Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

RIN 1018-AI24

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Proposed rule concerning designation of critical habitat.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose critical habitat for 99 of the 101 plant species known historically from the island of Oahu that are listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.

Critical habitat is not proposed for two species,

Pritchardia kaalae

and

Cyrtandra crenata.

We propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for

Pritchardia kaalae

because it would likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection of this species on Oahu. Critical habitat is not proposed for

Cyrtandra crenata,

a species known only from Oahu, and for which we propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it has not been seen recently in the wild and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist.

We propose critical habitat designations for 99 species within 25 critical habitat units totaling approximately 45,067 hectares (111,364 acres) on the island of Oahu.

If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the designations. We may revise or further refine critical habitat boundaries prior to final designation based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the proposed critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES:

We will accept comments until July 29, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by July 12, 2002.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

1. You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

2. You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at the address given above.

3. You may send comments by electronic mail (e-mail) to: FW1PIE_Oahu_crithab@r1.fws.gov. See the

Public Comments Solicited

section in Supplementary Information below for file format and other information about electronic filing.

You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see

ADDRESSES

section) (telephone: 808/541-3441; facsimile: 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 101 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the island of Oahu. Fifty-six of these species are endemic to Oahu, while 45 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Oahu (Table 1).

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 101 Species From Oahu

Species

Island distribution

Kauai

Oahu

Molokai

Lanai

Maui

Hawaii

NW Islands, Kahoolawe, Niihau

Abutilon sandwicense

(No common name)

C

Adenophorus periens

(pendant kihi fern)

C

H

C

H

H

C

Alectryon macrococcus

(mahoe)

C

C

C

C

Alsinidendron obovatum

(No common name)

C

Alsinidendron trinerve

(No common name)

C

Bonamia menziesii

(No common name)

C

C

H

C

C

C

Cenchrus agrimonioides

(kamanomano)

C

H

C

NW (H)

Centaurium sebaeoides

(awiwi)

C

C

H

C

C

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

(akoko)

C

Chamaesyce deppeana

(akoko)

C

Chamaesyce herbstii

C

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

(akoko)

C

Chamaesyce rockii

(akoko)

C

Colubrina oppositifolia

(kauila)

C

C

C

Colubrina squamigera

(pauoa)

C

C

C

Ctenitis squamigera

(pauoa)

H

C

C

C

C

H

Cyanea acuminata

(haha)

C

Cyanea crispa

(haha)

C

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

(haha)

C

C

C

C

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

(haha)

C

Cyanea humboltiana

(haha)

C

Cyanea kolauensis

(haha)

C

Cyanea longiflora

(haha)

C

Cyanea pinnatifida

(haha)

H

Cyanea st.-johnii

(haha)

C

Cyanea superba

(haha)

C

Cyanea truncata

(haha)

C

Cyperus trachysanthos

(puukaa)

C

C

H

H

Ni (H)

Cyrtandra crenata

(haiwale)

H

Cyrtandra dentata

(haiwale)

C

Cyrtandra polyantha

(haiwale)

C

Cyrtandra subumbellata

(haiwale)

C

Cyrtandra viridiflora

(haiwale)

C

Delissea subcordata

(No common name)

C

Diellia erecta

(No common name)

H

C

C

H

C

C

Diellia falcata

(No common name)

C

Diellia unisora

(No common name)

C

Diplazium molokaiense

(No common name)

H

H

H

H

C

Dubautia herbstobatae

(naenae)

C

Eragrostis fostergii

(No common name)

C

Eugenia koolauensis

(nioi)

C

H

Euphorbia haeleeleana

(akoko)

C

C

Flueggea neowawraea

(mehamehame)

C

C

H

C

C

Gardenia mannii

(nanu)

C

Gouania meyenii

(No common name)

C

C

Gouania vitifolia

(No common name)

C

H

C

Hedyotis coriacea

(kioele)

H

C

C

Hedyotis degeneri

(No common name)

C

Hedyotis parvula

(No common name)

C

Hesperomannia arborescens

(No common name)

C

C

H

C

Hesperomannia arbuscula

(No common name)

C

C

Hibiscus brackenridgei

(mao hau hele)

R

C

H

C

C

C

Isodendrion laurifolium

(aupaka)

C

C

Isodendrion longifolium

(aupaka)

C

C

Isodendrion pyrifolium

(wahine noho kula)

H

H

H

H

C

Ni (H)

Labordia cyrtandrae

(kamakahala)

C

Lepidium arbuscula

(anaunau)

C

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

(nehe)

C

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

(nehe)

C

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

(No common name)

C

Lobelia monostachya

(No common name)

C

Lobelia niihauensis

(No common name)

C

C

Ni (H)

Lobelia oahuensis

(No common name)

C

Lysimachia filifolia

(No common name)

C

C

Mariscus pennatiformis

(No common name)

H

H

C

H

NW (C)

Marsilea villosa

(ihi ihi)

C

C

Ni (H)

Melicope lydgatei

(alani)

C

Melicope pallida

(alani)

C

C

Melicope saint-johnii

(alani)

C

Myrsine juddii

(kolea)

C

Neraudia angulata

(No common name)

C

Nototrichium humile

(kului)

C

H

Peucedanum sandwicense

(makou)

C

C

C

C

Phlegmariurus nutans

(wawaeiole)

H

C

Phyllostegia hirsuta

(No common name)

C

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

(No common name)

C

Phyllostegia mollis

(No common name)

C

H

C

Phyllostegia parviflora

(No common name)

C

H

H

Plantago princeps

(laukahi kauhiwi)

C

C

C

C

H

Platanthera holochila

(No common name)

C

H

C

C

Pritichardia kaalae

(loulu)

C

Pteris lidgatei

(No common name)

C

H

C

Sanicula mariversa

(No common name)

C

Sanicula purpurea

(No common name)

C

C

Schiedea hookeri

(No common name)

C

H

Schiedea kaalae

(No common name)

C

Schiedea kealia

(No common name)

C

Schiedea nuttallii

(No common name)

C

C

C

H

Sesbania tomentosa

(ohai)

C

C

C

H

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C), NW (C)

Silene lanceolata

(No common name)

H

C

C

H

C

Silene perlmanii

(No common name)

H

Solanum sandwicense

(aiakeakua, popolo)

C

H

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

(No common name)

C

C

C

C

C

C

Stenogyne kanehoana

(No common name)

C

Tetramolopium filiforme

(No common name)

C

Tetramolopium lepidotum

ssp.

lepidotum

(No common name)

C

H

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

(oheohe)

C

Trematalobelia singularis

(No common name)

C

Urera kaalae

(opuhe)

C

Vigna o-wahuensis

(No common name)

H

C

C

C

C

Ni (H), Ka (C)

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

(olopu)

C

Viola oahuesis

(No common name)

C

KEY:

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years.

H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years.

R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

NW—NW Hawaiian Islands.

Ka—Kahoolawe.

Ni—Niihau.

We have reconsidered our findings concerning whether designating critical habitat for these 56 federally protected plants from the island of Oahu is prudent. In this proposal, we are proposing that critical habitat is prudent for 54 of these species (

Abutilon sandwicense

,

Alsinidendron obovatum

,

Alsinidendron trinerve

,

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

,

Chamaesyce deppeana

,

Chamaesyce herbstii

,

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

,

Chamaesyce rockii

,

Cyanea acuminata

,

Cyanea crispa

,

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

,

Cyanea humboltiana

,

Cyanea koolauensis

,

Cyanea longiflora

,

Cyanea pinnatifida

,

Cyanea st.-johnii

,

Cyanea superba

,

Cyanea truncata

,

Cyrtandra dentata

,

Cyrtandra polyantha

,

Cyrtandra subumbellata

,

Cyrtandra viridiflora

,

Delissea subcordata

,

Diellia falcata

,

Diellia unisora

,

Dubautia herbstobatae

,

Eragrostis fosbergii

,

Gardenia mannii

,

Hedyotis degeneri

,

Hedyotis parvula

,

Labordia cyrtandrae

,

Lepidium arbuscula

,

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

,

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

,

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

,

Lobelia monostachya

,

Lobelia oahuensis

,

Melicope lydgatei

,

Melicope saint-johnii

,

Myrsine juddii

,

Neraudia angulata

,

Phyllostegia hirsuta

,

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

,

Sanicula mariversa

,

Schiedea kaalae

,

Schiedea kealiae

,

Silene perlmanii

,

Stenogyne kanehoana

,

Tetramolopium filiforme

,

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

,

Trematalobelia singularis

,

Urera kaalae

,

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

, and

Viola oahuensis

) because the potential benefits of designating critical habitat essential for the conservation of these species outweigh the risk that may result from human activity because of critical habitat designation.

We propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for

Pritchardia kaalae

because it would likely increase the threat from vandalism or collection of this species of loulu palm on Oahu. We propose that critical habitat designation is not prudent for

Cyrtandra crenata

, a species known only from Oahu that has not been seen recently in the wild and for which no viable genetic material is known to exist.

Proposed prudency determinations for 45 other species (

Adenophorus periens

,

Alectryon macrococcus

,

Bonamia menziesii

,

Cenchrus agrimonioides

,

Centaurium sebaeoides

,

Colubrina oppositifolia

,

Ctenitis squamigera

,

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

grimesiana

,

Cyperus trachysanthos

,

Diellia erecta

,

Diplazium molokaiense

,

Eugenia koolauensis

,

Euphorbia haeleeleana

,

Flueggea neowawraea

,

Gouania meyenii

,

Gouania vitifolia

,

Hedyotis coriacea

,

Hesperomannia arborescens

,

Hesperomannia arbuscula

,

Hibiscus brackenridgei

,

Isodendrion laurifolium

,

Isodendrion longifolium

,

Isodendrion pyrifolium

,

Lobelia niihauensis

,

Lysimachia filifolia

,

Mariscus pennatiformis

,

Marsilea villosa

,

Melicope pallida

,

Nototrichium humile

,

Peucedanum sandwicense

,

Phlegmariurus nutans

,

Phyllostegia mollis

,

Phyllostegia parviflora

,

Plantago princeps

,

Platanthera holochila

,

Pteris lidgatei

,

Sanicula purpurea

,

Schiedea hookeri

,

Schiedea nuttallii

,

Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis

,

Tetramolopium lepidotum

ssp.

lepidotum

, and

Vigna o-wahuensis

) which are reported from Oahu as well as Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, and/or the island of Hawaii were published in the proposed rules published on November 7, 2000, and January 28, 2000 (Kauai and Niihau, 65 FR 66808 and 67 FR 3939); on December 18, 2000 and April 3, 2002 (Maui and Kahoolawe 65 FR 79192 and 67 FR 15856); on December 27, 2000 and March 4, 2002 (Lanai 65 FR 82086 and 67 FR 9806); on December 29, 2000 and April 5, 2002 (Molokai 65 FR 83158 and 67 FR 16492); on May 14, 2002 (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 67 FR 34522), or elsewhere in this issue of the

Federal Register

(Hawaii Island).

Critical habitat for 99 of these 101 species from Oahu is proposed at this time. Critical habitat is not proposed for two species,

Pritchardia kaalae

and

Crytandra crenata

, for which we determine that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the reasons described above.

The Island of Oahu

The island of Oahu was formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano to the east and the older Waianae volcano to the west (60 FR 51398; Service 1995a, 1996b). Their original shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion, and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges, and consist of long, narrow ridges. The Koolau Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along a northwest-trending rift zone and formed a range now approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 miles (mi)) long (Service 1996b). Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Mountains varies from 100 to 710 centimeters (cm) (40 to 280 inches (in)), most of which is received at higher elevations along the entire length of the windward (northeastern) side (Service 1996b).

The Waianae Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along three rift zones. The two principal rift zones run in a northwestward and south-southeastward direction from the summit, and a lesser one runs to the northeast. The range is approximately 32 km (20 mi) long. The caldera lies between the north side of Makaha Valley and the head of Nanakuli Valley (MacDonald

et al.

1983). The Waianae Mountains are in the rain shadow of the parallel Koolau Mountains and receive much less rainfall, except for Mt. Kaala, the highest point on Oahu at 1,225 meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)) (Wagner

et al.

1999). The median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 to 19 cm (20 to 75 in), with only the small summit area of Mt. Kaala receiving the highest amount (Service 1995a).

Discussion of the Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Oahu

Abutilon sandwicense

(No Common Name (NCN))

Abutilon sandwicense

, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub that grows to 3 m (5 ft) tall and is covered with short glandular hairs. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the green or reddish-brown tipped petals which extend beyond the sepals (Bates 1999).

Abutilon sandwicense

has been observed flowering in winter and spring. By summer, most plants have flowered and the fruits have usually dried up by fall. Fruit capsules develop within 6 weeks. Although seedlings are often initially abundant, few plants appear to survive to maturity for unknown reasons (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Abutilon sandwicense

was known from nearly the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. This species is now known from Huliwai Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, Kaimuhole Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Makaha Valley, Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaleha Valley, Manuwai Gulch, Halona subdistrict, Mikilua subdistrict, Alaiheihe Gulch, and Nanakuli Valley on Federal, State, private, city, and county lands. The 16 known populations contain an estimated 253 to 263 individuals (Hawaii Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2001; Bates 1999).

Abutilon sandwicense

typically grows on steep slopes or gulches in dry to mesic lowland forest between 149 and 875 m (489 and 2,870 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Sapindus oahuensis

(lonomea),

Eugenia reinwardtiana

(nioi),

Hibiscus arnottianus

(kokio keokeo),

Psydrax odorata

(alahee),

Diospyros sandwicensis

(lama),

Reynoldsia sandwicensis

(ohe),

Nestegis sandwicensis

(olopua),

Antidesma pulvinatum

(hame),

Pittosporum

sp. (hoawa),

Pleomele

sp. (hala pepe),

Rauvolfia sandwicensis

(hao),

Myrsine lanaiensis

(kolea),

Pisonia

sp. (papala kepau),

Metrosideros polymorpha

(ohia),

Pipturus albidus

(mamaki), and

Elaeocarpus bifidus

(kalia) (Bates 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Environmental Division of the U.S. Army (EDA),

in litt

. 2001).

