Transcript of Record — DeForest Radio Co. v. General Elec. Co.

Supreme Court brief1931

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PREG FAY,

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Spigerencyencisiep

ea hae Gee

se DEFENDANT'S T'S EXHIBITS. .

parity Printed

“Vol. Peer hing Page

* “3

GENERAL © INDEX.

198°

196° VV

pingen thang een oe,

W Construction of the Mercury Pump of Toepler

US 'S, Patent No: 411,019, ‘Sept. 17, 1889.

i U. 8. ‘Patent No. 537,693, April 16, 1895..

tent No, 596,654, Jan. 4, 1898...

ian, Vol. Vitt, No. 1, May, “bee :

eee

| Trev 138

| — nara INDEX—Continued,

No.” . Vol. Page Vol: °

14 Proctedings of the Royal Society Vol. 74 (1905),p

or “Conversion of Electric Oscillations into a

Continuous Currents by ‘Means of a Vacuum Valve,” paises ae

Le al Se Ae BOOM os ive ne dice Fosas es 1 19 Vim

15.- Fleming U. S. Patent No. 803,684, Nov. 7, 1905.. 1 197 ¥V 17

16. Scientific American Supplement, No. 1568, Jan. 20,

"196, pp. 25129-25131, “On the Electric Conduc:

| _. tivity of a Vacuum,” by J. A. Fleming ............ I 197 V- 165°

» 1%. Soddy U. ‘S, Patent No. 859,021; July 2, 1907...... I 198 V 1g

18 "Nature, Nov. 21, 1907, pp. 53-54, “The Wehnelt Kath- - ee

|? de in a High Vacuum,” by Frederick Soddy..... 1, 198 V 19

_ 18-A. Proceedings of the Royal Society (1907), Vol. 78-A, -< i e

‘pp. 429-458, “Calcium as an Absorbent of Gases for “

the Production of High Vacua and Spectroscopic

Research,” by Frederica Soddy ................. I 198 V 19

19. Physikalische Zeitschrift, Vol. 9 (1908), p. 193, Re- My Aimee}

ply to Soddy by Lilienfeld ....... BRC er On I 18 V 2

Jak Trmalinns A tn baacicin Academy of Arts and =i 5 eames

es Sciences, Vol. XIV, No. 1, August, 1909, pp. 1-17, i,

_ “Friction in Gases.at Low Pressures,” by J.L. Hoge I 198 V 25

21. Annalin der Physi Vol. 31, (1910), pp. 169-304,

+ “A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Inertia ‘a

of Moving Blectrons,” by FE, Hupka ............ I 198 »V' 2M

22: Physikalische Zeitschrift, Vol. 10, (1909), pp. 168-

Banks 176, "Concerning Slow Cathode Rays,” by O. V.

BB: Thatcher U. Ss. Patent No. 1028636, June 4, 012.

2h. Friedrich U. $. Patent No:-1,083,677, Jan. 6, 1914...

eo = der Physik, Vo , 32 (1910), PP. aes

Th oe ee ed |

2 Val 13, (1911), pp. 601-606, “On a Method .

ducing Very Soft Roentgen ae

002, Nov. 14, ‘1916.5.

e 4 191 1), - BP, 492-511;

n “Discharge from Hot CAO,”

i “Atti Della Raele® Accademia Dei

(1912), pp. 235-239,

Indicators Based on. the principle of. Electronic —

~~ Emissions from Incandescent Wires,”\ by mere

SPREE RR ey SR Sea ess MINEO wn +See Pada s

Atti Della Reale Accademia Dei Lincel; Vol. XX1

(1912), pp. 274-277, “On a New Type of ndi

‘of Electromagnetic ‘Waves Based Upon' E

Emissions from Incandescent Wires,” by. Quiritig

“Majorana eo Se sf Se, ok Oe eNG oc. iN

| “| Fortschritte uf deb" Gebslelc "der earn Strahlen,

Vol. 18 (1912), pp. 256-263, “An X-Ray Tube of an

i. Optional and Instantaneously Attainable Degree of

"Hardness Independent of ‘Vacuum, by J. E. Lilien-

* Physikalische Zeitscheitt, Vok XIII (1912), pp. 504.”

595, “About the Distribution of Light During the

"American Institute of aes Engineers, Proceed-

} of, June’ 25; 1912 pp. 1a-1217, “Vacua,”

selon hae 0. 1,121,803, Dec. 22, 1914.

