the populations on State owned lands. The populations of

Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii within the park have been fenced and

pigs have been eradicated. Due to the large populations of pigs in

adjacent areas, the park populations must constantly be monitored to

prevent further ingress (R. Hobdy and A.C. Medeiros, pers. comms.

1995). Rats (mainly Rattus rattus) and slugs are known to eat leaves,

stems, and fruits of other members of this genus, and therefore are a

potential threat to both subspecies (Loyal Mehrhoff, U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service (USFWS), in litt. 1995).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis

Cyanea haleakalaensis was first described in 1971 by St. John, from

a collection made by G.Y. Kikudome in 1951 (St. John 1971). In 1987,

St. John (St. John 1987b) merged the two genera Cyanea and Delissea,

formally recognizing only Delissea, the genus with priority. This

resulted in the combination D. haleakalaensis. Lammers retains both

genera in the currently accepted treatment of the Hawaiian members of

the family, and in 1988 he recognized C. haleakalaensis as a subspecies

of C. copelandii, publishing the new combination C. copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis (Lammers 1988, 1990). C. copelandii ssp. copelandii was

previously listed as an endangered species (59 FR 10305).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, a member of the bellflower

family, is a vine-like shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 7 ft) tall, with

sprawling stems. The sap of this species is a tan latex

a subspecies

of C. copelandii, publishing the new combination C. copelandii ssp.

haleakalaensis (Lammers 1988, 1990). C. copelandii ssp. copelandii was

previously listed as an endangered species (59 FR 10305).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, a member of the bellflower

family, is a vine-like shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 7 ft) tall, with

sprawling stems. The sap of this species is a tan latex. Stems are

unbranched or sparingly branched from the base. The leaves are

elliptical, 10 to 19 cm (4 to 7 in.) long, and 3.5 to 8.5 cm (1.4 to

3.3 in.) wide. The upper surfaces of the leaves have no hairs, while

the lower surfaces are hairy. The margins of the leaves are thickened,

with small, widely spaced, sharp teeth. The leaf stalks are 2.5 to 10

cm (1 to 4 in.) long. The inflorescences are 5 to 12-flowered and

hairy. The main inflorescence stalks are 20 to 45 mm (0.8 to 1.8 in.)

long. The hypanthium is oval and widest at the top, 6 to 10 mm (0.2 to

0.4 in.) long, about 5 mm (0.2 in.) wide, and hairy. The corolla

(petals collectively) is yellowish but appears pale rose in color due

to a covering of dark red hairs. The corolla is 37 to 42 mm (1.4 to 1.6

in.) long and about 5 mm (0.2 in.) wide. The corolla tube is gently

curved and the lobes spread about 0.25 times beyond the tube. The

berries are dark orange, oval, and 7 to 15 mm (0.3 to 0.6 in.) long.

This subspecies is differentiated from the other subspecies by the

elliptical leaves, which are also shorter. This species differs from

others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the vine-like stems and the

yellowish flowers that appear red due to the covering of hairs (Lammers

1990).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis was historically reported

from six locations on the windward (northeastern) side of Haleakala,

East Maui, from Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley (Chock and Kikudome (299)

1950; Forbes (1680.M) 1919, (1708.M) 1919, (2616.M) 1920, (2675.M)

1920; Hobdy (887) 1980; Kikudome (454) 1951; Lamoureux and DeWreede

appear red due to the covering of hairs (Lammers

1990).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis was historically reported

from six locations on the windward (northeastern) side of Haleakala,

East Maui, from Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley (Chock and Kikudome (299)

1950; Forbes (1680.M) 1919, (1708.M) 1919, (2616.M) 1920, (2675.M)

1920; Hobdy (887) 1980; Kikudome (454) 1951; Lamoureux and DeWreede

(3917) 1967; Rock (25660b) 1954; St. John (24732) 1950; Warshauer and

Kepler (FRW 2698) 1980; Warshauer and McEldowney (FRW 2769) 1980;

Wagner et al. (5912) 1988). Currently, this taxon is known from two

populations: One population of about 200 individuals in Kipahulu

Valley, within Haleakala National Park; and one population of 35

individuals on lower Waikamoi flume, which is privately owned. Typical

habitat is stream banks and wet scree slopes in montane wet or mesic

forest dominated by Acacia koa (koa) and/or Metrosideros polymorpha

(Hobdy (887) 1980; Medeiros and Loope 1989; National Tropical Botanical

Garden (NTBG) 1994; Wagner et al. (5912) 1988; R. Hobdy and A.C.

Medeiros, pers. comms. 1995). C. copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis is

found at elevations between 730 and 1,340 m (2,400 and 4,400 ft) (Hobdy

(887) 1980; Wagner et al. (5912) 1988; Warshauer and Kepler (FRW 2698)

1980; Warshauer and McEldowney (FRW 2769) 1980; A.C. Medeiros, pers.

comm. 1995). Associated species include Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea), Psychotria hawaiiensis (kopiko `ula), Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao), and Hedyotis acuminata (au) (Wagner et al. (5912) 1988).

The major threats to Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis are

habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs and competition

with several alien plant taxa (Higashino et al. 1988; Hobdy (887) 1980;

NTBG 1994; R. Hobdy, A.C. Medeiros, and F.R. Warshauer, pers. comms.

1995)

a hawaiiensis (kopiko `ula), Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao), and Hedyotis acuminata (au) (Wagner et al. (5912) 1988).

The major threats to Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis are

habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs and competition

with several alien plant taxa (Higashino et al. 1988; Hobdy (887) 1980;

NTBG 1994; R. Hobdy, A.C. Medeiros, and F.R. Warshauer, pers. comms.

1995). Rats (mainly Rattus rattus) and slugs (mainly Milax gagetes) are

known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of other members of this genus,

and therefore are a potential threat to this species (L. Mehrhoff, in

litt. 1995). In addition, C. copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis is

threatened by random environmental events since it is known from only

two populations.

Cyanea glabra

Cyanea glabra was first collected on West Maui by Willam Hillebrand

who named it Cyanea holophylla var. obovata (Hillebrand 1888). In 1943,

F.E. Wimmer named it C. knudsenii var. glabra, based on a specimen

collected by Forbes on East Maui (Wimmer 1943). In 1981, St. John

elevated C. knudsenii var. glabra to full species status as C. glabra

(St. John 1981). Lammers, in the most recent treatment of the Hawaiian

members of the family, upheld the species name, and included C.

holophylla var. obovata as well as the following synonyms in C. glabra:

C. scabra var. variabilis, Delissea glabra, D. holophylla var. obovata,

and D. scabra var. variabilis (Lammers 1990, Rock 1919).

Cyanea glabra, a member of the bellflower family, is a branched

shrub. The leaves of juvenile plants are deeply pinnately lobed, while

those of the adult plants are more or less entire and elliptical. Adult

leaves are 23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 in.) long and 7 to 12 cm (3 to 5 in.)

wide. The upper surfaces of the leaves are green and hairless, while

the lower surfaces are pale green and hairless to sparsely hairy. The

margins of the adult leaves are thickened and shallowly toothed to

irregularly lobed. Six to eight flowers are borne in each

inflorescence

are more or less entire and elliptical. Adult

leaves are 23 to 36 cm (9 to 14 in.) long and 7 to 12 cm (3 to 5 in.)

wide. The upper surfaces of the leaves are green and hairless, while

the lower surfaces are pale green and hairless to sparsely hairy. The

margins of the adult leaves are thickened and shallowly toothed to

irregularly lobed. Six to eight flowers are borne in each

inflorescence. The main inflorescence stalk is 20 to 55 mm (0.8 to 2.2

in.) long, while the individual flower stalk is 12 to 25 mm (0.5 to 1.0

in.) long. The hypanthium is widest at the top, 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4

in.) long, and about 5 mm (0.2 in.) wide. The corolla is white, often

with a pale lilac tinge, 50 to 60 mm (2 to 2.4 in.) long, and about 8

mm (0.3 in.) wide. The tube of the corolla is curved. The lobes are

spreading, 0.25 to 0.33 times as long as the tube, and are covered by

small, sharp projections. The berries are yellowish orange, elliptical,

and 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in.) long. The calyx (sepals collectively)

persist on the berry. This species is differentiated from others in

this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the pinnately

lobed juvenile leaves (Lammers 1990).

Cyanea glabra has been reported historically from two locations on

West Maui (Hillebrand 1888; Steve Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm. 1992) and

five locations on Haleakala, East Maui (HHP 1991c1 to 1991c5). This

species is currently known from only two populations: One population of

12 individuals in Kauaula Gulch on West Maui, on privately owned land

(S. Perlman, pers. comm. 1995); and one scattered population of

approximately 200 individuals in Kipahulu Valley, within Haleakala

National Park (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). Typical habitat is wet

forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at

elevations between 975 to 1,340 m (3,200 to 4,400 ft) (A.C. Medeiros,

pers. comm. 1995).

The primary threat to Cyanea glabra is slugs (A.C. Medeiros, pers.

comm. 1995)

ttered population of

approximately 200 individuals in Kipahulu Valley, within Haleakala

National Park (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). Typical habitat is wet

forest dominated by Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at

elevations between 975 to 1,340 m (3,200 to 4,400 ft) (A.C. Medeiros,

pers. comm. 1995).

The primary threat to Cyanea glabra is slugs (A.C. Medeiros, pers.

comm. 1995). Additional threats are habitat degradation and/or

destruction by feral pigs, flooding, and competition with several alien

plant taxa (R. Hobdy and A.C. Medeiros, pers. comms. 1995). Rats are a

potential threat to C. glabra, since they are known to eat plant parts

of other members of the bellflower family (L. Mehrhoff, in litt. 1995;

A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). Leaf damage in the form of stippling

and yellowing by the twospotted leafhopper (Saphonia rufofascia) has

been observed on other native species within the area of C. glabra on

West Maui and is a potential threat to this species (Kenneth Wood,

NTBG, pers. comm. 1995). Random environmental events are a threat to

this species, with only two populations remaining.