The major threats to

Abutilon sandwicense

are competition from the alien plant species

Pimenta dioica

(allspice),

Hyptis pectinata

(Comb hyptis),

Schinus terebinthifolius

(Christmasberry),

Syzygium cumini

(Java plum),

Clidemia hirta

(Koster's curse),

Ipomoea sp.

(morning glory),

Melinis minutiflora

(molasses grass),

Ficus microcarpa

(Chinese banyan),

Psidium cattleianum

(strawberry guava),

Psidium guajava

(guava),

Kalanchoe pinnata

(air plant),

Oplismenus hirtellus

(basketgrass),

Ageratina riparia

(haumakua pamakani),

Leucaena leucocephala

(koa haole),

Toona ciliata

(Australian red cedar),

Grevillea robusta

(silk oak),

Montanoa hibiscifolia

(tree daisy),

Aleurites moloccana

(kuku i),

Rivina humilis

(coral berry),

Panicum maximum

(Guinea grass),

Melia azedarach

(chinaberry), and

Passiflora suberosa

(huehue haole); fire; black twig borer (

Xylosandrus compactus

); Chinese rose beetle (

Adoretus sinicus

); feral pigs (

Sus scrofa

) and goats (

Capra hircus

); and trampling by feral cattle (

Bos taurus

) (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Alsinidendron obovatum

(NCN)

Alsinidendron obovatum,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branching subshrub growing to 3 ft (1 m) tall with thick, somewhat fleshy leaves. This species and

Alsinidendron trinerve

can be distinguished from other members of the genus by their shrubby habit and fleshy purple sepals surrounding the capsule (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron obovatum

generally flowers after about 2 years of growth. Plants flower and fruit year round, but flowering is usually heavier in winter and spring depending on the level of precipitation. Plants survive 3 to 6 years, unless there are drought conditions (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Alsinidendron obovatum

was known from the northern and

southern end of the Waianae Range. This species remains in Keawapilau Gulch, Kahanakaiki Gulch, Makaleha, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch on Federal and State lands. The five known populations contain about 8 to 10 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001;Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron obovatum

typically grows on ridges and slopes in lowland diverse mesic forest dominated by

Acacia koa

(koa) and

Metrosideros polymorpha

between 476 and 943 m (1,561 and 3,093 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Bidens torta

(kookoolau),

Antidesma platyphyllum

(hame),

Cibotium chamissoi

(hapuu),

Hedyotis terminalis

(manono),

Pipturu

sp. (mamaki),

Machaerina

sp. (uki),

Peperomia

sp. (ala ala wai nui),

Perrottetia sandwicensis

(olomea),

Ilex anomala

(kawau),

Psydrax odorata, Coprosma

sp. (pilo),

Alyxia oliviformis

(maile), or the endangered

cyanea lingiflora

(HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Alsinidendron obovatum

are competition from the aggressive alien plant species

Melinus minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium cattleianum, Blechnum occidentale

(NCN),

Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Stachytarpheta dichotoma

(owi),

Paspalum conjugatum

(Hilo grass), and

Rubus argutus

(prickly Florida blackberry); habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans; rockslides, and the small number of populations (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Alsinidendron trinerve

(NCN)

Alsinidendron trinerve,

a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is very similar in appearance to

A. obovatum

but differs in that it has a more open inflorescence (flowering part of plant) with peduncles (stalk of a flower) more than 2 cm (0.8 in) long, sepals (leaves of the outer series floral leaves, i.e., calyx) with an acute tip, and usually is found in wet forests above 914 m (3,000 ft) in elevation.

Alsinidendron obovatum

has a congested inflorescence with peduncles less than 2 cm (0.8 in) long, sepals with a rounded tip, and usually grows in mesic forests 550 to 792 m (1,800 to 2,600 ft) in elevation (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Alsinidendron trinerve

flowers and fruits throughout the year with the possible exception of fall (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Alsinidendron trinerve

was known from the north-central and southern Waianae Mountains. This species is known to be in Makaleha Gulch, on Mt. Kaala and Puu Kalena on Federal and State lands. The three known populations total between 18 and 34 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Alsinidendron trinerve

typically grows on slopes in wet forest or the wetter portions of diverse mesic forest dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Ilex anomala

or

Metrosideros polymorpha

montane wet forest between 833 and 1,233 m (2,732 and 4,044 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Machaerina

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp. (NCN),

Peperomia

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Athyrium sandwichianum

(akolea),

Broussaisia arguta

(kanawao),

Vaccinium

sp. (ohelo),

Phyllostegia

sp. (NCN),

Coprosma ochracea

(pilo),

Gunnera

sp. (apeape),

Nothoperanema rubiginosa,

or

Pipturus albidus

(HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The major threats to

Alsinidendron trinerve

are competition from the aggressive alien plant species

Rubus argutus, Buddleia asiatica

(butterfly bush),

Clidemia hirta,

and

Kalanchoe pinnata;

habitat degradation by feral pigs; trampling by humans along trails; and the small number of extant individuals (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

(akoko)

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana,

a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a low-growing or upright shrub to 5 ft (1.5 m) tall with milky sap and leaves which fall off during the dry season, are mostly hairless and are arranged in two opposite rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other members of the genus in the area in which it grows in that it is a woody shrub; the other members of the genus in the area are herbs or small subshrubs (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

has been observed flowering and fruiting throughout the year, probably in response to precipitation. Fruits mature in three to four weeks and plants live from five to ten years. No additional information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements or limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

was known from the northwestern end of the Waianae Mountains as well as from one collection from the southeastern end of the Koolau Mountains. This taxon remains at Kaena Point, Keawaula, Alau Gulch, Waianae Kai, and Kahanahaiki on State land and land under Federal jurisdiction. The 13 known populations contain 569 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

typically grows in coastal dry shrubland on windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, or on vegetated cliff faces between sea level and 862 m (0 and 2,827 ft) elevation. Associated species include:

Lipochaeta lobata

(nehe),

Myoporum sandwicense

(naio),

Heteropogon contus

(pili grass),

Santalum

sp.(ili ahi),

Plumbago zeylanica

(iliee),

Psydrax odorata, Boerhavia

sp. (alena),

Waltheria indica

(uhaloa),

Dodonaea viscosa

(aalii),

Artemisia australis

(ahinahina),

Psilotum nudum

(moa),

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

amplectans

(akoko),

Gossypium tomentosum

(mao),

Jacquemontia ovalifolia

ssp.

sandwicensis

(pauohiiaka),

Santalum freycinetianum

(iliahi), or

Sida fallax

(ilima) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Chamaesyce celastroides

var.

kaenana

are competition from the alien plant species

Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis repens

(natal redtop),

Schinus terebinthifolius, Pluchea symphytitfolia

(sourbush),

Hyptis pectinata, Panicum maximum, Grevillea robusta,

and

Acacia confusa

(Formosakoa); fire; and effects of recreational activities (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce deppeana

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce deppeana,

a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an erect subshrub up to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall with fuzzy branches. The hairless leaves, generally oval-shaped and often notched at their tips, are between 5 and 20 millimeter (mm) (0.2 and 0.8 in) long and 5 and 12 mm (0.2 and 0.5 in) wide; they are arranged in two opposite rows along the stem. The leaf margins are usually toothed. The small, petalless flower clusters, 1.5 to 3 mm (0.06 to 0.1 in) wide, are borne singly in the leaf axils (point between the stem and leaf stalk) and produce small capsules about 2 mm (0.1 in) long. Seeds have not been observed. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the following combination of characters leaves arranged in two rows on opposite sides of the branches, leaves glabrous, leaf apex notched, leaf margin toothed, and cyathia width (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce deppeana

has been observed in flower in May and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Chamaesyce deppeana

was known only from southern Oahu. Because the few collections that were made were collected prior to the 20th century, it was thought to be extinct. In 1986, Joel Lau and Sam Gon of The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH) rediscovered

C. deppeana

on State land in the southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu in Nuuanu Pali Wayside State Park near the Pali Lookout, a popular tourist attraction. About 50 individuals grow near there (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999).

The habitat of the only known population of

Chamaesyce deppeana

is windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces and mixed native cliffs with such plant species as

Metrosideros polymorpha

or

Bidens sandvicensis

(kookoolau) between 274 and 661 m (899 and 2,168 ft) elevation (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to the single known population of

Chamaesyce deppeana

are competition for water, space, light, and nutrients with the alien plant species

Casuarina equisetifolia

(common ironwood),

Paspalum conjugatum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

and extinction due to naturally caused events because of the limited number of individuals and restricted range. Fire and impact by humans threaten the species as well (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce herbstii

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce herbstii,

a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small tree ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall with thin, leathery leaves arranged in pairs on the same plane. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce herbstii

has been observed in flower year-round in January, May, July, September, and October (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Chamaesyce herbstii

was known from scattered populations in the northern and central Waianae Mountains on the island of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from four populations with between 162 and 164 individuals in the central and northern Waianae Mountains—South Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Gulch, Kapuna Gulch, and West Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These populations are found on private and State lands (HINHP Database 2001; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2001).

Chamaesyce herbstii

typically grows in shaded gulch bottoms and slopes in mesic

Acacia koa/Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland forests or diverse mesic forests at elevations between 435 and 886 m (1,427 and 2,906 ft). Associated plant species include

Xylosma

sp. (maua),

Pteralyxia

sp. (kaulu),

Morinda trimera

(noni),

Hedyotis

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Pipturis albidus, Diplazium sandwichianum

(hoio),

Antidesma platyphyllum, Hibiscus arnottianus

var.

arnottianus

(kokio keokeo),

Melicope

sp. (alani),

Pouteria sandwicense

(alaa), or

Urera glabra

(opuhe) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The primary threats to

Chamaesyce herbstii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with alien plant species such as

Clidemia hirta, Grevillea robusta, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce kuwaleana,

a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an erect shrub 20 to 90 cm (8 to 36 in) tall with leaves arranged in two rows along the stem. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus in its habitat by its stalked, oval to rounded leaves with untoothed margins, and the bent stalk supporting the small capsule (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

bear fruits in spring and early summer and is usually done fruiting by fall. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (56 FR 55770).

Historically,

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

was known from the central Waianae Mountains and Moku Manu Island off the eastern coast of Oahu. This species is currently known only from Kauaopuu Peak, Mauna Kuwale, Waianae Kai-Lualualei Ridge, Puu Kailio, and Kauaopuu in the Waianae Mountains, on Federal and State lands. The four populations contain around 2,001 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; GDSI 2001).

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

typically grows in thin guano soil on basaltic rock, on arid, exposed volcanic cliffs, on dry or mesic rocky ridges, or on sparsely vegetated slopes between sea level and 596 m (0 to 1,955 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Heteropogon contortus, Bidens

sp. (kookoolau),

Artemisia

sp. (hinahina),

Plectranthus parviflorus

(ala ala wai nui),

Chamaesyce

sp. (akoko),

Schiedea

sp. (NCN),

Carex

sp. (NCN),

Sida fallax,

or

Dodonaea viscosa

(HINHP Database 2001; Koutnik and Huft 1999; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Chamaesyce kuwaleana

are competition from the alien plant species

Leucaena leucocephala, Opuntia

sp. (prickly pear),

Cenchrus ciliaris

(buffelgrass),

Schinus terebinthifolius, Kalanchoe pinnata,

and

Melinis repens;

fire; two-spotted leafhoppers (

Saphonia rufofascia

); and the small number of populations (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Chamaesyce rockii

(Akoko)

Chamaesyce rockii,

a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is usually a compact shrub or sometimes a small tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but in protected sites it has been known to reach 4 m (13 ft) in height. This species differs from others in the genus in that it has large, red, capsular fruit (Koutnik and Huft 1999).