‘Anwilin der’ Physik, Vol. 41 (1913), pp. 1-26,"“Con-

a ee by Ernst

‘out U, S. Patent Nov’ 246,054, Nov: 43; 1917.

y'U. S. Patent No, 1,208,597, Dee, 12, 1916..

santerdcorasecgebasuny ag aang sp

—

199

2. he

34444 >

“ge

{

& RG

DEFENDANTS BXHIBITS—GENERAL INDEX=-Coniinived,

Ber* Admitted. Printed s

mae? gee - Ne er ee Vol. co, ot

‘40, General Electric Co. Australian Patent No. 14,677, E

Oct. 22, Oise ab la bilicg A lane fg [384 VV. 580

- 41° British ‘Thomeon-Houston Co, Led, British’ Pat- | ll

DR ME IRR SEB oo eae (1 387 “Ve Soa”

42. White U. S, Patent No. 1,159,307, Nov, -2, 1915... I 387 V @4

43. Arnold U. S. Patent No. 1,118,172, Nov. 24, 1914. 1° 494° V 610°

44. Hewitt U. S. Patent No. 1,025,464, May 7, 1912... I 583 V 614.

. 45. Hewitt U.S, Patent No. 682,699, Sept. 17, 1901. .; I 583 V 6

46, Hewitt U. S. Patent No. 682,692, Sept. 17, 1901. I 583° V 622

47. Kelly's approximate duplicate tube of Amol priority s

Cy POCOME Mabie No 90. os civees heh. bh 11 816 —

i Kitly aqme tok Arad Picks Eebbk Wa. do II 86 V 6o

49, Kelly diagram for Western Electric Standard 102-D

it WR Cet ee Il 828 V 6%

50. Kelly diagram for tube 201-A ..)................, It 828 V 63}

51. Kelly approximate duplicate tube of Arnold Erlority

IIMs Cova nisire «1% chtemew cok cde ads a, Sa ee

52. Kelly:diagram for Arnold Priority Exhibit No. 32 te

- and: approximate duplicate tube .... ct Se Me age OP Il 8&4 V

53. Kelly. diagram for Arnold Priority Exhibit No. 32 x

"and Arnold Audion 9412 ...................... il 836 Vv

54 Kelly dingram for deta of “Audion 9.111 in Aruold ; .

Priority Exhibit hstss Be cag Oe ee Coe he Ree eee: 837:

_ 852.

840

1 $45.-¥

BY gigs eee 4 toh Bey eee + Five ‘

itrogen filled tube at Sifereat

Ae denen Par Re ape &, = ee Get

eee wales

"DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS—GENERAL INDEX—Continued,

i, Diagra 5 sk Sem DAiGh Wend eAaibe nese

) ings of Radio Engineers, showing curves for

e tubés UV-199, 201 and’ Med ci iudk ivines

i Kelly diagram for Arnold ‘priority Exhibit No. 32

and nn aseha pe id

Rent /2 or its inverse

G Fle wraper ani contents, Langmuir U. S. Patent

“© INo. 1,558,436 et

GM weap snd cote Largo US. Peet

Wy WNo. 1,244,216

a i: joer lueagpeencmetter an. coma ae S. Patent

Review, , December, 1913, “A Powerful

me Ray Tube Wits a Pure Electron Die:

s & Co. to Federal Telegraph Coy:

r 4, ‘wiz rete eres pa sy TK: A y wie

, ideses BEEK “iw oe verre Be ite ‘dis vee

y 192 | PT at eee nce

+ os. 46 Federal fongeeaael cm

| se ice 2 a

Ex. © : .

79, Letter, Federal Co. to McCandless & Co.,

Agel 20. Whged ees. ass. avis eS...

..79-A. Letter, Federal Telegraph Co. to McCandless & Co,

Fale 6, WAS SS AK Bei eine, eae’. >

79-B. Letter, Pederal Telegraph Cato McCandless & Co,

Oe Tie RS Re os oc ns cava idmueae\ ti.

