KICKAPOO TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA

KICKAPOO TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA

JUDICIAL SYSTEM ORDINANCE

INDEX

CHAPTER 1

JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Section 1.

Section 2.

Section 3.

Section 4.

Section 5.

Section 6.

Section 7.

Section 8.

Section 9.

Section 10.

Section 11.

Section 12.

Section 13.

Section 14.

Section 15.

Enactment Clause

Establishment of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Trial Court with Two

Divisions

Definitions

Judges of the Trial Court

Establishment of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Supreme Court

Qualification of the Trial Judges and Supreme Court Justices

Oath

Selection and Appointment

Territorial Jurisdiction of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Judicial System

Civil Jurisdiction

Criminal Jurisdiction

Probate Jurisdiction

Family Court Jurisdiction

Application of Laws

Amendments

CHAPTER 2

OPERATING POWERS OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Section 1.

Section 2.

Section 3.

Section 4.

Section 5.

Section 6.

Section 7.

Section 8.

Section 9.

Section 10.

Section 11.

Section 12.

Section 13.

Section 14.

Section 15.

Section 16.

Section 17.

Term of Office for Judges and Justices

Removal of Judge or Justice

Special Judges

Special Judges who have Special Knowledge

Responsibilities of the Trial Judges

Responsibilities of the Supreme Court Justices

Judicial Independence

Compensation of the Judges and Justices

Disqualifications

Court(s) or Record(s)

Records and Files

Decisions of the Supreme Court

Supreme Court’s Action on Appeals

Court Fund

Court Clerk

Court Clerk Procedures

Waiver of Filing Fees

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Section 18.

Section 19.

Section 20.

Section 21.

Section 22.

Section 23.

Adoption of a Law and Order Code and Other Codes as Necessary

Language Provision

Public Defender

Right to a Jury Trial for Criminal Defendant

Right to a Jury Trial for Civil Causes of Action

Contempt of Court

KICKAPOO TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA

TRIBAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM ORDINANCE

Approved by the Kickapoo Council June 8, 1991

Resolution: K-91-41

Amendment Approved by the Kickapoo Council March 20, 2010

Resolution: KTO-SGC-2010-02

SECTION 1. ENACTMENT CLAUSE

Be it enacted by the Council of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma the following Judicial

System Ordinance. Any actions or decisions enacted by the Judicial Courts prior to this

Amendment shall remain in full force and effect.

[HISTORY: Approved by General Council Meeting: Sept. 24, 1994]

SECTION 2.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KICKAPOO TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA

TRIAL COURT WITH TWO DIVISIONS

There is established a Trial Court that shall be divided into two separate divisions. At the

Trial level, one division of the Court shall be the Civil and Criminal Trial Court, the other

division shall be the Family Court. All initial Judicial proceedings shall be first heard at the Trial

Court with the subject matter of Civil and Criminal matters assigned to the Civil and Criminal

Trial Court and proceedings involving children under the age of eighteen (18) years shall be

assigned to the Family Court.

SECTION 3. DEFINITIONS

The following words when mentioned in this Ordinance, shall have the following

meaning, unless otherwise specified:

(a)

“Constitution” shall mean the Supreme governing document of the Tribe and all

acts of the Courts and legislation of the Tribe must be consistent with the Constitution.

(b)

“Ordinance” shall be that legislation passed by the General Council of the

Kickapoo Tribe and unless contrary to the Constitution or existing Federal Law shall be the

Supreme legislation of the Tribe.

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(c)

“Trial Court” shall mean that Court that will be composed of two different

judicial subject matters, one shall consist of Criminal and Civil matters and the other shall

consist of Family matters.

(d)

“Supreme Court” shall mean that Court of last resort from which appeals are

taken from the Trial Court and that Court which may have limited original jurisdiction in certain

matters. All decisions and orders of the Supreme Court shall be final and are not to be subject to

further appeal.

SECTION 4. JUDGES OF THE TRIAL COURT

The Trial Court shall consist of the Chief Judge, and such District Judges, Special Judges,

and Magistrates as may be appointed according to law.

