Plan Process Requirements (2017)
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Section 1
Plan Process Requirements
Planning Process---Requirement §201.7(b):
An effective planning process is essential in developing and maintaining a good plan. The mitigation
planning process should include coordination with other tribal agencies, appropriate Federal agencies,
adjacent jurisdictions, interested groups, and be integrated to the extent possible with other ongoing tribal
planning efforts as well as other FEMA mitigation programs and initiatives.
Documentation of the Planning Process---Requirements §201.7(b):
[The plan shall document] the planning process used to develop the plan, including how it was prepared,
planning
include coordination
other
agencies,
appropriate
agencies,
who
was process
involvedshould
in the process,
and how thewith
public
wastribal
defined
and involved.
ThisFederal
shall include:
adjacent jurisdictions, interested gr
(1) An opportunity for the public to comment on the plan during the drafting stage and prior to plan
approval, including a description of how the Indian Tribal government defined “public;” and
(2) As appropriate, an opportunity for neighboring communities, tribal and regional agencies involved in
hazard mitigation activities, and agencies that have the authority to regulate development, as well as
businesses, academia and other private and non-profit interests to be involved in the planning process;
and
Documentation of the Planning Process---Requirements §201.7(c)(1)(iii) and (iv): [The plan shall:]
[include] (iii) Review and incorporation, if appropriate, of existing plans, studies, and reports; and
(iv) Be integrated to the extent possible with other ongoing tribal planning efforts as well as other FEMA
programs and initiatives.
(1)Does the plan describe the review and incorporation, if appropriate, of existing plans, studies, and reports
in the new or updated plan?
(2)Does the plan describe how the Indian Tribal Mitigation Plan is integrated with other ongoing Indian Tribal
Planning efforts?
(3)Does the plan describe how the Indian Tribal Mitigation planning process is integrated with FEMA
mitigation programs and initiatives?
Does the plan provide a narrative description of the process followed to prepare the new or updated plan?
Does the plan indicate who was involved in the current planning process?
Does the plan indicate how the public was defined and involved? How was the public involved? Were they provided an
opportunity to comment on the plan during the drafting stage and prior to the plan approval?
Does the plan discuss the opportunity for other Indian Tribal governments, tribal and regional agencies, businesses, academia,
nonprofits, neighboring communities, and other affected stakeholders and interested parties to be involved in the planning
process? Does the plan document how the planning team reviewed and analyzed each section of the plan? [Updated only]
cal information?
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SECTION 1
PUYALLUP TRIBE ALL HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN
2017-2022 EDITION
PLAN PROCESS
Table of Contents
PLAN PROCESS REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................1
CHANGES TO THE MITIGATION PLAN IN THIS DOCUMENT ........................................5
CHANGE MATRIX ......................................................................................................5
PLAN PROCESS .........................................................................................................9
PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT PROCESS.....................................................................................9
PLANNING TEAM...................................................................................................... 10
PLANNING TEAM MEETINGS ........................................................................................ 11
HAZARD MEETINGS .................................................................................................. 18
PUBLIC COMMENT .................................................................................................... 21
PUBLIC INFORMATION MEETINGS, MARCH 2016-MAY 2017 ............................................... 21
PROFILE PROCESS .................................................................................................. 29
SERVICES SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 29
GEO-POLITICAL SUMMARY ...................................................................................... 29
POPULATION SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 29
PRIOR PLAN ........................................................................................................... 29
INFRASTRUCTURE SUMMARY .................................................................................. 30
GENERAL ............................................................................................................... 30
JURISDICTION INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................. 30
CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT PROCESS ........................................................................ 30
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS................................................................................... 32
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION ......................................................................... 33
THE PLANNING AREA .............................................................................................. 35
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION........................................................................................... 35
VULNERABILITY ....................................................................................................... 36
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 37
HAZARD UPDATE FOR 2017 ....................................................................................... 37
MITIGATION STRATEGY PROCESS ........................................................................... 38
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FEMA MITIGATION GOAL CATEGORIES ......................................................................... 38
PLANNING AREA MITIGATION GOALS ............................................................................ 39
MITIGATION MEASURES: IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION ............................................... 40
MITIGATION MEASURES: PRIORITIZATION ...................................................................... 42
CRITICAL FACILITY PROCESS .................................................................................. 43
DEFINITION ........................................................................................................... 44
IDENTIFICATION ...................................................................................................... 44
PROFILE ................................................................................................................ 45
INFRASTRUCTURE SUMMARY ....................................................................................... 45
INFRASTRUCTURE CATEGORY SUMMARY ......................................................................... 46
INFRASTRUCTURE DEPENDENCY SUMMARY ...................................................................... 46
INFRASTRUCTURE HAZARD SUMMARY ............................................................................ 46
DEPENDENCY .......................................................................................................... 46
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................... 46
FACILITY MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................ 47
PLAN MAINTENANCE PROCESS ................................................................................ 47
ENDNOTES ............................................................................................................. 49
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Changes To The Mitigation Plan in this Document
This Process Section includes the following changes that are documented as a result of a
complete review and update of the existing plan. The purpose of the following change matrix is
to advise the reader of these changes updating this plan from the original document approved on
April 18, 2012 by the Tribal Council.
The purpose for the changes is three-fold: 1) the Federal Law (Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR), Title 44, Part 201.4) pertaining to Mitigation Planning has changed since the original
Plan was undertaken; 2) the Local Mitigation Planning Requirements of the Disaster Mitigation
Act of 2000 201.6 (d) (3) Plan Review states Plans must be reviewed, revised if appropriate, and
resubmitted for approval within five years in order to continue to be eligible for HMGP project
grant funding. This document when completed and approved will become the Puyallup Tribe’s
current All Hazard Mitigation Plan.
Change Matrix
This Matrix of Changes documents the pertinent changes made from the April 2012 - 2017
edition of the Puyallup Tribe’s All Hazard Mitigation Plan. Most of the changes are a matter of
additional detail, more information provided, some reformatting and in some cases a response to
new requirements. This 2017 version represents a complete review and update by the Puyallup
Tribe using a detailed process for development and following an established format. During this
procedure, all web links have been verified and updated.
Table 1-1 Change Matrix – Puyallup Tribe’s All Hazard Mitigation Plan 2017 Update
Section 1 – Plan Development, Process Section
Section or Part of Plan
New in 2017 Plan
Section 1 – Process Section
Section 1 – Process Section
The 2017 Process Section contains this
Change Matrix Table and summary updates
under each of the sections for the changes.
The 2017 Process Section was updated under
the Profile Section to update the year the geopolitical and infrastructure GIS calculations
were taken.
The 2017 The Mitigation Strategy Process
Section was reviewed for accuracy and
relevancy and remains current in the way
goals and objectives are identified.
Section 2 – Participating Jurisdiction Profiles
Section or Part of Plan
Previous
2017 Plan
Section 2 – Profile
Information was current as of
The 2017 version of the
Profile has been updated using
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2000 Census Data.
2010 Census Data and most
current GIS information from
Pierce County.
Additional Tribal properties
inside and outside of the
Reservation were incorporated
into the summary matrixes.
Base Maps were included for
properties in King, Kitsap and
Lewis Counties.
Base Map for the Reservation
was broken into 3 scaled in
tighter maps to show specific
Tribal Trust Properties.
The Economy paragraph and
Economic Summary was
updated.
Land Use and Development
Trends paragraph was updated
and new figures incorporated
into the Infrastructure
Summary for 2017.
Section 3 – Capability Identification
Section or Part of Plan
Previous
2017 Plan
Section 3 – Capability
The Capability Tables shown
in the previous plan are in a
similar format.
The 2017 Capability Section
has been updated to show
current information from the
Puyallup Tribe.
Legal and Regulatory,
Administrative and Fiscal
were both reviewed by the
Tribe and additional
departments were added.
Updates were made to the
Technical paragraph under the
Tribal subsets.
Section 4 – Vulnerability, Risk Analysis
Section or Part of Plan
2017 Plan
The plan includes charts for previous history
of disaster declarations broken down into
Geological, Meteorological and
The 2017 Risk Section includes these same
charts but it has been updated to show all
additional declarations since 2012.
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Technological Hazards.
The previous plan included a Presidential
Disaster Declarations map displaying the
FEMA Regions and disaster declarations
based on hazard.
The 2017 Risk Section includes the latest
version FEMA has available dated from
January 1. 2000 to December 31, 2013.
Presidential Disaster Declarations map for
Washington State was updated to include
declared disasters through February 8, 2016.
The Region 5 Disaster Assistance Summary
was updated to include recent events during
the past 5 years.
The previous version of the plan contained 13
hazard maps which hazards were identified
within specific areas of the reservation. An
additional 5 hazard maps involved the entire
reservation as the hazard could occur
anywhere on the reservation.
The 2017 Risk Section includes updated maps
incorporating new trust properties and hazard
specific areas have been zoomed in giving
better detail to specific trust parcels in
identified hazard areas within the reservation
boundaries.
The previous version included specific
analysis showing vulnerability of population,
land and infrastructure according to 2010
Census data and 2012/13 tax parcel data.
The 2017 Risk Section includes completely
updated tables showing vulnerability of
population, land and infrastructure using 2010
Census data and October 2016 tax parcel data.
Graphs were updated with current information
on all hazards that the Tribe is vulnerable to.
The previous version had contained 19
identified hazards within Pierce County. The
Tribe adopted the Pierce County HIRA and
embedded into their plan for hazard
identification.
The 2017 Risk Section continues with the
adoption of the PC HIRA with updates to the
various sections. Two big changes to the
Climate Change Hazard was the addition of
Tab 1 and Tab 2. Tab 1 includes a Climate
Change Assessment Report for the Puyallup
Tribe Reservation and Tab 2 contains the
report from the Treaty Tribes in Western
Washington on Climate Change and Our
Natural Resources.
Section 5 – Mitigation Strategy
Section or Part of Plan
2017 Plan
The previous document contained a
Mitigation Measure Matrix chart followed by
written descriptions of each individual
measure.
The new document uses the same format as
the original plan. Measures completed in the
past five years have been identified with an
update under the mitigation measure and on
the Mitigation Strategy Matrix. A
“completed” was added under the Timeline
heading. In some instances the timeline was
adjusted to ongoing or complete with ongoing
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maintenance.
A summary update has been added for each
mitigation measure under their written
description.
All Mitigation strategies were reviewed for
their priority order under each of the hazards
with the Mitigation Committee representing
numerous Tribal Departments.
Section 6 – Infrastructure
Section or Part of Plan
2017 Plan
The previous plan used a full table with detail
on each piece of infrastructure as well as
summary information on hazards and
dependencies.
The 2017 plan continues with this same
methodology updating infrastructure as the
Tribe acquires new properties.
In addition, an in-depth critical facilities
profile was done on each facility to include
profile information, vulnerability assessment
and mitigation strategies. The Mitigation
strategies were prioritized and evaluated using
the same methodology that Section 5
mitigation measures uses.
Section 7 – Plan Maintenance
Section or Part of Plan
2017 Plan
The previous Plan Maintenance remains the
same with a few minor changes.
The 2017 version of the Plan Maintenance
continues with the only significant changes
occurring to the Appendices. Future update
changes to the Plan will occur in Appendix E
rather than Appendix C as stated in the
previous plan.
The list of Hazard Mitigation Forum
participating jurisdictions was updated to
include all 76 jurisdictions falling under the
Region 5 All Hazards Mitigation Plan, and
jurisdictions within Pierce County with their
own stand alone plans.
Section 8 – Other Changes
Section or Part of Plan
2017 Plan
The previous document contained five
Appendices.
The 2017 Plan contains six Appendices adding
an additional Appendix. This appendix
contains the spatial results from the FEMA
Hazus-MH Earthquake Scenario based models
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on three different earthquake scenarios
affecting the Puyallup Tribe Reservation.
Plan Process
The Puyallup Tribe of Indians Mitigation Plan Process section is a discussion of the planning
process used to update the Puyallup Tribe of Indians All Hazard Mitigation Plan. This includes
how the process was prepared, who aided in the process, and the public’s involvement.
The Plan update continued the development around all major components identified in 44 CFR
201, including:
Public Involvement Process;
Jurisdiction Profile;
Capability Assessment;
Risk Assessment;
Mitigation Strategy;
Infrastructure Section; and,
Plan Maintenance Procedure.
Below is a summary of those elements and the processes involved in their development.
