FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for Individuals and Households: Application Processes, Determinations, and Appeals
Congressional research reportNov 4, 2024
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FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for
Individuals and Households: Application
Processes, Determinations, and Appeals
Updated November 4, 2024
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
R45238
SUMMARY
FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for
Individuals and Households: Application
Processes, Determinations, and Appeals
The Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s) Disaster Loan Program and the Federal
Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) Individual Assistance (IA)-Individuals and
Households Program (IHP) are the federal government’s primary sources of financial assistance
to help disaster survivors recover and rebuild following an incident. In many cases, disaster
survivors need assistance from both programs in addition to other sources of assistance, including
private insurance, state and local government assistance, and assistance from voluntary
organizations.
R45238
November 4, 2024
Bruce R. Lindsay
Specialist in American
National Government
Elizabeth M. Webster
Specialist in Emergency
Management and Disaster
Recovery
Although the SBA Disaster Loan Program and FEMA’s IHP are separate programs administered
by different agencies, in many ways they are interconnected. For example, SBA and FEMA share real-time data on disaster
loan and grant approvals to identify potential duplication of benefits while providing individuals and households with federal
assistance that can be used in conjunction with other forms of assistance to meet their recovery needs.
It could be argued that the overlap between the programs provides an effective means to identify duplication of benefits and
provide federal assistance to disaster survivors; however, some in Congress are concerned that the application process results
in confusion and burdens disaster survivors because there is not a single application for federal disaster assistance—instead,
FEMA and SBA have separate applications and application processes.
This report provides an overview of these two programs, including discussions about
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how different types of declarations put the programs into effect;
the application process for both programs;
the criteria used by the SBA and FEMA to determine eligibility for assistance and the appropriate types of
assistance; and
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the FEMA and SBA appeals processes.
The report concludes with policy observations and considerations for Congress about the application process and the use of
computer matching agreements to prevent a duplication of benefits. Resources are also provided.
Congressional Research Service
FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for Individuals and Households
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Overview of Programs..................................................................................................................... 2
SBA Home Disaster Loans........................................................................................................ 2
Personal Property Loans ..................................................................................................... 2
Real Property Loans............................................................................................................ 3
FEMA Individual Assistance..................................................................................................... 3
Individuals and Households Program ................................................................................. 3
Stafford Act and SBA Disaster Declarations, and Designations ..................................................... 7
Stafford Act Declarations .......................................................................................................... 8
SBA Disaster Declarations ........................................................................................................ 9
Applications for Assistance ............................................................................................................. 9
Applying for FEMA Individual Assistance ............................................................................... 9
Applying for SBA Disaster Loans........................................................................................... 10
Eligibility for SBA Disaster Loans........................................................................................... 11
Eligibility for FEMA IHP Assistance ....................................................................................... 11
Appealing Eligibility and Assistance Determinations ................................................................... 12
FEMA Appeals ........................................................................................................................ 12
SBA Appeals ........................................................................................................................... 13
Policy Observations and Considerations ....................................................................................... 13
Disaster Survivor Confusion Due to Separate Application Processes for FEMA IHP
and SBA Disaster Loans ...................................................................................................... 13
Use of the Computer Matching Agreement (CMA) to Prevent a Duplication of
Benefits (DOB) .................................................................................................................... 14
Figures
Figure 1. Application Deadlines ..................................................................................................... 11
Figure 2. Sequence of Delivery to Avoid a Duplication of Benefits ............................................. 15
Tables
Table 1. Types of Housing Assistance and Other Needs Assistance ............................................... 4
Appendixes
Appendix A. Relevant Duplication of Benefits Statutory Authorities and Regulations ................ 17
Appendix B. FEMA and SBA Constituent Resources ................................................................... 19
Contacts
Author Information........................................................................................................................ 19
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FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for Individuals and Households
Introduction
Disaster survivors who suffer uninsured or underinsured losses caused by an incident1 that results
in a presidential emergency or major disaster declaration typically apply for assistance through
the Individuals and Households Program (IHP), a form of Individual Assistance (IA)
administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).2 They may also apply for
disaster loans, administered by the Small Business Administration (SBA).3
This report opens with an overview of the two programs and a discussion about how declarations,
including presidential declarations of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; P.L. 93-288, as amended; 42 U.S.C.
§§5121 et seq.), and SBA declarations under the Small Business Act (P.L. 83-163, as amended; 15
U.S.C. §§631 et seq.), are used to put them into effect. This report also discusses the application
processes and eligibility criteria used by the SBA and FEMA to make loan and grant
determinations, respectively. The report then describes the appeals processes, and concludes with
policy observations and potential considerations for Congress about the application process and
the use of computer matching agreements to prevent a duplication of benefits.
The SBA Disaster Loan Program and FEMA IA are interlaced to a certain degree. Functionally,
the SBA and FEMA have a computer matching agreement (CMA) to share real-time data on
assistance provided to applicants.4 The SBA and FEMA use the interface between their systems to
identify and prevent a duplication of benefits (DOB) because SBA disaster loans and FEMA
grants both provide assistance for damage to real and personal property.5 The CMA also helps
determine loan and grant eligibility because, from an administrative perspective, eligibility and
assistance from one source can impact eligibility and assistance from the other source.6
1 44 C.F.R. §206.32(e) defines an incident as “[a]ny condition which meets the definition of major disaster or
emergency as set forth in §206.2 which causes damage or hardship that may result in a Presidential declaration of a
major disaster or an emergency.”
2 When an emergency or major disaster is declared, areas of the impacted state are “designated” as having been deemed
eligible for federal assistance (44 C.F.R. §206.2(a)(6)). A designated area is “[a]ny emergency or major disasteraffected portion of a State which has been determined eligible for Federal assistance.” Designated areas may include
counties, parishes, or tribal lands, as well as municipalities, villages, or districts (Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA), Individual Assistance Program and Policy Guide (IAPPG), FP 104-009-03, May 2021, p. 41
https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_iappg-1.1.pdf (hereinafter FEMA, IAPPG)).
3 For more information about Individual Assistance (IA), see CRS In Focus IF11298, A Brief Overview of FEMA’s
Individual Assistance Program, by Elizabeth M. Webster and CRS Report R46014, FEMA Individual Assistance
Programs: An Overview, by Elizabeth M. Webster. For more information on U.S. Small Business Administration
(SBA) disaster loans, see CRS Report R41309, The SBA Disaster Loan Program: Overview and Possible Issues for
Congress, by Bruce R. Lindsay; and CRS Report R44412, SBA Disaster Loan Program: Frequently Asked Questions,
by Bruce R. Lindsay.
4 SBA and U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/ FEMA, “Computer Matching Agreement Between U.S.
Small Business Administration and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management
Agency,” February 10, 2022, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2022-02/
2.%20FEMA%20%26%20SBA%20CMA.pdf (hereinafter SBA/FEMA, “Computer Matching Agreement”).