The Civil and Criminal Court shall consist of one Trial Judge and the Family Court

division shall consist of one Trial Judge.

HISTORY: [Change approved by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

SECTION 5.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KICKAPOO TRIBE OF OKLAHOMA

SUPREME COURT

There is created a Supreme Court that shall consist of three (3) justices that shall hear all

cases appealed from the Trial Courts and other cases in which the Supreme Court has original

jurisdiction.

SECTION 6. QUALIFICATION OF THE TRIAL JUDGES AND SUPREME COURT

JUSTICES

A. A Trial Judge and Supreme court Justice shall possess the following:

1. An enrolled member of the Tribe, or;

2. An attorney currently licensed to practice law by the appropriate licensing agency of

any U.S. State or jurisdiction that enforces or verifies attorney standards, or;

3. An individual who physically resides within the reservation of the Kickapoo Tribe of

Oklahoma, or;

4. An advocate who has practiced before the Trial Court on a regular basis for more than

two (2) years as member of the Court Bar, or;

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5. A graduate of an American Bar Association accredited law school approved by the

Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Supreme Court, and;

6. Must show the following:

a. Has exhibited moral integrity and fairness; and

b. Has never been convicted of a felony, including the pleading of nolo contendere,

and ;

c. Has consistently abstained from alcohol and has abstained from any illegal drug

or substance for the seven (7) years proceeding their nomination and during the

term of their office, and;

d. Is more than twenty-five (25) years of age, and;

e. Is not a member of the Business Committee or any other Ordinance created

Committee, Board, or Commission, however, that individual may resign that post

to assume the role of Judge or Justice, and;

f. Has experience in the legal profession or has a legal education/training.

B. Any Judge hearing or presiding over a criminal matter involving a non-Indian shall be an

attorney currently licensed to practice law by the Bar Association of any State.

HISTORY: [(amend#2, #4, and add B) changes approved by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

SECTION 7. OATH

Before assuming office, every Judge and Justice must take an oath affirming loyalty to

the Constitution and By-Laws of the Tribe, all Tribal Laws, to serve the Court in a manner of

fairness and integrity, and to administer justice to all parties before the Court in an effective and

efficient manner.

SECTION 8. SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT

Judges and Justices shall be nominated by either Tribal members or members of the

Business Committee. Advertising for vacancies shall be under the direction of the Business

Committee. The Business Committee shall select all Judges upon reviewing their qualifications.

The following factors shall be given primary consideration by the Business Committee in

making a determination:

1. Formal education and legal experience in the legal field;

2. Knowledge of the Tribal Constitution and By-Laws;

3. Tribal customs and traditional ways of thinking;

4. Ability to make decisions involving legal principals.

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5. That all times at least one of the Kickapoo Trial Judges shall be an attorney currently

licensed to practice law by the Oklahoma Bar Association.

HISTORY: [(add #5) approved by Resolution KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

SECTION 9.

TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION OF THE KICKAPOO TRIBE OF

OKLAHOMA JUDICIAL SYSTEM

The jurisdiction of the Judicial System of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma shall extend

to Indian Country as defined by Section 1151 of Title 8 of the United States Code, Tribal lands

held in trust for the Tribe, allotted lands of individual members that is held in trust, and all other

lands of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma whether held in trust, non-trust, restricted or

otherwise, and property owned or controlled by the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma, all to the

greatest extent allowable under Federal Law. Within the territory areas for the Tribe the

following will be under the jurisdiction of the Court: air, water, minerals, resources, and

wildlife. This ordinance shall apply to all further lands as may be acquired by the Tribe or any

agency of or any political subdivision of the Tribe in the future.