Public Involvement Process
Public participation is a key component to strategic planning processes. Citizen participation
offers citizens the chance to voice their ideas, interests, and opinions.
“Involving stakeholders who are not part of the core team in all stages of the process will
introduce the planning team to different points of view about the needs of the community. It will
also provide opportunities to educate the public about hazard mitigation, the process, and
findings, and could be used to generate support for the mitigation plan.” 1
In order to accomplish this goal and to ensure that the updated Puyallup Tribe All Hazard
Mitigation Plan be comprehensive, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, in conjunction with Pierce
County Department of Emergency Management, developed a public participation process of
three components:
A Planning Team comprised of knowledgeable individual representatives of the
Puyallup Tribe of Indians and its hazards;
Hazard Meetings to target the specialized knowledge of individuals working with
populations or areas at risk from all hazards; and
Public meetings to identify common concerns and ideas regarding hazard mitigation
and to discuss specific goals, objectives and measures of the mitigation plan.2
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This section discusses each of these components in further detail below with public participation
outlined in each. Integrating public participation into the development of the Plan has helped to
ensure an accurate depiction of the Area’s risks, vulnerabilities, and mitigation priorities.
The Puyallup Tribe defines the “public” as both tribal members and non-tribal members of the
community. They are represented by the local workforce, business owners, and residents of the
community providing input into the mitigation plan from a variety of perspectives.
The Puyallup Tribe Public Safety Department held one public meeting during the Annual
Benefits Fair in August 2016 to present the Tribe’s Draft All Hazard Mitigation Plan to the
Tribal Membership and Community workforce employed by the Puyallup Tribe. Hazard maps
displayed on easels accompanied the All Hazard Mitigation Plan along with preparedness
information. The hazard maps drew immediate attention and with many comments centering on
a lack of awareness to the many hazards the Tribe is vulnerable to. The Benefits Fair is an annual
event and wonderful opportunity to educate many tribal members at large, tribal and non-tribal
employees in preparedness to the hazards they are at risk for and engage them with the All
Hazards Mitigation Plan. It provides the planning team the opportunity to hear their concerns and
learn more about the specific areas they live in. This will be a continuing outreach event the
planning team will attend to promote community resiliency.
During these past few years numerous preparedness presentations were conducted throughout the
departments in partnership with Pierce County Emergency Management discussing the Tribes
vulnerability to hazards and what they could do to prepare themselves, their workplace
environments and at home to reduce their risk. These presentations were given to the employees
which are both Tribal Members and Non-Tribal Members. The Tribe’s All Hazard Mitigation
Plan was discussed at many of the presentations and the mitigation measures developed for their
buildings to reduce the risk when funding sources became available.
The Puyallup Tribe Public Safety Department held the final public meeting to present the Tribe’s
All Hazards Mitigation Plan in its final draft format in June of 2017. This meeting encouraged
the public’s participation to comment on the plan and take one final look before it will be
presented to the Tribal Council for pre-authorization before it goes to FEMA. Those who were
able to attend felt the document was through in its coverage of the hazards and were not
previously aware of the plans existence. The Planning Team was able to share the document with
them outlining the sections in discussion. The public was made aware of the plans existence on
the Puyallup Tribe’s website for further reading. These meetings allow for interaction with the
public and the opportunity to engage them with potential hazards the Tribe may face and how to
prepare for them.
Planning Team
The Planning Team continued in the winter of 2015 and discussed the plan update and began to
develop a matrix of events to occur during 2016. The Tribe’s Mitigation Planning Team
members have an understanding of the Planning Area, including how residents, businesses,
infrastructure, and the environment may be affected by all hazard events. Most of the planning
members are experienced in past and present mitigation activities, and represent those entities
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through which many of the mitigation measures would be implemented. For a couple of
Stakeholders this was their first experience participating with the mitigation planning process
which provided them with a solid foundation with participating in this current update. The
Planning Team guided the development of the Plan, assisted in evaluating the existing goals and
measures, developed new strategy measures, identified stakeholders, and shared local expertise
to create a more comprehensive plan. Table 1-2 identifies the Planning Team by listing the
various members and the departments or jurisdictions they represent.
Table 1-2 Planning Team
NAME
TITLE
JURISDICTION-DEPARTMENT
Anita Oldbull-Bigman Administrative Manager
Puyallup Tribe Administration
Rory Laducer
Public Safety Director
Puyallup Tribe Public Safety
Jason Dillon
Planner Coordinator
Puyallup Tribe Public Safety
Leo Evans
Planner Coordinator
Puyallup Tribe Public Safety
Dennis Young
Public Safety - Security
Puyallup Tribe Public Safety
Joe Duenas
Chief of Police
Puyallup Tribal Police
Richard Dlugosz
Facilities Engineer (retired 10/2016) Elder Services & Wellness Center
Lorelei Evans
Director Set Aside Housing
Puyallup Tribe Housing Authority
Eugena Buena-Douglas ROSS Coordinator
Puyallup Tribe Housing Authority
Joanne Gutierrez
Resident Service Manager
Puyallup Tribe Housing Authority
Dwayne Matt
Lead Maintenance
Grandview Early Learning Center
Clifford Jordan
Facilities Manager
Puyallup Tribal Youth Community Center
Blake Matthews
Medical Clinic Coordinator
Puyallup Tribe Health Authority
Ryan Stevens
Associate Superintendent
Puyallup Tribe Chief Leschi School
Larry Mauritson
IT Director
Information Technology
Stann Sicade
Administration IT
Information Technology
Paul Arnold
GIS Specialist
Information Technology
Dan Kain
Administration
Puyallup Tribe Administration
Kirby Manzanares Sr. Safety Director
Emerald Queen Hotel & Casino
Valerie Gray
Safety Personnel Officer
Emerald Queen Hotel & Casino
Puyallup Tribe Fisheries/Hatchery/Natural Resources
Russ Ladley
Resource Protection Manager
Chris Toal
Planner/Grant Writer
Puyallup Tribe Planning/Community Development
Carol Ann Hawks
Historian Director
Puyallup Tribe
Robert Yerbury
Assistant Security Director
Puyallup Tribal Gaming Regulatory Office
Tony Cooper
Chief
Riverside Fire & Rescue
Kira Thirkield
Battalion Chief
Riverside Fire & Rescue
Dann Hugo
Assistant Battalion Chief
Riverside Fire & Rescue
Debbie Bailey
Mitigation & Recovery Planner
Pierce County DEM Mitigation & Recovery
Planning Team Meetings
Prior Plan
The Planning Team originally met from November 2003 to November 2004 to begin the
development of the first mitigation plan for the Tribe. During that year each meeting presented
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an opportunity for discussion, review, and evaluation of the Plan among the Planning Team.
Planning Team Members Luke Meyers and Benjamin S. Pierson coordinated those meetings.
The Planning Team reorganized in November 2010 and began to review the draft Mitigation
Plan developed in 2004, reviewing and discussing each section of the Plan. The Plan was
expanded to encompass technological and man-made hazards in addition to the natural hazards.
The Planning Team met monthly from November 10, 2010 until August 24, 2011 to develop the
current All Hazard Mitigation Plan. These meetings are documented with the 2012-2017 edition
of the plan.
Plan Update
The Planning Team held 19 Planning Team Meetings from November 2015 to February 2017.
Each meeting presented an opportunity for discussion, review, and evaluation of each section of
the Plan among the Planning Team. Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey
coordinated the meetings. The Planning Team met monthly from November 4, 2015 until
February 8, 2017 to review and update the current All Hazard Mitigation Plan Table 1-3
documents these meetings including name, date, place and description of each meeting.
Riverside Fire & Rescue along with Pierce County Emergency Management were involved
during the planning process of this update.
Table 1-3 Planning Team Meetings
Pre-Planning Team Kickoff Meeting #1Meeting
November 4, 2015
Puyallup Tribe Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members meet to discuss the upcoming work plan and work schedule for
the update and review of the Puyallup Tribe All Hazards Mitigation Plan. Discussion centered
on ideas for improving it, potential stakeholder involvement, developing a timeline, developing
an outreach strategy and infrastructure updates. Training is always discussed with every
meeting with emphasis on the ICS Courses available, opportunities to take the E580 Emergency
Management Framework for Tribal Governments, E581 Emergency Operations for Tribal
Governments and the E582 Mitigation for Tribal Governments. Heavy promoting the E582
Mitigation course for May 9-12, 2016 in Emmitsburg, MD will provide the planning team a
good foundation and further developing a solid mitigation plan.
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Planning Team Meeting #2
December 2, 2015
Puyallup Tribe Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the development of a timeline for the update of the All Hazards
Mitigation Plan. Also discussed was alternating the monthly planning meetings to the various
Planning Team departments. This would provide an opportunity to see the facilities and the
type of accommodations/capabilities they might provide in an emergency situation. Many
Planning Team members were not familiar with each of the Departments accommodations and
many departments scattered through the reservation. A tour of the facility was discussed at the
end of each planning meeting. It was decided January’s meeting would be held at the Elder’s
Building. The majority of this planning meeting focused on the planning team discussing the
THIRA document Core Capabilities and Desired Outcomes on: Mass Care Services, Public &
Private Services & Resources, Situational Assessment, Economic Recovery, Health & Social
Services and Housing. The THIRA was due to FEMA by December 31, 2015 and the planning
team needed to review this document again prior to that submit deadline date.
Planning Team Meeting #3
January 13, 2016
Puyallup Tribe Elders Building
Where Planning Team member Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and the Planning Team
discussed the following items: The timeline, outreach strategy with outreach surveys involving
the general membership, scheduling the infrastructure updates during the spring/summer
months, mapping out all hazards poster sized for seminars/safety fairs for general membership
awareness and identifying hazards within their neighborhoods. The Planning Team reviewed
Section 2 Profile and identified areas for further review. The Tribal Historic Preservation to
review the History for relevancy and accuracy; the following sections need to be updated in
addition, Demographics, Economy, Land Use and Development Trends, and the Infrastructure
Summary. The Planning Team identified who would be responsible for the updates.
Planning Team Meeting #4
February 3, 2016
Housing Authority NE Gym
Where Planning Teams member Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items: We reviewed Section 2 Profile for any
updates that could be finalized and will continue to work on areas still needing to be updated.
We reviewed Section 3 Capabilities identifying departments who would be responsible for
reviewing their sections; the Legal and Regulatory section to be reviewed by the Legal
Department, the Administrative and Fiscal section to be reviewed by the Administration
Department with all departments reviewing their own paragraphs for relevancy and accuracy,
the Federal Capabilities to be reviewed by the Compliance and Legislative Analysis Grants
Department. Community involvement was discussed with planned events to incorporate the
hazard awareness preparedness pierce to it. Feedback was very successful from community and
presenters when this was done last year at the Health Authority Safety Fair. Discussed in
addition was moving the planning meeting down a week to better accommodate work schedules
and prior meeting commitments.
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Planning Team Meeting #5
March 16, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey cancelled the meeting due to
unforeseen circumstances and felt in the Planning Team’s best interest the meeting would be
postponed until next month. An email went out to the planning group in the morning advising
them of the cancellation and when we would be meeting in April. Also attached in the email
was Section 3 Capabilities asking the departments to review their sections for relevancy. There
was a low turnout of planning team members last month so it was felt best to continue this
section. In addition, another meeting was scheduled in the morning with Anita Oldbull-Bigman
the new Tribal Administrative Manager to meet and discuss the Mitigation Plan and planning
process. This meeting was also cancelled and rescheduled for Monday, March 21, 2016.
Planning Team Meeting #6
April 13, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items: Continued training with ICS courses, and the
E/L580 and E/L581 courses and E/L582 Mitigation for Tribal Governments (May 9-12, 2016 at
EMI). No updates for Section 3. We discussed Section 5, Mitigation Strategies and reviewing
the existing measures for a continued update. The goals were reviewed and the EMC agreed
these were still relevant and consistent with the Tribal goals and will continue with this update.
These updates will be included with each measure showing a progress report over time. Once
they are completed they will be removed from the current existing measures and a new section
will be added to show the completed measures as discussed. Documentation required for
developing new measures was discussed with the planning team and they will discuss within
their departments possible new measures that should be developed to continue their resiliency
development. The meeting rotation was discussed and very beneficial to planning team for
COOP planning. Tribe is spread out and this provides opportunity to view each other’s
departments and potential alternate sites if needed.