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora

Cyanea hamatiflora was first collected by Joseph Rock in 1910 and

described in 1913 (Rock 1913). In 1987, St. John (St. John 1987b)

merged the two genera Cyanea and Delissea, formally recognizing only

Delissea, the genus with priority. This resulted in the combination D.

hamatiflora. In 1988, Lammers upheld Cyanea as a separate genus and

combined C. carlsonii with this species, resulting in two subspecies:

The federally endangered C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (59 FR 10305)

and the nominative C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (Lammers 1988,

1990).

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, a member of the bellflower

family, is a palm-like tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. The latex is

tan in color. The leaves are elliptical with the broadest point at the

tip, or they may be narrowly oblong

ubspecies:

The federally endangered C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii (59 FR 10305)

and the nominative C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (Lammers 1988,

1990).

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, a member of the bellflower

family, is a palm-like tree 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. The latex is

tan in color. The leaves are elliptical with the broadest point at the

tip, or they may be narrowly oblong. The leaf blades are 50 to 80 cm

(20 to 30 in.) long, 8 to 14 cm (3 to 5.5 in.) wide, and have no stem.

The upper surface of the leaf is sparsely hairy to hairless and the

lower surface is hairy at least along the midrib and veins. The leaf

margins are minutely round-toothed. The inflorescence is 5 to 10

flowered with main stalks 15 to 30 mm (0.6 to 1.2 in.) long. The stalks

of individuals flowers are 5 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in.) long. The

hypanthium is widest at the top, 12 to 30 mm (0.5 to 1.2 in.) long, and

6 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in.) wide. The corolla is magenta in color, 60

to 80 mm (2 to 3 in.) long, 6 to 11 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.) wide, and

hairless. The tube of the corolla is slightly curved, with lobes 0.25

to 0.5 times as long as the tube. The corolla lobes all curve downward,

making the flower appear one-lipped. The anthers (pollen-bearing

structures) are hairless except for the lower two, which have apical

tufts of white hairs. The fruit is a purplish red berry 30 to 45 mm

(1.2 to 1.8 in.) long and 20 to 27 mm (0.8 to 1.1 in.) wide. The berry

is crowned by persistent calyx lobes. This subspecies is differentiated

from the previously listed subspecies (C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii)

by its longer calyx lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This

species is separated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by

fewer flowers per inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1990).

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp

1.1 in.) wide. The berry

is crowned by persistent calyx lobes. This subspecies is differentiated

from the previously listed subspecies (C. hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii)

by its longer calyx lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This

species is separated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by

fewer flowers per inflorescence and narrower leaves (Lammers 1990).

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora was historically known from

eight locations on the windward (northeastern) side of Haleakala, on

Maui, stretching from Puu o Kakae to Manawainui (Degener (7977) 1927;

Forbes (1294.M) 1919, (1654.M) 1919, (2607.M) 1920; Higashino and

Haratani (10037) 1983; Higashino and Holt (9398) 1980; Higashino and

Mizuro (2850) 1976; Hobdy (2630) 1986; Rock (8514) 1918; St. John

(24730) 1951; Skottsberg (870) 1920; Warshauer and McEldowney (FRW

2614) 1980; Warshauer and McEldowney (FRW 2876) 1980). Currently, this

taxon is known from two locations. Five or 6 populations totalling 50

to 100 individuals in Kipahulu Valley occur within Haleakala National

Park (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995), and 5 or 6 populations

totalling 20 to 25 widely scattered individuals occur in the Waikamoi-

Koolau Gap area on privately owned land (NTBG 1995; R. Hobdy, pers.

comm. 1995). Typical habitat for this taxon is montane wet forest

dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, with a Cibotium sp. and/or native

shrub understory, from 975 to 1,500 m (3,200 to 4,920 ft) elevation

(NTBG 1995; Warshauer and McEldowney (FRW 2614) 1980; Warshauer and

McEldowney (FRW 2876) 1980). Associated native plant taxa include

Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia

arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx (haha), Cyanea kunthiana (haha), Vaccinium

sp. (ohelo), Melicope sp., and Myrsine sp. (kolea) (Higashino and

Mizuro (2850) 1976; NTBG 1995).

The major threats to Cyanea hamatiflora ssp

er and McEldowney (FRW 2614) 1980; Warshauer and

McEldowney (FRW 2876) 1980). Associated native plant taxa include

Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe), Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia

arguta, Cyanea solenocalyx (haha), Cyanea kunthiana (haha), Vaccinium

sp. (ohelo), Melicope sp., and Myrsine sp. (kolea) (Higashino and

Mizuro (2850) 1976; NTBG 1995).

The major threats to Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora are

habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs, landslides, and

competition with the alien plant Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani)

(NTBG 1995; R. Hobdy and A.C. Medeiros, pers. comms. 1995). Pig damage

in the form of peeled bark

has been observed on individuals of C. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora

(A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). Rats and slugs are potential

threats, since other Hawaiian members of this family are known to be

eaten by rats and slugs (L. Mehrhoff, in litt. 1995). All populations

of this taxon are in areas where rats and slugs have been observed

(A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis was first described in 1985, from

specimens collected by Gerald Carr, Robert Robichaux, and Rene Sylva in

Black Gorge on West Maui (Carr 1985, Carr 1990).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, a member of the aster family

(Asteraceae), is a dwarfed shrub less than 80 cm (30 in.) tall. The

stems are hairless or occasionally strigullose (having straight hairs

pressed against the stem). The leaves are opposite, narrow, 8 to 15 cm

(3 to 6 in.) long, and 0.7 to 4.5 cm (0.3 to 1.8 in.) wide. The leaves

usually have five to nine nerves, and are hairless or moderately

strigullose. The leaf margins are toothed from the apex to near the

middle. Between 20 to 90 flowering heads are found in each

inflorescence, which is about 20 cm (8 in.) long and 28 cm (11 in.)

wide. Eight to 20 florets (small flower that is part of a dense

cluster) are found in each head, borne on a flat receptacle

The leaves

usually have five to nine nerves, and are hairless or moderately

strigullose. The leaf margins are toothed from the apex to near the

middle. Between 20 to 90 flowering heads are found in each

inflorescence, which is about 20 cm (8 in.) long and 28 cm (11 in.)

wide. Eight to 20 florets (small flower that is part of a dense

cluster) are found in each head, borne on a flat receptacle. The bracts

on the receptacle are about 5 mm (0.2 in.) long, sharply toothed, and

fused together. The corolla is yellow, and may purple with age. The

fruit is an achene (a dry, one-celled, indehiscent fruit) 2.5 to 4 mm

(0.08 to 0.2 in.) long. The taxon is self-incompatible, meaning flowers

must be pollinated by pollen from a different plant. This subspecies

differs from the other two subspecies (D. plantaginea ssp. magnifolia

and D. plantaginea ssp. plantaginea) by having fewer heads per

inflorescence but more florets per head. The species differs from other

Hawaiian members of the genus by the number of nerves in the leaves and

by the close resemblance of the leaves to the genus Plantago (Carr

1985, 1990).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis has only been reported from two

locations in Iao Valley, on West Maui. Both populations are on

privately owned land, and the two populations total fewer than 300

individuals. Typical habitat is wet, barren, wind-blown cliffs, between

350 to 400 m (1,150 to 1,300 ft) elevation. Associated native plant

taxa include Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus (mamaki),

Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu), Carex sp., Hedyotis formosa, Lysimachia

remyi, Bidens sp. (ko`oko`olau), Pritchardia sp. (loulu), and the

federally endangered Plantago princeps (`ale) (Hawaii Plant

Conservation Center 1990; HHP 1991d1, 1991d2; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.

1995).

Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis include landslides and

several alien plant taxa (HPCC 1990; HHP 1991d1; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.

1995)

awelu), Carex sp., Hedyotis formosa, Lysimachia

remyi, Bidens sp. (ko`oko`olau), Pritchardia sp. (loulu), and the

federally endangered Plantago princeps (`ale) (Hawaii Plant

Conservation Center 1990; HHP 1991d1, 1991d2; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.

1995).

Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis include landslides and

several alien plant taxa (HPCC 1990; HHP 1991d1; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.

1995). Random environmental events are also a threat, with only two

known populations less than a half mile apart within the same valley.

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi

Hillebrand described a new species, Kadua remyi, based on

collections on Lanai and East Maui by Reverend John Lydgate (Hillebrand

1888). F. Raymond Fosberg combined the genus Kadua with Hedyotis in

1943, and combined K. remyi with Hedyotis schlechtendahliana. Fosberg

considered the Lanai plants different enough from the Maui plants to

create a separate variety, H. schlechtendahliana var. remyi. This

variety has been upheld in the most recent revision of the Hawaiian

members of this genus (Wagner et al. 1990).

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, a member of the coffee

family (Rubiaceae), is a few branched subshrub from 60 to 600 cm (24 to

240 in.) long, with weakly erect or climbing stems that may be somewhat

square, smooth, and glaucous (with a fine waxy coating that imparts a

whitish or bluish hue to the stem). The leaves are opposite, glossy,

thin or somewhat thickened, egg-shaped or with a heart-shaped base and

a very pointed tip, and 3 to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in.) long. The margins of

the leaves curl under. The veins of the leaves are impressed on the

upper surface with hairs along the veins and raised on the lower

surface. The lower surface of the leaves are usually glaucous, like the

stems. The leaf stalks are up to 1 cm (0.4 in.) long, slightly fused to

the stem, and bear stipules (appendages on the base of the leaf

stalks)

to 6 cm (1.2 to 2.4 in.) long. The margins of

the leaves curl under. The veins of the leaves are impressed on the

upper surface with hairs along the veins and raised on the lower

surface. The lower surface of the leaves are usually glaucous, like the

stems. The leaf stalks are up to 1 cm (0.4 in.) long, slightly fused to

the stem, and bear stipules (appendages on the base of the leaf

stalks).