5 SBA/FEMA, “Computer Matching Agreement,” p. 1.
6 SBA/FEMA, “Computer Matching Agreement,” p. 1. FEMA updated its regulations on March 22, 2024 pursuant an
interim file rule, which removed the previous requirement that IHP applicants who met the SBA’s minimum income
requirements first apply for an SBA disaster loan, and either be denied or receive a partial loan, before they could be
considered for FEMA’s SBA-Dependent ONA, which included assistance for personal property, transportation, and
Group Flood Insurance Policies (GFIPs). The new process allows IHP applicants to receive the IHP assistance they
apply and are eligible for, including all forms of ONA, without first having to apply for an SBA disaster loan.
However, the interim final rule explains that “FEMA currently shares relevant data with the SBA, and will continue to
(continued...)
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While the overlap between the two programs may have some benefits, it arguably also causes
some confusion. For instance, some Members of Congress have expressed concern regarding the
separate applications for FEMA IHP assistance and SBA disaster loans, and have introduced
legislation to unify the application process.7
Overview of Programs
The following sections provide descriptions of the SBA and FEMA programs that provide
assistance to individuals and households. In many cases, disaster survivors find that they need
assistance from both programs in addition to other sources of assistance, including private
insurance, state and local government assistance, and assistance from voluntary organizations, to
fully recover.
SBA Home Disaster Loans
Homeowners, renters, and personal property owners located in a declared disaster area are
eligible to apply for an SBA home disaster loan.8 SBA home disaster loans can be conceptualized
as two categories of loans according to how the proceeds are put to use: Personal Property Loans
and Real Property Loans. These loans cover only uninsured or underinsured property and primary
residences in a declared disaster area.
Personal Property Loans
A Personal Property Loan provides a creditworthy homeowner or renter located in a declared
disaster area with up to $100,000 to repair or replace personal property owned by the disaster
survivor.9 Eligible items include furniture, appliances, clothing, and automobiles damaged or lost
in a disaster. Eligibility of luxury items with functional use, such as antiques and rare artwork, is
limited to the cost of an ordinary item meeting the same functional purpose. Interest rates for
Personal Property Loans cannot exceed 8% per annum, or 4% per annum if the applicant is found
by SBA to be unable to obtain credit elsewhere. Generally, borrowers pay equal monthly
do so to ensure FEMA and the SBA continue to remain good partners and stewards of taxpayer dollars. FEMA and the
SBA will continue to coordinate to ensure that FEMA assistance and SBA disaster loans do not cause a duplication of
benefits for the same type of assistance” (DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register
4009, January 22, 2024 (see footnote 176)).
7 Members of Congress have introduced bipartisan legislation, including in the 118 th and 117th Congresses, to help
simplify the application process to receive federal disaster assistance. In the 118 th Congress, Sens. Gary Peters, Rand
Paul, and James Lankford cosponsored the Disaster Assistance Simplification Act (S. 1528) to simplify the application
process itself by creating a consolidated application for federal disaster assistance. Previously, during the 117th
Congress, Sens. Peters and Lankford cosponsored the Disaster Assistance Simplification Act (S. 4599); see also U.S.
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, “Peters and Lankford Bipartisan Bill to Simplify
Application Process for Federal Disaster Assistance Advances in Senate: Legislation Would Create Universal
Application for Disaster Survivors,” press release, August 5, 2022, https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/media/dems/petersand-lankford-bipartisan-bill-to-simplify-application-process-for-federal-disaster-assistance-advances-in-senate/.
Similarly, in the 118th Congress, Reps. Dina Titus, Garrett Graves, Troy Carter, and Marcus Molinaro, and Resident
Commissioner Jennifer González-Colón, cosponsored the Disaster Survivors Fairness Act of 2023 (H.R. 1796), which
includes a universal application for individual assistance.
8 SBA, “Physical Damage Loans: Home and Personal Property Loans,” https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/
disaster-assistance/physical-damage-loans.
9 13 C.F.R. §123.105(a)(1). The SBA Administrator may increase the home loan lending limits on appropriate
economic indicators for the region(s) in which the disaster occurred. SBA publishes the increased lending limit for an
individual disaster declaration in the Federal Register.
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installments of principal and interest, beginning five months from the date of the loan. Loan
maturities may be up to 30 years.
Real Property Loans
Real Property Loans provide creditworthy homeowners with uninsured or underinsured loss
located in a declared disaster area with up to $500,000 to repair or replace the homeowner’s
primary residence to its pre-disaster condition.10 The loans may not be used to upgrade a home or
build additions to the home, unless the upgrade or addition is required by city or county building
codes, such as a code-required elevation. Repair or replacement of landscaping and/or
recreational facilities cannot exceed $5,000. A homeowner may borrow funds to cover the cost of
improvements to protect their property against future damage (e.g., elevation, retaining walls,
sump pumps, etc.). Mitigation funds may not exceed 20% of the disaster damage, as verified by
SBA, to a maximum of $500,000 for home loans.11 As previously mentioned, interest rates cannot
exceed 8% per annum, or 4% per annum if the applicant is unable to obtain credit elsewhere.
Generally, borrowers pay equal monthly installments of principal and interest, beginning five
months from the date of the loan. Loan maturities may be up to 30 years.
FEMA Individual Assistance
FEMA may provide various types of assistance to disaster survivors, depending on whether the
President declares an emergency or major disaster authorizing IA, and the type(s) of IA requested
by the governor of the affected state/territory or the chief executive of the affected tribal
government.12 The Individuals and Households Program (IHP) provides assistance to meet the
housing and other needs of disaster survivors, and the IHP is the IA program that is often the
subject of the most congressional interest. A brief description of the IHP is included below.
Individuals and Households Program
When the Individuals and Households Program is authorized pursuant to a presidential
emergency or major disaster declaration, FEMA may provide financial and/or direct assistance
for housing and financial assistance for other needs (referred to as other needs assistance or
ONA) to eligible disaster survivors who, as a result of a disaster, have uninsured or under-insured
necessary expenses and serious needs that cannot be met through other means or forms of
assistance.13 The IHP is intended to meet basic needs and support recovery efforts, but it does not
10 13 C.F.R. §123.105(a)(2). The SBA Administrator may increase the home loan lending limits on appropriate
economic indicators for the region(s) in which the disaster occurred. SBA publishes the increased lending limit for an
individual disaster declaration in the Federal Register.
11 13 C.F.R. §123.107.