Planning Team Meeting #7
May 18, 2016
Grandview Early Learning Center
Where Planning Team members Jason Dillon and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and the
Planning Team discussed the following items: continued training opportunities for ICS courses,
DEM Portal course and the E/L 580 course. A review and discussion of the mitigation
strategies was discussed. Dwayne conducted a tour of the facility and discussed the
accommodations it could provide as an alternate site for COOP Planning.
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Planning Team Meeting #8
June 22, 2016
Riverside Fire Department
Where Planning Team members Jason Dillon and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and the
Planning Team discussed the following items: continued training opportunities for ICS courses,
DEM Portal course and the E/L 580 course. The Youth Center is planning on an evacuation
drill based on their emergency plan in September and a table top exercise the later part of
August. Riverside Fire Department offered to ride along providing assistance with alternate
evacuation routes, taking the hazards into consideration. Will incorporate these planning efforts
into the Shake Out exercise in October. Discussed Public Meetings and comment period and
will use the Benefits Fair in September. This draws a large Tribal Membership and great
opportunity to discuss the mitigation plan and hazards the Tribe is vulnerable to. A second
Public meeting will take place in the Administration Building prior to submitting the final draft
to FEMA in December. Discussed meeting with individual departments (Natural Resources,
Fisheries, Planning Land Use and the Grants departments) to develop mitigation measures and
how the mitigation plan can be incorporated into other plans these departments have during July
when the planning team will not meet as a whole group. Also discussion of meeting with Elders
to incorporate their knowledge into the risk assessment on the history the Tribe faced to natural
hazards. Field trips planned during August to update the infrastructure the Tribe has acquired
during the past 5 years to photograph and document into the plan. Further preparedness was
discussed with the Shake Out drill in October for the departments to participate in with an
increased involvement due to earthquake, liquefaction, and flooding hazards.
Planning Team Meeting #9
August 10, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items: the Youth Center evacuation drill was
discussed further and is in the process of scheduling another planning meeting which will
discuss alternate evacuate routes taking into account the various potential identified hazards.
The Capabilities Section was review with Law Enforcement confirming the accuracy of their
paragraph. It was identified that the Youth Center needed to write up a paragraph as it was
under construction during the time the previous mitigation plan was developed. Mitigation
Strategies were discusses and a follow up meeting will occur with the Youth Center and the
Elders Building for updates to a couple of the mitigation measures. The Public Involvement
meeting was discussed and maps will be printed for this event. The Benefits Fair draws a large
Tribal Membership and will provide a great opportunity to discuss the Mitigation Plan with
Tribal members during the update phase of the Mitigation Plan. It is scheduled for August 23,
2016 at the Casino from 9 AM -1:30 PM. The Great Shake Out Earthquake exercise was
discussed with the Tribal Departments participating and incorporating PC DEM Public
Educators to come in and discuss non-structural retrofits within the office environments and at
home, a mitigation measure. Follow up meetings to occur with Youth Center and Elders
Building for further discussion on the mitigation measures.
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Planning Team Meeting #10
September 14, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Jason Dillon, Dennis Young and Debbie Bailey conducted the
meeting and the Planning Team discussed the following items; An update on the Youth Center
evacuation drill and Targa Exercise scheduled for October. Upcoming ICS training schedule
was discussed. The Capabilities Section was addressed again and the IT Department was not
included either and will be included with this edition. Additional summaries were written for
the mitigation measures in Section 5 and review of those will take place this month by all the
planning team members this month for open comments. The second Public Involvement
meeting was discussed and various ways to reach the tribal community through a variety of
scheduled meetings over the next few months. There may be several meetings to really have
the opportunity to reach out to the community for final input and comments. The outreach
hazard awareness questionnaire was discussed that was available at the Benefits Fair.
Distribution of this questionnaire will occur within each of the departments. The planning team
felt there would be a better return of them through a department level as opposed to an outreach
event. Although here were several questionnaires taken but none were received back.
Information gathered from the questionnaire will help to shape the Public Education component
on preparedness for each of the Tribal Departments. Participation in the Great Shake Out was
discussed and how each of the Departments will participate in this event. Further discussion
centered on the hazard awareness of potential liquefaction, tsunami, flood and lahar all hazards
the Puyallup Tribe faces and must mitigate for. Follow up meetings still need to occur with the
Elders Center and the Youth Center to follow up on mitigation measure updates.
Planning Team Meeting #11
September 28, 2016
Youth Center
Where Planning Team Members Cliff Jordan, Lisa Earle and Debbie Bailey met to discuss the
addition of writing up a description of their department which can lead or assist in the
implementation of one or more of the mitigation measures. The Youth Center building was not
completed at the time the last Mitigation Plan was developed and they need to be included with
this update. This description will be added in Section 3, Capabilities under the Administrative
and Fiscal sub-title.
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Planning Team Meeting #12
October 5, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items; those who were in attendance reviewed and
confirmed their department paragraphs in the Capabilities Section and the Youth Center created
a paragraph description for their Department since it was not in existence with the original plan.
The Mitigation Strategies Section was reviewed again and a meeting will be set up with the
Elders and Youth Center for updates to the Surface Water Reduction Strategy. Both of these
Departments incorporated surface water reduction into their current building designs and this
needs to be documented under the Mitigation Strategy section. Further ideas were explored for
the last Public Involvement Meeting to review the Mitigation Plan once it is completed. The
Great Shake Out Preparedness exercise was discussed (event occurring on October 20th) and to
what level each Department will participate. The Tribe helps promote this annual exercise by
advertising the event on their EQC Reader Board sign located adjacent to the I-5 corridor in a
highly visible site to thousands of drivers daily. A happy retirement celebration followed the
meeting as the Elders Planning Team member was retiring at the end of the week. A
replacement for him was being conducted by his Department.
Planning Team Meeting #13
November 16, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items; The outcomes of Department participation
with the Great Shake Out Earthquake exercise. Another review of Section 2 and Section 3 was
conducted with the Planning Team as more updated information was provided by the Tribes
GIS Department for demographic information. In addition, the final copies of two Climate
Change documents were available for publication and discussion followed about incorporating
these documents into the Climate Change section of the Risk Assessment Section of the
Mitigation Plan. One of the documents addresses climate change and its affects within the
Puyallup Reservation and the other document addresses climate change from the Treaty Tribes
in Western Washington and looks at climate change from a broader perspective. Incorporating
both documents into the plan was the consensus from the group. Public involvement and
comment was further discussed and the protocols. The Tribal Council must authorize this in the
format of a CDR. The length of time for comments, where comments can be made and who to
address them too will be addressed in the CDR. This cannot happen until after the holidays and
the final draft of the plan is completed.
Planning Team Meeting #14
November 21, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items: our current status with the update of the plan
and identifying the Tribal Departments that still need to verify and update if necessary their
information in Section 2 (Profile), Section 3 (Capabilities), and Section 5 (Mitigation
Strategies). Summarizing mitigation measures were discussed. We need to set up a couple of
additional meetings during the next month to discuss a couple of mitigation strategies updates
with the Youth Center and Elders Building.
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Planning Team Meeting #15
December 7, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items: our current status with the update of the plan
and identifying the Tribal Departments that still need to verify and update if necessary their
information in Section 2 (Profile), Section 3 (Capabilities), and Section 5 (Mitigation
Strategies). Mitigation measures were discussed along with updating the infrastructure. We
discussed meeting with Tribal Elders over the next couple of years to include any stories they
would like to share to incorporate into the Risk Section.
Planning Team Meeting #16
January 4, 2017
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer, Jason Dillon, Leo Evans and Debbie Bailey
met to review the plan and discuss a couple items from the Process Section, Profile Section,
Capabilities Section, Mitigation Strategies Section and the Maintenance Section. The plan is in
its final stages of the update and a quick review of the plan and identifying a few outstanding
items left to be updated was discussed. Once these items are completed the plan will go before
Administration for direction for the community membership review of the final plan and will be
open for Public Comment. Once this is completed and the Crosswalk filled out the plan will be
submitted to WA-EMD and FEMA.
Planning Team Meeting #17
January 18, 2017
Public Safety Building
This meeting was cancelled due to multiple people out sick. Instead of meeting as a whole
group the plan is being sent out to the entire Planning Team for a review and comment period
and to share within their departments for open comment. February’s meeting will review and
address any comments.
Planning Team Meeting #18
February 2, 2017
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer, Jason Dillon, Leo Evans and Debbie Bailey
met to review additional information to incorporate into the mitigation plan from the Planning
and Land Service and Administration Department.
Planning Team Meeting #19
February 15, 2017
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey conducted the meeting and
the Planning Team discussed the following items: a complete review of the final update of the
draft Mitigation Plan. The entire Mitigation Plan was emailed out to all planning team members
on January 23, 2017 giving the planning team members almost 3 weeks to review the plan
within their departments and be ready to share any comments with the planning team members.
A discussion followed on the process to use in presenting the plan to Tribal Membership and
neighboring jurisdictions for the last Public Comment period.
Hazard Meetings
Plan Update Hazard Meetings
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The Puyallup Tribe continues with the hazard awareness identified within the Planning Area and
integrates its planning efforts with neighboring jurisdictions with the update of this 2017 – 2022
edition of the mitigation plan. Continuing to build on the theme that hazards do not share
boundaries, the Puyallup Tribe participates in a variety of planning efforts from participation in
exercises, public education, attending workshops and contributing to the development of regional
plans.
Over the past few years the Puyallup Tribe has worked with Pierce County Emergency
Management and other neighboring jurisdictions with the update and continued development of
the Regional Mt. Rainier Plan. This plan encompasses counties and jurisdictions that will be
affected by the volcanic hazards such as lahar and pyroclastic flows and tephra fall out.
Evacuation routes, shelters, response and recovery are a few components this plan is currently
working on. Potential mitigation measures may be developed as a result of the combined
planning efforts to reduce some of the impacts and build resiliency into communities.
The Tribe has representation at a monthly Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)
meeting as a function of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
(EPCRA). The LEPC focuses on preparing for emergencies of hazardous materials and
emergency response plans which is of most importance to the Puyallup Tribe having Trust
Properties located in the Port of Tacoma and a marina located on Commencement Bay. Natural
Resources are at risk for the Puyallup Tribe if an event were to occur spilling into the waterways.
Having emergency response plans and procedures in place, outlining evacuation plans,
exercising on them and relationship building are all important functions of the LEPC monthly
meetings.
The Puyallup Tribe participated in a Pierce County Hazard Risk Assessment Workshop Pierce
County recently on October 19, 2015 which was attended by over 50 participants from scientific,
nonprofit and local government community to gather information on best available science
relating to natural, technological and human-caused hazards. Hazards were discussed on
frequency of occurrence, impacted area, and economic impacts. Discussions considered the
health/safety and environmental impacts and operational preparedness/vulnerabilities of all 19
hazards addressed.
The Puyallup Tribe participates in the Pierce County annual Pre-Winter Storm Meeting in
October each year, which discusses the severe storm hazard potential for the upcoming
fall/winter season in Pierce County. This meeting brings together local cities, schools, utilities
and first responder agencies to review the winter storm outlook and to review various plans for
potential inclement weather. Ted Buehner from the National Weather Service provides a
briefing about the potential winter weather, utility partners provide briefings and any changes to
any plans since the previous winter, Pierce County Public Works & Utilities – Surface Water
Management and Roads briefs out information on the levees and potential areas at risk along the
Puyallup, Carbon and White Rivers. Handouts and resources are provided and new and updated
contact information is dispersed out.
The Puyallup Tribe participates in a variety of exercises on a local level to include the annual
earthquake “Great Shake Out.” The Tribe advertises this exercise on the EQC Reader sign as a
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public outreach to the community at large for earthquake awareness and participation. All
departments within the Tribe participate with this exercise and to varying degrees building upon
the previous year. The Tribe participated in June of 2016 the Cascadia Rising Exercise involving
tribal, state, county, cities across three States. The Tribe recently participated in an exercise
involving a Hazmat incident with NuStar in the Port of Tacoma. This exercise allowed the Tribe
to interface with a variety of stakeholders such as the Coast Guard, and EPA. The Tribe recently
attended another exercise planning meeting in August of 2016 with Targa and participated in an
exercise with U.S. Oil in December of 2016. These exercises provide the Tribe the opportunity
to relationship build with the local government communities and gain knowledge how the
hazards may impact Tribal properties. Integrating known Tribal hazards into preparedness,
Tribal Departments design and execute their own exercises. The Youth Center is currently
(September 2016) developing a full scale exercise to evacuate the entire building, including staff
members and children and have a reunification site at the NE Housing Site in Tacoma. This
exercise will prepare them for a flood, lahar, dam breach, or tsunami event all identified hazards,
involving the Puyallup River that the Youth Center is located adjacent to.