The inflorescence stalks are 2 to 15 mm (0.1 to 0.6 in.) long,

square, usually glaucous, and borne at the ends of the stems. The

flowers have either functional male and female parts or only functional

female parts. Leaf-like bracts are found at the base of each flower.

The hypanthium is top-shaped and 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 to 0.09 in.) wide.

The calyx lobes are usually leaf-like and oblong to broadly egg-shaped,

2 to 8 mm (0.08 to 0.3 in.) long, and 1.5 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.09 in.)

wide, enlarging somewhat in fruit. The corolla is cream-colored,

fleshy, usually glaucous, trumpet-shaped, with a tube 6 to 17 mm (0.2

to 0.7 in.) long and lobes 1.5 to 10 mm (0.06 to 0.4 in.) long when the

anthers are ripe. The stamens reach only to 1 to 3 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in.)

below the sinuses of the corolla lobes. The styles are woolly on the

lower portions, and two to four lobed. The fruits are top-shaped to

sub-globose capsules 2 to 4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in.) long and 3 to 7 mm (0.1

to 0.3 in.) in diameter. The fruits break open along the walls of the

cells within the fruit. Seeds are dark brown, irregularly wedge-shaped

and angled, and darkly granular. This variety is distinguished from the

other variety by the leaf shape, narrow flowering stalks, and flower

color. It is distinguished from others in the genus by the distance

between leaves and the length of the sprawling or climbing stems

(Wagner et al. 1990).

Historically, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi was known from

five locations on the northwestern portion of Lanaihale on the island

of Lanai (Degener et al

rom the

other variety by the leaf shape, narrow flowering stalks, and flower

color. It is distinguished from others in the genus by the distance

between leaves and the length of the sprawling or climbing stems

(Wagner et al. 1990).

Historically, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi was known from

five locations on the northwestern portion of Lanaihale on the island

of Lanai (Degener et al. (24193) 1957; Forbes (33.L) 1913, (315.L)

1917); Fosberg (12463) 1939; HHP 1991e1 to 1991e3; Hillebrand 1888;

Hillebrand and Lydgate (s.n.) n.d.; Munro (s.n.) 1913, (s.n.) 1914,

(257, 335) 1928, (506) 1930; Nagata and Ganders (2524) 1982; Rock

(8116) 1910; St. John and Eames (18738) 1938; Wagner et al. 1990).

Currently, this species is known from six individuals in three

populations on Kaiholeha-Hulupoe ridge, Kapohaku drainage, and Waiapaa

drainage on Lanaihale (HHP 1991e1 to 1991e3; R. Hobdy, pers. comm.

1995). H. schlechtendahliana var. remyi typically grows in mesic

windswept shrubland with a mixture of dominant plant taxa that may

include Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, and/or

Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe) at elevations between 730 and 900 m

(2,400 to 3,000 ft). Associated plant taxa include Dodonaea viscosa

(`a`al`ii), Sadleria sp. (`ama`u), Dubautia sp. (na`ena`e), Myrsine

sp., and several others (HHP 1991e1 to 1991e3; Lau (2866) 1986; Nagata

and Ganders (2524) 1982).

The primary threats to Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi are

habitat degradation and/or destruction by axis deer (Axis axis);

competition with alien plant taxa such as Psidium cattleianum, Myrica

faya (firetree), Leptospermum scoparium (New Zealand tea), and Schinus

terebinthifolius (Christmas berry); and random environmental events

and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining

individuals and populations (HHP 1994e1 to 1991e3; Joel Lau, The Nature

Conservancy of Hawaii, pers. comm. 1995).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

n plant taxa such as Psidium cattleianum, Myrica

faya (firetree), Leptospermum scoparium (New Zealand tea), and Schinus

terebinthifolius (Christmas berry); and random environmental events

and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining

individuals and populations (HHP 1994e1 to 1991e3; Joel Lau, The Nature

Conservancy of Hawaii, pers. comm. 1995).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis

Kanaloa kahoolawensis was previously unknown to science until its

discovery by Steve Perlman and Ken Wood in 1992 on a steep rocky spire

on the coast of Kahoolawe. David Lorence and Wood have determined that

this plant represents a new genus, and have named the species Kanaloa

kahoolawensis (Lorence and Wood 1994).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is

a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5 ft) tall. The branches

are sprawling and 0.75 to 1.5 m (2.5 to 5 ft) long. New growth is

densely covered with brown and white hairs. The twigs are brown, ribbed

or angled, and become whitish gray with corky fissures. The leaves are

clustered near twig tips and have two persistent stipules. The leaf

stalk is 6 to 24 mm (0.2 to 0.9 in.) long. The leaves are divided into

three pairs of leaflets, with a leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at

the joint between each pair of leaflets. The leaflet pairs are 22 to 55

mm (0.8 to 2 in.) long. The main stalk of the leaf terminates in a

short, brown appendage. The leaflets are egg-shaped, unequal-sided, 1.4

to 4.2 cm (0.6 to 1.7 in.) long, and 0.9 to 3.2 cm (0.4 to 1.3 in.)

wide. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf axils (joint

between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new leaves. The

main stalk of the inflorescence is 8 to 30 mm (0.3 to 1.2 in.) long.

The inflorescence is a globose head 6 to 8 mm (0.3 to 0.3 in.) in

diameter, with small bracts 1 to 1.5 mm (0.04 to 0.06 in.) long at the

base. Each inflorescence has 20 to 54 white flowers

wide. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf axils (joint

between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new leaves. The

main stalk of the inflorescence is 8 to 30 mm (0.3 to 1.2 in.) long.

The inflorescence is a globose head 6 to 8 mm (0.3 to 0.3 in.) in

diameter, with small bracts 1 to 1.5 mm (0.04 to 0.06 in.) long at the

base. Each inflorescence has 20 to 54 white flowers. The calyx of the

male flowers has limbs that are wider at the tip; densely covered with

long, white hairs; and have lobes that overlap when the flower is in

bud. The corolla lobes also overlap when the flower is in bud, and the

petals are 1.5 to 1.8 mm (0.06 to 0.07 in.) long. The petals are hairy

on the outside at the tip, and are not fused at the base. Ten stamens

are found in the male flowers, fused at the base. Male flowers have

only vestigial female parts. Female flowers have not been observed. The

fruit is borne on a stalk about 5 mm (0.2 in.) long. Up to four fruit

develop in each flowering head. The fruit is egg-shaped to subcircular,

compressed, hairy at the base, and open along two sides. One slender,

brown seed, about 2 mm (0.08 in.) long, is found in each fruit. There

is no other species of legume in Hawaii that bears any resemblance to

this species or genus (Lorence and Wood 1994).

The only known location of Kanaloa kahoolawensis is a rocky stack

on the southern coast of the island of Kahoolawe, which is owned by the

State of Hawaii (Lorence and Wood 1994). While there are no previous

records of the plant, pollen core studies on the island of Oahu

revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified until this

species was discovered. The pollen cores indicate that K. kahoolawensis

was a codominant with Dodonaea viscosa and Pritchardia sp. from before

1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point K. kahoolawensis disappeared

from the pollen record and D. viscosa and Pritchardia sp. declined

dramatically (Athens et al. 1992, Athens and Ward 1993, Lorence and

Wood 1994)

at could not be identified until this

species was discovered. The pollen cores indicate that K. kahoolawensis

was a codominant with Dodonaea viscosa and Pritchardia sp. from before

1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point K. kahoolawensis disappeared

from the pollen record and D. viscosa and Pritchardia sp. declined

dramatically (Athens et al. 1992, Athens and Ward 1993, Lorence and

Wood 1994). Only two living individuals and 10 to 12 dead individuals

are known (D. Lorence, NTBG, pers. comm. 1995). The only known habitat

is mixed coastal shrubland on steep rocky talus slopes at 45 to 60 m

(150 to 200 ft) elevation. Associated native plant taxa include Sida

fallax (`ilima), Senna gaudichaudii (kolomona), Bidens mauiensis

(ko`oko`olau), Lipochaeta lavarum (nehe), Portulaca molokinensis

(`ihi), and Capparis sandwichiana (pua pilo). In addition, the area is

also a nesting site for Bulwer's petrel (Bulweria bulwerii) and wedge-

tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) (Lorence and Wood 1994).

The major threats to Kanaloa kahoolawensis are landslides and the

alien plant taxa Emelia fosbergii, Chloris barbata (swollen finger

grass), and Nicotiana glauca (tobacco tree) (Lorence and Wood 1994).

Goats (Capra hircus) played a major role in the destruction of

vegetation on Kahoolawe before they were removed (Cuddihy and Stone

1990), and K. kahoolawensis probably survived only because the rocky

stack is almost completely separated from the island and inaccessible

to goats (Lorence and Wood 1994). Rats are a potential threat to this

species, since it has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to

the federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiensis, which is eaten by

rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species 800

years ago (L. Mehrhoff, in litt. 1995). Random environmental events

and/or reduced reproductive vigor are also a threat to this species,

because only two individuals are known.

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis

eds similar in appearance and presentation to

the federally endangered Caesalpinia kavaiensis, which is eaten by

rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species 800

years ago (L. Mehrhoff, in litt. 1995). Random environmental events

and/or reduced reproductive vigor are also a threat to this species,

because only two individuals are known.

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis

Hillebrand determined, but did not name, a new variety of Labordia

tinifolia based on specimens he collected on the islands of Kauai, West

Maui, Lanai, and Hawaii. E.E. Sherff named the variety L. tinifolia

var. lanaiensis in 1938 (Sherff 1938). In the revision of the Hawaiian

members of this family, Wagner et al. (1990), retained the

nomenclature, but included only those plants from Lanai and Mapulehu on

Molokai (previously considered L. triflora) as L. tinifolia var.

lanaiensis. This endemic Hawaiian genus is currently being revised, and

only the Lanai populations are included in L. tinifolia var.

lanaiensis, while L. triflora is being resurrected for the Molokai

population (see discussion of the next taxon, below) (Motley, in

press).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, a member of the logan family

(Loganiaceae), is an erect shrub or small tree 1.2 to 15 m (4 to 49 ft)

tall. The stems branch regularly into two forks of nearly equal size.