79-C. Letter, Federal Telegraph Co. to G. , Lamont, Oct: . ‘ y

Bie NN a Gas oe Fak bans Seams 53 cove II 919° VI 108

80. Watkin's ghotogragh : oak APLUOIONS 1. Sd Ie TES ot Il 919 VI 108

81. Drawing 88, Federal Telegraph Co. ..... weseeesse.?) TES VI

82, - Drawing 229, Federal Telegraph Co. 20.06.0005... 1 919 VI 108

83." DeForest Audion structure, California depositions

2, Ciahihie wider 4. S 8 Ata 9m 2

84. Jahnke Tube, Californie Seiiatiioan (Exhibit with- i ae

Se QAO sve MOERGS, vO. g ek atria, 2 “WW 920. a =

85. Letter, Commissioner of Patents to. _Irying Lang-

muir, Sept. 8 1916 ............... Nites 358, 3 II 923 VI 0

86, ~ Telegram, Albert G. Davis to Baw Williams, Sept. bs

15, 1916 ..... PEE Saha aed hs cbi cia Nei ‘35 923. VI 10

87. Supplesental petition of Teving Langmoir tht clans k

' (be added, Interference No. 40,380 ....... Reb:

fo. Letter, G. E. Fol to Commissioner of Patents, Ucto-

ber 14, 1920 ......... 1s ab COUR US PIER. SI OK

89. Late, GE Flt Comminioer of Patents, Ocw-

RUF ber 14, 1920 © ce aweves ee ep oo eee ee es peavey ates as oh

- 90: Memorandiutt, Albert G. Davis n° motion to di’

8S eee eee ewe al. eS

Mes

‘aa

aut U. s. Patent No. 1,385,873, July 26, 1921,....

> Hull, U, S. Patent No. 387,984, Aug. 16, 1921...

"fNos. 100 to 278, incl., Arnold Bxihibits’ in Tnter-

Admitted Printed

Vol. Page Vol. Page

II 925 VI 1108

“TE 925 VI 117°

* ference Record and not et: See eer & te

: Doshman U. S. Patent No. 172961, Keb. 22, 1916).

¢ Hawkins U. S. Patent No. 1,172,990, Feb. 22, 1916..

@ Meikle U. S. Patént No. 1,182,290; May 9, 1916...

fii Meikle U.S. Patent, No. 266,517,-May 14, 1918...

Bh Langmuir U- S. Pateut No. 1,275,628, July 23, 1918.

a Langmmir re-issued Patent No. 15,278, Jan. 31, 1922..

m Berg U. S. Patent No. 1,352,242, Sept. -7, 1920: -

W. White U. S. Patent No. 1,365,576, Jan. 11, 1921.

@ Pratt U. S. Patent No. 1,374,679, April. 12, 1921.

pemgerestione . yet? No. 1,477,413, Dec. 11,

wo.

BI. Hul

Hult US: Patent No. 1,523776, Jan. 20, 1925.

BE Alexanderson U. S. Paster NG: 1,595,003, April 21,

Se. LAS 5. MOOSE ak ERPS cet, See

no. S: asoenshnied 1540.737, Aug: *

Langumie U. S. Patent No. 1,588497, Oct. 20, 1925.

Becker diagram ‘for low current. values of Sweet-

Ser, ‘August, 1992, notes

SEs FSSEs se

Il 950.-VI 118h2

Il 950: VI 1194

ILL.1799,. VI 1292.

_ TH 1804. — .

_ DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS—GENERAL INDEX—Continued,

s oF

a REARS “

per iu

PIE StSai Oe

ss es . > al

; 7 Be Wipe wag

Wiel elltecanin te ioek inci ane

U. S. Patent No. 558,437, Oct. 20, 1925

. Amendment B to application, Langmuir U, S. Patent

- No. 1,558,437, Oct. 20, 1925

Alexanderson U. S. Patent No. 102,68, July 7,

White U. S. Patent; No. 1,195,632, Aug. 22, 1916..

Langmuir U. S. Patent No. 1,273,627, July 23, 1918

_ White U. S. Patent No. 1,298,613, March 25, 1919...

Langmuir U. S. Patent No, 1,301,279, April 22, 1919.

Alexanderson U. S. _Patent No. 313,042, Aug. 12, 1919

Langmuir re-igsaed U. ‘ S. Patent No. 15,495, Nov. 21,

| Goldsmith U.S. Patext No. 1,323,759, Dec. 2, 1919

Goldsmith and Weinberger U.S Patent No. 1,344,-

- 087, March 16, 1920

Payne U. S. Patent No. aio in 1921...

Bradbury U. S. Patent No. 1,430,883, Oct. 3, 1922..