The territory of the Judicial System of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma shall extend to

Indian Country as defined by Section 1151 of Title 18 of the Unites States Code, Tribal lands

held in trust for the Tribe, allotted lands of individual members that is held in trust, and all other

lands whether held in trust, non-trust, restricted or otherwise, to the greatest extent allowable

under Federal Law. Within the territory areas for the Tribe the following will be under the

jurisdiction of the Court: air, water, minerals, resources, and wildlife. This ordinance shall

apply to all further lands as may be acquired by the Tribe or any agency of or any political

subdivision of the Tribe in the future.

HISTORY: [amended by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

No judgment against the Tribe, Tribal agency, enterprise, or political subdivision shall be

exigible, payable, or paid except from funds appropriated therefore by the Kickapoo Council or

by the agency, entity or political subdivision against which judgment is rendered.

HISTORY: [KTO-SGC-2010-02, approved second paragraph on March 20, 2010]

HISTORY: [KTO-2012-56, repealed second paragraph on October 6, 2012]

SECTION 10. CIVIL JURISDICTION

The Courts of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Judicial System shall have general

jurisdiction involving all civil actions that involve the laws of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma.

Jurisdiction is to be had over all Tribal members who may be found within the jurisdiction of the

Courts, all other persons or organizations that consent to the jurisdiction of the Courts, and all

other persons to the extent allowed under Federal Law. All corporations, sellers, business

individuals, and merchants who organize under Tribal Law or enter into the territorial

jurisdiction of the Tribe for whatever purpose shall have given consent to the jurisdiction of the

Courts.

SECTION 11. CRIMINAL JURISDICTION

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To the greatest extent allowable under Federal Law, the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma

Courts shall have jurisdiction over all those individuals, persons, or organizations that have

violated any law of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma. The Courts shall reserve the right to

impose the maximum penalty for any violation of the law.

SECTION 12. PROBATE JURISDICTION

To the greatest extent allowable under Federal Law, the Courts shall have probate

jurisdiction over all real and personal property found within the jurisdiction of the Court at the

time of death of an individual, who is a member of the Tribe and any personal property of a

member, or non-member as to their property found within the jurisdiction of the Tribe, who, at

the time of death lived within Tribal jurisdiction and who had intention of remaining within

Tribal jurisdiction.

To the greatest extent allowable under Federal Law, the Courts shall have probate

jurisdiction over all real and personal property found within the jurisdiction of the Court at the

time of death of an individual, who is a member of the Tribe and any personal property of a

member who, at the time of death lived within Tribal jurisdiction and who had intention of

remaining within Tribal jurisdiction.

HISTORY: [amended by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

SECTION 13. FAMILY COURT JURISDICTION

The Courts of the Kickapoo Judicial System shall have exclusive original jurisdiction

involving abused or neglected children who are under the age of eighteen (18) years, and who

are members of the Tribe or who has parent(s) who are members of the Tribe or when

jurisdiction has been transferred to the Courts by another Court of competent jurisdiction.

a. When any child is found to be within the territorial jurisdiction of the Kickapoo Tribe of

Oklahoma, the Court can assume jurisdiction, to protect and promote the best interests of

the child.

When any child is found to be within the territorial jurisdiction of the Kickapoo Tribe of

Oklahoma, and the Family Court Judge, is willing, the Court can assume jurisdiction, to

protect and promote the best interests of the child.

HISTORY: [amend (a) by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

b. When in the best interest of any child the Family Court may assume jurisdiction over a

child found within or residing or whose actions or abused, neglected, or delinquent status

arose within the Kickapoo Territory regardless of tribal membership, until such time as

another Court of competent jurisdiction will exercise jurisdiction over the child.

When, in the best interests of any child the Family Court Judge may assume jurisdiction,

because no other Court will assume jurisdiction or until such time another Court of

competent jurisdiction will exercise jurisdiction over the child.

HISTORY: [Resolution: K-1991-57-A, for section b.]

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HISTORY: [Amended by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

SECTION 14. APPLICATION OF LAWS

The Courts of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Judicial System shall apply with full

force and effect the laws of the Constitution and By-Laws and Ordinances of the General

Council. Other legislation as may be adopted or enacted by the General Council shall be applied

with the same full force and effect. In the event no law governs, the Trial Court and/or the

Supreme Court may consider Traditional values and beliefs. In the event no law can be found,

the Courts may apply existing Federal Law or apply the best law of any particular Tribe or State.