The leaves are medium to dark green, oval to narrowly oval, 3.8 to 21

cm (1.5 to 8.3 in.) long, and 1.4 to 7.3 cm (0.6 to 2.9 in.) wide. The

leaf stalks are 2.2 to 4 cm (0.9 to 1.6 in.) long. The stipules are

fused together, forming a sheath around the stem that is 1 to 4 mm

(0.04 to 0.2 in.) long. Three to 19 flowers are found in each

inflorescence, and the entire inflorescence is pendulous and has a

stalk 9 to 22 mm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) long. The flowers have a semen-like

fragrance, and are borne on stalks 8 to 11 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in.) long.

The corolla is pale yellowish green or greenish yellow, narrowly urn-

shaped, and 6.5 to 19 mm (0.2 to 0.7 in.) long

1 to 4 mm

(0.04 to 0.2 in.) long. Three to 19 flowers are found in each

inflorescence, and the entire inflorescence is pendulous and has a

stalk 9 to 22 mm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) long. The flowers have a semen-like

fragrance, and are borne on stalks 8 to 11 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in.) long.

The corolla is pale yellowish green or greenish yellow, narrowly urn-

shaped, and 6.5 to 19 mm (0.2 to 0.7 in.) long. The fruit is broadly

oval, 8 to 17 mm (0.3 to 0.7 in.) long, 2 to 3 valved, and has a beak

0.5 to 1.5 mm (0.02 to 0.06 in.) long. The seeds are brown and about

1.8 mm (0.06 in.) long. This subspecies differs from the other two

subspecies and other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having

larger capsules and smaller corollas (Motley, in press; Wagner et al.

1990).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis was historically known from the

entire length of the summit ridge of Lanaihale, on the island of Lanai

(HHP 1991f1 to 1991f12; Motley, in press; Sherff 1938). Currently, L.

tinifolia var. lanaiensis is known from only one population at the

southeastern end of the summit ridge of Lanaihale. This population is

on privately owned land and totals 300 to 1,000 scattered individuals.

The typical habitat of L. tinifolia var. lanaiensis is lowland mesic

forest, associated with such native species as Dicranopteris linearis

and Scaevola chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), at elevations between 760

and 915 m (2,500 and 3,000 ft) (HHP 1991f3; Motley, in press; R. Hobdy

and J. Lau, pers. comms. 1995).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis is threatened by deer and

several alien plant taxa (R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994;

J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995). The single population is also threatened by

random environmental factors.

Labordia triflora

amissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), at elevations between 760

and 915 m (2,500 and 3,000 ft) (HHP 1991f3; Motley, in press; R. Hobdy

and J. Lau, pers. comms. 1995).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis is threatened by deer and

several alien plant taxa (R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994;

J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995). The single population is also threatened by

random environmental factors.

Labordia triflora

Hillebrand named Labordia triflora based on a specimen he collected

on Molokai in the early 1800s (Hillebrand 1888). Wagner et al.

considered this species to be synonymous with L. tinifolia var.

lanaiensis (Wagner et al. 1990). Timothy Motley of the University of

Hawaii (UH) is revising this endemic Hawaiian genus, and has

resurrected L. triflora as a valid species (Motley, in press).

Labordia triflora, a member of the logan family, is very similar to

L. tinifolia var. lanaiensis, described above, except in the following

characteristics. Stems of L. triflora are climbing. The leaf stalks are

only 1 to 3 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in.) long. The inflorescence stalks are 40

to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 in.) long. Each flower stalk is 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to

1 in.) long (Motley, in press).

Until 1990, Labordia triflora was known only from the type

collection at Mapulehu, on the island of Molokai. This collection was

made by Hillebrand in 1870 (Motley, in press). In 1990, Joel Lau of The

Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, rediscovered the species in Kua Gulch on

Molokai (Motley, in press; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995). Only 10

individuals are known, all occurring on privately owned land (J. Lau,

pers. comm. 1995). Of these individuals, only two are male plants

(Timothy Motley, University of Hawaii, pers. comm. 1993). This species

occurs in mixed lowland mesic forest, at an elevation of 800 m (2,600

ft). Associated species include Pouteria sandwicensis (`ala `a), the

federally endangered Cyanea mannii (haha), and Tetraplasandra sp.

(`ohe) (Motley, in press)

vately owned land (J. Lau,

pers. comm. 1995). Of these individuals, only two are male plants

(Timothy Motley, University of Hawaii, pers. comm. 1993). This species

occurs in mixed lowland mesic forest, at an elevation of 800 m (2,600

ft). Associated species include Pouteria sandwicensis (`ala `a), the

federally endangered Cyanea mannii (haha), and Tetraplasandra sp.

(`ohe) (Motley, in press).

The threats to Labordia triflora include habitat degradation and/or

destruction by pigs and goats, rats that eat seeds, and competition

with the alien plant species Schinus terebinthifolius (Motley in press;

T. Motley, pers. comm. 1993). Random environmental events and reduced

reproductive vigor also threaten this species, as only 10 individuals

remain in one population.

Melicope munroi

In 1944, St. John described Pelea munroi, based on a collection by

George C. Munro in 1915 (St. John 1944). The genus Pelea has since been

submerged with Melicope, creating the combination M. munroi (Hartley

and Stone 1989).

Melicope munroi, a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a

sprawling shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. The new growth of this species

is minutely hairy. The leaves are opposite, broadly elliptical, 6 to 11

cm (2.4 to 4.3 in.) long, and 3.5 to 7.5 cm (1.4 to 3.0 in.) wide. The

veins of the leaf are parallel, in 8 to 12 pairs, and are connected by

arched veins near the margin of the leaf. The margins of the leaves are

sometimes rolled under. The leaf stalks are 4 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in.)

long. The inflorescence is found in the axil of the leaf and contains

one to three flowers. The inflorescence stalk is 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to

0.5 in.) long, and the individual flower stalk is 15 to 35 mm (0.6 to

1.4 in.) long. Male flowers have not been reported. Female flowers have

ovoid sepals about 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) long and deltate petals about 8 mm

(0.3 in.) long. The fruit is about 18 mm (0.7 in.) wide, and the 4

carpels (egg-bearing structures) are fused about one-third of their

length

lorescence stalk is 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to

0.5 in.) long, and the individual flower stalk is 15 to 35 mm (0.6 to

1.4 in.) long. Male flowers have not been reported. Female flowers have

ovoid sepals about 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) long and deltate petals about 8 mm

(0.3 in.) long. The fruit is about 18 mm (0.7 in.) wide, and the 4

carpels (egg-bearing structures) are fused about one-third of their

length. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus

in the shape of the leaf and the length of the inflorescence stalk

(Stone et al. 1990).

Historically known from the Lanaihale summit ridge of Lanai and

above Kamalo on Molokai, Melicope munroi is currently known from only

the Lanaihale summit ridge (HHP 1991g1 to 1991g10). The one widely

scattered population totals an estimated 300 to 500 individuals (J.

Lau, pers. comm. 1995). M. munroi is typically found in lowland mat

fern shrubland, at elevations of 790 to 1020 m (2,600 to 3,350 ft).

Associated native plant taxa include Diplopterygium pinnatum,

Dicranopteris linearis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron

trigynum, Coprosma sp. (pilo), Broussaisia arguta, Melicope sp., and

Machaerina angustifolia (`uki) (HHP 1991g3 to 1991g10).

The major threats to Melicope munroi are deer and the alien plant

taxa Leptospermum scoparium and Psidium cattleianum (HHP 1991g3 to

1991g10; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995). Random environmental events also

threaten the one remaining population.

Previous Federal Action

ron

trigynum, Coprosma sp. (pilo), Broussaisia arguta, Melicope sp., and

Machaerina angustifolia (`uki) (HHP 1991g3 to 1991g10).

The major threats to Melicope munroi are deer and the alien plant

taxa Leptospermum scoparium and Psidium cattleianum (HHP 1991g3 to

1991g10; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995). Random environmental events also

threaten the one remaining population.

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of

the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1533), which directed the

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants

considered to be endangered or threatened in the United States. This

report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to

Congress on January 9, 1975. One of the 10 proposed taxa, Cyanea glabra

(as C. scabra var. variabilis) was considered to be endangered in that

document. One taxon, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, was considered

to be threatened and two taxa, L. triflora and Melicope munroi (as

Pelea munroi), were considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, the

Service published a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its

acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context

of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving notice

of its intent to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As

a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, the Service published a

proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine

endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for approximately

1,700 vascular plant species. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was

assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian

Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and

the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication.

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are

summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR

17909)

1,700 vascular plant species. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was

assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian

Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and

the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication.

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are

summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR

17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over

two years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to

proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, the Service

published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing

the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made

final, along with four other proposals that had expired. The Service

published an updated notice of review for plants on December 15, 1980

(45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55

FR 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144). Six of the species in

this proposal (including synonymous taxa) were at one time or another

considered category 1 or category 2 candidates for Federal listing.

Category 1 species were those for which the Service had on file

substantial information on biological vulnerability and threats to

support preparation of listing proposals but for which listing

proposals had not yet been published because they were precluded by

other listing activities. Category 2 species were those for which

listing as endangered or threatened was possibly appropriate, but for

which sufficient data on biological vulnerability and threats were not

currently available to support proposed rules. Two taxa, Labordia

tinifolia var. lanaiensis and L. triflora, were considered category 2

species in the 1980 and 1985 notices of review. Melicope munroi (as

Pelea munroi) was considered a category 1* in

ich

listing as endangered or threatened was possibly appropriate, but for

which sufficient data on biological vulnerability and threats were not

currently available to support proposed rules. Two taxa, Labordia

tinifolia var. lanaiensis and L. triflora, were considered category 2

species in the 1980 and 1985 notices of review. Melicope munroi (as

Pelea munroi) was considered a category 1* in

the 1980 and 1985 notices. Category 1* species were those that could

possibly be extinct.