12 FEMA’s IA program includes (1) the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program, (2) Disaster Case
Management, (3) Disaster Legal Services, (4) Disaster Unemployment Assistance, and (5) the Individuals and
Households Program. Additionally, Mass Care and Emergency Assistance can support disaster survivors (e.g.,
emergency feeding and sheltering)—however, it is authorized and funded through the Public Assistance Program. The
Individuals and Households Program (IHP) and the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program (CCP) are the
only forms of IA that may be authorized under an emergency declaration (42 U.S.C. §5192(a)(6)); however, all forms
of IA may be available following a declaration of major disaster. For additional information on the FEMA IA
programs, see the FEMA, IAPPG. See also CRS In Focus IF11298, A Brief Overview of FEMA’s Individual Assistance
Program, by Elizabeth M. Webster; and CRS Report R46014, FEMA Individual Assistance Programs: An Overview,
by Elizabeth M. Webster. For more information about the disaster declaration process, see FEMA, “How a Disaster
Gets Declared,” https://www.fema.gov/disaster/how-declared (hereinafter FEMA, “How a Disaster Gets Declared”).
See also CRS Report R43784, FEMA’s Disaster Declaration Process: A Primer, by Bruce R. Lindsay.
13 FEMA, IAPPG, p. 41.
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compensate disaster survivors for all losses and it is not intended to be a substitute for
insurance.14 There are two categories of IHP assistance: Housing Assistance, and Other Needs
Assistance (ONA) (see Table 1 for the subcategories of Housing Assistance and ONA).
Table 1. Types of Housing Assistance and Other Needs Assistance
Housing Assistance: Financial
Housing Assistance: Direct
ONA
Lodging Expense Reimbursement
Rental Assistance
Home Repair Assistance
Home Replacement Assistance
Multi-Family Lease and Repair
Transportable Temporary Housing
Units
Direct Lease
Permanent Housing Construction
Serious Needs Assistance
Displacement Assistance
Personal Property Assistance
Transportation Assistance
Group Flood Insurance Policy
Funeral Assistance
Medical and Dental Assistance
Childcare Assistance
Assistance for Miscellaneous Items
Moving and Storage Assistance
Clean and Sanitize Assistance
Sources: CRS’s interpretation of “Figure 5: Housing Assistance” and “Figure 28: Other Needs Assistance, NonSBA-Dependent and SBA-Dependent” of the FEMA, Individual Assistance Program and Policy Guide (IAPPG), v. 1.1,
FP 104-009-03, May 2021, pp. 44 and 146, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_iappg-1.1.pdf;
Memorandum from Keith Turi, FEMA Assistant Administrator, Recovery Directorate to FEMA Regional
Administrators, “RE: Amendment to FP 104-009-03, Individual Assistance Program and Policy Guide, Version
1.1,” September 2, 2021, pp. 11-12, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_iappg-policyamendments-memo.pdf; DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 3990-4125,
January 22, 2024; and FEMA, “Voluntary Organization Information Sharing for Engagement VOISE Partner Call:
Reforming Individual Assistance,” January 25, 2023 (see slide on “The Future of FEMA Individual Assistance”).
Note: The different types of Housing Assistance may constitute either financial or direct assistance; however, all
types of Other Needs Assistance (ONA) are forms of financial assistance.
Housing Assistance
Housing Assistance may include the following financial and/or direct assistance options:
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Lodging Expense Reimbursement (LER) provides reimbursement for out-ofpocket short-term lodging costs and taxes (e.g., hotels, motels, or other shortterm lodging).
Rental Assistance (Initial Rental Assistance and Continued Temporary
Housing Assistance) provides funding for temporary alternate housing
accommodations while the applicant is displaced from their primary residence.
Home Repair Assistance provides funding to repair an owner-occupied primary
residence.
Replacement Assistance provides funding to replace an owner-occupied primary
residence when the residence is destroyed.
14 44 C.F.R. §§206.110 et seq.; 42 U.S.C. §5174; FEMA, IAPPG, p. 6; FEMA, “How a Disaster Gets Declared.” For
additional information on the IHP, see CRS In Focus IF12049, FEMA’s Individuals and Households Program (IHP),
by Elizabeth M. Webster, and CRS Report R47015, FEMA’s Individuals and Households Program (IHP)—
Implementation and Considerations for Congress, by Elizabeth M. Webster.
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Multi-Family Lease and Repair (MLR) temporarily place disaster survivors in
FEMA-leased currently existing vacant multi-family housing units.
Transportable Temporary Housing Units (TTHUs) temporarily places disaster
survivors in FEMA-purchased or -leased temporary housing units (i.e.,
Recreational Vehicles [RVs] or Manufactured Housing Units [MHUs]).
Direct Lease temporarily places disaster survivors in FEMA-leased residential
properties.
Permanent Housing Construction (PHC) provides home repair and
construction services in insular areas outside the continental United States and
other locations where no alternative housing resources are available and where
the types of FEMA housing assistance that are normally provided (such as Rental
Assistance) are unavailable, infeasible, or not cost-effective.15
In addition to IHP temporary housing assistance, FEMA may provide short-term, emergency
sheltering accommodations under Section 403—Essential Assistance—of the Stafford Act (e.g.,
the Transitional Sheltering Assistance [TSA] program, which provides short-term hotel/motel
accommodations to disaster survivors).16
Other Needs Assistance (ONA)
ONA provides financial assistance for other disaster-related necessary expenses and serious
needs.17 ONA may include the following financial assistance options:
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Serious Needs Assistance provides $750 to address disaster survivors’
immediate post-disaster needs for items such as “water, food, first aid, infant
formula, diapers, personal hygiene items, and fuel for or the cost of
transportation.”18
Displacement Assistance provides up-front financial assistance to help disaster
survivors immediately obtain short-term accommodations while they work to
secure temporary housing (such as FEMA Rental Assistance).19
Personal Property Assistance provides funding to repair or replace eligible
personal property items damaged or destroyed as a result of a declared
15 FEMA, IAPPG, p. 127. According to the IAPPG, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands,
American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are insular areas, and the Alaskan interior is an example of a remote area
(FEMA, IAPPG, p. 76). Unavailable means temporary housing options are unavailable for a reasonable cost or in a
reasonable amount of time. Infeasible means there are no available rental housing resources, or forms of Direct
Temporary Housing Assistance cannot be used because of various challenges (e.g., distance, time delays), which
FEMA cannot overcome with reasonable means. Not cost-effective means the provision of other forms of Direct
Temporary Housing Assistance would cost more than providing Permanent Housing Construction (PHC).
16
42 U.S.C. §5170b. Note that Stafford Act Section 403 assistance is not the focus of this report.
17 State, territory, and Indian tribal governments establish the maximum amount of assistance that may be awarded for
some categories of ONA, including Transportation Assistance for repair or replacement, Funeral Assistance, and Child
Care Assistance. Personal Property and Miscellaneous Items may also be requested, and the requesting state, territory,
and Indian tribal government must list the additional items, maximum quantity, maximum award amount, and
justification and situations for use. This is submitted to FEMA annually via the “ONA Administrative Option Selection
Form” (FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 147, 149). However, the “ONA Administrative Option Selection Form” may be changed
“during any non-disaster period or within three days of a major disaster declaration” (FEMA, IAPPG, p. 149).
18 DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 4012, 4023-4024, and 4123, January 22,
2024.