The Courts shall apply existing Federal Law as applicable.

SECTION 15. AMENDMENTS

The Business Committee shall have the authority to amend, alter, and/or introduce new

amendments to the Judicial Ordinance and by duly adopted Resolution of the Business

Committee and approved by General Council such action shall serve as an amendment to this

Ordinance, provided that such resolution is appropriate with Article XV of the Constitution and

By-Laws.

CHAPTER II

OPERATING POWERS OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM

SECTION 1. TERM OF OFFICE FOR JUDGES AND JUSTICES

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All Judges of the Trial Court shall be appointed to serve a term of three (3) years. All

Justices of the Supreme Court shall be appointed for a term of five (5) years. The term begins

the date the Judge or Justices formally takes the oath of office.

SECTION 2. REMOVAL OF JUDGE OR JUSTICE

A Judge or Justice within the Kickapoo Judicial System can only be removed for cause.

The Supreme Court by a majority vote can remove a Judge upon review of sufficient evidence

and after a hearing with the Trial Judge. The Supreme Court, applying this standard, can remove

one Supreme Court Justice. Otherwise, removal of a Judge or Justice shall be done in the

following manner:

(A)

The Business Committee, upon review of sufficient evidence, can recommend to

the General Council that a Judge or Justice be removed for cause. If the General Council by

majority vote finds sufficient cause that Judge or Justice shall be removed.

SECTION 3. SPECIAL JUDGES

Whenever, due to vacancies in office, disqualification of Judges, or other cause, a Trial

Judge is not available, or an additional Judicial Officer is needed to efficiently dispense with the

business of the Trial Court, due to vacancies in office, disqualification of Judges, or other cause,

the Chief Justice or Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court may designate by Court Order one or

more duly qualified magistrates or Justices to sit on the Trial Court, or may make one or more

special appointments from among the members of the Bar of the Court to act as a Special Judge

to hear specific named cases, or cases filed prior to the date a Trial Judge can be regularly

appointed, the vacancy filled, or the special Judge is no longer needed. The Special Judge(s)

compensation shall be that of the regular Judge’s compensation. The Special Judge(s)

appointment shall terminate upon the condition ceasing that caused the need for said

appointment.

The Chief Justice or Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court shall appoint a Special Judge

whenever there is a vacancy, inability, resignation, or disqualification of a Trial Judge to serve.

The appointment will remain in effect until the return of the Trial Judge or until an appointment

of a Trial Judge by the Business Committee.

HISTORY: [amended by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14, 2014]

SECTION 4. SPECIAL JUDGES WHO HAVE SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE

If proper jurisdiction is had, the Trial Judge shall have the duty to apply the law with the

intent of administering justice to the parties that are before the Court. The Trial Judge shall have

the authority to issue such legal orders and other papers necessary to administer justice. In

addition, the Trial Judge shall perform additional duties:

(a)

To hold Court at designated time and place.

(b)

To conduct hearings and investigations wherever and whenever necessary.

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(c)

Administer oaths when necessary.

(d)

To hear and decide all cases properly before the Court.

(e)

Enter judgments and orders.

(f)

Issue warrants and subpoenas.

(g)

Keep necessary records as may be required by the Court.

(h)

To serve as a coroner, unless a coroner, is appointed by the Business Committee

with proper authorization.

SECTION 6. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICES

(a)

The Justices of the Supreme Court will adopt the rules and procedures necessary

to administer the Judicial System and maintain such rules and procedures.

(b)

To issue, as a Judicial panel, necessary legal orders, judgments, and papers.

(c)

To hold and conduct judicial proceedings during an established term.

(d)

Keep all appropriate legal documents and records.

(e)

To hear all appeals from the Trial Court.

(f)

Supervise the Court staff.