Prior Plan Hazard Meetings
Hazard Meetings helped verify the current state of hazards identified in the Planning Area and
provide a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which hazards have impacted the
Area. Members of the Planning Team coordinated 10 Hazard Meetings including: workshops,
hazard expert interviews, and local official interviews with hazard-specific knowledge. Some of
these meetings occurred during the development of the Pierce County Plan in which the entire
County and its hazards were discussed. The Planning Team used information from these
meetings and the experts involved. Table 1-4 documents these meetings including: name, date,
place, and description.
Table 1-4 Prior Hazard Meetings
Pierce County Natural Hazard Workshop
August 23, 2001
Tacoma Public Library
Where Planning Team members attended a Natural Hazard Workshop. The workshop was
attended by over forty participants from scientific, nonprofit and local government community
to gather information on best available science relating to natural hazards.
Pierce County Natural Hazard Workshop
October 2 and 5, 2001
Tacoma Public Library
Where Planning Team members attended a Natural Hazard Workshops attended by over forty
participants from scientific, nonprofit, and local government community to gather information
on best available science relating to natural hazards.
Pierce County Flood Hazard Meeting
January 22, 2003
PC Water Programs
Where Planning Team members Luke Meyers and Benjamin Pierson met with Randy Brake
from PC Water Programs and discussed the flood hazard in unincorporated Pierce County’s
flood hazard areas.
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Pierce County Severe Storms Hazard Meeting
February 3, 2003
National Weather Service (NWS)
Where Planning Team Member Luke Meyers met with Ted Buehner from NWS and discussed
the severe storms hazard in Pierce County.
Pierce County Geologic Hazard Meeting
February 19, 2003
WA State Department of Natural Resources (DNR)
Where Planning Team member Luke Meyers met with Tim Walsh from DNR and discussed
earthquake, landslide, and volcanic hazards in Pierce County.
Pierce County Earthquake Hazard Meeting
April 2003
PC DEM Conference Room
Where Planning Team members Luke Meyers and Benjamin Pierson met with Craig Weaver
and Brain Sherrod about new information on the e Tacoma Fault earthquake hazard.
Sumner School District’s All Hazard Meeting
April 29, 2004
Sumner School District Administrative Building and the
School District Vicinity
Where Planning Team members Luke Meyers, Benjamin Pierson, and Cindy Acosta met and
discussed the natural hazards in the School District. The meeting included a driving tour of the
School District, an identification of the District’s Critical Facilities, and an identification of the
District’s hazard areas.
Public Comment
The Planning Team provided many opportunities for public comment throughout the ongoing
and open process. Beginning in November of 2015 the Planning Team began the process of
updating the plan and monthly meeting notices were sent to most of the Tribal Departments and
multiple people within some of the departments. Planning Team members representing their
departments were encouraged to discuss the plan reviewing and gather additional information if
needed for the update. The Planning Team held informational meetings with some departments
to provide a further opportunity for intra-departmental public involvement and to solidify the
support and input from these departments. These various opportunities for public comment can
be found
Public Information Meetings, March 2016-May 2017
Table 1-5 Public Information Meetings
Planning Team Meeting #1
March 21, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Rory LaDucer, Jason Dillon, Leo Evans and Debbie Bailey met
with Anita Oldbull-Bigman to discuss the update of the Tribe’s All Hazard Mitigation Plan and
planning team members participating. Anita is recently new in her position as Administrative
Manager and the planning team felt it was important to meet with her to ensure support from the
various departments within the tribe and have the opportunity to share and discuss the Puyallup
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Tribe’s All Hazard Mitigation Plan. A copy of the current plan will be made available to Anita
and a preliminary copy of the updated plan will be provided to her for review and comment.
Public Information Meeting – Tribal Fisheries
July 20, 2016
Diru Creek Hatchery Office
Where Planning Team members Jason Dillon and Debbie Bailey met with Russ Ladley, the
Puyallup Tribe Environmental Resource Protection Manager to present the All Hazard
Mitigation Plan Requirements, the Plan Process, the purpose and benefits of the Plan, the Risk
Assessment, Mitigation goals, and to discuss the Risk section in detail for potential additional
information he might want to include.
Public Information Meeting – Puyallup Tribe’s Annual Benefits Fair
August 23, 2016
I-5 Emerald Queen Casino
Where Planning Team members Rory LaDucer, Jason Dillon, Leo Evans and Debbie Bailey
staffed a booth at the Annual Benefits Fair. The booth allowed for the public to view the entire
plan including the risk assessment results of the plan. At the booth there was the draft copy of
the All Hazards Mitigation Plan, Multi hazard maps on easels, preparedness handout on
earthquake, flood, emergency kits, and pamphlets on the Pierce County Alert notification
systems.
Public Information Meeting – Public Safety Building
September 19, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Rory LaDucer, Jason Dillon, Leo Evans and Debbie Bailey met
with JoAnne Webb from the Administration Office and presented the All Hazards Mitigation
Plan requirements, the Plan Process, Plan Benefits, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies.
The Planning Team updated her with the remaining portions needed to update and Tribal
Departments required for that input. She is able to identify the key personnel to review the Plan
document. Prior to JoAnne’s arrival this team discussed the following items; additional
documentation that is required in Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and any updates to 7. Some Tribal
Departments need to review their portions within the various sections of the plan and update if
necessary. A matrix was developed to identify the remaining reviews.
Public Information Meeting – Public Safety Building
December 2, 2016
Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer, Jason Dillon, Leo Evans and Debbie Bailey had
a special meeting with Tribal Biologist, Russ Ladley to discuss sections in the Risk Assessment
to identify any sections that the Fisheries Department could add additional information to. We
also discussed a couple of the mitigation strategies that needed summary accountability write ups
for.
Public Information Meeting – Public Safety Building
June 5, 2017
Where Planning Team Members Rory LaDucer and Debbie Bailey hosted the final Public
Comment meeting in an Open House discussion format to engage the public for their comments
regarding the plan. Those who attended were impressed with the plan and were not aware it
existed prior to the meeting. Large discussion surrounded the hazards, maps and the
preparedness people need to do in the work place.
Public Information Feedback
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A variety of Public meetings occurred during the update of the plan to include key stakeholders
within the Tribe that are not a part of the EMC to Tribal Members and public employees of the
Tribe. One final Public Comment/Review meeting will be held for Tribal Members and public
employees when the plan is finalized. This final review will be coordinated with the Tribal
Administrative Manager and publicized in the Tribal Newsletter.
Members of the EMC met with the Resource Protection Manager of the Puyallup Tribe Fisheries
to discuss the update for Mitigation Plan and to provide him and the Fisheries Department the
opportunity to review and comment on the entire plan and specifically the Risk Assessment
Section. The rivers and streams are dynamic and ever changing affecting the complexity of the
fisheries and the EMC wanted to ensure the Fisheries Department understood the benefits of the
Puyallup Tribe Mitigation Plan and to review the Risk Section and hazards for additional
information he may want to include in the plan. In addition, there were a few mitigation actions
that were developed with the prior plan that needed updating with the possibility that more
maybe developed with the updated plan. He was provided a draft copy of the mitigation plan
with this meeting.
The EMC scheduled another meeting with him a few months later to address questions and
discuss the Hazard Mitigation Grant Programs and how they could help the Fisheries Department
in stream habitat restoration. The EMC discussed developing restoration action strategies that
will benefit the natural environment and provide opportunities for recovery of salmonid species.
He had read through all the hazards and felt that all the information was adequately covered and
said that he would reread parts of it again with the intent of where he might add additional
information into the hazards from a Fisheries perspective.
The Benefits Fair is an annual fair open to
Tribal members and employees from 8:30
A.M. until 1:00 P.M. This fair is set up that
Tribal members and employee can come during
that time frame, leaving their jobs to attend the
fair. The volume of people has been pretty
evenly distributed throughout morning and
attendance usually is around 175 people each
year. Due to the wide audience attendance and
opportunity to speak individually to people or
small groups throughout the morning, the EMC
felt this was a great opportunity to set up a
booth for the Hazard Mitigation Plan and
distribute preparedness information as one of
our Mitigation Public Outreach meetings.
Figure 1.1 Annual Benefits Fair – August 2016
The booth was set up and hazard maps were
displayed on easels for easy viewing. The maps
drew in the people wanting to locate where
they lived and identify their hazards. It
provided a great springboard to discuss the All
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Hazards Mitigation Plan and discuss their preparedness level. A wide variety of comments were
received from those not wanting to know what hazards they were at risk for, to those surprised
they were at risk for so many hazards. The Mitigation Plan was somewhat alarming to them in
size but they understood the various sections and their purpose. None of the people we discussed
the plan with was aware of its existence but were glad something like this existed.
We also had a questionnaire (see Process Section Tab 1 at the end of this section) for them to fill
out at a later time and to turn it into the Administration Building when completed. The EMC
was trying to identify the level of awareness and preparedness they were to their risks.
Unfortunately there were only a few questionnaires turned in and not enough to gage any
accurate conclusions by it. But based on the verbal reactions to the hazards maps and viewing the
Mitigation Plan it was most apparent the Public Education components for Mitigation Actions
identified within the Mitigation Plan are still relevant and need to be an ongoing effort.
The EMC has recently met with the Human Resource Department along with PC DEM to
explore the options available for Preparedness Outreach for all Tribal Departments over a two
year period. The PC Public Community Outreach Educator met with the Tribal Human
Resource Department and discussed the options and programs available. This is currently an
ongoing process to secure the curriculum, training dates, and times over the next few years. The
questionnaire will be distributed prior to the Department training days for employees to fill out
and then once again a few weeks later after going through the training. This will allow the EMC
to quantify the training and identify were gaps still exist for future trainings or refresher
trainings.
The Benefits Fair and opportunity to present the Mitigation Plan to the public validated the
importance of continuing all the Public Education Mitigation Actions and changing in some
instances the timeline to “on-going”.
Additional Stakeholder meetings were held for the Puyallup Tribe’s new Administrative
Manager and Administrative Executive Assistant who were both unfamiliar with the Puyallup
Tribe’s All Hazard Mitigation Plan. These meetings were informational in describing the plan to
them and the benefits for the Tribe in maintaining a current Mitigation Plan. It is critical that the
Administrative Manager understands the Mitigation Plan and the role she plays in implementing
the mitigation strategies with the departments as outlined in the Maintenance Section of the plan.
Final Draft Public Comment Meeting
The final Draft Public Comment Meeting was held at the Public Safety Office on Monday, June
5, 2017 from 10:00 AM until 3:00 PM. The meeting announcement was made public in the
Puyallup Tribal News, Issue No. 315 on June 2, 2017 (see the following page for newspaper
announcement and pictures). The final draft version of the plan was made public on the
Puyallup Tribe’s internet website. In addition, Planning Team members were given the flyer to
distribute amongst their departments as another means of communicating the meeting to all staff.
Neighboring jurisdictional partners, Riverside Fire and Rescue and the City of Puyallup were
also made aware of the Final Draft Public Comment Meeting.
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The Public Safety Office had on display all the hazard maps identified within the Tribe’s
Mitigation Plan for Tribal Members and employees view. The Preparedness survey was also
available with this Public Comment Meeting too so that future follow-up could happen based on
the response from the questionnaire. Many brochures were available for preparedness
information for families, workplace, car and pets. Pierce County’s Alert and Warning pamphlet
information was available so that Tribal Members could sign up for this free service and receive
alert warning messages. The messages are customized and maybe received on multiple devices
such as land line phones, cell phones, email, or text messaging.
Two hard copies of the entire Tribe’s All Hazard Mitigation Plan was available for the Tribal
Members and employees to view and comment on. All comments will be considered that are
shared with the Planning Team and will be incorporated into the plan.
Three Natural Resource employees stopped by to review and discuss the Mitigation Plan at
length. The Planning Team explained the plan breaking down each of the sections and going
into detail about them and how they benefit the Tribe. A lot of the discussion centered on the
Risk Assessment Section and many of the hazards were discussed and the maps within each of
the hazards was looked at. They acknowledged the amount of time spent updating the plan and
will access the plan on the Tribe’s website for further detailed reading. They said they would
share any comments about the plan with the Planning Team once they had finished their
comprehensive review of it. The Planning Team encouraged any additional information they
wanted to add to the hazard sections would be great. One of their biggest concerns centered on
preparedness items for vehicles and when they are out in the field with their jobs and knowing
the hazards they might encounter. They appreciated the depth the Risk Section went into the
hazards. In addition they were taking the questionnaire survey with them to fill out and bring
back to the Public Safety Office for follow up preparedness training within their department.