_ Beverage U. S. Patent No. 1,434,984, Nov. 7,. 1922...

Beverage U. S. Patent No.. 1,434,985, Nov. 7, 1922..

Bradbury U. S. Patent No: 1;443,209, Jan. 23, 1923.

Becker U. S. Patent No, 1,455,099, May 15, 1923.

Alextaderson: U. 1 Pg pe SecgRaN — 28, .

Travek th: 5. and ai 000300 Onn 2003:

lets S S. Patent No. 1401 S72" Apt 2,

ER sts te ha ee RR

~ White U.S, nail 1546.202, Jane 30, 1925.

~ Bull UL S. Patent No. 1,547,153, July 21, 1925...

pone fal ; Oct.

Admitted- Printed

Vol. ; Page van ‘

IIT 1851

III 1851 V

III 1821

IIL 1822

III 18

IIl

Ifl

Bett

TH 1823 7

IIT 1823:

ITI 1823

IIE-1823 VI

ITT 1823

“CITE 1823"

IB i Rb Bee <5

“TET 1823, VI 1341

ee DEFENDANT'S ‘EXHIBITS—CENERAL - INDEX —Continied

§, Letter, C. E. Scribner ito D: PELE

ai; Memorandom from H, D I vndpextadl eg H.

a Ph ical: Review, Vol, 21, No.'S, Get 18, 1913, Abe. .

+ Admitted + Printed

"Vol. Page Vol, Page

Til 1889 Vi 1358

stract of Langmuir piper “The Effect og Space

“~~ Charge and Residual Gases on the Thermionic Cur- ~

-.. rent in High Vacuum” ee eo oa eRe re cag yee ;

327... Logarithmic plot of Volt-Ampere characteristics of

~ . Type U pliotron Palen Exhibit No. 60 with

additions ).

~ Data sheets furnished to claipie. bs defendant's wits.

* | Coe Ge pica

s1. DeForest tube scaled off from pump

: . DeForest ‘tube prior to volatilization of magnesium ).

“$8... DeForest tube in completed commercial form

gutsy

IIT 1886 VE 1361.

IIt ise VI 1363.

“IIT 1887 VI 1364

~ .

_ ILL 1893

Til 1901

IIE 1902

TTL 1903

_ No.

Re.

- Federal ‘Telegraph Co, Daw: 88

_ Federal Telegraph Co., Drawing 229 Sp POE ATs

Kelly diagram for tube 201-A

; Kelly diagram for. data of Audion 9.11 in

“DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS.

| CLASSIFIED INDEX.

a "Admitted

‘Becker diagram for et current Values of se

August, 1912, notes

ie Becker diagram tor current pressure relation 3 ix = biohe

Defendant’s Exhibit No. 296

Becker current temperature diagrams . for ‘aces

. Sweetser notes for Nov. and Dec., 1912.........

ee ee aes

Becker diagram for current pressure data of Defend-

ant’s Exhibit No. iY dotieeed > compres witians..

Clark pump sketch . A nap ts 5 in Peey fe Sip gw at

Hewlett pump GE. erick 5 ha dss saapedays> sense

Hogan graph plotted between filament and plate car-

Ree CPRES Be. 5%, Hewley WA ‘T. &T.. Co.,

. §. D. of -N. Y.)”

ee ce oe!

Kelly dingtam for Arnold Priority Exhibit No. 30._

: Kelly diagram for Western Electric Standard 102-D .

Vacuum Tube

ere a oe ae ee ae ae

ee coe eee ee

sil daielitaints digtithti te

Kelly diagram for Arnold Priory Exhibit No. 32

and Arnold Audion 9.111,

ee |

ee oe ee oe oe |

ee a ee oe oe er a

Atnold:

IIT 1809 |

It 1813°

“I:

ee 2

916.

919

916

ee § 2 88 Ss"

Peer

Kelly diagram tor. Nitrogen ile’ tube: at “iterent

ae Kelly ‘diagram. of two-way vale vepainier

6" Kelly diagram for Arnold priority Exhibit No. 32 and

4 approximate duplicate — plotted for exponent go

WW. Logarithmic plot of Volt-Ampere ‘characteristics of

Type U pearen (Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 60 with

ay ions)

Mics: iAsaivic. Ditrinn os Paes A ok Proceed-

oS ee eee

UV-199, 201 and 201-A/....... RS SP to 5 EC

‘®@ Watkin’s photograph ..... Peeeues cases ee ee

é. ‘DD amet a ,, Mi *

Amendment B to application, Langmuir “U.S. Pate

Mand & Ca, Flr Torah Co.