In the 1990 and 1993 notices, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis,

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi, and Melicope munroi were

considered category 2 species. Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis was

considered more abundant than previously thought and moved to category

3C in the 1990 notice. Category 3C species were those that had proven

to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or were

not subject to any identifiable threat. Labordia triflora was

considered a synonym of L. tinifolia var. lanaiensis in the 1990

notice. As published in the Federal Register (61 FR 7596) on February

28, 1996, the Service discontinued the designation of category 2 and

category 3 candidate species.

Since the last notice, new information suggests that the numbers

and distribution are sufficiently restricted and the taxa are

imminently threatened for the previously designated category 2 and

category 3C species mentioned above, as well as six additional taxa

(Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea

glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, the newly discovered

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, and the resurrected Labordia triflora), to

warrant listing.

The processing of this proposed listing rule conforms with the

Service's final listing priority guidance for fiscal year 1997,

published in the Federal Register on December 5, 1996 (61 FR 64475-

64481)

anea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea

glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, the newly discovered

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, and the resurrected Labordia triflora), to

warrant listing.

The processing of this proposed listing rule conforms with the

Service's final listing priority guidance for fiscal year 1997,

published in the Federal Register on December 5, 1996 (61 FR 64475-

64481). The guidance clarifies the order in which the Service will

process rulemakings following two related events: (1)The lifting, on

April 26, 1996, of the moratorium on final listings imposed on April

10, 1995 (Public Law 104-6); and (2) the restoration of significant

funding for listing through passage of the omnibus budget

reconciliation law on April 26, 1996, following severe funding

constraints imposed by a number of continuing resolutions between

November 1995 and April 1996. The guidance calls for giving highest

priority to handling emergency situations (Tier 1) and second highest

priority (Tier 2) to resolving the listing status of the outstanding

proposed listings. Tier 3 includes the processing of new proposed

listings for species facing high magnitude threats. This proposed rule

for 10 plant taxa from Maui Nui in the Hawaiian Islands falls under

Tier 3. The Pacific Islands Ecoregion currently has no outstanding Tier

1 or 2 species, therefore processing of Tier 3 activities is encouraged

under the Listing Priority Guidance. This proposed rule has been

updated by the Pacific Islands Ecosystem Office to reflect any changes

in distribution, status and threats since the expiration date of the

listing moratorium.

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

ific Islands Ecoregion currently has no outstanding Tier

1 or 2 species, therefore processing of Tier 3 activities is encouraged

under the Listing Priority Guidance. This proposed rule has been

updated by the Pacific Islands Ecosystem Office to reflect any changes

in distribution, status and threats since the expiration date of the

listing moratorium.

Summary of Factors Affecting the Species

Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act and regulations (50 CFR

part 424) promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the Act

set forth the procedures for adding species to the Federal lists of

endangered and threatened species. A species may be determined to be an

endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors

described in section 4(a)(1). The threats facing the 10 taxa in this

proposed rule are summarized in Table 2. The factors and their

application to Clermontia samuelii C. Forbes (`oha wai), Cyanea

copelandii Rock ssp. haleakalaensis (St. John) Lammers (haha), Cyanea

glabra (F. Wimmer) St. John (haha), Cyanea hamatiflora Rock ssp.

hamatiflora (haha), Dubautia plantaginea Gaud. ssp. humilis G. Carr

(na`ena`e), Hedyotis schlechtendahliana Steud. var. remyi (Hillebr.)

Fosb. (kopa), Kanaloa kahoolawensis Lorence & K.R. Wood (kohe malama

malama o Kanaloa), Labordia tinifolia A. Gray var. lanaiensis Sherff

(kamakahala), Labordia triflora Hillebr. (kamakahala), and Melicope

munroi (St. John) B. Stone (alani) follow.

ock ssp.

hamatiflora (haha), Dubautia plantaginea Gaud. ssp. humilis G. Carr

(na`ena`e), Hedyotis schlechtendahliana Steud. var. remyi (Hillebr.)

Fosb. (kopa), Kanaloa kahoolawensis Lorence & K.R. Wood (kohe malama

malama o Kanaloa), Labordia tinifolia A. Gray var. lanaiensis Sherff

(kamakahala), Labordia triflora Hillebr. (kamakahala), and Melicope

munroi (St. John) B. Stone (alani) follow.

Table 2.--Summary of Threats

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alien mammals

Species -------------------------------------------------------- Alien plants Invertebrates Substrate Limited Nos*

Pigs Goats Deer Rats loss

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Clermontia samuelii.............. X ............ ............ P X P ............ ..................

Cyanea copelandii ssp. X ............ ............ P P P ............ X1

haleakalaensis.

Cyanea glabra.................... X ............ ............ P X X X X1

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. X ............ ............ P X P X ..................

hamatiflora.

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis ............ ............ ............ ............ X ............. X X1

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. ............ ............ X ............ X ............. ............ X1,2

remyi.

Kanaloa kahoolawensis............ ............ ............ ............ P X ............. X X1,2

Labordia tinifolia var. ............ ............ X ............ X ............. ............ X1

lanaiensis.

Labordia triflora................ X X ............ X X ............. ............ X1,2

Melicope munroi.................. ............ ............ X ............ X ............. ...........

analoa kahoolawensis............ ............ ............ ............ P X ............. X X1,2

Labordia tinifolia var. ............ ............ X ............ X ............. ............ X1

lanaiensis.

Labordia triflora................ X X ............ X X ............. ............ X1,2

Melicope munroi.................. ............ ............ X ............ X ............. ............ X1

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

X = Immediate and significant threat.

P = Potential threat.

* = No more than 100 individuals and/or no more than 5 populations; 1 = No more than 5 populations; 2 = No more than 10 individuals.

A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment

of Its Habitat or Range

Native vegetation on all of the main Hawaiian Islands has undergone

extreme alteration because of past and present land management

practices including ranching, deliberate alien animal and plant

introductions, and agricultural development (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,

Wagner et al. 1985). The primary threats facing the 10 plant taxa

included in this ruling are ongoing and threatened destruction and

adverse modification of habitat by feral animals and competition with

alien plants (see Factor E).

Eight of the 10 taxa in this rule are variously threatened by feral

animals (See Table 2). Animals such as pigs,

agricultural development (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,

Wagner et al. 1985). The primary threats facing the 10 plant taxa

included in this ruling are ongoing and threatened destruction and

adverse modification of habitat by feral animals and competition with

alien plants (see Factor E).

Eight of the 10 taxa in this rule are variously threatened by feral

animals (See Table 2). Animals such as pigs,

goats, axis deer, and cattle were introduced either by the early

Hawaiians or more recently by European settlers for food and/or

commercial ranching activities. Over the 200 years following their

introduction, their numbers increased and the adverse impacts of feral

ungulates on native vegetation have become increasingly apparent.

Beyond the direct effect of trampling and grazing native plants, feral

ungulates have contributed significantly to the heavy erosion still

taking place on most of the main Hawaiian islands (Cuddihy and Stone

1990).

Pigs (Sus scrofa), originally native to Europe, Africa, and Asia,

were introduced to Hawaii by the Polynesian ancestors of Hawaiians, and

later by western immigrants. The pigs escaped domestication and invaded

primarily wet and mesic forests of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and

Hawaii. Pigs pose an immediate threat to one or more populations of

five of the proposed taxa in wet and mesic habitats. While foraging,

pigs root and trample the forest floor, encouraging the establishment

of alien plants in the newly disturbed soil. Pigs also disseminate

alien plant seeds through their feces and on their bodies, accelerating

the spread of alien plants through native forests (Cuddihy and Stone

1990, Stone 1985). Pigs are vectors of Psidium cattleianum (strawberry

guava) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), which threaten

several of the proposed taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Stone

1985). On Maui, pigs threaten both subspecies of Clermontia samuelii,

Cyanea copelandii ssp

bodies, accelerating

the spread of alien plants through native forests (Cuddihy and Stone

1990, Stone 1985). Pigs are vectors of Psidium cattleianum (strawberry

guava) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), which threaten

several of the proposed taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Stone

1985). On Maui, pigs threaten both subspecies of Clermontia samuelii,

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, the only known population of

Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, and the only known

population of Labordia triflora (NTBG 1994; A.C. Medeiros, R. Hobdy,

and J. Lau, pers. comms. 1995; F.R. Warshauer, pers. comm. 1995).

Goats (Capra hircus), native to the Middle East and India, were

first successfully introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1792. Feral

goats now occupy a wide variety of habitats from lowland dry forests to

montane grasslands on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, where

they consume native vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate

erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants (Scott et al. 1986,

Stone 1985, van Riper and van Riper 1982). On Molokai, goats threaten

the only known population of Labordia triflora (T. Motley, pers. comm.

1993).

In 1920, a group of 12 axis deer (Axis axis) was introduced to the

island of Lanai and about 60 years later the population was estimated

at 2,800 (Tomich 1986). Axis deer degrade habitat by trampling and

overgrazing vegetation, which removes ground cover and exposes the soil

to erosion. Extensive red erosional scars caused by decades of deer

activity are evident on Lanai (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Activity of

axis deer threatens all populations of Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var.

remyi, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Melicope munroi on Lanai

(HHP 1991g8 to 1991g10; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995).

B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or

Educational Purposes

red erosional scars caused by decades of deer

activity are evident on Lanai (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Activity of

axis deer threatens all populations of Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var.

remyi, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Melicope munroi on Lanai

(HHP 1991g8 to 1991g10; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995).

B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or

Educational Purposes

Unrestricted collecting for scientific or horticultural purposes or

excessive visits by individuals interested in seeing rare plants could

result from increased publicity. This is a potential threat to all of

the proposed taxa, but would seriously impact the eight taxa whose low

numbers and/or few populations make them especially vulnerable to

disturbances (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra,

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var.

remyi, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis,

Labordia triflora, and Melicope munroi).