Potential preparedness training was discussed and will be followed up with the Human Resource
Department for scheduling. Pierce County Emergency Management will work in conjunction
with the Puyallup Tribe in presenting these preparedness trainings to the various departments.
The Planning Team discussed possible avenues to increase Public participation from Tribal
Members and employees for future outreach meetings. The group felt the Benefits Health Fair
held annually in August was a great opportunity to reach many Tribal Members during the day (a
heavily attended event) and that any other Fair outreach program would be a good way to
promote the Hazard Mitigation Plan and preparedness information. Continuing to encourage
hazard awareness and preparation will occur monthly with the Planning Team pushing out a
monthly preparedness newsletter to their departments.
2013 Prior Plan
The Planning Team coordinated the public comment process. This allowed for a greater level of
inter-jurisdictional coordination and involvement among the Tribe and regional jurisdictions.
The Planning Team used the Pierce County Hazard Mitigation Forum distribution list to notify
other jurisdictions about the Plan status and updates.
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Figure 1.2 Final Public Comment – June 2017
The Planning Team provided many opportunities for public comment throughout the process.
Beginning on January 12th, 2004, the Planning Team published information about the process on
the Plan’s webpage3 through which it notified the public of any changes or upcoming meetings.
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The Planning Team held informational meetings to provide a further opportunity for intrajurisdictional public involvement. During these meetings Planning Team members presented the
All Hazard Mitigation Plan Requirements, and the process, benefits and status of the plan to the
Tribal Council.
The Planning Team, in coordination with PC DEM, operated a booth at the “2004 Little Puyallup
Fair” from April 15th-18th to inform the public of the Plan’s status and scope. This four day event
allowed for a four-day window during which the public could engage in dialogue regarding not
only the Puyallup Tribe’s Planning Area, but mitigation planning in general and how citizens of
the region could make their communities disaster resistant.
The Planning Team also held a public comment meeting in order to provide an opportunity for
residents, local businesses, neighboring jurisdictions, and all other interested parties to comment
on the draft Plan. The meeting was conducted by the Planning Team at the Puyallup Tribe’s
Administrative Building Planning Team and advertised in the “Tacoma News Tribune”, “The
Tribal Newspaper”, on the Plan’s website, and by way of email distribution to local regional
emergency management contacts.
Table 1-6 Prior Public Involvement
Puyallup Tribe of Indians Plan Webpage Information
January 12, 2004
Plan Area Webpage on Pierce County DEM Website
Published webpage identifying that Puyallup Tribe of Indians were in the process of developing
an All Hazard Mitigation Plan.
Hazard Mitigation Information Meeting For Tribal Entities
Jan 14, 2004
Puyallup Tribe of Indians Health Authority Building
Where Planning Team members and the various Tribal Entity Representatives were presented
the All Hazard Mitigation Plan Requirements, the Plan Process, the Plan Benefits, and various
emergency management hot topics by Representatives from Region X.
Hazard Mitigation Plan Presentation For Tribal Council
March 23, 2004
Puyallup Tribe of Indians Administrative Building
Where Planning Team members Sheri Davis, Rory Laducer, Luke Meyers, and Benjamin
presented the All Hazard Mitigation Plan Requirements, the Plan Process, the Plan Benefits,
and the Plan Status to the Tribal Council at a regularly scheduled Council Meeting.
Hazard Mitigation Plan Public Comment Booth
April 14-18, 2004
Little Puyallup Fair (Puyallup Fair Grounds)
Where Planning Team members Luke Meyers and Benjamin Pierson staffed a booth at the
Little Puyallup Fair. The booth allowed for the public to view the risk assessment results of the
Plan. At the booth there were sign in sheets, fact on the Planning Requirements, Hazard Maps,
Plan Webpage hand outs, etc.
Hazard Mitigation Plan Presentation For Tribal Council
December 16, 2004
Puyallup Tribe of Indians Administrative Building
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Where Planning Team members Sheri Davis, Rory Laducer, Luke Meyers, and Benjamin
discussed the following items with the Tribal Council: the Plan Status, NFIP Options, Lahar
Warning Siren Placement at Chief Leschi, Seismic Non-structural Retrofit at Grandview
Elementary School, and Next Steps.
Sumner/Bonney Lake Area Plan Webpage Update
June 21-July 2, 2004
Plan Area Webpage on Pierce County DEM Website
Published draft Sumner/Bonney Lake Area Plan and provided a point of contact for public
involvement (input) information by way of phone, email, and fax.
Public Comment Meeting Notice
June (Various)
“Bonney Lake & Lake Tapps Courier-Herald”, Pierce
County Intranet, and Plan Website
Where Planning Team published a notice regarding the Public Comment Meeting in the
“Bonney Lake & Lake Tapps Courier-Herald”, on each jurisdiction’s website, and on the Plan
Website.
Public Comment Meeting For Hillside Area
June 22, 2004
City of Bonney Lake Public Safety Building
Where Planning Team members Luke Meyers, Benjamin Pierson, and Dave Wakefield
presented the following items to the attendees: Mitigation Planning Requirements, Purpose of
the Plan, Definition of Mitigation, Process used to Develop the Plan, Public Involvement Status,
Risk Assessment Summary, Mitigation Goals, a Detailed Overview of Potential Mitigation
Measures and Public Comments on Each Potential Measure.
Public Comment Meeting For Valley Area
June 24, 2004
City of Sumner Fire Department
Where Planning Team members Luke Meyers, Benjamin Pierson, and Steve Stringfellow
presented the following items to the attendees: Mitigation Planning Requirements, Purpose of
the Plan, Definition of Mitigation, Process to Develop the Plan, Public Involvement Status, Risk
Assessment Summary, Mitigation Goals, a Detailed Overview of Potential Mitigation Measures
and Public Comments on Each Potential Measure.
Mitigation Strategy Public Comment Meeting Email Notice
June 28, 2004
Email Notice
Where the Planning Team sent out email notices regarding the Draft Plan to the following
jurisdictions: American Red Cross Mt. Rainier Chapter, Bethel School District, Carbonado
School District, Clover Park School District, Dieringer School District, Eatonville School
District, Orting School District, Peninsula School District, Puyallup School District, University
Place School District, White River School District, Firgrove Mutual Water Company,
Franciscan Health System, Central Pierce Fire and Rescue, Pierce County Fire Protection
District #3, City of Dupont, City of Edgewood, City of Fife, City of Fircrest, City of Gig
Harbor, City of Lakewood, City of Milton, City of Puyallup, City of Roy, City of Tacoma, City
of University Place, Town of Eatonville, Town of Steilacoom, Puyallup Tribe of Indians, Pierce
County DEM, Tacoma Pierce County Department of Health, Tacoma Power, and Tacoma
Water.
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Profile Process
The Profile Section of the All Hazards Mitigation Plan paints a comprehensive picture of the
Planning Area through a series of tables, a base map, and Mission Statement. Included in the
Profile Section is the History, Geography, Geology, Climate, Population, Economy,
Transportation, and Development Trends of the Planning Area. The information was collected
from a number of sources including budgets, websites, various departments, the Small Business
Administration, and the United States Census Bureau. The Plan profile structure is based on
other mitigation plan profiles such as the Pierce County All Hazard Mitigation Plan, the
Riverside Fire and Rescue All Hazard Mitigation Plan profile, and the Clackamas County
Mitigation Plan.4
Services Summary
In regards to the services provided, the Planning Team was given a survey to fill out regarding
their Planning Area. This is the same survey that was developed with the Region 5 cities and
towns Planning Groups to portray a picture of the services they provide.
Geo-Political Summary
The Geo-Political Summary information was derived from the Pierce County GIS application,
CountyView Pro (10/2016) and updated from 2004 and 2011. The Base Map that follows is also
a product of CountyView Pro (10/2016). The information was broken into three categories to
include; the Reservation, Trust Lands and Pierce County.
Population Summary
Data from the 2010 census was used for the demographics. The Special Population numbers
were derived from the Pierce County GIS application, County View Pro (10/2016) using
geoprocessing as was done the previous plan. Special Population numbers were calculated the
same for the 65 Plus category but have increased with the younger population. Rather than a
population under 18 they were calculated from 20 and under. This was due to the way the
census data was calculated. This census population is based on the entire area within the
reservation boundaries or Tribal Trust Lands and is not an accounting the Puyallup Tribal
members.
The demographic information was obtained using the same methodology as the previous plan
using the Pierce County GIS application, County View Pro based on 10/2016 tax parcel
information provided by the Pierce County Assessor Treasurer’s Office. This data is dynamic,
constantly going through updates every couples of weeks and is only a snap shot reflecting the
time the analysis was completed.
Prior Plan
Data from the 2000 census was used for the demographics. The Special Populations numbers
were derived from the Pierce County GIS application, CountyView Pro (3/11) using
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geoprocessing. In most cases, the current population numbers are greatly increased since it has
been eleven years. Although the 2010 census has been taken it is not currently available in the
Pierce County GIS application.
Demographic information was obtained through the Pierce County GIS application, CountyView
Pro (3/11) using a geoprocessing derivative. Through a process of special analysis using parcels
within the Planning Area and calculating the information from those parcels, we were able to
obtain base information for the Planning Area. This includes the Special Populations
information.
Infrastructure Summary
General
The number of parcels and value was derived from the Piece County GIS application
CountyView Pro (3/11) and updated in October of 2016.
Jurisdiction Infrastructure5
A small table of owned infrastructure for each jurisdiction is derived from the very
comprehensive infrastructure survey and site visits that were completed in 2004 and are
continually going through annual updates. Because of the sensitive nature of this information,
only the total number of infrastructure identified is shown, basic categories of those structures,
and total value as provided by the Planning Team. These categories are based on the Department
of Homeland Security Infrastructure Sectors.
Capability Assessment Process
For State level planning efforts, Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) 2000 requires
“a discussion of the State’s pre- and post-disaster hazard management policies, programs, and
capabilities to mitigate the hazards in the area, including: an evaluation of State Laws, regulations,
policies, and programs related to hazard mitigation as well as to development in hazard-prone
areas; a discussion of State funding capabilities for mitigation projects; and a general description
and analysis of the effectiveness of local mitigation policies, programs, and capabilities.”
The DMA requires a “review and incorporation, if appropriate, if appropriate, of existing plans,
studies, reports, and technical information.” For the purpose of this Plan, these elements are
referred to as capabilities and their “review and incorporation” as a capability assessment. The
capability assessment provides a scope for what mitigation measures can and cannot be
implemented and identifies specific capabilities that each jurisdiction has which may help in the
implementation of mitigation measures. Further it identifies those actions already undertaken that
mitigate hazards, whether labeled as such or not. The assessment therefore canvasses all aspects
of each jurisdiction’s government that relate both directly and indirectly to mitigation activities.
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The ability of a community to develop an effective hazard mitigation plan depends upon its
capability to implement policy and programs. The FEMA 386-35 publication describes a
capability assessment and outlines the types of capabilities that should be considered:
Legal and Regulatory
Administrative and Technical
Fiscal
Legal and regulatory capabilities refer to the laws, regulations, authorities, and policies that
govern current and potential mitigation measures. Administrative and technical capabilities refer
to a jurisdiction’s staff and technical resources, as well as completed plans and studies that have
considered, directly or indirectly, mitigation of hazards. Technical capabilities also includes the
existing electronic and systemic resources political and fiscal capabilities refers to the level of
support from elected officials for pursuing mitigation and the financial resources available to
achieve the identified mitigation strategies.
In determining the structure of this section, the Planning Team viewed those employed by other
jurisdictions’ in their planning efforts. The Sumner/Bonney Lake Area Plan Capability
Identification Section is a modification of the following plans: Pierce County, WA, Hazard
Mitigation Plan;6 Pitt County, NC, Mitigation Plan;7 the Town of Wendell, NC, Mitigation Plan;8
and the Clackamas County, OR, Mitigation Plan.9 Because the four jurisdictions represent
widely varying authorities and capabilities, PC DEM adjusted the structures of the sections to
better fit each jurisdiction’s unique status.