19 DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 4024 and 4123, January 22, 2024.
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emergency or major disaster.20 Assistance may be provided for ONA-eligible
personal property items set by the affected state/territory/tribe in its “ONA
Administrative Option Selection Form.”21
Transportation Assistance provides funding to repair or replace a vehicle
damaged by a declared emergency or major disaster, up to the maximum award
amount set by the affected state/territory/tribe in its “ONA Administrative Option
Selection Form.”22
Group Flood Insurance Policy enables FEMA or the state, territory, or tribal
government to directly purchase a three-year certificate of coverage on an
applicant’s behalf if the applicant is required to purchase and maintain flood
insurance, but could not otherwise purchase a policy.23
Funeral Assistance provides funding to assist with eligible funeral expenses
related to a death that is directly or indirectly attributable to a declared
emergency or major disaster, up to the maximum award amount set by the
affected state/territory/tribe in its “ONA Administrative Option Selection
Form.”24
Medical and Dental Assistance provides funding to assist with eligible medical
and dental expenses incurred as a direct result of a declared emergency or major
disaster.25
Child Care Assistance provides funding to assist with a disaster-caused
increased financial burden for childcare for children aged 13 and under and/or
children up to age 21 who have a disability and need assistance with activities of
daily living. Assistance is provided for up to eight cumulative weeks of childcare
and eligible expenses or the maximum award amount set by the affected
state/territory/tribe in its “ONA Administrative Option Selection Form,”
whichever is less.26
Moving and Storage Assistance provides funding to relocate and store essential
personal property while repairs are made to the applicant’s primary residence,
and then return the property to the repaired primary residence.27
20 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 166-169; DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 4010,
January 22, 2024. Eligible Personal Property items include standard household appliances (and selected accessibility
items); essential clothing; standard furnishings; and essential, specialized tools and equipment required by an employer
or for education, as well as a self-employed individual’s disaster-damaged essential tools and equipment, and required
items for their trade/profession.
21 FEMA, IAPPG, p. 149. The affected state, territory, or tribe may identify ONA-eligible personal property and
miscellaneous items, and can set a maximum number of items each eligible individual or household may receive.
22 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 149, and 170-172. Eligible vehicles include cars, vans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and trucks,
and may include motorcycles, boats, golf carts, etc. if specified by the affected state, territory, or Indian tribal
government on their “ONA Administrative Option Selection Form.”
23 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 172-175. Upon the group policy’s expiration, the applicant must purchase and maintain their
own flood insurance; failure to do so may affect future IHP eligibility.
24 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 149-152. Examples of eligible funeral expenses include interment or reinterment, funeral and
officiant services, and the cost of producing and certifying death certificates.
25 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 153-155. Examples of eligible medical and dental expenses include costs associated with a
disaster-caused illness or injury, replacing prescribed medication or equipment, and insurance deductibles and
copayments, as well as loss or injury of a service animal.
26 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 155-160.
27 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 162-164. Items may be relocated to a temporary housing unit if they will be returned to the
repaired primary residence. Appliances and furniture, but not recreational items, are eligible to move and store.
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Miscellaneous Expenses provides funding to reimburse eligible individuals for
eligible items purchased or rented after a disaster to assist with their recovery.28
Assistance may be provided for ONA-eligible miscellaneous items set by the
affected state/territory/tribe in its “ONA Administrative Option Selection
Form.”29
Clean and Sanitize Assistance is provided to eligible individuals in the form of
a one-time payment limited to $300 to “ensure minimal damage to the home is
addressed in order to prevent additional losses and potential health and safety
concerns.”30
Maximum Amount of IHP Financial Assistance
The amount of IHP financial assistance an individual or household may receive for housing and
other needs is limited. Housing assistance may not exceed $42,500 (FY2024; adjusted annually),
and separate from that, financial assistance for ONA also may not exceed $42,500 (FY2024;
adjusted annually).31 In addition, financial assistance to rent alternate housing accommodations is
not subject to the cap, and accessibility-related repair or replacement costs associated with real
and personal property are not subject to the cap.32
Still, households may need both IHP assistance and an SBA disaster loan to repair or rebuild their
home, or meet other disaster-caused needs.
Stafford Act and SBA Disaster Declarations, and
Designations
Two declaration authorities put FEMA IA and the SBA Disaster Loan Program into effect: (1) the
Stafford Act and (2) the Small Business Act.
28 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 160-162. Miscellaneous items may assist disaster survivors with gaining access to their property
or assisting with cleaning efforts. Examples of eligible miscellaneous items may include carbon monoxide and smoke
detectors, and a dehumidifier or humidifier. Chainsaws and generators may be permitted under limited circumstances if
certain conditions are met.
29 FEMA, IAPPG, p. 149. The affected state, territory, or tribe may identify ONA-eligible personal property and
miscellaneous items, and can set a maximum number of items each eligible individual or household may receive.
30 Memorandum from Keith Turi, FEMA Assistant Administrator, Recovery Directorate to FEMA Regional
Administrators, “RE: Amendment to FP 104-009-03, Individual Assistance Program and Policy Guide, Version 1.1,”
September 2, 2021, pp. 11-12, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_iappg-policy-amendmentsmemo.pdf (hereinafter Memorandum from Keith Turi RE: Amendment to the IAPPG).
31 DHS/FEMA, “Notice of Maximum Amount of Assistance Under the Individuals and Households Program,” 88
Federal Register 72520, October 20, 2023, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-10-20/pdf/2023-23168.pdf.
The maximum amount of assistance is adjusted annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers published by the Department of Labor (42 U.S.C. §5174(h)).
32 42 U.S.C. §5174(h)(4). FEMA expanded the provision of Home Repair Assistance for accessibility-related items to
allow individuals with pre-existing or disaster-caused disabilities to install or construct new real-property components
that are necessary to meet their accessibility-related needs—even if such items were not present in the home prior to the
disaster (DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 3997, January 22, 2024).
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Stafford Act Declarations
The Stafford Act authorizes the President to issue emergency and major disaster declarations33 to
provide local, state, territorial, and tribal governments, nonprofit organizations, and individual
disasters survivors with a range of federal assistance to support their response to and recovery
from natural and human-caused incidents.34 Each presidential Stafford Act declaration includes a
“designation” listing the counties eligible for assistance, as well as the types of assistance FEMA
is authorized to provide under the declaration.35 Potential types of assistance include (1) Public
Assistance (PA) for emergency protective measures, debris removal, and repair or replacement of
damaged public infrastructure;36 (2) Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) grants to fund
projects to lessen the effects of future disaster incidents;37 and (3) Individual Assistance (IA) to
provide assistance to disaster survivors.
Not all major disaster declarations provide IA. Often, major declarations only provide PA and
HMGP (these are sometimes referred to as “PA-only” major disaster declarations). (It is also
uncommon for IA to be authorized pursuant to an emergency declaration.)