Chamaesyce rockii

has been observed fruiting in February. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Chamaesyce rockii

was known historically from scattered populations along the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. Today, 16 populations are located in Waikakalaua Gulch, Kaukonahua-Kahana summit area, Punaluu-Kaluanui, Peahinaia Trail Laie-Kaipapau-Kawai Nui junction area, Puu Keahiakahoe, Halawa Trail, summit ridge between Aiea Ridge Trail and Waimano Trail, Ewa Forest Reserve, Halemano Gulch, Kawaiiki-Opaeula Ridge, Puu Kainapuaa, Kawai Iki Stream, Maakua Gulch, and Kaipapau-Loloa Ridge, on State, Federal, and private lands. Currently the total number of plants is estimated to be between 641 and 773 plants (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Chamaesyce rockii

typically grows on gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge crests in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

(uluhe) forest and shrubland between 208 and 871 m (682 and 2,857 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include

Bidens

sp.,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Hedyotis terminalis, Psychotria

spp. (kopiko),

Melicope

spp.,

Coprosma longifolia

(pilo),

Diplopterygium pinnatum

(uluhe lau nui),

Cibotium

sp. (hapuu),

Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia laxa

(naenae pua melemele),

Machaerina

sp.,

Psychotria fauriei

(kopiko),

Wikstroemia

sp. (akia), or the endangered species

Myrsine juddii

(kolea) (HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to

Chamaesyce rockii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; trail clearing; potential impacts from military activities; and competition with alien plant species such as

Paspalum conjugatum, Pterolepis glomerata

(NCN),

Leptospermum scoparium

(tea tree),

Psidium cattleianum,

and

Clidemia hirta

(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea acuminata

(Haha)

Cyanea acuminata,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 ft) tall with inversely lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or elliptic leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the color of the petals and fruit and length of the calyx lobes, flowering stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea acuminata

has been observed fruiting in February and November. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyanea acuminata

was known from 31 scattered populations in the Ko olau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, fewer than 200 plants are known from 22 populations on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands on Puu o Kona, near South Kaukonahua Stream, in Halemano Gulch, Kawai Iki Gulch, near Poamoho Stream, on Schofield-Wai Kane Trail, Helemano-Punaluu summit ridge, Konahuanui, in Kamana Nui Valley, Pukele, in Makaua Gulch, on Niu-Waimanalo summit ridge, Waahila Ridge, Kaipapau, Puu Keahia Kahoe, Kaala, Kaluanui, Pia Gulch, Makaleha, and Maakua Gulch (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea acuminata

typically grows on slopes, ridges, or stream banks between 216 and 1,208 m (708 and 3,962 ft) elevation. The plants are found in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis, Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

wet or mesic forest or shrubland, or

Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest with one or more of the following associated native species

Hibiscus

sp. (aloalo),

Charpentiera

sp. (papala),

Cyrtandra

spp. (hai wale),

Antidesma

sp. (hame),

Freycinetia arborea

(ieie),

Athyrium sandwichianum, Psychotria

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Melicope

spp.,

Thelypteris sandwicensis

(palapalaia),

Hedyotis centranthoides

(NCN),

Broussaisia argutus, Pipturus albidus, Labordia

sp. (kamakahala),

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Pisonia

sp.,

Touchardia latifolia

(olona),

Machaerina

sp.,

Sadleria

sp. (amau),

Wikstroemia

sp.,

Dubautia laxa, Ilex anomala, Syzygium sandwicensis

(ohia ha), or

Phyllostegia

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea acuminata

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; potential predation by rats (

Rattus rattus

); competition with the alien plant species

Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa

(ti),

Schinus terebinthifolius, Musa

sp., (banana),

Passiflora suberosa, Dioscorea

sp. (yam),

Erigeron karvinskianus

(daisy fleabane),

Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta,

and

Ageratina adenophora

(Maui pamakani); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea crispa

(Haha)

Cyanea crispa,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with leaves clustered at the ends of succulent stems. The broad oval leaves, 30 to 75 cm (12 to 30 in) long and 9 to 16 cm (3.5 to 6.3 in) wide, have undulating, smooth or toothed leaf margins. Each leaf is on a stalk 0.8 to 4 cm (0.3 to 1.6 in) long. Clusters of three to eight fuzzy flowers grow on stalks 2 to 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) long, with each flower borne on a stalk 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long. The calyx lobes are oval or oblong, 6 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in) long, and often overlapping at their base. The fused petals, 4 to 6 cm (1.6 to 2.4 in) long and fuzzy, are pale magenta with darker longitudinal stripes. The fruits are spherical berries 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, that contain many minute, dark seeds.

Cyanea crispa

is distinguished from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its leaf shape, distinct calyx lobes, and the length of the flowers and stalks of flower clusters (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea crispa

was observed in flower in April 1930. It was more recently observed fruiting in June and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically,

Cyanea crispa

was known from scattered locations throughout the upper elevations of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from Kaipapau Valley to the north to Waialae Iki Ridge to the southeast. This species is now known from Federal, State, city, county, and private lands in Hidden Valley, Palolo Valley, Kapakahi Gulch, Moanalua Valley, Wailupe, Koolau Summit Trail, Kawaipapa Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaipapa Gulch, Maunawili, and Pia Valley. There are a total of 11 locations containing a total of 56 individual plants (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea crispa

is found in habitats ranging from steep, open mesic forests to gentle slopes or moist gullies of closed wet forests and streambanks, at elevations between 56 and 959 m (184 and 3,146 ft ). Associated plant species include

Diospyros

sp. (lama),

Pipturus albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Boehmeria grandis

(akolea),

Broussaisia argutus, Dubautia

sp. (naenae),

Psychotria

sp.,

Thelypteris cyatheoides

(palapalai),

Antidesma platyphylla, Cyrtandra

spp.,

Pisonia umbellifera

(papala kepau), or

Touchardia latifolia

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Cyanea crispa

are habitat alteration and predation by feral pigs; competition with the alien plant species

Zingiber zerumbet

(awapuhi),

Setaria palmifolia

(palm grass),

Arthrostema ciliatum

(NCN),

Psidium guajava, Pterolepis glomerata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Rubus rosifolius

(thimbleberry),

Clidemia hirta,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

and extinction due to naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals, their limited gene pool, and restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

(Haha)

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually unbranched, growing from 1 to 3.2 m (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall with wide, deeply lobed leaves. This subspecies can be distinguished from the other two by its short, narrow, calyx lobes which are not fused or overlapping (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

flowers and fruits year round, depending on rainfall. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental

requirements, or limiting factors (59 FR 32932).

Historically,

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

was known from the southern Waianae Mountains from Puu Hapapa to Kaaikukai. This taxon is known to be extant in Kaluaa Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, and Pahole Gulch. The populations are on State and private lands. A total of six populations are known which contain 16 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999; GDSI 2000).

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

typically grows on steep, moist, shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland forests between 404 and 1,075 m (1,325 and 3,528 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi

(kopiko),

Streblus pendulinus

(aiai),

Perrottetia sandwicensis, Dubautia

sp.,

Rumex

sp. (sorrel),

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Nothocestrum

sp. (aiea),

Dryopteris unidentata

(NCN),

Freycinetia arborea, Cibotium chamissoi, Myrsine lessertiana

(kolea lau nui),

Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis acuminata

(au),

Selaginella arbuscula

(lepelepe a moa),

Charpentiera obovata

(papala),

Cyrtandra waianaeensis

(hai wale),

Pipturus albidus, Claoxylon sandwicense

(poola),

Pisonia umbellifera, Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Antidesma platyphyllum, Diplazium sandwichianum,

or

Cyanea membranacea

(haha) (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea grimesiana

ssp.

obatae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from alien plant species such as

Buddleia asiatica, Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, Thelypteris parasitica

(NCN),

Psidium cattleianum, Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Setaria palmifolia, Rubus rosifolius, Lantana camara

(lantana),

Myrica faya

(firetree),

Ageratina riparia, Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta,

and

Schinus terebinthifolius;

predation of seeds or fruits by introduced slugs; and extinction caused by naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 32932; Service 1998b).

Cyanea humboltiana

(Haha)

Cyanea humboltiana,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall and inversely egg-shaped to broadly elliptic leaves. The leaf edges are hardened and have shallow, ascending rounded teeth. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering stalk and the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea humboltiana

has been observed in flower from September through January. No further information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea humboltiana

was known historically from 17 populations from the central portion to the southern end of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, between 133 and 239 plants are known from eight locations Konahuanui summit, Moanalua-Kaneohe summit, Wailupe summit, Poamoho Trail, Opaeula Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Kaluanui, and Lulumahu Gulch. These populations occur on Federal, private, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea humboltiana

is usually found in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha/Dicranopteris linnearis

lowland shrubland between 261 and 959 m (856 and 3,146 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include ferns,

Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia laxa, Cibotium chamissoi, Syzygium sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Psychotria mariniana

(kopiko),

Bobea elatior

(ahakea),

Sadleria

sp.,

Wikstroemia

sp.,

Broussaisia argutus, Phyllostegia

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Machaerina angustifolia

(uki),

Ilex anomala,

or

Scaevola mollis

(naupaka kuahiwi) (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Cyanea humboltiana

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; competition with the alien plant species

Axonopus fissifolius

(narrow-leaved carpet grass),

Erigeron karvinskianus, Pterolepis glomerata, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Clidemia hirta;

and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations. The Konahuanui summit population is also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea koolauensis

(Haha)

Cyanea koolauensis,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems, 1 to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall with linear to narrowly elliptic leaves with a whitish underside. The leaf edges are hardened with shallow, ascending rounded teeth.

Cyanea koolauensis

is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaf shape and width; the whitish green lower leaf surface and; the lengths of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, and hypanthium (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea koolauensis

has been observed in flower and fruit during the months of May through August. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea koolauensis

was known historically from 27 scattered populations throughout the Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, 25 populations totaling fewer than 80 plants are known from the Waimea-Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on private, city, county, State, and Federal lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea koolauensis

is usually found on slopes, streambanks, and ridge crests in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

forest or shrubland at elevations between 163 and 959 m (535 and 3,146 ft). Associated plant species include

Acacia koa, Bobea elatior, Syzygium sandwicensis, Pittosporum

sp.

Dubautia

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Wikstroemia

sp.,

Bidens

sp.,

Machaerina

sp.,

Diploterygium pinnatum,

Pritchardia martii

(loulu hiwa),

Sadleria

sp.,

Broussaisia argutus, Melicope

sp.,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Psychotria mariniana,

or

Scaevola

sp. (naupaka) (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea koolauensis

are habitat destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; trail clearing, potential predation by rats; competition with the aggressive alien plant species

Pterolepis glomerata, Heliocarpus

popayanensis

(moho),

Clidemia hirta,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

trampling by hikers; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea longiflora

(Haha)

Cyanea longiflora,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long and elliptic or inversely lance-shaped leaves. Mature leaves have smooth or hardened leaf edges with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth.

Cyanea longiflora

differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea longiflora

has been observed in flower in February, April, and May and in fruit in August. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea longiflora

was known historically from five populations in the Waianae Mountains and six populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, four populations with less than 217 individuals of this species are known on State, Federal, city, county, and private lands Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, Makaha Valley, Kapuna Gulch, and Pahole Gulch in the Waianae Mountains (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyanea longiflora

is usually found on steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge crests in mesic

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland forest in the Waianae Mountains usually between 221 and 1,191 m (725 and 3,906 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include

Cibotium

sp.,

Schiedea

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Coprosma

sp., or

Syzygium sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea longiflora

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; potential predation by rats; competition with the alien plant species

Psidium cattleianum

and

Rubus argutus;

potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining, widely dispersed populations (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea pinnatifida

(Haha)

Cyanea pinnatifida,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub, usually unbranched, growing from 0.8 to 3.0 m (2.6 to 10 ft) tall, with deeply lobed leaves. This species differs from other members of the genus on Oahu by its leaves, which are deeply cut into two to six lobes per side. The only other member of the genus on Oahu with lobed leaves has 9 to 12 lobes per side (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea pinnatifida

has been observed flowering in August. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyanea pinnatifida

was known from the central Waianae Mountains. The last known wild individual died in August 2001 (Trae Menard, TNCH, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). Currently, this species is known only from individuals under propagation at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum and the National Tropical Botanical Garden (Greg Koob, Service, pers. comm. 2002).

Cyanea pinnatifida

typically grows on steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse mesic forest between 450 and 881 m (1,476 and 2,890 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include

Strongylodon ruber

(nunuiiwi),

Pisonia umbellifera, Pisonia sandwicensis

(papala kepau),

Psychotria

sp.,

Canavalia

sp. (awikiwiki),

Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus,

and native ferns (HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea pinnatifida

are the small number of extant individuals; competition from the alien plant species

Toona ciliata, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Psidium cattleianum, Psidium guajava, Blechnum occidentale, and Clidemia hirta;

habitat degradation by feral pigs; slugs; trampling by humans on or near trails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Cyanea st-johnii

(Haha)

Cyanea st-johnii,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched shrub with a woody stem 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long with lance-shaped to inversely lance-shaped leaves. The leaf edges are thickened, smoothly toothed, and curl under. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the leaves, the distinctly curled leaf margins, and the petal color (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea st-johnii

has been observed in flower in July through September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyanea st-johnii

was known historically from 11 populations in the central and southern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, 57 plants are known from six locations Waimano Trail summit to Aiea Trail summit, the summit ridge crest between Manana and Kipapa Trails, between the summit of Aiea and Halawa trails, Summit Trail south of Poamoho Cabin, and Wailupe-Waimanalo summit ridge. These populations are found on city, county, private, and State lands, and lands under Federal jurisdiction (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Database 2000).

Cyanea st-johnii

typically grows on wet, windswept slopes and ridges between 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) elevation in

Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed lowland shrubland or

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

lowland shrubland. Associated plant species include

Psychotria

sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis, Melicope

sp.,

Broussaisia argutus, Cibotium

sp.,

Labordia

sp.,

Scaevola mollis, Dubautia laxa, Hedyotis

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Sadleria pallida (amau), Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina angustifolia, Bidens macrocarpa

(kookoolau),

Chamaesyce clusifolia

(akoko), or

Freycinetia arborea

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Cyanea st-johnii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential predation by rats; slugs and snails; competition with the alien plant species

Axonopus fissifolius, Sacciolepis indica

(Glenwood grass),

Andropogon virginicus

(broomsedge), and

Clidemia hirta;

and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals. The plants between the summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are also threatened by trampling by hikers (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyanea superba

(Haha)

Cyanea superba,

of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a perennial with a very isolated geography and is morphologically very different from its closest relatives. It grows to 6 m (20 ft) tall and has a terminal rosette of large leaves each 50 to 100 cm long (20 to 40 in) by 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) wide atop a simple, unbranched trunk (Lammers 1999).

The flowering season of

Cyanea superba

varies from year to year depending on precipitation. It ranges from late August to early October. Generally, flowering is at its peak in early to mid-September. Fruits have been known to mature in 2 to 5 months, depending on climatic conditions (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyanea superba

was collected from the gulches of Makaleha on Mt. Kaala in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there is one natural population on the Makua Military Reservation with one individual and an out-planted population of 140 individuals on State and Federal lands in the Waianae Mountains (Service 1998b; Matt Keir, EDA, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyanea superba

grows in the understory on sloping terrain on a well drained rocky substrate within mesic forest between 232 and 872 m (761 and 2,860 ft) in elevation with one or more of the following associated native species

Diospyros

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Xylosma

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis,

and

Pisonia brunoniana

(papala kepau) (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Cyanea superba

are degradation of its habitat due to competition with the alien plant species

Schinus terebinthifolius, Aleurites moluccana., Psidium cattleianum,

and

Melinis minutiflora;

wildfires generated in the nearby military firing range; feral pigs; a restricted range which makes it vulnerable to even a small, local, environmental disturbance and a single incident which could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals; and the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (56 FR 46235; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea truncata

(Haha)

Cyanea truncata,

of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or sparsely branched shrub covered with small sharp prickles and oval leaves, which are wider above their middle, and lined with hardened teeth along the margins.