For the organizational purposes of this Plan, administrative capabilities are identified and
categorized by which segments of each jurisdiction (i.e., department, division, etc) conduct
activities relevant to mitigation. The fiscal capabilities at the City level are thus correlated to the
budgets and expenditures of these departments as well as the separate funds available for
mitigation-related activities. For special purpose districts, fiscal capabilities center around levies,
contracts, and grants. Political leadership of each jurisdiction is identified within the structure of
the aforementioned administrative capabilities. Thus fiscal capabilities at the City level are
assumed to be an inextricable element of the administrative/political capabilities. Therefore the
structure of this plan was altered from 386.3 to review and identify capabilities in three separate
categories:
Legal and Regulatory
Political, Administrative, and Fiscal
Technical
For special purpose districts, Fiscal Capability warrants its own section and discussion.
Each jurisdiction has its own capability identification section. Each section includes the
following, presented in the order most relevant to the jurisdiction’s structure:
State and Federal: These are the regulations that dictate what the specified
jurisdiction in Washington can and cannot pursue with regards to mitigation, as well
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as what assistance may be available. While not necessarily focusing on the state and
federal capabilities, this section identifies those mechanisms that provide the basis for
that which follows at the local level identification.
Local Legal and Regulatory: This section illustrates the legal parameters within
which the jurisdiction operates. It also identifies the jurisdiction’s authorities. For
cities there is particular emphasis on the Comprehensive Plans and Development
Regulations as these guide land use and building decisions. For special purpose
districts, these authorities are much more limited and rely on the land use and
development regulations enacted in the cities or county.10
Local Political, Administrative, and Fiscal: This section identifies those segments of
a jurisdiction that conduct activities related to mitigation. These departments/divisions
represent existing mitigation mechanisms as well as the responsible agents for
carrying out the measures identified in this plan. For cities, this section deals with
fiscal capabilities as well, as department budgets and project funding dictates much of
what is accomplished. For special purpose districts, the scope is one of designating
future responsibility, with funding largely dependent on securing grants.
Local Technical: This section identifies the studies, plans, programs, and projects that
the jurisdiction is engaged in that relate to mitigation. These can provide a mechanism
through which mitigation measures can be implemented. These can range from an
evacuation plan to a transportation improvement program.
Some of Section 3 relies on information and studies conducted by the Municipal Research and
Services Center of Washington and other resources as noted. The products of each jurisdiction’s
capability identification process are summarized in tables representing each of the sections noted
above.
The section serves as a catalogue of existing mitigation measures in which the jurisdictions are
currently engaged and should continue. Further, it provides a catalogue of the funding sources
and departments that are referenced in each mitigation measure. When new mitigation measures
are suggested, the capability identification section will provide some of information required for
the evaluation of that measure (see “mitigation strategy process” below). Finally, it provides the
template for plan maintenance in its identification of existing avenues of implementation (see
“Plan Maintenance Section”).
The Capabilities Section was reviewed in detail by numerous Tribal Department personnel for
the 2017-2022 All Hazard Mitigation Plan update. New departments with staff and building
sites were added to this section that did not exist with the previous plan. Those departments
developed a paragraph describing their department and were included with the current plan. In
other cases minor changes of current numbers were replaced to reflect the 2016 dollar amounts
and FEMA projects utilizing HMGP grant funding were included too.
Risk Assessment Process
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Various methodologies are available to facilitate risk assessment. A common approach was
needed to enable the setting of mitigation priorities both within and among the Planning Area.
The Planning Team developed a framework that assesses risk as a function of threat,
vulnerability, and consequence.
What follows is a description of the methodology of hazard/threat identification, vulnerability
analysis, and consequence analysis.
Hazard Identification Description
A primary part of the Puyallup Tribe Planning Area’s Risk Assessment is identifying the Area’s
hazards. The hazard identification process used for this assessment is derived from the PC DEM
Hazard Identification Process. The Pierce County Hazard Identification Risk Assessment
(HIRA) was the starting point for assessing risk in the Planning Area. The Pierce County HIVA
uses, HIVA’s and Risk Assessments from individual jurisdictions, Pierce County’s computer
mapping software, scientific studies and papers, and interviews with local hazard experts and
Planning Area’s officials to develop a list of hazards and the risk they pose for the Planning
Area.
The process actually began after Congress passed the DMA 2000; Pierce County Emergency
Management (PC DEM) began updating its HIVA using “best available science and
information.” In early October 2001, PC DEM convened a series of 1-2 hour workshops over a
two-day period, during which prominent regional earth scientists, and other professionals,
presented current information about known hazards, and facilitated discussion of mitigation
measures.
The workshops increased the participants’ understanding of the devastating potential of some
hazards, e.g., lahars, and raised the issue of providing an adequate definition for “hazards”.
Some natural conditions have the potential to cause loss of life, property damage, environmental
impacts, but may not become “disasters”
Hazard: a condition, natural or human-caused, which has the potential to
threaten human life, property, and environment.
Vulnerability: the probability that any physical, structural, socioeconomic, or
environmental element will be damaged destroyed, or lost to a natural or
human-caused hazard.
Disaster: occurs when a hazard impacts a community and outstrips that
community’s ability to cope with injury, death, property damage,
environmental impacts or disruption to essential functions. It is the
intersection of a hazard with the human environment that produces a disaster.
Since the purpose of the plan is to mitigate disaster, DEM reduced the hazard list to:
Single, infrequent events which cannot be anticipated or predicted, and whose
potential for loss of life, property, and environment is significant to the
community, and;
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Repetitive events that can be predicted with reliability within days or hours,
and cause injury or death, property damage, or environmental impacts.
After assessing hazard maps produced by Pierce County’s computer mapping software and
interviews with County officials and local experts11, the list of potentially disastrous natural
hazards to the County was narrowed to these nine:
Earthquakes
Floods
Severe Storms
Volcanic
Wildland/Urban Interface Fires
Landslides
Tsunami and Seiches
Drought
Avalanche
The Planning Team began to consider technological and human-caused disaster also within the
Planning Area. Some of these hazards have no specific boundaries and can potentially affect the
entire Planning Area or could happen anywhere within the Planning Area. Other hazards were
somewhat more location predictable. These additional nine hazards are included with Pierce
County’s Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (HIRA) and are listed below.
Abandoned Mines
Civil Disturbance
Dam Failure
Energy Emergency
Epidemic/Pandemic
Hazardous Materials
Pipeline Hazard
Terrorism
Transportation Emergency
The Planning Team removed wildland/urban interface fires from consideration for the following
reasons. According to the County Wildland/urban interface map, the Planning Area is not in a
fire hazard area. The Area also has limited freestanding timber or undergrowth areas.
Undeveloped areas are largely used for agricultural use and therefore maintained to light growth
cleaned or tilled each year. The balance of the Planning Area contains mostly light fuels with
adequate defensible space between structures and vegetation. It has adequate resources to fight
any Wildland incident that occurs within the district with contracts with local fire service
providers such as the Riverside Fire District and Tacoma Fire. And while avalanches have been
killers in Pierce County’s history, they primarily occur within Mt. Rainier National Park and do
not impact the populated areas within the County.
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Evaluating the hazards that were listed and consolidating the storms section into one category
was decided on by the planning group. Once the decision was made on which hazards to cover
extensive research was done to further update the HIRA with the latest information available.
The decision was also made to add material on Climate Change as an informational piece.
The Planning Team believes that the various officials’ experiences within the area, as well as
their capabilities to derive reasonable estimates of the geographic area at risk and the potential
impacts of the hazard, is adequate for the purposes of this planning effort.
The recurrence probabilities were based on best available science, the historical record when
available, and information from local hazard experts. For some hazards, like severe weather or
floods, the historical record is pretty well defined. For others, like volcanic eruptions or
spontaneous lahars, the record has to be read from the geologic evidence and therefore the
recurrence rate can only be determined over time by scientific enquiry.
After each hazard was profiled in the Risk Assessment, a consequence analysis of its affects on
different portions of the County was added. That section asks seven questions that evaluated the
overall impact on the Region. These are:
How is the health and safety of persons in the affected area at the time of the incident
affected?
How is the health and safety of personnel responding to the incident affected?
How is the Planning Areas continuity of operations affected and can it continue to deliver
services to the impacted area?
What is the affect on the Planning Area’s property, facilities and infrastructure?
What are the effects on the environment?
How will the economic/financial environment be impacted?
Who will the public’s confidence in the Planning Area be impacted or changed?
The Planning Area
Hazard Identification
Once the Hazard Identification was completed, the hazard evaluations were done for the
Planning Area. Hazard maps were produced for those hazards that had adequate information to
do so and matched against the Planning Area. The Planning Team produced the maps using data
from the following agencies: U. S. Geological Survey (USGS); National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Pierce County Water Programs; Pierce County Planning
and Land Service; FEMA; Washington State Department of Ecology (DOE); Washington State
Department of Natural Resources (DNR), and any maps provided by the Planning Team. Spatial
analysis was completed for the Planning Area when possible and the threat to the population,
land, and improved property was placed on tables in each section. Using a table format, this
section portrays the threats via a table of past incidents and declarations per specific hazard.
This information includes impacts to property, facilities, and infrastructure in the entire Planning
Area whether or not owned by the Planning Area.
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Four decisions were made that affect the tables in the Risk Section of the Planning Area. First,
the earthquake threat section of the table is determined by the soft or liquefiable soils. It should
be noted that the entire County has an earthquake threat, but that will not show up on the table
only the expected areas that will experience enhanced shaking. Second, the tables showing the
volcano treat are looking at the lahar threat, not the threat from other volcanic hazards like
tephra. The potential area threatened by tephra will also include the entire Region. Third, the
entire County would be affected by Climate Change and although real, this is not a hazard whose
consequences can be specifically mapped at this time. Two separate reports from different
sources were included in the Risk Section on Climate Change. Finally, the tables show the
Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) threat as a “N/A” due to the lack of current data to substantiate
and produce jurisdictional hazard maps. This does not imply the hazard does not exist within the
Reservation Boundaries or Pierce County. Currently the best available science data only
identifies two checker boarded WUI areas in the Ashford and McKenna area, along with a small
area around Greenwater. This data is from the Department of Natural Resources with the theme
based on data from the current National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 299), risk
assessment. The publication is dated September 2004 and multiple Fire Chiefs within Piece
County have expressed concern that this is outdated and does not accurately portray the WUI
hazard within their fire districts. Pierce County Emergency Management is trying to secure the
funding to update this data and will work with the necessary agencies to ensure the accuracy and
relevancy of the data collected for future identification of WUI hazard areas within Pierce
County. As a result there may be Tribal Trust properties located on and off the reservation that
are identified and vulnerable to a WUI hazard and the Tribe may develop mitigation measures
accordingly to mitigate this hazard.
Vulnerability
The vulnerabilities are portrayed using information derived from the Pierce County mapping
system County View Pro and determining the following information for the Planning Area by
hazard or threat:
General Exposure
Population
Infrastructure Exposure
To determine the vulnerability of the Planning Area, the location and extent of each hazard was
applied spatially to the Planning Area profile. The analysis describes exposure of population,
both generally and categorically, to each hazard. The analysis also describes exposure of general
infrastructure, in terms of property and value, to each hazard. Using this spatial analysis, the
Planning Area can track the overall affects of vulnerability reduction measures by determining
the change in exposure of population and property to specific hazards.
The risk assessment considers all three components of risk and is conducted at three levels; the
Planning Area level, the population level, and the infrastructure level. At the Planning level, the
assessment considers the fundamental characteristics of the population and property within the
Planning Area to determine vulnerability and consequence of a given threat. Table 4-3 shows
the area in square miles of the Planning Area and the parcels and then breaks down those
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numbers by the hazards or threats that affect the Planning Area. At the population level, Table
4-4 in the Planning Area shows the total population of the Planning Area and then breaks down
the population by specific hazard or threat. At the infrastructure level, the assessment considers
the land value, improved value, and total assessed value of the Planning Area and using GIS
information calculates for each hazard or threat in the Planning Area. Table 4-5 shows the
general infrastructure exposure.
The Planning Team conducted a vulnerability assessment for the Planning Area. Both threatbased and asset-based methods were used to determine the vulnerability of infrastructure to
hazards. To determine the threat-based vulnerability, the location, extent, and historical impact
of each hazard is applied to the infrastructure. The result is a determination of the
infrastructure’s exposure and previous experience in relation to each hazard. This is found in the
Infrastructure Hazard Vulnerability Analysis Table, Table 4-5, found in the Planning Area’s Risk
Assessment Section.