(g)

Promulgate standards for admittance to the Court Bar and to insure ethical

standards are maintained by the Court Bar.

(h)

Perform the duties of the Trial Judge, as necessary.

(i)

Administer justice in an orderly, timely, efficient, and effective manner.

(j)

Administer a filing system for necessary legal documents.

SECTION 7. JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE

At all times the Court system of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma shall be independent of

other governing or political entities of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma.

SECTION 8. COMPENSATION OF JUDGES AND JUSTICES

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The Business Committee shall fix the salaries of the Judges and Justices and other Court

Officers before their appointment and shall not decrease that amount while they are serving in

that position unless the funds are not available and then the salaries shall be reduced

proportionally.

SECTION 9. DISQUALIFICATIONS

A Judge or Justice shall remove himself/herself upon determination that there exists or

could exist an appearance of a conflict of interest. Such interest shall include but is not limited

to the following:

(a)

A financial interest in the outcome of a decision;

(b)

Related to the parties, directly by marriage or blood, unless the other party is

made aware of the relationship and upon the record does not object, the Judge or Justice shall

continue to hear the case.

(c)

Is a legal guardian to a party before the Court. Either party at any time during the

proceeding may ask that the Judge or Justice disqualify themselves from the hearing. The party

requesting removal shall clearly indicate the reason(s) for and have the matter reflected in the

record. If the Judge refuses, the party can request the matter for appeal. Once requested the

matter is to be appealed. No litigation or other mattes can be heard pending the appeal. Upon

disqualification a Special Judge shall be appointed by the Chief Justice or the Presiding Justice

of the Supreme Court.

SECTION 10. COURT(S) OF RECORD

HISTORY: [amended by KTO-2014-48, Nov. 14,2014]

The Trial Court and the Supreme Court shall both be Court(s) of Record(s). All records

shall be maintained by the Office of the Court Clerk. The Supreme court after consulting with

the trial Judges shall issue the necessary forms and rules to insure the collection and protection of

records.

SECTION 11. RECORDS AND FILES

(a)

Juvenile records and files shall not be open to public inspection nor shall Juvenile

proceedings be open to public hearings.

(b)

fees, if any.

The Supreme Court shall establish procedures for reviewing files and establish

(c)

All records of the Court shall be open to public inspection unless the Supreme

Court determines otherwise.

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SECTION 12. DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT

(a)

All decisions and opinions of the Supreme Court shall be rendered in writing and

given to the parties that were before the Court. A copy of the decision and the opinion shall be

filed with the Tribal Court Clerk and the Secretary of the Tribe.

(b)

The format of the decision and opinion of the Court shall be chosen at the

discretion of the Supreme Court as part of the Court rules.

(c)

All other decisions, orders, and papers of the Supreme Court shall be filed in the

Office of the Court Clerk.

(d)

Each Justice of the Supreme Court is entitled to write his own opinion and such

writing shall be recorded with the decision of the Court.

(e)

If a Justice does not participate or disqualifies himself from the decision of the

Court, that action also shall be reflected in the permanent record.

SECTION 13. SUPREME COURT’S ACTION ON APPEALS

In any appeal properly before it, the Supreme Court shall have full authority to affirm,

reverse, modify, or vacate any action of the Trial Court or other entity from whom the appeal is

taken as authorized by law, and may enter such order as is just or remand the case for entry of a

specified judgment, for a new trial, or for such further action as appropriate in accordance with

the Supreme Court’s opinion or instructions.

SECTION 14. COURT FUND

All expenses or fees levied as the result of a Court proceeding or any form of Court

action shall be set aside in a special fund that will provide funds for necessary Court supplies,

materials, and research items. The fund shall not be used to pay salaries of the Court Judges,

Justices, Court Clerk, or Staff.

SECTION 15. COURT CLERK

There is hereby established the Office of Court Clerk with the purpose to administer the

Judicial System and assist the Judicial System in recording and filing. Other duties of the Court

Clerk shall include the following: issue appropriate documents, collect fines and fees, issue

receipts, supervise under the direction of the Supreme Court other Court staff, to administer

oaths, serve as Court Librarian, and to serve as Court Administrator with the Supreme Court

defining employment duties.