Cyanea truncata

is distinguished from other members of this genus by the length of the flower cluster stalk, and the size of the flowers and flower lobes (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea truncata

was observed in flower in December 1919 and November 1980, the last time the species was observed before feral pigs extirpated that population. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically,

Cyanea truncata

was known from Punaluu, Waikane, and Waiahole in the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. One population of at least one individual is known to exist in Hanaimoa Gulch on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyanea truncata

typically grows on windward slopes and streambanks in mesic to wet forests at elevations between 54 and 705 m (177 and 2,312 ft). Associated plant species include

Cyrtandra calpidicarpa

(hai wale),

Cyrtandra laxiflora

(hai wale),

Pipturus albidus, Cibotium chamissoi, Hibiscus arnottianus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Cyrtandra propinqua

(hai wale),

Neraudia melastomifolia

(maaloa), or

Pisonia umbellifera

(Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

The major threats to

Cyanea truncata

are habitat degradation and predation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive alien plant species

Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Thelypteris parasitica, Clidemia hirta,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

rats; slugs; and extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra crenata

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra crenata,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) tall with few branches and leaves arranged in whorls of three, tufted at the end of branches.

Cyrtandra crenata

is distinguished from other species in the genus by the combination of its three-leaf arrangement, bilaterally symmetrical calyx, and brownish, hemispherical glands (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra crenata

has been observed in flower in June. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Historically,

Cyrtandra crenata

was known from Waikane Valley along the Waikane-Schofield Trail in the Koolau Mountains and was last observed in 1947 (HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra crenata

typically grows on steep slopes, in ravines, or gulches in mesic to wet forests between elevations of 328 and 779 m (1,076 and 2,555 ft) with associated native plant species such as

Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,

and

Machaerina angustifolia

(Wagner

et al.

1999; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threat to

Cyrtandra crenata

is extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' restricted range and the small number of individuals that are thought to exist (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra dentata

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra dentata,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a sparingly branched shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall with papery textured leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the bracts and flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra dentata

has been observed in flower and fruit in May and November. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra dentata

was historically known from six populations in the Waianae Mountains and three populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is found only in the Pahole Gulch, Kapuna Valley, Ekahanui Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, Kahanahaiki, Kawai Iki Gulch, Opaeula Stream, and Makaleha Valley on Federal, State, city, and county lands (within TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve). The eight known populations total 136 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyrtandra dentata

typically grows in gulches, slopes, streambanks, or ravines in mesic or wet forest with

Urera glabra, Acacia koa, Pisonia sandwicensis, Pipturis albidus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia umbellifera,

or

Syzygium sandwicensis

at elevations between 255 and 953 m (836 and 3,126 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Cyrtandra dentata

are competition with the alien plant species

Schinus terebinthifolius, Psidium guajava, Aleurites moluccana, Thelypteris parasitica, Belchnum occidentale, Clidemia hirta,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

potential predation by rats; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as landslides/hurricanes/flooding) and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of extant populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Cyrtandra polyantha

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra polyantha,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched or few-branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) in height with leathery, elliptic, unequal leaves.

Cyrtandra polyantha

is distinguished from other species in the genus by the texture and hairiness of the leaf surfaces and the length, shape, and degree of cleft of the calyx. This species differs from

C. crenata

by the lack of short-stalked glands and by its leathery leaves, opposite leaf arrangement, and radially symmetrical calyx (Wagner

et al.

1999).

No information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors for

Cyrtandra polyantha

(Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyrtandra polyantha

was known from the Kalihi region and from Ku

lepeamoa Ridge above Niu Valley on the leeward (southwest) side of the southern Koolau Mountains. Currently, one population with three individuals is extant on the summit ridge between Kuliouou and Waimanalo on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra polyantha

grows on ridges of valleys in

Metrosideros polymorpha

mesic or wet forests at elevations between 331 and 762 m (1,086 and 2,499 ft).

Cyrtandra polyantha

probably grows in association with

Machaerina angustifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa

(pilo), and

Psychotria

sp. (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to

Cyrtandra polyantha

are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition with the invasive plant species,

Clidemia hirta, Melinus minutiflora, Ageratina adenophora,

and

Erigeron karvinskianus;

extinction due to naturally caused events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and their restricted distribution (59 FR 14482; Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyrtandra subumbellata

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra subumbellata,

a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are almost circular to egg-shaped, 12 to 39 cm (4.7 to 15.4 in) long, and 3 to 19 cm (1.2 to 7.5 in) wide (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra subumbellata

has been observed in fruit in September. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyrtandra subumbellata

was known from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are two populations containing 12 individuals in the central Koolau Mountains Schofield-Waikane Trail, Puu Ohulehule, and in Kaukonahua drainage on Federal, private, and State lands (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Cyrtandra subumbellata

typically grows on moist, forested slopes or gulch bottoms dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or a mixture of

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa

wet forests between 345 and 790 m (1,132 and 2,591 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include

Machaerina

sp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta,

and

Thelypteris

sp. (palapalai) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The primary threats to

Cyrtandra subumbellata

are competition with the alien plant species Clidemia hirta; impacts from military activities; predation by rats; fire; and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Cyrtandra viridiflora

(Haiwale)

Cyrtandra viridiflora

, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small shrub 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely hairy on both surfaces (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Cyrtandra viridiflora

has been observed in fruit and flower from May through September. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Cyrtandra viridiflora

was known from scattered populations in the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. This species is now known only from seven locations in the northern Koolau Mountains on Federal, State, and private lands at Kawainui-Laie summit divide, Kawainui-Kaipapau summit divide, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, and the Peahinaia Trail. Fifty-two plants are known from eight populations at Puu Kainapuaa, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, Kawai Nui Drainage, Opaeula Gulch, and Kawai Nui-Laie Divide (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyrtandra viridiflora

is usually found on wind-blown ridge tops in cloud-covered wet forest or shrubland at elevations between 443 and 867 m (1,453 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species include

Diplopterygium

(pinnatum),

Psychotria

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Dubautia

sp.,

Ilex anomala, Melicope

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Cheirodendron platyphyllum

(olapa),

Broussaisia arguta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Syzygium sandwicensis, Machaerina

sp.,

Metrosideros rugosa

(lehua papa), or

Dicranopteris linearis

(HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Cyrtandra viridiflora

are habitat degradation or destruction by feral pigs; impacts from military activities, predation by rats, competition with the alien plant species

Clidemia hirta

and

Psidium catteianum;

and risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Delissea subcordata

(NCN)

Delissea subcordata,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a branched or unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape and size of the leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and corolla, and the hairless condition of the anthers (Lammers 1999).

Fertile plants of

Delissea subcordata

have been observed in July. An examination of herbarium specimens show that this plant flowers throughout the year. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Delissea subcordata

was known from scattered populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann and Brigham in the 1860s and labeled from the island of Kauai is believed to have been mislabeled.

Delissea subcordata

is now known from 18 populations at South Huliwai Gulch, Palikea Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, South Mohiakea Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Kapuhi Gulch, South Ekahanui Gulch, Waikoekoe Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Kaawa Gulch, North Palawai Gulch, Kealia land section, Kapuna Gulch, Keawapilau Gulch, North Huliwai Gulch, Kuaokala, and Kolekole. This species is found on private, Federal, and State lands. The total number of plants in the 18 remaining populations is estimated to be fewer than 70 (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Delissea subcordata

typically grows on moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests between 162 and 1,025 m (531 and 3,362 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include a variety of native trees such as

Acacia koa, Alyxia oliviformis, Hedyotis acuminata, Streblus pendulinus, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psydrax odoratum, Bobea

sp. (ahakea),

Myrsine lanaiensis, Claoxylon sandwicense, Charpentiera obovata, Chamaesyce multiformis

(akoko),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Antidesma

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Pisonia

sp.,

Diospyros hillebrandii

(lama),

Nestegis sandwicensis,

or

Psychotria hathewayi

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Delissea subcordata

are habitat degradation and/

or destruction by pigs and goats; impacts from military activities, including road construction and housing development; predation by rats and slugs; competition with the alien plant species

Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Syzygium cumini, Oplismenus hirtellus, Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Melinus minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Lantana camara;

fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089).

Diellia falcata

(NCN)

Diellia falcata,

in the polypodium family (Polypodiaceae) and a short-lived perennial, grows from a rhizome (underground stem), 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 in) long and 0.5 to 2 cm (0.2 to 0.8 in) in diameter, which is covered with small black or maroon scales. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the color and texture of its leaf stalk, the venation pattern of its fronds, the color of its scales, its rounded and reduced lower pinnae, and its separate sori arranged on marginal projections (Wagner 1952; Service 1998b).

Diellia falcata

hybridizes with

Diellia unisora.

It has been observed with fronds bearing sori (fern spores) year round. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Diellia falcata

was known from almost the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Manini Gulch to Palehua Iki, as well as from the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, from Kaipapau Valley to Aiea Gulch. This species remains in Waieli Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, Makaleha Valley, Makaha Valley, Palikea Gulch, Makua Valley, Kaimuhole Gulch, Kuaokala-Manini Gulch, Pahole Gulch, Puu Ku Makalii, Kapuna Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Kai, Pualii Gulch, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, Kahanahaiki Valley, Nanakuli-Lualualei Ridge, Makua, Kamaileunu Ridge, Kaluaa Gulch, and Huliwai Gulch on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands. The 29 known locations contain fewer than 6,000 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Diellia falcata

is a terrestrial fern which typically grows in deep shade or open understory on moderate to moderately steep slopes and gulch bottoms in diverse mesic forest between 224 and 953 m (735 and 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Pisonia sandwicensis, Doodia kunthiana

(NCN),

Dryopteris unidentata, Antidesma

sp.,

Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Psydrax odorata, Pipturis

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia arborea, Athyrium sandwichianum, Dryopteris unidentata, Nephrolepis exaltata

(kupukupu),

Diospyros hillebrandii, Acacia koa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine lanaiensis, Selaginella arbuscula, Carex meyenii

(NCN),

Sophora chrysophylla

(mamane),

Claoxylon sandwicense, Psychotria

sp.,

Hibiscus

sp.,

Xylosma

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Coprosma foliosa, Asplenium kaulfussii

(NCN),

Nothocestrum

sp.,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Sapindus oahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis,

or

Pouteria sandwicensis

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Diellia falcata

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species

Psidium cattleianum, Syzygium cumini, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora suberosa, Pimenta dioica, Grevillea robusta, Lantana camara, Melinus minutiflora, Heliocarpus popayanensis, Blechnum occidentale, Kalanchoe pinnata, Ageratina riparia, Psidium guajava, Rubus argutus, Thelypteris parasitica, Toona ciliata, Passiflora lingularis

(sweet granadilla),

Aleurites moluccana, Clidemia hirta, Schefflera actinophylla

(octopus tree), and

Paspalum conjugatum;

and fire (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Diellia unisora

(NCN)

Diellia unisora,

a short-lived perennial in the fern family Polypodiaceae, grows from a slender, erect rhizome (underground stem), 0.5 to 3 cm (0.2 to 1.2 in) tall and 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in diameter, which is covered with the bases of the leaf stalks and a few small black scales. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by a rhizome completely covered by the persisting bases of the leaf stalks, and few, very small scales; by sori mostly confined to the upper pinnae margins; and by delicate fronds gradually and symmetrically narrowing toward the apex (Wagner 1952).

Diellia unisora

hybridizes with

Diellia falcata.

Otherwise, little is known about its reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Diellia unisora

was known from steep, grassy, rocky slopes on the western side of the Waianae Mountains, Oahu. This species is known to be extant in four areas of the southern Waianae Mountains at South Ekahanui Gulch, Palawai Gulch, and the Pualii-Napepeiauolelo Ridge. The four known populations, which are on State and private lands, contain fewer than 800 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Diellia unisora

is a terrestrial fern which typically grows on moderate to steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep shade or open understory mesic forest between 382 and 953 m (1,253 and 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Coprosma

sp.,

Rumex

sp.,

Antidesma

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Carex meyenii, Doryopteris unidentata, Chamaesyce multiformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens torta, Eragrostis grandis

(kawelu),

Hedyotis terminalis, Alyxia oliviformis, Myrsine lessertiana, Hedyotis schlecthendahliana

(kopa),

Selaginella arbuscula, Acacia koa,

or

Metrosideros polymorpha

(59 FR 32932; HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Diellia unisora

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and competition from the alien plant species

Ageratina riparia, Clidemia hirta, Schefflera actinophylla, Blechnum occidentale, Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora, Passiflora suberosa,

and

Psidium cattleianum

(59 FR 32932; HINHP Database 2001).

Dubautia herbstobatae

(Naenae)

Dubautia herbstobatae,

a member of the aster family (Asteraceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, spreading shrub to 50 cm (20 in) tall.

Dubautia herbstobatae

is distinguished from other species on Oahu by the presence of the outer bracts of the flower heads fused, forming a cup surrounding the florets and the presence of one large vein showing in each leaf (Carr 1999).

Dubautia herbstobatae

is likely out-crossing and possibly self-incompatible (i.e., pollen from the same plant will not produce seed). Flowering usually occurs in May and June. Pollination is almost certainly achieved by insect activity and fruit dispersal is probably quite localized and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b).