C. Disease and Predation

Disease is not known to be a significant threat to any of the

proposed taxa. None of the 10 proposed taxa are known to be unpalatable

to pigs, deer, or goats. Feral pigs not only destroy native vegetation

through their rooting activities and dispersal of alien plant seeds

(see Factor A), but they also feed on plants, preferring the pithy

interior of large tree ferns and fleshy-stemmed plants from the

bellflower family (Stone 1985, Stone and Loope 1987). There is direct

evidence of pigs eating bark off individuals of Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995), and predation is a

possible threat to other members of the bellflower family (Clermontia

samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, and Cyanea glabra).

Predation is also a possible threat to the one other taxon, Labordia

triflora, known from areas where pigs have been reported (A.C. Medeiros

and R. Hobdy, pers. comms. 1995; F.R. Warshauer, pers. comm. 1995)

Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995), and predation is a

possible threat to other members of the bellflower family (Clermontia

samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, and Cyanea glabra).

Predation is also a possible threat to the one other taxon, Labordia

triflora, known from areas where pigs have been reported (A.C. Medeiros

and R. Hobdy, pers. comms. 1995; F.R. Warshauer, pers. comm. 1995).

Two rat species, the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the Polynesian

rat (Rattus exulans), and to a lesser extent other introduced rodents,

eat large, fleshy fruits and strip the bark of some native plants,

particularly fruits of the native plants in the bellflower family

(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Tomich 1986, Wagner et al. 1985). It is

possible that rats eat the fruits of Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, and Cyanea hamatiflora

ssp. hamatiflora, which produce fleshy fruits and stems, and grow in

areas where rats occur (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995; L. Mehrhoff,

in litt. 1995). Rats also eat the seeds of Labordia triflora (T.

Motley, pers. comm. 1993). Rats are a potential threat to Kanaloa

kahoolawensis, which has seeds of a type preferred by rats (L.

Mehrhoff, in litt. 1995).

Slugs (including Milax gagates) are widespread in Hawaii and a

serious threat to many native plant taxa, in addition to possibly being

an attractant to pigs (Howarth 1985). Slugs feed preferentially on

plants with fleshy leaves, stems, and fruits, including all taxa in the

family Campanulaceae in Hawaii (L. Mehrhoff, in litt. 1995). Slugs are

the primary threat to Cyanea glabra. All recent observations of this

species have shown slug damage on both juveniles and adults (A.C.

Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). Slugs are also a potential threat to the

following proposed taxa with fleshy tissues: Clermontia samuelii,

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, and Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995; L. Mehrhoff, in litt.

1995)

t to Cyanea glabra. All recent observations of this

species have shown slug damage on both juveniles and adults (A.C.

Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). Slugs are also a potential threat to the

following proposed taxa with fleshy tissues: Clermontia samuelii,

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, and Cyanea hamatiflora ssp.

hamatiflora (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995; L. Mehrhoff, in litt.

1995).

Twospotted leafhopper (Sophonia rufofascia) is a recently

introduced insect that feeds on leaves, damaging them typically in the

form of stippling and chlorosis. In addition to mechanical feeding

damage, this insect may be a vector of a plant virus and is suspected

of causing severe dieback of the native fern Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe), and economic damage to crops and ornamental plants in Hawaii.

The twospotted leafhopper is a potential threat to all native taxa,

since it has shown no host preference. It is a particularly grave

threat to Cyanea glabra, since leafhoppers have been observed near the

West Maui population (Adam Asquith, USFWS, pers. comm. 1994; K. Wood,

pers. comm. 1995).

D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

Of the 10 proposed taxa, 8 have populations located on private

land, 2 on State land, and 4 on Federal land within Haleakala National

Park. While four of the taxa occur in more than one of those four

ownership categories, five are known only from private land, and

Kanaloa kahoolawensis is found only on State land.

Sections 2(c)(1) and 7(a)(1) of the Act direct Federal agencies to

seek to conserve all listed endangered and

populations located on private

land, 2 on State land, and 4 on Federal land within Haleakala National

Park. While four of the taxa occur in more than one of those four

ownership categories, five are known only from private land, and

Kanaloa kahoolawensis is found only on State land.

Sections 2(c)(1) and 7(a)(1) of the Act direct Federal agencies to

seek to conserve all listed endangered and

threatened plants, but requires no such activities if the plants are

not federally listed. There are no State laws or existing regulatory

mechanisms at the present time to protect or prevent further decline of

these plants on private land, except for minimal protection offered to

those that occur on land classified as a conservation district.

Populations of one of the proposed taxa, Clermontia samuelii, occur

in a State Natural Area Reserve, which has rules and regulations for

the protection of resources (HRS, sect. 195-5).

The majority of the populations of the 10 proposed taxa are located

on land classified within conservation districts and owned by the State

of Hawaii or private companies or individuals. Regardless of the owner,

lands in these districts are regarded as necessary for the protection

of endemic biological resources and the maintenance or enhancement of

the conservation of natural resources. Activities permitted in

conservation districts are chosen by considering how best to make

multiple use of the land (HRS, sect. 205-2). Some uses, such as

maintaining animals for hunting, are based on policy decisions, while

others, such as preservation of endangered species, are mandated by

both Federal and State laws. Due to lack of staff and funding, land

uses within conservation districts are rarely adequately enforced. In

addition, requests for amendments to district boundaries or variances

within existing classifications can be made by government agencies and

any person with a property interest in the land (HRS, sect. 205-4)

eservation of endangered species, are mandated by

both Federal and State laws. Due to lack of staff and funding, land

uses within conservation districts are rarely adequately enforced. In

addition, requests for amendments to district boundaries or variances

within existing classifications can be made by government agencies and

any person with a property interest in the land (HRS, sect. 205-4).

Before decisions about these requests are made, the impact of the

proposed reclassification on ``preservation or maintenance of important

natural systems or habitat'' (HRS, sects. 205-4, 205-17) as well as the

maintenance of natural resources is required to be taken into account

(HRS, sects. 205-2, 205-4). Before any proposed land use that will

occur on State land, is funded in part or whole by county or State

funds, or will occur within land classified as conservation district,

an environmental assessment is required to determine whether or not the

environment will be significantly affected (HRS, chapt. 343). If it is

found that an action will have a significant effect, preparation of a

full Environmental Impact Statement is required. Hawaii environmental

policy, and thus approval of land use, is required by law to safeguard

``* * * the State's unique natural environmental characteristics * *

*'' (HRS, sect. 344-3(1)) and includes guidelines to ``protect

endangered species of individual plants and animals * * *'' (HRS, sect.

344-4(3)(A)). Federal listing, because it automatically invokes State

listing, would also implement these other State regulations protecting

the plants.

E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence

al environmental characteristics * *

*'' (HRS, sect. 344-3(1)) and includes guidelines to ``protect

endangered species of individual plants and animals * * *'' (HRS, sect.

344-4(3)(A)). Federal listing, because it automatically invokes State

listing, would also implement these other State regulations protecting

the plants.

E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence

All 10 of the taxa proposed for listing are threatened by

competition with one or more alien plant taxa (see Table 2). The most

significant of these appear to be Psidium cattleianum (strawberry

guava), Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Miconia calvescens

(velvet tree), Myrica faya (firetree), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo

grass), Psidium guajava (common guava), Casuarina equisetifolia

(ironwood tree), Leptospermum scoparium (New Zealand tea), and

Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani). There are a number of other alien

plant taxa that pose a significant threat to populations of the

proposed plants.

Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), an invasive shrub or small

tree native to tropical America, has become widely naturalized on all

of the main islands, forming dense stands that exclude other plant

species in disturbed areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This alien plant

grows primarily in mesic and wet habitats and is dispersed mainly by

feral pigs and fruit-eating birds (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). P.

cattleianum is considered to be one of the greatest alien plant threats

to Hawaiian rain forests and is a threat on Maui to one of two known

populations of Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea glabra

(Higashino et al. 1988; A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). On Lanai,

this invasive alien plant threatens all populations of Hedyotis

schlechtendahliana var. remyi, the only two known populations of

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and the only known population of

Melicope munroi (HHP 1991e1 to 1991e3; R

one of two known

populations of Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis and Cyanea glabra

(Higashino et al. 1988; A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). On Lanai,

this invasive alien plant threatens all populations of Hedyotis

schlechtendahliana var. remyi, the only two known populations of

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and the only known population of

Melicope munroi (HHP 1991e1 to 1991e3; R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994; J.

Lau, pers. comm. 1995).

Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), introduced to Hawaii

before 1911, is a fast-growing tree or shrub invading most mesic to wet

lowland areas of the major Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1990). S.

terebinthifolius is distributed mainly by feral pigs and fruit-eating

birds and forms dense thickets that shade out and displace other plants

(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Stone 1985). This species is a

threat to one population of Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi,

both populations of Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and the only

known population of Labordia triflora (HHP 1991e2; R. Hobdy, pers.

comm. 1994; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995).

Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), native to Asia, is naturalized in

disturbed mesic to wet forest on all of the main Hawaiian Islands and

is perhaps the most widespread of all species of Rubus introduced to

Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). On Maui, this species threatens one of

two populations of Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis as well as

Cyanea glabra (NTBG 1994; A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995).

Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), a noxious shrub native to tropical

America, is found in mesic to wet forests on at least six islands in

Hawaii (Almeda 1990, Hawaii Department of Agriculture 1981, Smith

1992). C. hirta was first reported on Oahu in 1941 and had spread

through much of the Koolau Mountains by the early 1960s. This noxious

plant forms a dense understory, shading out other plants and hindering

plant regeneration (Cuddihy and Stone 1990)

tropical

America, is found in mesic to wet forests on at least six islands in

Hawaii (Almeda 1990, Hawaii Department of Agriculture 1981, Smith

1992). C. hirta was first reported on Oahu in 1941 and had spread

through much of the Koolau Mountains by the early 1960s. This noxious

plant forms a dense understory, shading out other plants and hindering

plant regeneration (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This prolific alien plant

has recently spread to five other islands and, on Maui is a potential

threat to Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis

and Cyanea glabra (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995).