In addition to making FEMA assistance available, Stafford Act major disaster declarations also
trigger the SBA Disaster Loan Program.38 The assistance designation, however, determines what
loan types become available. In particular, the IA designation is important because it determines
whether SBA disaster loans will be made available to individuals and households. For example, if
the President declares a major disaster and designates IA for a county, then all SBA disaster loan
types become available to that county.39 If the President issues a PA-only major declaration, SBA
disaster loans are generally only available to private nonprofit organizations. In some cases, a
major disaster is declared for an incident that designates IA for some counties, and designates PA
for others. Only counties authorized to receive IA pursuant to a major disaster declaration are
eligible for SBA home disaster loans.
33 Emergency declarations provide more limited federal assistance. Only Public Assistance Categories A (debris
removal) and B (emergency protective measures), the Individual Assistance Individuals and Households Program
(IHP), and the Crisis Counseling Assistance and Training Program (CCP), may be available following an emergency
declaration (FEMA, “How a Disaster Gets Declared”). Additionally, SBA disaster loans for individuals and households
are only available following a Presidential declaration of a major disaster when IA is authorized.
34 For more information on major disaster declarations, see CRS Report R43784, FEMA’s Disaster Declaration
Process: A Primer, by Bruce R. Lindsay; and CRS Report R42702, Stafford Act Declarations 1953-2016: Trends,
Analyses, and Implications for Congress, by Bruce R. Lindsay.
35 When an emergency or major disaster is declared, areas of the impacted state are “designated” as having been
deemed eligible for federal assistance (44 C.F.R. §206.2(a)(6)). A designated area is “[a]ny emergency or major
disaster-affected portion of a State which has been determined eligible for Federal assistance.” Designated areas may
include counties, parishes, or tribal lands, as well as municipalities, villages, or districts (FEMA, IAPPG, p. 5).
36 For more information on the Public Assistance (PA) program, see CRS Report R46749, FEMA’s Public Assistance
Program: A Primer and Considerations for Congress, by Erica A. Lee.
37 For more information on the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), see CRS Report R46989, FEMA Hazard
Mitigation: A First Step Toward Climate Adaptation, by Diane P. Horn.
38 13 C.F.R. §123.3(a)(1).
39 Contiguous counties also become eligible for SBA disaster loans. FEMA assistance is not provided to contiguous
counties—only those counties designated in the declaration. The loan types are home disaster loans (Personal Property
Loans and Real Property Loans), which are discussed in this report, and business disaster loans (Business Physical
Disaster Loans and Economic Injury Disaster Loans).
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SBA Disaster Declarations
SBA disaster loans can also be triggered by the SBA Administrator, who is authorized under the
Small Business Act to issue an “Agency” or “SBA declaration” that makes SBA disaster loans
available for homeowners, renters, businesses, and nonprofit organizations.40 The SBA
declaration by itself does not, however, trigger FEMA IA.41
Applications for Assistance
The following sections describe the application process for FEMA and SBA disaster loan
assistance. They include a discussion concerning eligibility criteria for the two programs. Each
agency is responsible for determining eligibility based on the applicant’s losses and the forms of
assistance they have received.
Applicants in a declared disaster area may register for FEMA IHP assistance and SBA disaster
loans after a Stafford Act declaration has been issued and IA has been authorized (applicants may
also register for SBA disaster loans pursuant to an SBA declaration).
Applying for FEMA Individual Assistance
Disaster survivors can register for assistance online, by telephone, or in-person at a Disaster
Recovery Center (DRC).42
Disaster survivors have 60 days from the date of a declaration authorizing Individual Assistance
to apply for FEMA IHP assistance. This 60-day period is known as the Initial Registration
Period.43 FEMA will continue to accept late registrations for an additional 60 days after the Initial
Registration Period if the applicant provides a reasonable explanation for the delay (no written
justification or documentation explaining the circumstances that prevented them from applying
on time are required)—this is known as the Late Application Period.44 FEMA does not accept
applications submitted after the Late Application Period concludes.45
The registration deadline does not change for areas that are subsequently designated for
assistance, but FEMA may extend the Registration Period at the request of the state, territory, or
tribal government—with FEMA’s approval (e.g., to establish the same registration deadline for
40 The criteria used to determine whether to issue a declaration include a minimum amount of uninsured physical
damage to buildings, machinery, inventory, homes, and other property. Generally, this minimum is at least 25 homes or
businesses (or some combination of the two) that have sustained uninsured losses of 40% or more in any county or
other smaller political subdivision of a state or U.S. possession. See 13 C.F.R. §123.3(a)(3)(i) and 13 C.F.R.
§123.3(a)(3)(ii).
41 Under an SBA declaration, applicants apply directly to SBA for disaster loans. The Computer Matching Agreement
(CMA) with FEMA is not used in these situations.
42
FEMA, IAPPG, p. 69. See Appendix A for more information. See also CRS Report R47297, Disaster Survivor
FAQ: FEMA Individuals and Households Program, by Elizabeth M. Webster, for additional information on frequently
asked questions that arise as disaster survivors navigate the IHP application process and receive IHP assistance.
43 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 70-71; 44 C.F.R. §206.112; and email from FEMA Congressional Affairs staff, May 25, 2021.
44 DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 3995 and 4031, January 22, 2024,
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-01-22/pdf/2024-00677.pdf. Reasonable explanations for late
applications can include incarceration, that the applicant was the victim of human trafficking, ongoing domestic
situations in which persons pose an immediate threat to a family member in the same household, major life events (e.g.,
birth or a child, marriage), hospitalization/illness/disability of the applicant or an immediate family member, death of
an immediate family member, or proof of personal or business travel out of the area during the application period.
45 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 70-71; 44 C.F.R. §206.112; and email from FEMA Congressional Affairs staff, May 25, 2021.
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FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for Individuals and Households
subsequently designated areas).46 Additionally, if the Stafford Act declaration is amended to
include additional counties following the expiration of the registration period, then the
registration period can be reopened, but only for the newly authorized counties.47
(See Figure 1 for a comparison of the IHP and SBA disaster loan program application deadlines.)
The registration process requires the following information:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
certification that the applicant is a U.S. citizen, noncitizen national, a qualified
alien, or the parent or guardian of a minor who is a U.S. citizen, noncitizen
national, or qualified alien;
the primary applicant’s social security number (or the social security number of a
minor child in the household who is a U.S. citizen, noncitizen national, or
qualified alien if the parent or legal guardian is not a legal citizen);
current and pre-disaster address;
names of pre-disaster household occupants;
contact information;
insurance information;
financial information (i.e., pre-disaster household annual gross income);
losses caused by the disaster; and
banking information for direct deposit of financial assistance.48
Other forms of IA include other application requirements and processes on the part of the
requesting affected local, state, territorial, or tribal government, and eligible disaster survivors
may access the services provided at no cost to the disaster survivor.