Dubautia herbstobatae

is known to be extant from four locations in the northern Waianae Mountains, on Ohikilolo and Kamaileunu Ridges, Keaau, and Waianae Kai on State lands and land under Federal jurisdiction; fewer than 100 individuals are known from these locations (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Dubautia herbstobatae

typically grows on rock outcrops, ridges, moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry

or mesic shrubland at elevations between 266 and 978 m (872 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Chamaesyce celastroides

(akoko),

Schiedea mannii

(NCN),

Carex meyenii, Bidens torta, Metrosideros polymorpha, Lysimachia waianaensis

(kolokolo kuahiwi), and

Eragrostis variabilis

(kawelu) (56 FR 55770; EDA, in litt. 2001; HINHP Database 2001)

The major threats to

Dubautia herbstobatae

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species

Ageratina riparia, Bromus mollis

(soft chest),

Melinis repens, Grevillea robusta, Schinus terebinthifolis, Leucana leucocephala,

and

Melinis minutiflora;

fire; visitation and possible trampling by humans; and the small number of individuals (56 FR 55770).

Eragrostis fosbergii

(NCN)

Eragrostis fosbergii,

a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial species with stout, tufted culms (stems) 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 in) long, which usually arise from an abruptly bent woody base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its stiffly ascending flowering stalk and the long hairs on the margins of the glumes and occasionally on the margins of the lemmas (O'Connor 1999).

No information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Eragrostis fosbergii

was known only from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Mount Kaala and in Waianae Kai and its associated ridges. Only six individuals are known to remain in Waianae Kai and on Kumaipo Trail in four populations on Federal and State lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Eragrostis fosbergii

typically grows on ridge crests or moderate slopes in dry and mesic forests between 578 and 941 m (1,896 and 3,086 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include;

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis, Sphenomeris

sp. (palaa),

Nephrolepis exaltata, Doodia

sp. (ohu pukupulauii),

Bidens

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax odorata, Dodonaea viscosa,

or

Eragrostis grandis

(HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The major threats to

Eragrostis fosbergii

are degradation of habitat by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant species such as

Schinus terebinthifolis, Grevillea robusta,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

trampling by hikers; hybridization with

Eragrostis grandis;

and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; G. Koob, pers. comm. 2001).

Gardenia mannii

(Nanu)

Gardenia mannii,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a tree 5 to 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and number of the calyx spurs (Wagner

et al

1999).

Gardenia mannii

has been observed in flower and fruit in June and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors. (Service 1998b)

Historically,

Gardenia mannii

was known from seven widely scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains and 39 populations distributed along almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Currently, there are 31 populations of

Gardenia mannii

at Haleauau Gulch, Peahinaia Ridge, Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge, Castle Trail, Halawa Valley and Halawa-Kalauao Ridge, Moanalua Valley, Makaua-Kahana Ridge, Poamoho and Halemano Gulches, Kaluaa and Maunauna Gulches, Waimano Trail, Kawailoa Trail, Puu Hapapa and Waieli Gulch, Wiliwilinui Ridge, Koloa Stream, Waialae Nui-Kapakahi Ridge, Manaiki Valley, Laie Trail, Malaekahana-Waimea Summit Ridge, Haleauau Gulch, Schofield-Waikane Trail, Kaukonahua Gulch, Kapakahi Gulch, Manana Trail, Peahinaia Trail and Opaeula Stream, Kamana Nui Stream, Pukele, Hanaimoa Gulch, Papali Gulch, Kawai Nui, and Kaipapau Gulch. The 31 extant populations occur on private, State, and Federal lands. The existing populations total between 69 and 80 plants (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Gardenia mannii

is usually found on moderate to moderately steep gulch slopes, ridge crests, in gulch bottoms, and on streambanks in mesic or wet forests between 82 and 1,050 m (269 and 3,444 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include

Coprosma foliosa, Pisonia

sp.,

Bobea

sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope

sp.,

Cheirodendron

sp. (NCN),

Perotettia sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Thelypteris

sp.,

Pipturus

sp.,

Ilex anomala, Freycinetia arborea, Boehmeria grandis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Pouteria sandwicensis, Acacia koa, Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma platyphyllum, Broussaisia arguta, Hedyotis acuminata, Alyxia oliviformis,

and

Psychotria mariniana

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Gardenia mannii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plant species such as

Toona ciliata, Passiflora suberosa, Psidium guajava, Leptospermum scoparium, Clidemia hirta, Rubus argutus,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

fire; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the widely dispersed, small number of remaining individuals. The Kapakahi Gulch population is also threatened by the black twig borer (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; Service 1998b).

Hedyotis degeneri

(NCN)

Hedyotis degeneri,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a prostrate shrub with four-sided stems and peeling, corky bark. This species can be distinguished from others in the genus on Oahu by its low-growing habit, the peeling corky layers on older stems, and the short, crowded, leafy shoots growing in the leaf axils; two varieties within the species are recognized

Hedyotis var coprosmifolia

and

Hedyotis var. degeneri

(Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species has been observed in flower in November, June, and July, and in fruit in July. No further information is available on flowering cycle, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Hedyotis degeneri

is known from Mt. Kaala in the northern Waianae Mountains. Variety

coprosmifolia

has not been collected since the 1980s and no current populations are known. Five populations, totaling 60 individuals, of variety

degeneri

are known from Makaleha, Pahole Gulch, Kahanahaiki, and Alaiheihe Gulch on Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Hedyotis degeneri

typically grows on ridge crests in diverse mesic forest between 349 and 1,083 m (1,145 and 3,552 ft) elevation. Associated species include

Styphelia tameiameiae

(pukiawe),

Dicranopteris linearis, Wikstroemia oahuensis

(akia),

Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria hathewayi, Cocculus

sp. (huehue),

Lysimachia hillebrandii

(kolokolo kuahiwi),

Chamaesyce multiformis, Lobelia yuccoides

(NCN),

Gahnia

sp. (NCN),

Pleomele

sp.,

Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros

polymorpha,

or

Hedyotis terminalis

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Hedyotis degeneri

are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition from the alien plant species

Grevillea robusta, Clidemia hirta, Blechnum occidentale, Toona ciliata, Psidium guajava, Ageratina adenophora, Rubus argutus, Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis minutiflora,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2001).

Hedyotis parvula

(NCN)

Hedyotis parvula,

a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, many-branched shrub, either upright or sprawling, with stems usually no more than 30 cm (1 ft) in length. Closely spaced, overlapping leaves which are uniform in size along the stem separate this species from other members of the genus on Oahu (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Hedyotis parvula

has been observed flowering in both winter and summer. The plant is found in dry areas and flowering may be induced by rain. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Hedyotis parvula

was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains, from Makaleha Valley to Nanakuli Valley. Currently, this species is known from five locations on Federal, State, city, and county lands at Makaleha Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei-Nananakuli Ridge, Ohikilolo Ridge, and Halona. Five populations totaling between 116 and 131 individuals are known (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999; GDSI 2001).

Hedyotis parvula

typically grows on and at the base of cliff faces, rock outcrops, and ledges in mesic habitat at elevations between 331 and 1,160 m (1,086 and 3,805 ft). Associated species include

Eragrostis

sp. (kawelu),

Carex

sp.,

Rumex

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Chamaesyce

sp.,

Bidens

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Metrosideros tremuloides

(lehua ahihi), or

Plectranthus parviflorus

(alaala wai nui) (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The major threats to

Hedyotis parvula

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien plant species

Ageratina riparia, Myrica faya, Schinus terebinthifolius,

and

Melinis minutiflora;

and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and populations (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Labordia cyrtandrae

(Kamakahala)

Labordia cyrtandrae,

a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its fleshy, hairy, cylindrical stem which flattens upon drying, the shape and length of the floral bracts, and the length of the corolla tube and lobes (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Labordia cyrtandrae

has been observed flowering from May through June, and fruiting from July through August, is sporadically fertile year round. The flowers are functionally unisexual and male and female flowers are on separate plants. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Labordia cyrtandrae

was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu; in the Koolau Mountains, this species ranged from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, extending almost the entire length of the mountain range. This species currently is known only from 20 individuals in nine populations in Haleauau Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Kaala, and Makaleha. These populations occur on State, city, county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Labordia cyrtandrae

typically grows in shady gulches, slopes, and glens in mesic to wet forests and shrublands dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum

, and/or

Acacia koa

between the elevations between 212 and 1,233 m (695 and 4,044 ft). Associated plant species include

Broussaisia argutus, Cyrtandra

sp.,

Phyllostegia

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Antidesma

sp.,

Bidens torta, Artemisia australis, Dubautia plantaginea

(naenae),

Rumex

sp.,

Lysimachia hillebrandii, Chamaesyce

sp.,

Coprosma

sp.,

Boehmeria grandis, Peperomia membranaceae

(ala ala wai nui),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Perrottetia sandwicensis,

or

Psychotria

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The greatest threats to

Labordia cyrtandrae

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the alien plant species

Axonopus fissifolius, Juncus planifolius

(NCN),

Setaria gracilis

(yellow foxtail),

Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Rubus argutus,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

fire; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Lepidium arbuscula

(Anaunau)

Lepidium arbuscula,

a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 4 ft) tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its height (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lepidium arbuscula

has been observed in flower in February. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lepidium arbuscula

was known from 11 populations in the Waianae Mountains, Oahu. Currently, there are a total of approximately 1,000 individuals known from 10 locations on Federal, State, city, and county lands at Kamaileunu Ridge, Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge, Kapuhi Gulch, northwest of Puu Kaua, Manini Gulch, Mohiakea Gulch, Ohikilolo Ridge, Makua-Keaau Ridge, the ridge between the Paahoa and Halona subdistricts, northwest of Puu Ku Makalii, and Halona subdistrict (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Lepidium arbuscula

on Oahu generally grows on exposed ridge tops and cliff faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities between 131 and 978 m (430 and 3,208 ft) elevation. This species is typically associated with native plant species such as

Metrosideros polymorpha, Peperomia

sp.,

Dryopteris unidentata, Sida fallax, Schiedea ligustrina

(NCN),

Artemisia australis, Rumex albescens

(huahu ako),

Styphelia tameiameiae, Psydrax odorata, Carex wahuensis

(NCN),

Chamaesyce multiformis, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Dubautia

sp.,

Sophora chrysophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis

sp.,

Bidens

sp., or

Carex meyenii

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The primary threats to

Lepidium arbuscula

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plants; and fire. The population at the head of Kapuhi Gulch is also threatened by its proximity to a road (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

(Nehe)

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae),

is a low, somewhat woody, perennial herb with arched or nearly prostrate stems that may be up to 150 cm (59 in) long. Aside from a very rare coastal species, this species is the only member of its genus on Oahu with four-parted disk florets. This variety has narrower leaves, spaced more closely along the stem, than those of

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

lobata

, the only other variety of the species (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Flowering of

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

is probably rain-induced. Populations may consist of fewer distinct individuals than it appears because many “individuals” are connected underground by the roots and are probably clones. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

was known from the southern Waianae Mountains, from Kolekole Pass to Lualualei. Currently, there are a total of 147 individuals found in five locations on State, Federal, city, and county lands Lualualei-Nanakuli Ridge, Kauhiuhi, Puu Hapapa, Mikilua, and Kamaileunu Ridge, (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

typically grows on cliffs, ridges, and slopes in dry or mesic shrubland at elevations between 256 and 978 m (840 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include

Diospyros

sp.,

Eragrostis

sp.,

Artemisia australis, Lipochaeta tenuis

(nehe),

Stenogyne

sp. (NCN),

Carex meyenii, Dodonaea viscosa, Peperomia

sp.,

Psydrax odorata,

and

Bidens

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta lobata

var.

leptophylla

include competition from alien plant species such as

Ageratina riparia, Passiflora suberosa, Lantana camara, Grevillea robusta, Kalanchoe pinnata, Erigeron karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Leucaena leucocephala,

and

Melinis minutiflora;

habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; and a threat of extinction from random environmental events and/or decreased reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2001).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

(Nehe)

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a low growing, somewhat woody perennial herb with short, more or less erect branches. Its five-parted disk florets and its deeply cut, stalkless leaves separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

has been observed flowering in April. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

occurs in the northern half of the Waianae Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch to Kamaileunu Ridge and east to Mt. Kaala, and northwest, southwest, southeast, and north of Puu Ku Makalii on State, Federal, city, and county lands. The 12 known populations contain between 759 to 1,174 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

typically grows on ridgetops and bluffs in open areas and protected pockets of dry to mesic forests and shrublands and forests dominated by

Diospyros sandwicensis

at elevations between 67 and 978 m (220 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include

Diospyros

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis

sp.,

Artemisia australis, Schiedea

sp.,

Carex meyenii, Rumex

sp.,

Dubautia

sp.,

Bryophyllum

sp. (NCN),

Osteomeles anthyllidifolia

(ulei),

Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Doryopteris

sp. (kumu niu),

Santalum

sp.,

Myoporum sandwicense, Sapindus oahuensis,

or

Bidens

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The major threats to

Lipochaeta tenuifolia

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition for light and space from alien plant species including

Ageratina riparia, Blechnum occidentale, Grevillea robusta, Panicum maximum, Lantana camara, Hyptis pectinata, Rivina humilis, Aleurites moluccana, Toona ciliata, Coffea arabica

(coffee),

Schinus terebinithifolius, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minutiflora,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

and fire (HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

(NCN)

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 3.5 ft) tall. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the stem, the length and color of the corolla, the leaf width, the length of the floral bracts, and the length of the calyx lobes. The subspecies

koolauensis

is distinguished by the greenish or yellowish white petals and the branched flowering stalks (61 FR 53089; Lammers 1990).