Miconia calvescens (velvet tree) is a recently naturalized species

native to tropical America. This species has become invasive in the

Hilo and Pahoa areas of the island of Hawaii, and has become

established on East Maui. This species has the potential to be very

disruptive, as it has become an understory dominate where introduced to

similar habitat in Tahiti (Almeda 1990, Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This

species occurs on Maui near populations of Clermontia samuelii and

poses a potential threat (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995).

Myrica faya (firetree), native to the Azores, Madeira, and the

Canary Islands, was introduced to Hawaii before 1900 for wine-making,

firewood, or an ornamental. Trees were planted in forest reserves in

the 1920s. By the mid-1980s M. faya had infested over 34,000 hectares

(83,980 acres) throughout the State, with the largest infestations on

the island of Hawaii. It is now considered a noxious weed (Cuddihy and

Stone 1990, DOA 1981). M. faya can form a dense stand with no ground

cover beneath the canopy. This lack of ground cover may be due to dense

shading or to chemicals released by the tree that prevent other species

from growing. M. faya also fixes nitrogen and increases nitrogen levels

in Hawaii's typically nitrogen-poor volcanic soils. This may encourage

the invasion of alien plants that would not normally be

1981). M. faya can form a dense stand with no ground

cover beneath the canopy. This lack of ground cover may be due to dense

shading or to chemicals released by the tree that prevent other species

from growing. M. faya also fixes nitrogen and increases nitrogen levels

in Hawaii's typically nitrogen-poor volcanic soils. This may encourage

the invasion of alien plants that would not normally be

able to grow as well as native species in the low-nitrogen soils of

Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). On Lanai, this species threatens

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi and Labordia tinifolia var.

lanaiensis (HHP 1991e3; R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994).

Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass) is naturalized in moist to wet

disturbed areas on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and

Kahoolawe, and produces a dense ground cover (Cuddihy and Stone 1990).

In Maui's Kipahulu Valley, this grass threatens one of two populations

of Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis as well as Cyanea glabra (NTBG

1994; A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995). On West Maui, P. conjugatum

threatens Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (HPCC 1990).

Psidium guajava (common guava), a shrub or small tree native to the

New World tropics, is naturalized on all of the main islands, except,

perhaps, Niihau and Kahoolawe (Wagner et al. 1990). P. guajava is a

serious weed that invades disturbed sites, forming dense thickets in

dry as well as mesic and wet forests (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990).

On Maui, this species threatens one of the two known populations of

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis as well as Cyanea glabra, and

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (HPCC 1990; Higashino et al. 1988;

A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995).

Casuarina equisetifolia (ironwood) is a large, fast-growing tree

that reaches up to 20 m (65 ft) in height (Wagner et al. 1990)

1985, Wagner et al. 1990).

On Maui, this species threatens one of the two known populations of

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis as well as Cyanea glabra, and

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (HPCC 1990; Higashino et al. 1988;

A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995).

Casuarina equisetifolia (ironwood) is a large, fast-growing tree

that reaches up to 20 m (65 ft) in height (Wagner et al. 1990). This

large tree shades out other plants, takes up much of the available

nutrients, and possibly releases a chemical agent that prevents other

plants from growing beneath it (Neal 1965, Smith 1985). C.

equisetifolia is invading the wet cliffs of Iao Valley and is a threat

to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (HPCC 1990; HHP 1991d1; R. Hobdy,

pers. comm. 1995).

Leptospermum scoparium (New Zealand tea), brought to Hawaii as an

ornamental plant and now naturalized in disturbed mesic to wet forest

on three islands, threatens Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi,

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, and Melicope munroi (Wagner et al.

1990; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1995).

Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani), native to tropical America,

has become naturalized in dry areas to wet forest on Oahu, Molokai,

Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner et al. 1990). This noxious weed forms

dense mats with other alien plants and prevents regeneration of native

plants (Anderson et al. 1992). On Maui, one of the two known

populations of Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis as well as Cyanea

glabra, and Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora are threatened by this

species (NTBG 1995; R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1995).

Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) was introduced to the

Hawaiian Islands in the late 1800s from the continental U.S. (Haselwood

and Motter 1983). The fruits are easily spread by birds to open areas

such as disturbed mesic or wet forests, where the species forms dense,

impenetrable thickets (Smith 1985). One of two known populations of

Cyanea copelandii ssp

Hobdy, pers. comm. 1995).

Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) was introduced to the

Hawaiian Islands in the late 1800s from the continental U.S. (Haselwood

and Motter 1983). The fruits are easily spread by birds to open areas

such as disturbed mesic or wet forests, where the species forms dense,

impenetrable thickets (Smith 1985). One of two known populations of

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis as well as Cyanea glabra are

threatened by this species (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995).

Hedychium coronarium (white ginger) was introduced to Hawaii in the

late 1800s, probably by Chinese immigrants. It escaped from cultivation

and is found in wet and mesic forests on most of the main Hawaiian

islands. The large, vigorous herbs mainly reproduce vegetatively,

forming very dense stands that exclude all other growth. H.

gardnerianum (kahili ginger) was introduced to Hawaii before 1940 from

the Himalayas, and now has major infestations on the islands of Hawaii,

Maui, and Kauai. This species is considered a more serious threat to

native forests because it produces abundant fruit (Cuddihy and Stone

1990, Wagner et al. 1990). Both species of Hedychium threaten

Clermontia samuelii (A.C. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1995), and H.

gardnerianum is a threat to Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (R.

Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994).

Tibouchina herbacea (glorybush), a relative of Koster's curse,

first became established on the island of Hawaii in the late 1970s and,

by 1982, was collected in Lanilili on West Maui (Almeda 1990). Although

the disruptive potential of this alien plant is not fully known, T.

herbacea appears to be invading mesic and wet forests of Hawaii and

Maui (Cuddihy and Stone 1990), and is considered a threat to Clermontia

samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, and Cyanea glabra (R.

Hobdy and A.C. Medeiros, pers. comms. 1995).

Sporobolus africanus (smutgrass) was introduced from Africa and has

become naturalized on all the main islands of Hawaii except Niihau and

Kahoolawe

0). N. glauca is a threat to the only known population of

Kanaloa kahoolawensis (Lorence and Wood 1994).

Chloris barbata (swollen finger grass) is native to Central

America, the West Indies, and South America. In Hawaii it is

naturalized in disturbed dry areas on all the main islands, and is a

threat to the only known population of Kanaloa kahoolawensis (Lorence

and Wood 1994, O'Connor 1990).

Erosion, landslides, rockslides, and flooding due to natural

weathering result in the death of individual plants as well as habitat

destruction. This especially affects the continued existence of taxa or

populations found on cliffs, steep slopes, and stream banks that have

limited numbers and/or narrow ranges such as the West Maui population

of Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis (Lorence and Wood

1994; R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1995).

The small number of populations and individuals of many of these

taxa increases the potential for extinction from a single human-caused

or natural environmental disturbance. In addition, the small gene pool

may depress reproductive vigor. Four of the proposed plant taxa,

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Labordia

triflora, and Melicope munroi, are each known from a single population.

Four additional proposed taxa have five or fewer populations (Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Dubautia plantaginea

ssp. humilis, and Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), and three of

the taxa are estimated to number no more than 10 individuals (Hedyotis

schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, and

Melicope munroi, are each known from a single population.

Four additional proposed taxa have five or fewer populations (Cyanea

copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Dubautia plantaginea

ssp. humilis, and Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi), and three of

the taxa are estimated to number no more than 10 individuals (Hedyotis

schlechtendahliana var. remyi, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, and

Labordia tinifolia). All of the proposed taxa either number fewer than

15 populations or total fewer than 800 individuals (see Table 2).

The Service has carefully assessed the best scientific and

commercial information available regarding the past, present, and

future threats faced by these taxa in determining to propose this rule.

Based on this evaluation, this rulemaking will list these 10 species as

endangered: Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis,

Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia

plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi,

Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis, Labordia

triflora, and Melicope munroi. The 10 taxa are threatened by one or

more of the following: Habitat degradation and/or predation by pigs,

goats, deer, rats, and invertebrates; competition for space, light,

water, and nutrients by alien plant taxa; and substrate loss. Eight of

the proposed taxa have five or fewer populations, and three of the taxa

are estimated to number no more than 10 individuals. Small population

size and limited distribution make these taxa particularly vulnerable

to extinction from reduced reproductive vigor or from random

environmental events. Because these 10 taxa are in danger of extinction

throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges, they fit the

definition of endangered as defined in the Act. Therefore, the

determination of endangered status for these 10 taxa is warranted

nd limited distribution make these taxa particularly vulnerable

to extinction from reduced reproductive vigor or from random

environmental events. Because these 10 taxa are in danger of extinction

throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges, they fit the

definition of endangered as defined in the Act. Therefore, the

determination of endangered status for these 10 taxa is warranted.

Critical habitat is not being proposed for the 10 taxa included in

this rule for reasons discussed in the ``Critical Habitat'' section of

this proposal.

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as: (i) the

specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at

the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found

those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation

of the species and (II) that may require special management

consideration or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the

geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon

a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of

the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and

procedures needed to bring the species to the point at which listing

under the Act is no longer necessary.

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing

regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent

and determinable, the Secretary propose critical habitat at the time

the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. The Service

finds that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the 10

taxa proposed in this rule

he Act is no longer necessary.

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing

regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent

and determinable, the Secretary propose critical habitat at the time

the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. The Service

finds that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the 10

taxa proposed in this rule. Service regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1))

state that designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or

both of the following situations exist: (1) The species is threatened

by taking or other human activity, and identification of critical

habitat can be expected to increase the degree of threat to the

species, or (2) such designation of critical habitat would not be

beneficial to the species.

Designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the six taxa

(Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var.

remyi, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis,

Labordia triflora, and Melicope munroi) that are located primarily on

non-Federal lands with limited Federal activities. It is likely that

the publication of precise maps and descriptions of critical habitat in

the Federal Register would increase the vulnerability of these plant

species to incidents of collection and general vandalism. The listing

of these plants as endangered elevates awareness of their rarity and

makes them more sought after by curiosity seekers, researchers, and

rare plant collectors. Such increased visits to the sites where these

species are found could contribute to the decline of existing

populations through vandalism. The remaining four taxa (Clermontia

samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, and

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora) are located primarily on Federal

lands within Haleakala National Park

rs, researchers, and

rare plant collectors. Such increased visits to the sites where these

species are found could contribute to the decline of existing

populations through vandalism. The remaining four taxa (Clermontia

samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, and

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora) are located primarily on Federal

lands within Haleakala National Park. These Federal lands are managed

to some extent by the National Park Service for the protection of

native ecosystems, which the Fish and Wildlife Service believes will

facilitate the protection, conservation, and recovery of these four

taxa. As a result, all 10 of these species will receive no significant

benefit from the designation of critical habitat. Protection of the

habitats of these 10 taxa will be addressed through the recovery

process and through the section 7 consultation process. The Service

believes that Federal involvement in areas where these plants occur can

be identified without the designation of critical habitat. All involved

parties and the major landowners have been notified.

Available Conservation Measures

Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or

threatened under the Endangered Species Act include recognition,

recovery actions, requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions

against certain activities. Recognition through listing can encourage

and result in conservation actions by Federal, State, and local

agencies, private organizations, and individuals. The Act provides for

possible land acquisition and cooperation with the State and requires

that recovery plans be developed for listed species. The protection

required of Federal agencies and the prohibitions against certain

activities involving listed plants are discussed, in part, below

lt in conservation actions by Federal, State, and local

agencies, private organizations, and individuals. The Act provides for

possible land acquisition and cooperation with the State and requires

that recovery plans be developed for listed species. The protection

required of Federal agencies and the prohibitions against certain

activities involving listed plants are discussed, in part, below.

Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to

evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or

listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical

habitat, if any is being designated. Regulations implementing this

interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR

part 402. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to

ensure that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not

likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or to

destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action

may affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the responsible

Federal agency must enter into formal consultation with the Service.

Populations of four of the endangered taxa occur on U.S. National

Park Service land. The Park Service actively monitors and manages rare

and endangered species populations within Haleakala National Park,

although it continually struggles for adequate funding to control feral

pigs and alien plant taxa.

Populations of Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii on State land are

being considered for a fencing project that may preclude the need for

listing as endangered. This project is a cooperative effort between the

Service and the State Division of Forestry and Wildlife.

The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of

general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered

plants. With respect to the 10 proposed species in this rule, all

prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented by 50 CFR

17.61, would apply

dangered. This project is a cooperative effort between the

Service and the State Division of Forestry and Wildlife.

The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of

general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered

plants. With respect to the 10 proposed species in this rule, all

prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented by 50 CFR

17.61, would apply. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for

any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to import

or export any endangered plant species to/from the United States;

transport such species in interstate or foreign commerce in the course

of a commercial activity, sell or offer for sale such a species in

interstate or foreign

commerce; remove and reduce such a species to possession from areas

under Federal jurisdiction; maliciously damage or destroy any such

species from areas under Federal jurisdiction; or remove, cut, dig up,

or damage or destroy any such species in knowing violation of any State

law or regulation, including State criminal trespass law. Certain

exceptions to the prohibitions apply to agents of the Service and State

conservation agencies.

The Act and 50 CFR 17.62 provide for the issuance of permits to

carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered plant

species under certain circumstances. Such permits are available for

scientific purposes and to enhance the propagation or survival of the

species. It is anticipated that few permits would ever be sought or

issued because these 10 species are not common in cultivation or in the

wild.

It is Service policy, published in the Federal Register (59 FR

34272) on July 1, 1994, to identify to the maximum extent practicable

at the time a species is listed those activities that would or would

not constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. Such information is

intended to clarify the potential impacts of a species' listing on

proposed and ongoing activities within the species' range

is Service policy, published in the Federal Register (59 FR

34272) on July 1, 1994, to identify to the maximum extent practicable

at the time a species is listed those activities that would or would

not constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. Such information is

intended to clarify the potential impacts of a species' listing on

proposed and ongoing activities within the species' range. Four of the

species occur on Federal lands under the jurisdiction of the U.S.

National Park Service. Collection, damage, or destruction of these

species on Federal lands is prohibited without a Federal endangered

species permit. Such activities on non-Federal lands would constitute a

violation of section 9 if conducted in knowing violation of Hawaii

State law or regulations or in violation of a State criminal trespass

law (see Hawaii State Law section below). The Service is not aware of

any trade in these species.

Requests for copies of the regulations concerning listed plants and

inquiries regarding prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the

Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Permits Branch, 911

N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232-4181 (telephone 503-231-6241;

FAX 503-231-6243).

Hawaii State Law

Federal listing will automatically invoke listing under the State's

endangered species act. Hawaii's endangered species act states, ``Any

species of aquatic life, wildlife, or land plant that has been

determined to be an endangered species pursuant to the Federal

Endangered Species Act shall be deemed to be an endangered species

under the provisions of this chapter * * *'' (HRS, sect. 195D-4(a)).

Therefore, Federal listing will accord the species listed status under

Hawaii State law. State law prohibits cutting, collecting, uprooting,

destroying, injuring, or possessing any listed species of plant on

State or private land, or attempting to engage in any such conduct

ies Act shall be deemed to be an endangered species

under the provisions of this chapter * * *'' (HRS, sect. 195D-4(a)).

Therefore, Federal listing will accord the species listed status under

Hawaii State law. State law prohibits cutting, collecting, uprooting,

destroying, injuring, or possessing any listed species of plant on

State or private land, or attempting to engage in any such conduct. The

State law encourages conservation of such species by State agencies and

triggers other State regulations to protect the species (HRS, sect.

195AD-4 and -5).

Public Comments Solicited

The Service intends that any final action resulting from this

proposal will be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore,

comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental

agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested

party concerning this proposed rule are hereby solicited. Comments

particularly are sought concerning:

(1) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning

any threat (or lack thereof) to these species;

(2) The location of any additional populations of these species and

the reasons why any habitat should or should not be determined to be

critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act;

(3) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and

population size of these species; and

(4) Current or planned activities in the subject area and their

possible impacts on these species.

Final promulgation of the regulation(s) on these 10 species will

take into consideration the comments and any additional information

received by the Service, and such communications may lead to a final

regulation that differs from this proposal.

The Endangered Species Act provides for one or more public hearings

on this proposal, if requested. Requests must be received within 45

days of the date of publication of the proposal in the Federal

Register

will

take into consideration the comments and any additional information

received by the Service, and such communications may lead to a final

regulation that differs from this proposal.

The Endangered Species Act provides for one or more public hearings

on this proposal, if requested. Requests must be received within 45

days of the date of publication of the proposal in the Federal

Register. Such requests must be made in writing and addressed to the

Ecoregion Manager (see ADDRESSES section).

National Environmental Policy Act

The Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that Environmental

Assessments or Environmental Impact Statements, as defined under the

authority of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be

prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section

4(a) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. A notice

outlining the Service's reasons for this determination was published in

the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244).

The Service has examined this regulation under the Paperwork

Reduction Act of 1995 and found it to contain no information collection

requirements.

References Cited

A complete list of all references cited herein is available upon

request from the Pacific Islands Ecoregion (see ADDRESSES section).

Author: The author of this proposed rule is Marie M. Bruegmann,

telephone 808-541-3441 or facsimile 808-541-3470 (see ADDRESSES

section). Substantial data were contributed by the Hawaii Heritage

Program, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, and Biological

Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (formerly National

Biological Service).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and

recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

Accordingly, the Service hereby proposes to amend part 17,

subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations,

as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

(formerly National

Biological Service).

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and

recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Proposed Regulation Promulgation

Accordingly, the Service hereby proposes to amend part 17,

subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations,

as set forth below:

PART 17--[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.

4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.

2. Section 17.12(h) is amended by adding the following, in

alphabetical order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to the List of Endangered

and Threatened Plants, to read as follows:

Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.

* * * * *

(h) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Species

-------------------------------------------------------- Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special

Scientific name Common name habitat rules

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Flowering Plants

* * * * * * *

Clermontia samuelii.............. `Oha wai............ U.S.A (HI)......... Campanulaceae--Bell E ........... NA NA

flower.

* * * * * * *

Cyanea copelandii ssp. Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae--Bell E ........... NA NA

haleakalaensis. flower.

* * * * * * *

Cyanea glabra.................... Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae--Bel E ........... NA NA

lflower.

* * * * * * *

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae--Bell E ........... NA NA

hamatiflora. flower.

* * * * * * *

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis Na`ena`e............ U.S.A. (HI).......

kalaensis. flower.

* * * * * * *

Cyanea glabra.................... Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae--Bel E ........... NA NA

lflower.

* * * * * * *

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Haha................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Campanulaceae--Bell E ........... NA NA

hamatiflora. flower.

* * * * * * *

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis Na`ena`e............ U.S.A. (HI)........ Asteraceae--Sunflo E ........... NA NA

wer.

* * * * * * *

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. Kopa................ U.S.A. (HI)........ Rubiaceae--Coffee.. E ........... NA NA

remyi.

* * * * * * *

Kanaloa kahoolawensis............ None................ U.S.A. (HI)....... Fabaceae--Legume... E ........... NA NA

* * * * * * *

Labordia tinifolia var. Kamakahala.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Loganiaceae--Logan. E ........... NA NA

lanaiensis.

* * * * * * *

Labordia triflora................ Kamakahala.......... U.S.A. (HI)........ Loganiaceae--Logan E ........... NA NA

* * * * * * *

Melicope munroi.................. Alani............... U.S.A. (HI)........ Rutaceae--Citrus... E ........... NA NA

* * * * * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dated: April 28, 1997.

John G. Rogers,

Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.

[FR Doc. 97-12689 Filed 5-14-97; 8:45 am]

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