Applying for SBA Disaster Loans
Applicants have 60 days beginning the day after the date of the declaration under either the
Stafford Act or Small Business Act to apply for SBA real and personal property disaster loans
(see Figure 1). Applicants can apply for SBA disaster loans online, in-person at a DRC, or by
mail.49 Applicants must fill out SBA Form 5C and IRS Form 4506-C.50 The forms require
information about the applicant, including their social security number, income, insurance, assets,
debt amounts, and tax information. The applicant may also be required to indicate whether their
employment has changed in the last two years, as well as provide deed and proof of residency
information. If the applicant is claiming automobile damage they may be required to provide
proof of ownership (e.g., a copy of the registration, title, bill of sale).
46 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 70-71; 44 C.F.R. §206.112; and email from FEMA Congressional Affairs staff, May 25, 2021.
47 DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 4030, January 22, 2024.
48 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 71-72.
49 See Appendix A of this report for more information. See also SBA, “Disaster Assistance,” https://www.sba.gov/
funding-programs/disaster-assistance; and SBA, “Three Steps to SBA Disaster Assistance Loans,”
https://www.sba.gov/brand/assets/sba/resource-partners/three-steps-disaster-assistance-loans-508.pdf.
50 For the paper forms, see SBA, “Document Search,” https://www.sba.gov/documents.
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Figure 1. Application Deadlines
FEMA IHP and SBA Disaster Loan Program
Sources: Based on CRS’s interpretation of FEMA, Individual Assistance Program and Policy Guide (IAPPG), v. 1.1, FP
104-009-03, May 2021, pp. 70-71, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_iappg-1.1.pdf;
DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 3995, January 22, 2024,
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-01-22/pdf/2024-00677.pdf; and U.S. Small Business Administration,
SOP 50 30 9, Disaster Assistance Program, May 31, 2018, p. 14, https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/
SOP%2050%2030%209-FINAL.PDF.
Note: The application deadline for SBA disaster loans applies to declarations issued by either the President
pursuant to the Stafford Act, or the SBA Administrator pursuant to the Small Business Act.
Eligibility for SBA Disaster Loans
In the case of SBA disaster loans, the SBA’s Office of Disaster Assistance (ODA) determines
eligibility based on the applicant’s disaster-related losses, as verified by the SBA.51 According to
the SBA, three main criteria are used for making credit decisions:
1. eligibility, which is based on the applicant’s disaster-related losses;
2. satisfactory credit; and
3. repayment ability, including minimum income levels.
The SBA would not decline an application for not having collateral to secure a loan but, to the
extent it is available, a borrower may be required to pledge collateral for loans over certain
amounts (e.g., $25,000 for physical damage loans).52
Eligibility for FEMA IHP Assistance
IHP applicants must meet general eligibility requirements, as follows:
1. be a U.S. citizen, noncitizen national, or “qualified alien” (or the parent or
guardian of such a minor);53
51 Generally, based on the amount of disaster damages, minus any assistance received from insurance, FEMA grants, or
other sources of recovery.
52 SBA, Frequently Asked Questions, August 17, 2021, https://disasterloanassistance.sba.gov/ela/s/article/FAQ.
53 FEMA cites the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA; P.L. 104193), which provides that only “qualified aliens” are eligible for federal public benefits—to include IHP assistance.
Further, there are some categories of “aliens lawfully present in the U.S. who are not eligible for IHP assistance,” such
as temporary tourist visa holders (FEMA, IAPPG, p. 47). On April 26, 2024, FEMA issued a memorandum to
(continued...)
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2. have their identity verified by FEMA;
3. have disaster-caused needs that cannot be met through their insurance or other
forms of disaster assistance; and
4. have necessary expenses and serious needs that were directly caused by a
declared disaster.54
Each type of IHP assistance requires that additional eligibility conditions be met, and may require
additional documentation.55 For example, Home Repair and Home Replacement assistance are
only available to homeowners, and some forms of assistance require proof of occupancy and/or
ownership.56 A FEMA inspection is used to verify losses related to real and personal property.57
Appealing Eligibility and Assistance
Determinations
FEMA Appeals
FEMA may deny IHP applicants’ requests for IHP assistance for a variety of reasons, ranging
from determinations related to the applicant’s eligibility for IHP assistance generally or the
specific type of IHP assistance being requested, to a finding by FEMA that the applicant failed to
purchase and maintain flood insurance as a requirement of receiving previous federal disaster
assistance.58 If this occurs, applicants for IHP assistance may appeal FEMA’s determinations. To
appeal any IHP assistance-related FEMA determination, applicants must submit documentation
supporting the appeal request (a written and signed appeal letter of explanation is not required).59
Once FEMA receives an appeal, a caseworker who was not involved in the case shall review the
appeal and file to determine if there is sufficient information to change FEMA’s determination. If
there is not sufficient information, FEMA will either (1) contact the applicant to request
additional information with a deadline of 30 days; (2) contact a third party (e.g., contractor,
insurance company) to verify the supporting documentation; and/or (3) schedule an appeal
implement the statutory amendments to the IHP and make changes to the IAPPG, including to reflect that, “Legal
residents in accordance with the Compacts of Free Association with the Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of the
Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau” are qualified non-citizens (Memorandum from Frank Matranga, FEMA
Individual Assistance Division Director to FEMA Regional Administrators, “RE: Compact of Free Association Citizen
Eligibility for the Individuals and Households Program and Amendment to FP 104-009-03, Individual Assistance
Program and Policy Guide, Version 1.1,” April 26, 2024, https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/
fema_iappg-amendment_cofa_April-26-2024.pdf; FEMA, “Qualifying for FEMA Disaster Assistance: Citizenship and
Immigration Status Requirements,” last updated May 21, 2024, https://www.fema.gov/assistance/individual/program/
citizenship-immigration-status). Thus, FEMA may now provide IHP assistance to eligible COFA (Compacts of Free
Association) migrants who are affected by declared disasters.
54 FEMA, IAPPG, p. 46. See also FEMA, “Eligibility Criteria for FEMA Assistance,” last updated November 28, 2022,
https://www.fema.gov/assistance/individual/program/eligibility; FEMA, “Individuals and Households Program,” last
updated April 5, 2023, https://www.fema.gov/fact-sheet/individuals-and-households-program.
55 See the IAPPG guidance on the type of IHP assistance being requested for additional requirements.
56 FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 46, 51-55; Memorandum from Keith Turi RE: Amendment to the IAPPG, pp. 2-9.
57 FEMA, IAPPG, p. 72.
58 42 U.S.C. §5189a(a); 44 C.F.R. §206.115(a). Applicants can appeal FEMA’s determinations, including related to
their eligibility for assistance, the amount and/or specific type(s) of IHP assistance authorized, FEMA’s decision to
recoup assistance, and FEMA’s rejection of a late application, or any other eligibility-related decision.
59 44 C.F.R. §206.115(b); FEMA, IAPPG, pp. 66-67; DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89
Federal Register 3999, January 22, 2024.