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

has been observed in flower in September and fruit in December. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

was known from only two populations in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this subspecies is known from four populations in the central Koolau Mountains; on Federal, State, and private lands Waimano-Waiawa Ridge, Waimano, plateau above Sacred Falls, and Kaukonahua Gulch. The total number of plants is estimated to be fewer than 270 (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in

Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland wet shrublands and bogs at elevations between 383 and 867 m (1,256 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species include—

Sadleria pallida, Isachne distichophylla

(ohe),

Vaccinium dentatum

(ohelo),

Cibotium

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Bidens

sp.,

Scaevola

sp.,

Machaerina angustifolia, Dicanthelium koolauensis

(NCN), or

Broussaisia arguta

(HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The primary threats to

Lobelia gaudichaudii

ssp.

koolauensis

are—habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; competition with the alien plant species

Axonopus fissifolius, Pterolepis glomerata, Sacciolepis indica,

and

Clidemia hirta;

trampling by hikers; landslides; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor of the one remaining population (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia monostachya

(NCN)

Lobelia monostachya,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a prostrate woody shrub with stems 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by its narrow, linear leaves without stalks and its short pink flowers (Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in May and June. Further information is not available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lobelia monostachya

was known only from the Koolau Mountains and had not been seen since its original discovery in the 1800s in Niu Valley, and in the 1920s in Manoa Valley. In 1994, Joel Lau discovered one individual in a previously unknown

location in Wailupe Valley on State and private lands. Currently, a total of three plants are known (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lobelia monostachya

occurs on steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland between 44 and 614 m (144 and 2,014) elevation. Associated plant species include—

Artemisia australis, Carex meyenii, Psilotum nudum,

or

Eragrostis

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Lobelia monostachya

are—predation by rats; competition with the alien plants

Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratum riparia, Kalanchoe pinnata,

and

Melinis minutiflora

; and risk of extinction from random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known population (HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Lobelia oahuensis

(NCN)

Lobelia oahuensis,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a stout, erect, unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall.

Lobelia oahuensis

differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characters erect stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) long, dense rosettes of leaves at the end of stems, lower leaf surfaces covered with coarse grayish or greenish hairs, and flowers 42 to 45 mm (1.7 to 1.8 in) long (Lammers 1999).

This species was observed in flower during November. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Lobelia oahuensis

was known from Kahana Ridge, Kipapa Gulch, and the southeastern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Ten populations totaling 42 individuals are located on private, State, and Federal lands. These populations occur on Mt. Olympus, Konahuanui summit, Waikakalaua-Waikane Ridge, Puu o Kona, the summit area between Aiea and Halawa Valley, Puu Keahiakahoe and the summit ridge south of Puu Keahiakahoe, Waialae Nui-Waimanalo and Kapakahi-Waimanalo, Puu Kalena, and Eleao (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Lobelia oahuensis

grows on steep slopes between elevations of 415 and 959 m (1,361 and 3,146 ft) on summit cliffs in cloudswept wet forests or in lowland wet shrubland that are frequently exposed to heavy wind and rain. Associated plant species include—

Sadleria squarrosa

(amau),

Peperomia

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta, Scaevola

sp.,

Vaccinium

sp.,

Hedyotis

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea, Lycopodium

sp. (wawae iole),

Bidens

sp.,

Wikstroemia

sp.,

Phyllostegia

sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Cheirodendron trigynum

(olapa),

Dubautia laxa,

or

Labordia hosakae

(kamakahala) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; Lammers 1999).

The primary threats to

Lobelia oahuensis

are—competition with the alien plant species

Rubus rosifolius, Rubus argutus, Paspalum conjugatum, Erigeron karvinskianus,

and

Clidemia hirta

and habitat degradation by feral pigs (HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope lydgatei

(Alani)

Melicope lydgatei,

a member of the citrus family (Rutaceae), is a small shrub that has leaves arranged oppositely or in threes. The species' leaf arrangement (opposite or in groups of three), the amount of fusion of the fruit sections, and the hairless exocarp (outermost layer of the fruit wall) and endocarp (innermost layer) distinguish it from others in the genus (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This species has been observed in flower in May and in fruit from June to July. No other information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Melicope lydgatei

was formerly known throughout the Koolau Mountains of Oahu from Hauula to Kahana, Kipapa Gulch to Waimano, and Kalihi Valley to Wailupe Valley. Only four populations, totaling between 14 to 15 individuals, remain within its historical range on State and private lands along Poamoho Trail, along Peahinaia Trail, and along Manana Trail (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Melicope lydgatei

typically grows in association with—

Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria

sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis,

or

Bobea elatior

on ridges in mesic and wet forests at elevations between 349 and 671 m (1,145 and 2,201 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The primary threat to

Melicope lydgatei

is a threat of extinction due to random environmental events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of the small number of individuals and populations remaining (59 FR 14482).

Melicope saint-johnii

(Alani)

Melicope saint-johnii,

a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a slender tree 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite or occasionally occur in threes on young lateral branches. The leaves are narrowly to broadly elliptic, sometimes elliptic egg-shaped or rarely lance-shaped. Three to 11 flowers are arranged on an flowering stalk and are usually functionally unisexual, with staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers. The staminate flowers have broadly egg-shaped sepals which are hairless to sparsely covered with hair. The triangular petals are densely covered with hair on the exterior. The pistillate flowers are similar in hairiness to staminate flowers, but are slightly smaller in size. The dry fruit splits at maturity. The exocarp is hairless, whereas the endocarp is hairy. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of the hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the densely hairy petals, and the sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone

et al.

1999).

No information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors.

Historically,

Melicope saint-johnii

was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains at Makaha to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae Mountains and Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa-Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in the Koolau Mountains. Today five locations of this species are found on Federal and private lands from the region between Puu Kaua and Puu Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern Waianae Mountains. Fewer than 170 individuals of this species are known (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope saint-johnii

typically grows on mesic forested ridges and gulch bottoms between elevations of 240 and 953 m (787 and 3,126 ft). Associated native plant species include—

Artemisia australis, Eragrostis

sp.,

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Bidens torta, Alyxia oliviformis, Carex wahuensis, Panicum beechyi

(NCN),

Rumex albescens, Pittosporum

sp.,

Pleomele halapepe

(hala pepe),

Pipturus albidus, Metrosideros polymorpha, Coprosma longifolia, Labordia kaalae

(kamakahala), or

Psychotria hathewayi

(HINHP Database 2001).

The primary threats to

Melicope saint-johnii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; potential predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; and competition with alien plant species such as

Psidium cattleianum, Clidemia hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Melinis minutiflora, Schinus terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, Ageratum riparia, Passiflora subcordata

(huehue haole),

Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora,

and

Grevillea robusta;

and risk of extinction due to naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of the few

individuals remaining and their restricted distribution (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Myrsine juddii

(Kolea)

Myrsine juddii,

a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a many branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. The leathery leaves are narrowly inverse lance-shaped or more elliptic. The upper leaf surface is hairless, whereas the lower surface is sparsely to moderately covered with short, coarse, stiff, whitish or brownish hairs toward the base and along the midrib. The leaf base is broadly wedge-shaped to heart-shaped, and the margins are smooth and curl under. The flowers are unisexual and the plants are dioecious (male and female flowers are on separate plants). Flowers occur in groups of four to eight in tight clusters surrounded by small bracts. The yellowish green petals are narrowly inverse lance-shaped. The fleshy, round fruit contains a single seed. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf surface and the shape of the leaf base. In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species from all other species of

Myrsine

on Oahu (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Myrsine juddii

has been reported from only three populations in the central Koolau Mountains—the North Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide, Peahinaia Trail, and Puu Kainapuaa to Poamoho Trail. These populations are found on State and Federal lands. The total number is thought to be around 5,000 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Myrsine juddii

typically grows on ridge crests and gulch slopes in wet forests and shrublands dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or a mixture of

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

at elevations between 384 and 867 m (1,260 and 2,844 ft). Associated plant species include—

Machaerina

sp.,

Cheirodendron trigynum, Cheirodendron platyphyllum, Melicope clusiifolia

(kolokolo mokihana),

Psychotria mariniana,

and

Syzygium sandwicensis

(Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The primary threats to

Myrsine juddii

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plant species such as

Clidemia hirta

and

Psidium cattleianum;

and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Neraudia angulata

(NCN)

Neraudia angulata,

a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is an erect shrub 3 m (10 ft) tall. Leaves are thin and elliptic to oval in outline. The upper leaf surface has a few silky hairs, and the lower surface is moderately hairy. Flowers are male or female and grow on different plants. The female flowers produce a dry-walled fruit which is surrounded by fleshy, fused sepals. This species is distinguished from other species in its genus by the conspicuously angled, ridged, fleshy calyx in the female flower. There are two varieties,

N. a. var. angulata

and

N. a. var. dentata,

that differ in the types of leaf hairs on the lower surface of the leaves and the type of leaf margin (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Neraudia angulata

flowers and fruits from early spring to summer. Fruits mature in about a month. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Neraudia angulata

was known from almost the entire length of the Waianae Mountains, from Kaluakauila Gulch nearly to Puu Manawahua. This species is currently known from Kaluakauila Gulch along Makua-Keaau Ridge to Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands. The five known populations are estimated to comprise approximately 51 individuals (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Neraudia angulata

var.

angulata

typically grows on slopes, ledges, or gulches in lowland mesic or dry forest between 189 and 978 m (620 and 3,208 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include—

Diospyros

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Bidens

sp.,

Artemisia australis, Sida fallax, Carex meyenii, Psydrax odorata, Hibiscus

sp.,

Pisonia sandwicensis

(u

lu), or

Nestegis sandwicensis. Neraudia angulata

var.

dentata

typically grows on cliffs, rock embankments, gulches, and slopes in mesic or dry forests between 110 and 978 m (361 and 3,208 ft). Associated native plant species include

Diospyros sandwicensis, Diospyros hillebrandii, Dodonaea viscosa, Artemisia australis, Alyxia oliviformis, Sapindus oahuensis, Psydrax odorata, Pisonia

sp.,

Antidesma pulvinatum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Hibiscus

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Bidens torta, Canavalia

sp.,

Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Carex

sp.,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Sida fallax, Streblus pendulinus,

or

Eragrostis

sp. (HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to

Neraudia angulata

var.

angulata

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; military activities; competition from the alien plant species

Ageratina riparia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora subcordata, Melinis minutiflora,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

fire; and the small number of extant individuals. The major threats to

Neraudia angulata

var.

dentata

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fire; and competition with the alien plant species

Melinis minutiflora, Tecoma castanifolia

(yellow elder),

Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinis

sp.,

Ageratina riparia, Montanoa hibiscifolia, Passiflora suberosa, Ageratina adenophora, Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, Aleurites moluccana, Syzygium cumini, Schefflera actinophylla, Oplismenus hirtellus, Leucaena leucocephala, Blechnum occidentale,

and

Erigeron karvinskianus

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Phyllostegia hirsuta

(NCN)

Phyllostegia hirsuta,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect subshrub or vine with stems densely covered with coarse or stiff hairs. The wrinkled leaves are egg-shaped, and both leaf surfaces are moderately covered with long, flat hairs. The upper surface is inconspicuously dotted with glands, while the lower surface is more densely glandulose. The egg-shaped floral bracts are 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The flowers have two lips the upper one is approximately 3 mm (0.1 in) long and the lower one is 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. The tubular portion of the flower is slightly curved. The corolla is white and usually purple-tinged on the upper lip. The fruit is a nutlet about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the texture, hairiness, and size of the leaves and the length of the upper bracts (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Phyllostegia hirsuta

has been observed in flower in February and in fruit in June. Cultivated material flowered in July. No other information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors is available (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Phyllostegia hirsuta

was known from widespread populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. Currently, this species is found in 23 locations with a total of between 214 and 227 individuals from the ridge between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the south fork of North Palawai Gulch in the Waiaanae Mountains and from

Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training Area to south Kaukonahua drainage in the Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on Federal, State, city, county, and private lands (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Phyllostegia hirsuta

is usually found on steep, shaded slopes, cliffs, ridges, gullies, and streambanks in mesic or wet forests dominated by

Metrosideros polymorpha

or a mixture of

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Dicranopteris linearis

between 195 and 1,202 m (640 and 3,943 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include

Pisonia

sp.,

Diplazium sandwichiana, Freycinetia arborea, Chamaesyce multiformis, Hibiscus

sp.,

Rumex albescens, Machaerina angustifolia, Clermontia kekeana

(oha wai),

Perotettia sandwicenum, Cibotium

sp.,

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana, Ilex anomala, Lysimachia hillebrandii, Melicope

sp.,

Psychotria

sp.,

Astelia

sp. (painiu),

Antidesma platyphyllum, Dubautia laxa, Cyanea membranacea, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Myrsine sandwicensis

(ko

lea),

Scaevola gaudichaudiana

(naupaka kuahiwi),

Pleomele

sp.,

Dryopteris unidentata, Streblus pendulinus, Claoxylon sandwicense, Nothocestrum

sp.,

Neraudia

sp. (NCN),

Zanthoxylum kauaense

(ae),

Labordia kaalae, Cyrtandra waianaeensis, Phyllostegia grandiflora

(NCN),

Liparis hawaiiensis

(awapuhiakanaloa),

Dubautia sherffiana

(naenae),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Brousaissia arguta, Pipturis

sp.,

Coprosma longifolia, Hedyotis terminalis, Myrsine lessertiana,

or native ferns (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The primary threats to

Phyllostegia hirsuta

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; rockslides; rats; and competition with

Passiflora suberosa, Blechnum occidentale, Pimenta dioica, Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus rosifolius, Drymaria cordata, Axonopus fissifolius, Athyrium

sp. (NCN),

Adiantum raddianum, Melinis minutiflora, Physalis peruviana

(poha),

Buddleia asiatica, Schinus terebinthifolius, Clidemia hirta, Lantana camara, Rubus argutus,

or

Psidium cattleianum

(HINHP Database 2001).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

(NCN)

Phyllostegia kaalaensis,

a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an herb. The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long. Usually six flowers are arranged along a flowering stalk. The calyx is glabrous and the corolla tube is hairless. The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf edges and by the hairs along the margins of the calyx and bracts (

Wagner et al.

1999).