Consequence Analysis
Consequence Analysis asks: How would the identified hazard events damage or disrupt the
Planning Area? When discussing the effects of an incident one must include not just the
immediate damage, but the consequences of the disruption both short and long term.
The seven questions in the Risk Assessment also form the basis of the consequence analysis in
the Planning Areas Risk Assessment. In this case the 19 hazards profiled a yes or no answer was
asked for each of the following:
Impact to the Public?
Impact to the Responders?
Impact to COG or COOP in the Planning Area?
Impact to the environment?
Impact to the Planning Area’s Economic Condition?
Impact to the Public Confidence in the Planning Area’s Governance?
The results of this are shown in the Consequence Analysis Chart that appears in Table 4-6a, 4-6b
and 4-6c.
Hazard Update for 2017
With the Tribe’s usage of the Pierce County Hazard Identification Risk Assessment (HIRA) as
the primary source for their hazard identification it is important to keep these hazards current.
All 19 hazards were reviewed and updated where necessary to incorporate the new information.
Some of the hazards had minor changes while other had more extensive changes.
The Geological Section had updates only to the avalanche hazard to update the six fatalities that
had recently occurred in May of 2014 on Mt. Rainier. The Meteorological Section had some
significant updates to the Climate Change Section including two Climate change reports that
were added to this section. Climate change will continue on the front burner of hazards to assess
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as the cascading effects of global warming increases our local temperatures, precipitation, and
wind patterns. Additional maps were added to the Flood hazard to provide a better detailed
analysis of the Tribal Trust Lands that are specifically located in the floodplain and have a
greater risk for flooding. These updated maps will provide better opportunity for future
mitigation efforts in these identified areas. The Severe Weather Section added two tornadoes to
the list of notable severe weather in Pierce County. The Technological Hazards Section added
additional information to the Civil Disturbance Section under the Recurrence Rate, Property,
Facilities and Infrastructure headings. The Energy Emergency Hazard had similar additions to
multiple headings as did the Hazardous Material and Terrorism Hazards.
Mitigation Strategy Process
The hazard mitigation strategy includes a description of mitigation goals to reduce or avoid longterm vulnerabilities to the hazards identified in the Risk Assessment. The mitigation strategy
identifies and analyzes a comprehensive range of specific mitigation measures to reduce the
effects of each hazard, with particular emphasis on new and existing buildings and infrastructure.
The development of a mitigation strategy, described in more detail below, begins with a review
of the FEMA Mitigation Goal Categories. To ensure that goals for the multi-jurisdictional plan
are community-specific, each jurisdiction’s mission statement was applied to the FEMA
categories, resulting in Planning Area Mitigation Goals. Based upon these goals, the Planning
Team members identified Jurisdiction-Specific Mitigation Measures through the Risk
Assessment and the Capability Evaluation. Each jurisdiction then Prioritized the Mitigation
Measures through a process that includes continual public participation, a concentration on the
jurisdiction and area's unique needs and capabilities, and a special emphasis on the extent to
which benefits are maximized according to a cost benefit review of the proposed measures and
their associated costs.
FEMA Mitigation Goal Categories
The FEMA 386.3 document outlines six categories into which all mitigation measures can be
grouped. They are as follows:
1. Prevention: Government administrative or regulatory actions or processes that
influence the way land and buildings are developed and built. These actions also include
public activities to reduce hazard losses. Examples include planning and zoning, building
codes, capital improvement programs, open space preservation, and storm water
management regulations.
2. Property Protection: Actions that involve the modification of existing buildings or
structures to protect them from a hazard, or removal from the hazard area. Examples
include acquisition, elevation, relocation, structural retrofits, storm shutters, and shatterresistant glass.
3. Public Education and Awareness: Actions to inform and educate citizens, elected
officials, and property owners about the hazards and potential ways to mitigate them.
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Such actions include outreach projects, real estate disclosure, hazard information centers,
and school-age and adult education programs.
4. Natural Resource Protection: Actions that, in addition to minimizing hazard losses,
also preserve or restore the functions of natural systems. These actions include sediment
and erosion control, stream corridor restoration, watershed management, forest and
vegetation management, and wetland restoration and preservation.
5. Emergency Services: Actions that protect people and property during and immediately
after a disaster or hazard event. Services include warning systems, emergency response
services, and protection of critical facilities.
6. Structural Projects: Actions that involve the construction of structures to reduce the
impact of a hazard. Such structures include dams, levees, floodwalls, seawalls, retaining
walls, and safe rooms.
Planning Area Mitigation Goals
The Planning Team localized the FEMA Mitigation Goal Categories by using the Puyallup Tribe
of Indians Mission Statement and goals. This union of FEMA Goal Categories with this mission
statement results in goals specific to the Planning Area that ensure the greatest benefit in hazard
reduction. The Tribe’s mission statement is:
“The Puyallup Tribe of Indians is committed to protecting and exercising the inherent
inalienable sovereign rights of the Tribe and individuals in the interest of the Medicine Creek
Treaty Territories, as stewards to ensure the preservation of our cultural and environmental
integrity for the common good and prosperity of all.”
The Planning Team considered Washington State Mitigation Plan Goals, the FEMA goal
categories, community education, public understanding of risks, and the ability of the Tribe to
fund and implement mitigation measures. After applying the above factors to the each
jurisdiction’s mission statement, the Planning Team developed the following hazard mitigation
goals for the whole Planning Area:
Protect Life and Property
Establish and Strengthen Partnerships for Implementation
Ensure Emergency Services
Increase Public Preparedness
Promote A Sustainable Economy
Preserve or Restore Natural Resources
The Planning Team combined the FEMA categories of “Prevention,” “Property Protection,” and
“Structural Projects” in to a broader goal of “Protect Life and Property.” The remaining three
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categories generally remained. The Planning Team also added two other categories: “Establish
and Strengthen Partnerships for Implementation” and “Promote A Sustainable Economy.”
Because the Puyallup Tribe shares geo-political boundaries with several municipalities and the
County, partnerships for implementation are important in ensuring that a coordinated effort in
mitigation planning and implementation be undertaken. Promoting a sustainable economy is
important due to the areas vulnerabilities and the Tribe’s overall goal of self-determination.
The Puyallup Tribe Mitigation Plan goals describe the overall direction that the Tribe and its
members can take to work toward mitigating risk from all hazards. These goals are steppingstones between the broad direction of the plan purpose and the specific recommendations
outlined in the subsequent mitigation measures.
Mitigation Measures: Identification and Evaluation
The Mitigation Strategy includes a description of mitigation goals to reduce or avoid long-term
vulnerabilities to the hazards identified in the Risk Assessment. The mitigation strategy includes
sections that identify and analyze a comprehensive range of specific mitigation measures that
reduce the effects of each hazard, with particular emphasis on new and existing buildings and
infrastructure. Facility-specific mitigation measures are located in the Facility Evaluation
Section.
Mitigation strategy development begins with a review of the categories of mitigation goals, as
outlined by FEMA. Using this template, and adjusting it to fit the Tribe’s mission statement, the
Planning Team developed goals specific to the Planning Area. Through incorporation of the
analysis and conclusions found in the Risk Assessment and the Capability Evaluation, the
Planning Team identified specific mitigation measures and prioritized them through a process of
public participation and cost/benefit review tailored to the Tribe’s unique needs and capabilities.
Central to this entire process is the continual public involvement.
To help achieve each of the planning goals, the Plan identifies mitigation measures–specific
actions or projects that help mitigate risk. The planning process of data collection, research, and
public participation leads to the development of these measures. This process ensures that the
measures speak to the risks and that these measures be implementable. The Risk Assessment is
central to the process of selecting mitigation measures from the Plan’s goals.
The outcomes of the Risk Assessment illustrate the hazards to which the Area has the most
vulnerability. The Risk Assessment provides focus for the Plan’s goals through identification of
the Area’s vulnerability to specific hazards. Based on these hazards, the Planning Team
identified specific mitigation measures.
Once the measures are identified, they are further defined in terms of the goals they address as
well as the hazards they mitigate. Evaluation of the measures follows their identification and
definition. Using the Capability Identification, the Planning Team evaluated the list of measures
with regards to each measure’s ability to be implemented.
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Through meetings, the Planning Team continued with the following eight categories to
comprehensively evaluate each measure:
1. Goal(s) Addressed
What mitigation goals does the measure address?
2. Cost of Measure
How much will the measure cost to implement?
3. Funding Source and Situation
What is the potential funding source? Choose the statement(s) below that most
accurately defines the funding situation for the proposal:
Funding could be obtained through local budget.
Funding could be obtained through state or federal grants.
Funding could be accomplished with local budgets or grants.
No potential funding sources can be readily identified.
4. Lead Jurisdiction(s)
Which jurisdiction(s) will be leading the implementation of the measure?
5. Timeline
How long will it take to implement? Measures include ongoing, short-term, and longterm activities. Each measure includes an estimate of the timeline for implementation:
Ongoing measures are activities which the jurisdiction is already implementing.
Short-term measures are activities which the jurisdiction is capable of implementing with
existing resources and authorities within one to two years.
Long-term measures may require new or additional resources or authorities, and may take
between one and five years to implement.
6. Benefit
Does it benefit all jurisdictions and/or is it Facility Specific?
7. Life Expectancy of Measure
How long will the measure last?
8. Community Reaction
Choose the statement(s) that most accurately describes how the community would
react to the implementation of the proposal:
The proposal is likely to be endorsed by the entire community.
The proposal would benefit those affected, with no adverse reaction from others.
The proposal would be somewhat controversial.
The proposal would be strongly opposed by most.
The proposal would be strongly opposed by nearly all.
The evaluation process involved meetings in which the Planning Team discussed the measures
with specific attention paid to their definitions, the ability of the measures to be implemented, the
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extent to which they address the hazards in the planning area and jurisdictions, and their costeffectiveness. Following the evaluation of mitigation measures is their prioritization.
Mitigation Measures: Prioritization
The measures having been identified, defined, and evaluated, the rest of the process involves
prioritization. The process relies upon the Tribe’s identified risks and vulnerabilities, the
planning team’s expertise, public participation, and the Tribal Council’s authority and duty as the
jurisdiction’s chief elected officials. Over the course several weeks, the Planning Team
presented, outlined, categorically defined, and ranked each mitigation measure (see Table 1-4
Puyallup Tribe of Indians Public Involvement). In order to promote implementation of the
measures, they are grouped based on the level at which they will be implemented, as described in
the Plan Maintenance Section. These levels are:
Hazard Mitigation Forum (HMF): Multi-jurisdictional implementation mechanism
Emergency Management Committee (EMC): Tribal implementation mechanism
Public Education: Localized level based on targeted communities and their needs and
vulnerabilities.
The measures are prioritized within each implementation category. In order to provide
consistency, the evaluation process, including the eight categories, was used as the basis for the
prioritization of measures. The process allows for emphasis on the extent to which each measure
is cost-effective. While it may be important to emphasize a positive cost/benefit review in the
prioritizing of mitigation measures, it is also important to emphasize the influence of regional
political factors, community needs and values, historic properties, and habitat and environmental
issues upon the selection of specific mitigation measures. Therefore, the prioritization process
addresses the Tribe’s unique needs, expressed here in terms of the measure’s ability to be
implemented and the extent to which it would mitigate one or more relevant hazards. The eight
categories address these issues.
A measure’s ability to be implemented is illustrated in Categories 2 (Cost of Measure), 3
(Funding Source and Situation), 4 (Lead Jurisdiction(s)), and 5 (Timeline). The extent to which a
measure would mitigate one or multiple hazards is addressed in Category 1 (Goals Addressed)
which further helps to encapsulate Tribe’s unique vulnerabilities and needs. The issue of the
number of hazards addressed is also inherent in Category 6 (Benefit). For cost benefit review,
categories 2, 3, and 5 directly address cost. Categories 6 and 7 (Life Expectancy of Measure)
directly address benefit. Category 8 (Community Reaction) indirectly considers both potential
costs and potential benefits of the measure in terms of public opinion.
After presentation and discussion, the Planning Team ranked the potential mitigation measures
based on goals addressed, with special attention paid to the measure’s cost benefit review, its
ability to be implemented, and the extent to which it would mitigate one or multiple relevant
hazards. The Planning Team combined these rankings into one prioritized list, which the Team
then presented to the public for comment. On December 16, 2004, at the Public Comment
Meeting, the Planning Team presented each mitigation measure with its draft prioritization to the
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attendees. The Plan was also available online from December 22nd through January 4th for
further review.