SECTION 16. COURT CLERK PROCEDURES

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The Supreme Court shall have the authority to promulgate such forms as necessary to

assist the Court Clerk in the performance of the Court Clerk’s duties. The Supreme Court shall

authorize a Seal which will be used by the Court Clerk as an “Official Seal” of the “Tribal Court

Clerk” which has the official Tribal emblem. All legal documents of the Judicial System, and

those designated by the Supreme Court shall have the Court Clerk’s signature and the Seal on

such paper documents.

SECTION 17. WAIVER OF FILING FEES

The Supreme Court of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma may provide exemptions or

waivers for those who can not afford the fees of filing. The Supreme Court shall adopt the

necessary criteria to receive the waiver exception.

SECTION 18. ADOPTION OF A LAW AND ORDER CODE AND OTHER CODES AS

NECESSARY

The Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma shall continue to abide by the Sac and Fox Laws, as

needed for the administration and enforcement of the Judicial System, until the Council of the

Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma adopts its own Law and Order Code and other Codes as necessary.

SECTION 19. LANGUAGE PROVISION

Upon request a party before the Court can request an interpreter. Interpreter will be

provided at no cost to the party. The Court shall appoint an Interpreter when in the interest of

justice and due process, the Court deems it necessary. The Supreme Court shall adopt rules as

needed so that Court, if necessary, can conduct Court in the Kickapoo language.

SECTION 20. PUBLIC DEFENDER

In every criminal action the accused shall have a right to Counsel and if the accused can

not afford counsel the Court shall appoint Counsel for the accused.

SECTION 21. RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL FOR CRIMINAL DEFENDANT

Any person charged with a criminal offense shall have the right to a Trial by jury. The

person charged with the criminal offense shall be informed of this right by the Trial Judge.

There shall be no fee for a jury Trial, in which one is accused of a criminal offense. The Jury,

shall consist of six (6) persons, and one (1) alternate, who is a member of any Federally

Recognized Indian Tribe, that reside within the service area jurisdiction of the Kickapoo Tribe of

Oklahoma.

SECTION 22. RIGHT TO A JURY TRIAL JURY FOR CIVIL CAUSES OF ACTION

Any person who files a civil cause of action shall have the right to a Jury Trial, provided

that person, or entity, pays a Jury cost fee of Two Hundred Dollars ($200.00), to the Office of the

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Court Clerk. The Jury shall consist of six (6) persons, and one (1) alternate, who is a member of

any Federally Recognized Indian Tribe, and who resides within the service area jurisdiction of

the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma.

SECTION 23. CONTEMPT OF COURT

The Judicial Courts of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma shall have the power to punish

all persons for direct or indirect contempt of the Court.

A. Direct contempt shall consist:

(a)

Disorderly or insolent behavior committed during the session of the Court;

(b)

The unlawful and willful refusal of any person to be sworn as a witness;

(c)

The refusal to any legal or proper question;

(d)

And/or any breach of the peace, noise, or disturbance, so near as to interrupt its

proceedings.

Indirect contempt of Court shall consist:

(a)

Willful disobedience of any process or order lawfully issued or made by the

Court;

(b)

Resistance willfully offered by any person to the execution of a lawful order or

process of the Judicial Courts of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma.

For any contempt of Court, the Court may impose of fine up to $1,000.00 dollars, or may

order the person to be placed in the Tribal jail for a period of six (6) months, or may

impose both such fine and imprisonment. The Court may release the person from

sanctions if that person purges himself/herself of a continuing contempt. Before

imposing any contempt sanctions, the Court shall warn the offending party that continued

contemptible action may result in a finding of contempt by the Court. Before making any

finding of indirect contempt the Court shall conduct a hearing to determine if an indirect

contempt has occurred with proper notice to be served on the defendant.

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