No information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

has been known from only six scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, this species is known from four populations containing a total of fewer than 45 plants, in Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, central Ekahanui Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These populations occur on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

is found on gulch slopes and bottoms and on almost vertical rock faces in mesic forest or

Sapindus oahuensis

forest between 374 and 796 m (1,227 and 2,611 ft) elevation. Associated plant include

Myrsine lanaiensis, Myrsine lessertiana, Psychotria hathewayi, Antidesma platyphyllum, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus, Hibiscus

sp.,

Claoxylon sandwicense, Neraudia melastomifolia, Streblus pendulinus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea,

or

Urera glabra,

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Phyllostegia kaalaensis

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs and goats; fire; trail clearing; competition with the alien plant species

Rubus rosifolius, Thelypteris parasitica, Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica, Psidium guajava, Lantana camara, Blechnum occidentale, Passiflora suberosa, Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline fruticosa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Passiflora edulis

(passion fruit),

Passiflora ligularis, Toona ciliata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Passiflora subcordata, Clidemia hirta,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations and individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Pritchardia kaalae

(loulu)

Pritchardia kaalae,

a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The waxy, hairless leaves are thin and papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on the lower leaf surface. The flowering stalks are composed of one or more branches. The round fruits are approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter.

Pritchardia kaalae

is distinguished from other members of the genus by the hairless or scaly leaves (Read and Hodel 1999).

Pritchardia kaalae

plants have been observed in fruit in April, August and October and may fruit throughout the year. No other information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Pritchardia kaalae

was known from scattered populations in the central and north-central Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Currently, six populations are known from Manuwai Gulch, East Makaleha, Kaumokunui Gulch, Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit divide, Makua-Keaau Ridge and Makaha Valley, totaling about 200 individuals. These populations are located on Federal, State, city, and county lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Pritchardia kaalae

is typically found on steep slopes and gulches in mesic forest or shrubland between elevations of 421 and 1,123 m (1,381 and 3,683 ft). Associated plant species include

Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine

sp.,

Bidens

sp.,

Pipturus

sp.,

Dubautia

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Eragrostis

sp.,

Metrosideros tremuloides,

or

Tetraplasandra

sp. (ohe ohe) (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

Major threats to

Pritchardia kaalae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fruit predation by rats; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the alien plant species

Schinus terebinthifolius, Ageratina adenophora,

and

Rubus argutus;

potential fire; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Sanicula mariversa

(NCN)

Sanicula mariversa,

a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is an upright herb, 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) tall which produces a caudex (a single branched stem from a sturdy base) growing just beneath the surface of the soil. There are many heart- to kidney-shaped, leathery, three- to five-lobed leaves growing from the base of the plant. Leaves on the stem become smaller and more deeply lobed the closer they are to the tip of the stem. Flowers are arranged in one to four more or less flat-topped clusters; each cluster comprises 10 to 20 flowers and is located at the end of the stem or in the leaf axils. Each flower cluster has eight to 12 bracts beneath it and comprises both male and

hermaphroditic flowers. There are five nearly circular, fused, toothed, yellow petals. The egg-shaped fruit is covered with hooked prickles and separates into two single-seeded parts. The larger size of the plant and basal leaves, the color of the flower petals, and the hooked prickles on the fruit separate this species from others of the genus in Hawaii (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Sanicula mariversa

is known to flower from February through May, and fruits can be found until August. Dry fruits remain on infructescences for a long time and may persist beyond August. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Sanicula mariversa

was known from the central Waianae Mountains from Makua-Keaau Ridge to Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridge. This species is now extant on Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau-Makaha Ridge, Kamaileunu Ridge, and northwest of Puu Kanehoa on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The four known populations contain approximately 170 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Sanicula mariversa

typically grows on well-drained, dry slopes and rock faces in mesic shrublands and open grassy areas at elevations between 582 and 978 m (1,909 and 3,208 ft). Associated species include

Carex meyenii

,

Eragrostis

sp.,

Bidens torta

,

Metrosideros tremuloides

,

Doryopteris

sp., or

Metrosideros polymorpha

(HINHP Database 2001; EDA,

in litt.

2001).

The major threats to

Sanicula mariversa

are habitat degradation by feral goats; fire; erosion; competition from the alien plant species

Stachytarpheta dichotoma

,

Ageratina riparia

,

Erigeron karvinskianus

,

Schinus terebinthifolius

, and

Melinus minutiflora

; trampling by humans on or near trails; and the risk of extinction due to the small number of populations (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Schiedea kaalae

(NCN).

Schiedea kaalae

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), has a short woody caudex less than 20 cm (8 in) long. The thick, single-veined leaves are bunched at the top of the stem; they are long and elliptic or broader toward the tip and can reach a length of 24 cm (9.4 in) and a width of 6 cm (2.4 in). Flowers are in a panicle (an open, much branched inflorescence). The flowers lack petals, but have purple bracts and sepals. Stamens and nectaries each number five and are about 4 to 5 mm (0.2 in) long. Capsules are about 4 mm (0.2 in) long, and seeds are dark grayish brown and about 1 mm (0.04 in) long. This species can be distinguished from other members of its genus by its very short stems and its thick leaves with one conspicuous vein (Wagner

et al.

1999).

This plant has been observed in flower from March through June. Based on field and greenhouse observations,

Schiedea kaalae

has perfect flowers (each individual has both male and female reproductive organs). A series of experimental self-pollinations, within-population crosses, and crosses among populations have demonstrated that

Schiedea kaalae

experiences moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding depression in seedlings, with potentially deleterious consequences for the long-term persistence of this species. Consistent with the evidence for inbreeding depression,

Schiedea kaalae

appears to be an outcrossing species. Under greenhouse conditions, flowers do not set fruit unless pollinated. In the field, this species was observed being visited by the introduced syrphid fly,

Simosyrphus grandicornis

. The fly did not appear to be foraging for nectar but may have been feeding on pollen. Individuals of

Schiedea kaalae

appear to be long-lived, but there is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of

Schiedea kaale,

like those of other

Schiedea

species in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on

Schiedea membranacea

, a mesic forest species from Kauai.

Schiedea

occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have fewer alien predators (Service 1998b; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).

Historically,

Schiedea kaalae

was known from the north-central and south-central Waianae Mountains and the northern Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species remains on State and private lands at Pahole Gulch, Kaluaa Gulch, Puu Kaua, Palawai Gulch, Maakua Gulch, Huliwai Gulch, and Makaua Stream. The eight known populations contain only 49 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Schiedea kaalae

typically grows on steep slopes, cliffs, streambanks, and deep shade in diverse mesic and wet forests at elevations between 64 and 869 m (210 and 2,850 ft). Associated species include

Pisonia sandwicensis

,

Psychotria hathewayi

,

Pouteria sandwicensis

,

Freycinetia arborea

,

Pipturus albidus

,

Cyrtandra laxiflora

,

Hedyotis acuminata

,

Selaginella arbuscula

,

Cyrtandra calpidicarpa

,

Boehmeria grandis

,

Claoxylon sandwicense

,

Diospyros hillebrandii

,

Dryopteris unidentata

,

Alyxia oliviformis

,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Athyrium sandwichianum

,

Xylosma hawaiiensis

(maua),

Nothocestrum longifolium

(aiea),

Athyrium arnottii

(hoio), or

Pisonia umbellifera

(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

The major threats to

Schiedea kaalae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition from the alien plant species

Passiflora suberosa

,

Psidium cattleianum

,

Blechnum occidentale

,

Ageratina riparia

,

Psidium guajava

,

Thlypteris parasitica

,

Oplismenus hirtellus

,

Cordyline fruticosa

,

Rubus rosifolius

,

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Ageratina adenophora

,

Passiflora subcordata

,

Clidemia hirta

,

Melinus minutiflora

, and

Myrica faya

; fire; predation by introduced slugs and snails; and the small number of extant individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b).

Schiedea kealiae

(NCN)

Schiedea kealiae

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a subshrub with weakly ascending to sprawling stems which form loose clumps. The lower stems are smooth while the upper stems and flowering stalk bear glands. The opposite leaves are lance-shaped to elliptic lance-shaped and conspicuously three-veined with a prominent midrib. The flowering stalk have numerous unisexual flowers in crowded clusters. The green sepals of the male flowers are approximately 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long. The sepals of the female flowers, 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 to 0.09 in) long, are slightly shorter. The nectaries are inconspicuous. The capsular fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in) long. The species is distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the sepals and nectaries and the flowering stalk exclusively with stalkless glands (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Schiedea kealiae

has been observed in flower in December. A series of self-pollinations, intra-populational crosses, and crosses among populations have demonstrated that many related

Schiedea

sp. experience moderately strong inbreeding depression. These results indicate that reductions in population size could result in expression of inbreeding depression among seedlings, with potentially deleterious consequences for the long

term persistence of this species. Individuals of

Schiedea kealiae

appear to be long-lived, however there is no evidence of regeneration from seed under field conditions. Seedlings of

Schiedea

species occurring in mesic or wet sites are apparently consumed by introduced slugs and snails, which have been observed feeding on

Schiedea membranacea

, a mesic forest species from Kauai.

Schiedea

occurring in dry areas produce abundant seedlings following winter rains, presumably because dry areas have fewer alien predators (Service 1998b; Weller and Sakai, unpublished data).

Historically,

Schiedea kealiae

was known from the northern Waianae Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern end of the same mountain range. Currently, four populations totaling between 265 and 315 plants are located on the cliffs above Dillingham Airfield and Camp Erdman and at Kaena Point at the northern end of the Waianae Mountains. These populations occur on private and State lands, and State lands under Federal jurisdiction (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; U.S. Army (Army) 2001b).

Schiedea kealiae

is usually found on steep slopes and cliff faces and bases in dry remnant

Erythrina sandwicensis

forest at elevations between 46 and 341 m (151 and 1,118 ft). Associated plant species include

Sicyos

sp. (anunu),

Plumbago zeylanica

,

Lepidium bidentatum

(anaunau),

Lipochaeta remyi

(nehe),

Myoporum sandwicense

,

Hibiscus arnottianus

,

Psydrax odorata

,

Bidens

sp., or

Sida fallax

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Schiedea kealiae

are competition with the alien plant species

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Panicum maximum

, and

Leucaena leucocephala

; predation by introduced slugs and snails; lack of a pollinator; and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations. The Kaena Point population is additionally threatened by naturally-occurring rock slides and fire (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Silene perlmanii

(NCN)

Silene perlmanii

, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a perennial plant with stems that are woody at the base. It usually is much branched from the base and often forms clumps. Stems are 30 to 50 cm (12 to 20 in) long, and leaves are in the shape of narrow ellipses. A few flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends of stems. Each flower has fused sepals with five lobes and white, deeply notched petals. Mature capsules have not been seen. It is the only species of the genus on Oahu and can be distinguished from other

Silene

species by its white petals and a calyx which is more than 19 mm (0.7 in) long and densely covered with short hairs (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Silene perlmanii

flowers in the spring, depending on climatic conditions. Flowers last for a day. Fruits develop in a few weeks. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Silene perlmanii

was discovered in the 1980s and was known from a few individuals in two populations in the southern Waianae Mountains on Federal and privately owned lands. The populations were about 1.6 km (1 mi) apart at Palikea and Palawai Gulch. As of December 1997, no individuals are known to be extant in the wild (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). Currently, this species is known only from individuals under propagation at the National Tropical Botanical Garden (G. Koob, pers. comm. 2002).

Silene perlmanii

typically grew on steep rocky slopes in

Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha

lowland mesic forest at elevations between 493 and 919 m (1,617 and 3,014 ft) (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to

Silene perlmanii

are competition from the alien plant species

Erigeron karvinskianus

,

Ageratina adenophora

,

Passiflora suberosa

,

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Myrica faya

, and

Melinis minutiflora

; feral pigs; and the risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 56 FR 55770).

Stenogyne kanehoana

(NCN)

Stenogyne kanehoana

is a scandent vine in the mint family (Lamiaceae) with stems weakly four-angled, hairy, and 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) long. The leaves are oppositely arranged and are narrowly ovate to oblong-ovate, and thin but densely hairy. The flowers are in clusters of three to six per leaf axil; the petals are fused into a strongly curved tube, white or pale yellow with short, pink, corolla lobes. The fruit consists of four fleshy, black nutlets.

Stenogyne kanehoana

is distinguished from the only other member of the genus occurring on Oahu,

S. kaalae

, primarily by the size and color of its flowers. The flowers of

S. kanehoana

are large, white to yellow, and tipped in pink, while those of

S. kaalae

are small and deep purple (Weller and Sakai 1999).

Stenogyne kanehoana

generally flowers from February through March, but flowering depends on precipitation and flowers have been noted from January to as late as April. Fruits mature within 6 weeks. The life span of this species appears to be about 7 to 12 years. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Stenogyne kanehoana

was known from the east ridge of Puu Kanehoa, Waianae Mountains, near the summit of the ridge connecting Puu Kanehoa with Puu Hapapa to the north and Puu Kaua to the south; a distance totaling approximately 2.8 km (1.75 mi). This population consisting of two plants near the summit of Puu Kanehoa on privately owned land was found dead recently. An additional population in Kaluaa Gulch was discovered in 2000 by Joan Yoshioka of TNCH. This population consist of one to six individual plants and is located on private owned land (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1998b; 57 FR 20592).

The remnant population of

Stenogyne kanehoana

is found in lowland mesic forest between 559 and 1,168 m (1,834 and 3,831 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Acacia koa

,

Metrosideros polymorpha

,

Psychotria

sp.,

Freycinetia arborea

,

Bidens

sp.,

Chamaesyce

sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis

,

Cibotium

sp., or

Scaevola

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Stenogyne kanehoana

are habitat degradation and competition for space, water, light, and nutrients by naturalized, alien species (especially

Clidemia hirta

,

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Psidium cattleianum

,

Passiflora suberosa

, and

Paspalum conjugatum

). The extremely small number of individual plants and their restricted distribution increases the potential for extinction from naturally-occurring events. Other potential threats which have been suggested include fire and deforestation, but, at present, these probably are not serious threats to the species. Feral pigs, the two spotted leafhopper, and hikers are also thought to be a threat to this species (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 57 FR 20592).