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inspection.60 FEMA shall provide appeal determinations to the applicant in writing within 90 days
of receiving the appeal, and FEMA’s decision is final (i.e., it cannot be appealed again).61
SBA Appeals
SBA disaster loan applicants have six months to request a reconsideration of an SBA decline and
have 30 days to appeal a subsequent SBA decline decision.62
Policy Observations and Considerations
Disaster Survivor Confusion Due to Separate Application
Processes for FEMA IHP and SBA Disaster Loans
Prior to March 22, 2024, IHP applicants who met the Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s)
minimum income requirements had to first apply for an SBA disaster loan, and either be denied
or receive a partial loan, before they could be considered for FEMA’s SBA-Dependent ONA,
which included assistance for personal property, transportation, and Group Flood Insurance
Policies (GFIPs). FEMA amended its regulations, removing this requirement, so the new process
allows IHP applicants to receive the IHP assistance they apply and are eligible for, including all
forms of ONA, without having to apply for an SBA disaster loan.63
IHP applicants may still choose to apply for an SBA disaster loan if they require additional
funding to address their unmet real or personal property needs. As previously noted, the SBA
disaster loan application is separate from the FEMA IHP application for assistance, and therefore,
disaster survivors must submit a separate application for an SBA disaster loan in order to be
considered for such assistance. The current requirement that disaster survivors must submit
multiple applications to receive different types of federal disaster assistance has been a subject of
congressional concern. A potential consideration to address the potential for confusion and the
additional burden on disaster survivors resulting from the current process relates to creating a
unified application for disaster assistance.
For example, during the 118th Congress, Senators Gary Peters, Rand Paul, and James Lankford
cosponsored the Disaster Assistance Simplification Act (S. 1528) to simplify the application
process itself by creating a consolidated application for federal disaster assistance. Previously,
during the 117th Congress, Senators Peters and Lankford cosponsored the Disaster Assistance
Simplification Act (S. 4599).64 Similarly, in the 118th Congress, Representatives Dina Titus,
Garrett Graves, Troy Carter, and Marcus Molinaro, and Resident Commissioner Jennifer
González-Colón, cosponsored the Disaster Survivors Fairness Act of 2023 (H.R. 1796), which
includes a universal application for individual assistance.
60 44 C.F.R. §206.115(f); FEMA, IAPPG, p. 68.
61 44 C.F.R. §206.115(f); FEMA, IAPPG, p. 68.
62 13 C.F.R. §123.13(e).
63 DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program Equity,” 89 Federal Register 4009, January 22, 2024.
64 See also U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, “Peters and Lankford Bipartisan
Bill to Simplify Application Process for Federal Disaster Assistance Advances in Senate: Legislation Would Create
Universal Application for Disaster Survivors,” press release, August 5, 2022, https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/media/
dems/peters-and-lankford-bipartisan-bill-to-simplify-application-process-for-federal-disaster-assistance-advances-insenate/.
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Use of the Computer Matching Agreement (CMA) to Prevent a
Duplication of Benefits (DOB)
Following a major disaster, homeowners and businesses may have access to a number of
resources to assist in the response, recovery, and rebuilding process. The range of resources
include insurance payouts, state and local government assistance, charitable donations from
private institutions and individuals, as well as certain forms of federal assistance. In addition to
FEMA and SBA disaster assistance, individuals and households may be eligible for assistance
provided through the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD’s) Community
Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) program, when authorized.65
Compensation from multiple sources that exceeds the total loss amount is generally considered a
duplication of benefits.66 When duplication occurs, the recipient is liable to the United States to
pay back the duplicated benefit.67
Section 312 of the Stafford Act requires federal agencies to ensure that individuals (and
businesses) do not receive disaster assistance for losses for which they have already been
compensated or may expect to be compensated.68 The uniformity requirement set forth in Section
312 is located in FEMA regulation 44 C.F.R. §206.191, which establishes a delivery sequence of
disaster assistance provided by federal agencies and organizations.69 According to FEMA
regulations, the agency or organization that is later in the delivery sequence should not provide
assistance that duplicates assistance provided by an agency or organization earlier in the
sequence. When the delivery sequence has been disrupted, the disrupting agency is responsible
for rectifying the duplication. The regulation specifies selected forms of assistance, including
FEMA IHP assistance and SBA disaster loans, but does not specifically list HUD’s CDBG-DR
program. Figure 2 sets forth FEMA’s sequence of delivery to ensure uniformity in preventing a
duplication of benefits from occurring.
65 For more information on the Community Development Block Program, see CRS Report R46475, The Community
Development Block Grant’s Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) Component: Background and Issues, by Joseph V.
Jaroscak.
66 42 U.S.C. §5155; 44 C.F.R. §206.191.
67 42 U.S.C. §5155; 44 C.F.R. §206.191. When a duplication of benefits occurs, the IHP recipient must repay the
duplicated benefit. FEMA reclaims funds through a process known as recoupment. There are some circumstances,
however, under which FEMA may not pursue recoupment. Section 5602(a) of the James M. Inhofe National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (P.L. 117-263) amended DRRA Section 1216(a) to require FEMA to waive
recoupment of IHP assistance in two situations, provided the debt does not involve fraud, a false claim, or
misrepresentation by the debtor or party having an interest in the claim: (1) “if the covered assistance [i.e., IHP
assistance] was distributed based on an error by the Agency [i.e., FEMA] and such debt shall be construed as a
hardship; and (2) “if such [covered] assistance [i.e., IHP assistance] is subject to a claim or legal action.... ”
68 42 U.S.C. §5155. There are numerous statutes and regulations that prohibit duplication of benefits with respect to
disaster assistance. These are included in Appendix A.
69 42 U.S.C. §5155(b)(2); 44 C.F.R. §206.191(d).
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Figure 2. Sequence of Delivery to Avoid a Duplication of Benefits
Effective March 22, 2024.
Source: Based on CRS’s interpretation of 44 C.F.R. §206.191(d) and DHS/FEMA, “Individual Assistance Program
Equity,” 89 Federal Register 4124, January 22, 2024.
Note: Cora Brown of Kansas City, MO, died in 1977, leaving a portion of her estate to the United States to be
used as a special fund to relieve human suffering caused by natural disasters.
The SBA and FEMA entered into the CMA pursuant to Section (o) of the Privacy Act of 1974 (5
U.S.C. §552a).70 As outlined in the SBA-FEMA Computer Matching Agreement, “the financial
and administrative responsibilities will be evenly distributed between SBA and DHS/FEMA
unless otherwise set forth in this agreement.”71 The CMA further states that it is “part of a
Government wide initiative, Executive Order 13411—Improving Assistance for Disaster Victims
(August 29, 2006) ... to identify and prevent duplication of benefits received by individuals,
businesses, or other entities for the same disaster.”72 Thus, the CMA enables SBA and FEMA to
share data on assistance provided to applicants.73 Additionally, both SBA and FEMA share
relevant data—including personally identifiable information (PII) related to applicants—with
local, state, territorial, and tribal governments, and voluntary agencies. This is done to prevent a
duplication of benefits, as well as to potentially enable applicants to receive additional disaster
assistance.