Following the public meeting and any necessary changes, the mitigation measures, publicly
salient and meeting the Tribe’s unique needs and capabilities, achieved their final prioritization.
In so doing, the public, the Tribal Council, and the Planning Team aided in the development of a
long-term, cost-effective, environmentally sound, and sustainable mitigation strategy.
The mitigation measures are organized by hazard vulnerability, with multi-hazard measures
presented first, and further subdivided by implementation mechanism. The measures are
prioritized within each implementation mechanism subset. A detailed description of each
mitigation measure follows the table.
Each measure’s priority is presented in the following format using the acronyms above:
“Hazard(s) Addressed-Implementation Mechanism-Ranking”
For example, the Continuity of Operations Planning measure may be prioritized as follows:
“Priority: MH-EMC-7”
Thus it would be the seventh ranked measure within the Emergency Management Committee
implementation mechanism for addressing multi-hazard vulnerabilities.
The Planning Team reviewed all mitigation measures and further evaluated the priority ranking
for each measure which is organized according to the hazard. The eight categories were
addressed with each mitigation measure and in some instances they were changed and updated.
The “Timeline” category was changed on some to reflect “ongoing” especially if the measure
consists of an educational component. The Puyallup Tribe will continually promote
preparedness, educating the Tribal Members on hazard awareness. Some measures had been
completed and were changed to reflect that. Additionally, a Summary Update was added for
each mitigation measure and a paragraph follows indicating the progress made towards that
measure.
Critical Facility Process
The critical facilities section is not a required element of the local hazard mitigation plan
requirements but it is instead optional. The Planning Team determined that this section would be
developed in order to make the Plan a more comprehensive blueprint for reducing the potential
losses identified in the Plan’s Risk Assessment. Sumner School District, EPFR, the City of
Bonney Lake, and the City of Sumner have completed Critical Facility Sections.
The infrastructure section is exempt from public disclosure pursuant to RCW 42.56.420.
Requests for public disclosure of this section or parts thereof should be revered immediately to
the appropriate representative as shown in Tables 1-1 through 1-4 of this section.
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The products of this process are the Critical Facility Mitigation Plans. Each facility’s plan
includes a profile, vulnerability assessment, and mitigation strategy. The Planning Team
developed the section through: Definition of Critical Facility; Identification of a
Jurisdiction’s Critical Facilities; Critical Facility Profiles; Critical Facility Vulnerabilities;
and Critical Facility Mitigation Measures.
Definition
The Planning Team determined that the primary focus of the plan (to create disaster resistant
communities) necessitated that the plan address critical facilities. The Planning Team determined
that the plan should include, but not be limited to, those facilities that fit FEMA’s definition of a
“critical facility” (“State and Local Mitigation Planning: Understanding Your Risks” Publication
386-2):
“Critical Facilities: Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the
population and that are especially important following hazard events. Critical
facilities include, but are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and
hospitals.”
This broad definition identifies many facilities related to disaster response and recovery. Each
jurisdiction in the Planning Area further included facilities that should not fail, such as sewage
treatment plants, or facilities necessary for the functioning of the jurisdiction, such as schools
(which can also be shelters). To delineate how critical a critical facility is, the Planning Team
developed a “Criticality Rating” that ranks each facility based on how critical its operation is to
disaster response and recovery activities. The Planning Team assigned these ranks based on the
functions outlined in the County, Sumner, and Bonney Lake Comprehensive Emergency
Management Plans and standard operating procedures for jurisdictional and county-wide
mitigation and recovery efforts. The rankings are defined as:
High (H): The facility is critical and needs to be operational for the first 72 hours after a
disaster.
Medium (M): The facility is essential for the long-term continued operation of
jurisdictional services. While not essential, having these facilities operational during the
first 72 hours after a disaster would be greatly beneficial to each jurisdiction’s
capabilities.
Low (L): The facility, while useful in the post-disaster environment, is not essential for
continued functioning of critical operations during the first 72 hours after a disaster.
Identification
The Planning Team analyzed facilities throughout the planning area based on the agreed upon
definition and in conjunction with the hazard identification. To refine the analysis, the
jurisdictions focused primarily on those facilities over which they had immediate control or
ownership. Over the course of several Planning Team meetings, the Planning Team identified a
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broad range of critical facilities. The facilities are presented by jurisdictional control. For
example, Bonney Lake contracts for wastewater treatment with Sumner, but Sumner owns the
wastewater treatment plant. Therefore it is addressed in the Sumner section, but of course has a
great deal of importance to both cities.
Having identified the facilities, and based on this categorization, the Planning Team identified
individuals most knowledgeable of each critical facility, and, where available, scheduled
meetings regarding the development of critical facility-specific mitigation plans. Critical facility
mitigation plans include: profiles each facility; assesses its risks and determines its
vulnerabilities, and outlines a prioritized list of mitigation measures specifically for each
facility.
During the meetings, members of the Planning Team and facility representatives filled out the
forms which in turn helped develop the hazard identification and risk information for given
locations. The assessment is not intended to require detailed engineering information or
expensive studies and analysis or to necessarily require onsite inspections or measurements. It is
simply intended to rely on the best judgment of the representative about the facility, its
environment and its functioning.
Profile
Fundamental information was required for each pierce of infrastructure. In order to gather the
information a template was developed to identify the individual pierces of infrastructure. It
includes the following information:
Address or infrastructure
Shelter: Yes or No
Auxiliary Power Source:
Year built
Number of floors if structure
Major remodels, upgrades or additions
Insured value
Occupancy day and night
Population served
Homeland Security Infrastructure Category
Critical within 72 hours or not
Once the infrastructure had been identified, the Planning Team met with the Planning Team
representative, took a tour of each location with respect to photographing the infrastructure, and
identified the hazard vulnerability of the infrastructure. The assessment was not intended to
require detailed engineering information or studies, or to necessarily require onsite inspections or
measurements. It was simply intended to rely on the best judgment of individual(s) with
knowledge about the building or system, its environment, and its function.
Infrastructure Summary
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Each Infrastructure Section begins with a summary table of total infrastructure and total value as
assigned by the jurisdiction through their budgetary process and found in Table in Table 6-1.
Infrastructure Category Summary
Using the primary Homeland Security Infrastructure Segments, the infrastructure was
categorized and listed according to the primary category of each location. In some cases,
categories were broken down further into type of infrastructure within a category. This
information is depicted in Table 6-2.
Infrastructure Dependency Summary
A table was compiled using the six primary dependencies for any for any jurisdiction:
Emergency Services, Power, Sewer, Telecommunication, Transportation, and Water. When the
site visits took place, each piece of infrastructure was evaluated on the basis of these six
categories. Table 6-5 is a summary of how many pieces of infrastructure fall into each category
and assigns percentages as well.
Infrastructure Hazard Summary
Another table was compiled using the nine hazards identified for the Planning Area in this
planning effort. When the site visits were completed, each pierce if infrastructure was evaluated
on the basis of these 19 hazards. Table 6-4 is a summary of how many pierces of infrastructure
fall into each category and assigns percentages to those hazard categories.
Dependency
In addition to the four categories of capabilities for the Planning Area, there is an additional
table, Table 6-5, which illustrates the primary external departments, agencies, and organizations
the individual jurisdictions depend upon to do business on a daily basis.
Vulnerability Assessment
Planning Team also conducted numerous vulnerability assessments during the planning period.
These assessments build on the identification of hazards, and the risk that they pose to each
jurisdiction’s critical facilities. The vulnerability assessment process examines more specifically
how the identified hazard events would damage or disrupt these facilities.
The Planning Team developed a form based on “Mitigation 20/20 Software” routines to conduct
vulnerability assessments for the critical facilities. A total of eighteen qualitative numeric criteria
were utilized in the assessments. This meant that each of the identified infrastructures was
evaluated with respect to the identified hazards and the six primary dependencies. Each piece of
infrastructure was given a rating for each hazard and dependency of from 0 to 3 with 0 being no
vulnerability to that particular and 3 being the highest vulnerability. These ratings were listed in
the large infrastructure matrix, Table 6-6, and also a completed list of the basis for these ratings
is shown in Tables 6-7 and 6-8. The following scale was devised for the ratings.
Low Hazard Composite Vulnerability Rating
0-1
(L)
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Medium Hazard Composite Vulnerability Rating
2
(M)
High Hazard Composite Vulnerability Rating
3
(H)
The facility mitigation plans are summary products complied by the facility owners and the
Planning Team showing the composite vulnerabilities score and ratings of each critical facility.
For some critical facilities information was unavailable due to time restraints and fiscal
resources. This information will be gathered in the next five years. A “TBD” (To Be
Determined) is used to show that the critical facility information will be gathered in the future.
Within each of the three groups, the facilities are arranged alphabetically.
Facility Mitigation Measures
With the results of the critical facilities vulnerability assessments having been identified,
“Mitigation 20/20” Mitigation Measure Forms were administered to the facility owners where
available. The critical facility owners and/or Planning Team members proposed, evaluated, and
finally prioritized specific mitigation measures to mitigate the defined vulnerabilities. The
measures were developed with the same eight categories used for the mitigation measures (see
Mitigation Strategy Process above).
Plan Maintenance Process
The planning process is just the foundation of breaking the disaster cycle. For the Planning Area
the Mitigation Plan that has been developed is a beginning; a beginning on the path to a disaster
resistant community. However it is essential that a plan be a living document, evaluated,
updated or revised as necessary. The Plan Maintenance process is an attempt to do this.
The initial review of the Plan will be a “Pre Adoption Review” allowed by Washington State
EMD and FEMA Region X. Washington State EMD and FEMA Region X will review the All
Hazard Mitigation Plan and either approve it subject to adoption or require some changes along
with adoption prior to final approval. Once this is complete, the Tribal Council will then
formally adopt the Plan and resubmit it for final approval.
This Plan Maintenance Section details the formal process that will guarantee the Tribe Plan
remains an active and relevant document. The Section also describes: the method and schedule
of monitoring, evaluating, and updating the Plan; the process for incorporating the mitigation
strategy into existing mechanisms, and; the process for integrating public participation
throughout the plan maintenance. The section serves as a guide for implementation of the hazard
mitigation strategy.
The section details the formal process that will guarantee the Plan remains an active and relevant
document. The section includes:
Documentation of the Plan’s formal adoption (Appendix A);
A schedule of monitoring, evaluating, and updating within a five-year cycle;
A process for submitting the Plan to Washington State EMD and FEMA Region X at
the end of the five-year cycle in 2022;
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An explanation of how each jurisdiction intends to incorporate the mitigation
strategies outlined in the Plan into existing mechanisms; and
A process for integrating public participation into plan maintenance procedures.
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Endnotes
1
Clackamas County, Oregon, Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. September, 2002.
http://www.co.clackamas.or.us/emergency/hmp.htm.
2
Ibid, Modified Clackamas County template.
3
http://www.co.pierce.wa.us/pc/abtus/ourorg/dem/EMDiv/MitPTI.htm
Hosted by Pierce County Department of Emergency Management.
4
Clackamas County, Oregon, Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. September, 2002.
http://www.co.clackamas.or.us/emergency/hmp.htm.
5
The Infrastructure Section is exempt from public disclosure pursuant to RCW 42.56.420. Request for public
disclosure of this document or parts thereof should be referred immediately to the Person identified in the local
jurisdiction’s Annex.
6
Pierce County, Washington, Draft Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2004
http://www.co.pierce.wa.us/pc/abtus/ourorg/dem/EMDiv/MitPlan2.htm
7
Pitt County, North Carolina, Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. 2000.
http://www.co.pitt.nc.us/depts/planning/hazmit/hazmitplan.pdf
8
Town of Wendell, North Carolina, Hazard Mitigation Plan.
http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/Library/wendell_assessment.pdf
9
Clackamas County, Oregon, Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan. September, 2002.
http://www.co.clackamas.or.us/emergency/hmp.htm.
10
The structure of some of this analysis is based on the document “Optional Comprehensive Plan Element for
Natural Hazard Reduction” published by the Washington Department of Community Trade and Economic
Development in1998. The purpose of that document is to aid communities in establishing an element within their
Comprehensive Planning effort (as mandated by the Growth Management Act) to reduce the impacts of natural
hazards. It focuses on consolidating the aspects found throughout each required element that deal with natural
hazard mitigation into one element. In effect, this section does the same, not as an element to the Comprehensive
Plan, but as an identification of current legal mitigation measures and legal/regulatory means for implementing
mitigation.
11
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This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.