Tetramolopium filiforme

(NCN)

Tetramolopium filiforme

, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub from 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall with complexly branched stems. The leaves are much longer than wide; from 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long and 0.4 to 1.2 mm (0.02 to 0.05 in) wide. The

flower heads are single or grouped in clusters of two to four, each having a bell-shaped involucre (one or more whorls of bracts situated below and close to a flower, flower cluster, or fruit). There are 35 to 52 white or pale lavender ray florets in a single circle at the edge of the head. There are 18 to 30 maroon (rarely yellow) disk florets in the center of each head. The ray florets are female, while the disk florets function as male flowers. Fruits are achenes (a small dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit). This species is distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its separate male and female flowers both on the same plant, and its inflorescence of one to four heads (Lowrey 1999).

In cultivation,

Tetramolopium filiforme

germinates in about 3 weeks. Fifteen weeks after germination, the plants are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) high and they produce their first buds. The first blossoms are noted about 18 weeks after germination. During growth an inflorescence forms at the apex of each shoot while new shoots develop laterally.

Tetramolopium filiforme

is relatively short-lived and usually lives less than 5 years. In the wild, it usually flowers in the late winter or spring but flowering can also be induced by heavy rainfall (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Tetramolopium filiforme

was known from the northern Waianae Mountains, from Ohikilolo Ridge, Keaau Valley, and Makaha Valley. This species remains in Keaau Valley, Kahanahaiki Valley, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Lualualei, Waianae Kai and Puu Kawiwi on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The six known populations are estimated to contain approximately 253 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Tetramolopium filiforme

typically grows on dry cliff faces and ridges in dry and mesic forests at elevations of 247 to 978 m (810 to 3,208 ft). Associated species include

Bidens torta

,

Carex meyenii

,

Peperomia tetraphylla

(ala ala wai nui),

Schiedea

sp.,

Sida fallax

,

Dodonaea viscosa

,

Artemisia australis

, or

Schiedea mannii

(HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Tetramolopium filiforme

are habitat degradation by feral goats; competition from the alien plant species

Ageratina riparia

,

Lantana camara

,

Melinis repens

,

Acacia confusa

,

Kalanchoe pinnata

,

Schinus terebinthifolius

,

Leucaena leucocephala

,

Melinis minutiflora

, and

Erigeron karvinskianus

; fire; military activities; and a risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and trampling or collection by humans on or near trails (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

(Oheohe)

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,

a member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae), is a tree 2.5 to 10 m (8 to 33 ft) tall, either hairless or with fuzzy, short-lived hairs on the young leaves and flower clusters. The leaves have seven to 21 leathery, oval to elliptic leaflets per leaf. Each leaflet is folded upward along the midvein. The flowers are usually arranged in threes or in an umbrella-shaped arrangement. Petals usually number five or six per flower, with an equal number of stamens. The ovary, which usually has three or four sections, appears placed atop the receptacle (base of the flower) in a superior position, due to the expansion of the ovary disk (outgrowth of the receptacle) and the reduction of the hypanthium (basal portion of the flower). Fruits are purplish, oval or top-shaded drupes, that enclose a papery endocarp and single seeds.

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

is distinguished from all other species in the genus in that its ovary appears fully superior (Lowrey 1999).

This species was observed in flower and fruit in November 1991 and in fruit in May and September. No further information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

was historically known from Punaluu, Waikakalaua Gulch, Mount Olympus, and the region between Niu and Wailupe, all in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. This species was also sighted in the Waianae Range at Palikea in 1954. Currently, 20 populations are scattered along the summit ridges of the Koolau Mountains from the region of Paumalu at the northern extreme to Kuliouou and Waimanalo at the southeastern most point, on Federal, State, city, and county lands. Fewer than 100 individuals are known (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

is typically found on windswept summit ridges, slopes, or in gullies in wet or sometimes mesic lowland forests and shrublands between elevations of 93 and 959 m (305 and 3,146 ft). Associated plant species include

Cheirodendron

sp.,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Syzygium sandwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Diplopterygium pinnatum, Melicope

spp.,

Tetraplasandra oahuensis

(ohe mauka),

Bobea elaitor, Acacia koa, Cibotium chamissoi, Lobelia hypoleuca

(NCN),

Myrsine fosbergii

(kolea),

Pouteria sandwicensis, Wikstroemia

sp.,

Sadleria

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron

sp.,

Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Psychotria

spp.,

Labordia

sp.,

Hedyotis fosbergii

(manono),

Bidens

sp.,

Dubautia laxa, Cibotium

sp., or the endangered

Cyanea humboldtiara

(Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 14482).

The major threats to

Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa

are competition with the alien plant species

Pterolepis glomerata, Aleurites moluccana, Eucalyptus

sp. (gum tree),

Setaria palmifolia, Araucaria columnaris

(Norfolk Island pine),

Ardisia elliptica

(shoebutton ardisia),

Sacciolepis indica, Erigeron karvinskianus, Axonopus fissifolius, Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta

and

Psidium cattleianum;

the two spotted leafhopper; habitat degradation by feral pigs; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' limited gene pool, a consequence of the small number of extant individuals (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 14482).

Trematolobelia singularis

(NCN)

Trematolobelia singularis,

a member of the bellflower family (Campanulacea), is an unbranched shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) long. The long and narrow leaves are 10 to 18 cm (4 to 7 in) long and 1 to 1.8 cm (0.4 to 0.7 in) wide. The unbranched, erect flowering stalk is 20 to 42 cm (8 to 16.5 in) long. The violet petals are about 5 cm (0.2 in) long and collectively form a three-lobed tube. The largest lobe is curved downward and the other two are bent backward, giving the appearance of two lips. The capsules are almost round and contain numerous small, wind-dispersed seeds. This species differs from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the unbranched, erect flowering stalk (Lammers 1999).

This species has been observed in flower in October. No additional information exists on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Trematolobelia singularis

has been reported only from the southern Koolau Mountains. Approximately 165 plants are known from three populations Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and Puu Lanipo. These populations are found on State and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

This species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff faces or slopes in

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris

linearis

lowland wet shrubland from 545 to 953 m (1,788 to 3,126 ft) elevation. Associated plant species include

Eugenia

sp.(nioi),

Wikstroemia

sp.,

Melicope

sp.,

Sadleria

sp.,

Cibotium

sp.,

Broussaisia arguta,

or

Dubautia laxa

(Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The threats to

Trematolobelia singularis

are habitat degradation by feral pigs; potential predation by rats and slugs; competition with the aggressive alien plant species

Clidemia hirta;

and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations are serious (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Urera kaalae

(Opuhe)

Urera kaalae,

a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a small tree or shrub 3 to 7 m (10 to 23 ft) tall. The sap of the plant becomes greenish black when exposed to air. The leaves are pale green, thin and membranous, heart-shaped, 10 to 27 cm (4 to 11 in) long by 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) wide, with three main veins and toothed margins. The flowers are either male or female and may grow on the same or different plants. They are arranged in three-branched inflorescences. Sepals of male flowers are fused into rather globe-shaped structures about 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long. Sepals of female flowers are less than 1 mm (0.04 in) long, and the inner pair becomes slightly fleshy to enclose the achene along about half of its 1 mm (0.04 in) length. This species can be distinguished from the other Hawaiian species of the genus by its heart-shaped leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Urera kaalae

has been observed flowering in the spring. It is difficult to predict when seeds will be produced, and, when they are produced, they are often sterile. This may be an indication of pollinator limitation. The plants are fast-growing. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Urera kaalae

was known from the central to southern windward Waianae Mountains, from Waianae Uka to Kupehau Gulch. This species now occurs only in North and South Ekahanui, Pualii Gulch, Napepeiauolelo, Halona, and Kaluaa Gulches, North and South Palawai, Puu Hapapa, Napepeiauolelo Gulch, and Waianae Kai on Federal, State, and private lands. The 11 known populations contain approximately 41 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Urera kaalae

typically grows on slopes and in gulches in diverse mesic forest at elevations of 439 to 1,074 m (1,440 to 3,523 ft). Associated species include

Hibiscus

sp.,

Alyxia oliviformis, Canavalia

sp.,

Charpentiera

sp.,

Senna gaudichaudii

(kolomona),

Claoxylon sandwicense, Pleomele

sp.,

Xylosma hawaiiense, Chamaesyce

sp.,

Antidesma platyphyllum, Athyrium

sp.,

Streblus pendulinus, Hedyotis acuminata, Asplenium kaulfusii, Doryopteris

sp.,

Pouteria sandwicensis, Freycinetia arborea, Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra, Psychotria

sp.,

Diospyros hillebrandii,

or

Nestegis sandwicensis

(Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001; Wagner

et al.

1999).

The major threats to

Urera kaalae

are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition from the alien plant species

Psidium guajava, Pimenta dioica, Buddleia asiatica, Thelypteris parasitica, Rubus rosifolius, Clidemia hirta, Passiflora suberosa, Heliocarpus popayaensis, Schinus terebinthifolius, Myrica faya, Passiflora subcordata, Melinis minutiflora,

and

Psidium cattleianum;

fire; rockslides; and the small number of extant individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b; 61 FR 53089; HINHP Database 2001).

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

(Olopu)

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana,

a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a branched shrub up to 90 cm (3 ft) tall. The toothed leaves, usually clustered at branch tips, are triangular-oval to heart-shaped in outline. Each flowering stalk produces one or two flowers with five sepals and five white, purple-tinged petals. Capsules contain dark brown to almost black seeds. This subspecies can be distinguished from the other members of the genus in the Waianae Mountains by the small size of its leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

has been observed in fruit and flower in April, August and October. No further information is available on flowering cycle, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

was known from the central and southern Waianae Mountains and Makaleha Valley. This taxon now occurs on Kamaileunu Ridge, Palikea Ridge (between Nanakuli and Lualualei), Puu Hapapa, Makua-Keaau Ridge, Halona, and Puu Kumakalii on Federal, State, city, and county lands. The five known populations contain 59 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; EDA Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Viola chamissoniana

ssp.

chamissoniana

typically grows on dry cliffs, rocky ledges, and steep slopes in mesic shrubland and cliff vegetation at elevations of 414 to 1,149 m (1,358 to 3,769 ft). Associated species include

Sida fallax, Chamaesyce

sp.,

Dodonaea viscosa, Schiedea sp.,

Dubautia

sp.,

Peperomia

sp.,

Lipochaeta tenuis, Rumex

sp.,

Artemisia australis, Bidens torta, Carex meyenii, Eragrostis

sp.,

Metrosideros polymorpha,

or

Styphelia tameiameiae

(pukiawe) (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

The major threats to

Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana

are habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from the alien the plant species

Myrica faya, Schinus terebinthifolius, Erigeron karvinskianus, Ageratina adenophora, Ageratum riparia,

and

Melinis minutiflora;

fire; landslides; and the small number of extant individuals and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 2001).

Viola oahuensis (NCN)

Viola oahuensis,

a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is usually an erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm (2.4 to 16 in) tall. The papery-textured leaves are elliptic-egg-shaped to elliptic. The leaf stalks are typically 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The narrowly triangular stipules (either pair of appendages borne at the base of the leaf in many plants) have fringed edges. One to two flowers are borne on stalks typically 25 to 60 mm (1 to 2.4 in) long. The petals are pale yellow, the upper ones 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, the lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) long, and the lower one 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The capsules are 9 to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the stipule characters, the length of the leaf stalks, and the length and papery texture of the leaves (Wagner

et al.

1999).

Viola oahuensis

has been observed flowering in August and September. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,

Viola oahuensis

was known from 17 populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu scattered

over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo. The nine extant populations, which total fewer than 200 individuals, are now found from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide to the Waimalu-Koolaupoko divide. These populations are found on Federal, State, and private lands (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; EDA Database 2001).

Viola oahuensis

is generally found on exposed, windswept ridges of moderate to steep slope in wet

Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis

shrublands and

Metrosideros polymorpha

mixed montane bogs in the cloud zone from 415 to 959 m (1,361 to 3,146 ft) elevation. This species typically grows among wind-stunted

Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium

sp.,

Labordia

sp.,

Dubautia laxa, Wikstroemia

sp.,

Hedyotis terminalis, Antidesma

sp.,

Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope

sp.,

Bidens macrocarpa, Machaerina

sp.,

Sadleria

sp., or

Vaccinium

sp. (Service 1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

The primary threats to

Viola oahuensis

are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with

Pterolepis

sp. (NCN),

Axonopus fissifolius, Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum,

and

Paspalum conjugatum;

and risk of extinction from naturally-occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (Service1998b; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR 53089).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens

(Pendant kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens,

a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (a leaflet or primary division of a pinnate leaf or frond) margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of

Adenophorus periens,

which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons in the habitats where this species is found, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction.

Adenophorus periens

appears to be susceptible to volcanic emissions and/or resultant acid precipitation. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not available (Linney 1989).

Historically,

Adenophorus periens

was known from Kauai, the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. This species is no longer extant on the island of Oahu. It was collected in 1909 on the west ridge of Palolo crater and the west ridge of Palolo Valley (HINHP Database 2001).

Adenophorus periens

grows epiphytically on trees in

Metrosideros polymorpha

and

Metrosideros rugosa

wet forests between 309 and 867 m (1,014 and 2,844 ft) elevation. Associated native plant species include

Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron

spp.,

Machaerina angustifolia, Syzygium sanwicensis, Hedyotis terminalis,

or

Cibotium

sp. (HINHP Database 2001).

The threats to

Adenophorus periens

are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats and competition with the alien plant species

Psidium cattleianum

(Service

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