In addition to the CMA used by SBA and FEMA in this disaster assistance context, FEMA and
HUD, which administers CDBG-DR, have a CMA, which states that “CDBG-DR grantees will
use matched data to prevent the duplication of benefits by reviewing applications for CDBG-DR
assistance and making determinations that CDBG-DR benefits provided to CDBG-DR grantee
70 As amended by the Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-503), and as amended by the
Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 101-508, 5 U.S.C. §552a(p) (1990)).
71 SBA/FEMA, “Computer Matching Agreement,” p. 1.
72SBA/FEMA, “Computer Matching Agreement,” p. 5.
73 SBA/FEMA, “Computer Matching Agreement,” pp. 7-8.
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program applicants are not duplicative of assistance that the grantee program applicants already
received from FEMA.”74 Historically, HUD has considered whether the provision of CDBG-DR
may constitute a duplication of previously provided FEMA assistance. For example, when
implementing the CDBG-DR-funded programs in Puerto Rico following 2017 Hurricanes Irma
and María, the program guidance describes program requirements and award contingencies
explaining that program beneficiaries must agree to repay duplicative assistance and that award
determinations consider funding from all sources to avoid duplicating benefits and can deduct
duplicative funds.75
The SBA and HUD do not have a CMA to determine instances of duplication.76
If Congress is concerned about the use of the SBA-FEMA and/or FEMA-HUD CMAs, it could
investigate the effectiveness of the CMAs in preventing duplication of benefits since their
implementation. Similarly, Congress could also review how applicant information is being used
by local, state, territorial, and tribal governments, as well as voluntary agencies, to determine the
effectiveness of information sharing with regard to reducing duplication.
74 “Computer Matching Agreement Between United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD),”
February 11, 2022, p. 25, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2022-02/
3.%20DHS%20FEMA%20Department%20HUD%20CMA_0.pdf.
75 Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Disaster Recovery Action Plan: For the Use of CDBG-DR Funds in Response to 2017
Hurricanes Irma and María, Amend. 10, February 17, 2023, pp. 20, 102, 105, 130 (hereinafter Puerto Rico, CDBG-DR
Action Plan). Per Puerto Rico’s CDBG-DR Action Plan, “CDBG-DR funds must be funding of last resort, and if
additional funds are paid to applicant awardees for the same purpose as the housing assistance award they receive
through PRDOH assistance (i.e., repair or replacement of the damaged structure) after PRDOH has completed the
repair/rehabilitation project, those funds must be returned to PRDOH.”
76 HUD’s list of Computer Matching Agreements can be found at https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/
officeofadministration/privacy_act/cma/hud-cma.
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Appendix A. Relevant Duplication of Benefits
Statutory Authorities and Regulations
This Appendix lists selected authorities and regulations pertaining to the duplication of disaster
assistance benefits. This list should be considered representative, not exhaustive.
Stafford Act (42 U.S.C. §5155)
The Stafford Act is the primary statute governing the provision of federal disaster assistance,
particularly FEMA assistance. Section 312 of the Stafford Act requires federal agencies that
provide financial disaster assistance to ensure that individuals, businesses, or other entities
suffering losses as a result of a major disaster or emergency do not receive assistance for losses
for which they have already been compensated. Section 312 also requires the President to
establish procedures that ensure uniformity in preventing duplication of benefits. Under Section
312, any person, business, or other entity that has received or is entitled to receive federal disaster
assistance is liable to the United States for the repayment of such assistance to the extent that
such assistance duplicates benefits available for the same purpose from another source, including
insurance and other federal programs.
Stafford Act (42 U.S.C. §5174)
Section 408(a)(1) states that the President may provide assistance to individuals and households
who, as a result of a major disaster, “have necessary expenses and serious needs in cases in which
the individuals and households are unable to meet such expenses or needs through other means.”
FEMA Regulations
44 C.F.R. §206.191 establishes the policies implementing Section 312 of the Stafford Act, and
states that it is FEMA’s policy to prevent the duplication of benefits between its own programs,
other assistance programs, and insurance benefits. The regulation requires individuals to repay all
duplicated assistance to the agency providing the assistance. Under 44 C.F.R. §206.191, a federal
agency providing disaster assistance is responsible for preventing or rectifying duplication of
benefits when they occur. 44 C.F.R. §206.191(d)(2) also includes a “delivery sequence” hierarchy
intended to prevent waste, fraud, and abuse of program assistance, including the duplication of
benefits (see Figure 2).
Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. §636(b)(1)(A))
The first proviso in 15 U.S.C. §636(b)(1)(A) states that the SBA is authorized to make disaster
loans “[p]rovided, [t]hat such damage or destruction is not compensated for by insurance or
otherwise.”
Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. §647)
15 U.S.C. §647(a) prohibits the SBA from providing benefits that duplicate the assistance
provided by another department or agency of the federal government. It also states that if loan
applications are refused or denied by a department or agency due to administrative withholding or
due to an administratively declared moratorium, then no duplication is deemed to have occurred.
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SBA Regulation
13 C.F.R. §123.101(c) states that applicants for SBA Disaster Loan assistance are ineligible for a
home disaster loan if their damaged property can be repaired or replaced with the proceeds of
insurance, gifts, or other compensation. These amounts must either be deducted from the amount
of the claimed losses or, if received after SBA has disbursed the loan, must be paid to SBA as
principal payments on the loan.
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Appendix B. FEMA and SBA Constituent Resources
The following provides various FEMA and SBA resources and information that may be of use for
constituents in declared disaster areas.
FEMA:
•
•
•
Website: https://www.disasterassistance.gov/
Contact: 1-800-621-FEMA (3362); TTY: 1-800-462-7585
Frequently Asked Questions: https://www.fema.gov/assistance/individual
SBA:
•
•
•
•
Website: https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/disaster-assistance
Contact: 1-800-659-2955; TTY: 1-800-877-8339
Three Steps to Disaster Assistance Loans: https://www.sba.gov/brand/assets/
sba/resource-partners/three-steps-disaster-assistance-loans-508.pdf
SBA and IRS Forms: https://www.sba.gov/documents
Author Information
Bruce R. Lindsay
Specialist in American National Government
Elizabeth M. Webster
Specialist in Emergency Management and Disaster
Recovery
Acknowledgments
Jamie Bush, Visual Information Specialist, developed the figures included in this report.
FEMA’s Office of External Affairs and Individual Assistance Division within the Office of Response and
Recovery, and SBA’s Office of Disaster Assistance provided information referenced in this report, as well
as input and insight on the application process for IHP and SBA disaster loans.
Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan
shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and
under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other
than public understanding of information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in
connection with CRS’s institutional role. CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not
subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in
its entirety without permission from CRS. However, as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or
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copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.
Congressional Research Service
R45238 · VERSION 15 · UPDATED
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This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.