‘Aleta Printeasc

Vol: Page ve Pose

. 4,7

ie rROC

AL 6 mr 6

HE 856° VI 657 :

AD 915: VE 1030

II 916 WI 1033.

1916. VE 1038 -

HI 916--VI 1035

TLD 1886 VI 1368%

Il. 854° VI 656

TI 919° VI 1064

“Jone 9, 1912 | Leis LLCS SAGCHON a jc

DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS—CLASSIFIED INDE:

Bees

No.

foes

tae ‘Federal Telegraph Co, to McCandlest & Co,

April. 27, 1912 .

79-A. Letter, Federal Telegraph Co. 1o McCandless & Co,”

_ July 26, 1912

--79-B. Letter, Federal Telegraph Co. to McCandless & Co.,

79-C. Letter, Federal Telegraph Co., to G. E. Lamont, Oct. ‘,

85.

88.

89.

324.

August 14, 1912

Letter, Commissioner of Patents to Irving Langmi,

Sept. 8, 1916

Letter, AF Eh eeaoomininrint ney Oc-

Letter, G; E. Folk to Commissioner of’ Patents, Geto-

with ‘Memorandum “Cooper- Hewitt Matters” an-

°25.._ Letter, C. E. Scribner to D. C. Tanner, Feb. 10, 1915.

; with Memorandum from H. D. Arnold to: EB. H.

Vol. 0% Vol. Page

919

919.

919

923

924

pS Re seas 4. B. “Thayer, Oct. 1, 1913, |

Memorandum. Albert G. Davis: on motion to dissolve

and to add counts, ‘Interference Moat. Feb..2, aa

PRS 8s Aa nae ek eet V sk heh aha rae Yh BAS os

gp ya pa alg ia oh sexk sone a

eu Shop card, sags tubes ne Se Bie Ge evi ee % I

tees : ‘Supplemental petition of sii sta that claims :

ore addet. Interference. No, 40,380. ¢ sess i dno’: .

Saree glad bile to Edw. Wilms, Sent

roe Manta.

oped OS,

vi ie

Vi oe,

VI 1062

VI 103

VI ioe

VI io7s

- VE. 10%

\ i teas

“ x PRA SRa So ge

. .. t} 3

<A I] 4 mone, i. | if sts

“4 , 3

Petition, nae oath and Cae Langmuir

U. S. Patent No. Lapasec Oct. 20; 1925

@ General Electric Co, No. 14,677, Oct. 22, ond.

Patent, British.

: British, No. 15,788. of

3 Patent, New a

“2. Langmuir, No. 35,611, April 8, 1924 |

Patents, United States.

Alexanderson, No. 1,477,413, Dec: 11, 1923..

, Alexanderson, No. 1,535,082, April 21, 1925

_ Alexanderson, ‘No. 1,549,737, Aug. 18, 1925.

, Alexanderson, No, 1,102,628, July 7,. 1914.

W, Alexanderson, No. 313,042, Aug. 12, 1919

., Alexanderson, No. 1,340,101, May 11, 1920 .

_ Alexanderson, No. 1,373,931, April 5, 1921 :

| Alexanderson, No. 1,466,263, Aug. 28, 1923... » 111 1823" VE 1321

Alexanderson, No, 1,491,372, Sort 22, 1924. aye be He ‘VI-A1331—

nee 494 -¥ 610

Becker, Na, 1,458,099, May-15, Wesnoth ie pe VI 1317.

Berg, No. 352,242, Sept. 7, 1920. es Th 949 VI 1150.

ge, No, 1,434,984; Nov. 7, 1922..... TIL 1822., VI 1297. -

rage, No. 1,434,985, Nov, 7, 1922 . o+regee IHL 1823. VE 1303,

ee be Mi On Te ae : ee a

Snr! No. aaauaie ini hee (ze as at ae bianca

Be:

15,"

231.

hots, bl a, Ae

meee

en te le.

Goldsmith and Weinberger, No. 1,334,087, March 16,

Resissue, No.. 15,495, Nov. 21, 1922...... ‘Til

i ee oe es ey

No. 1,182,290, May 9, i916 OE OR

», No 266,517, May 14, WE ee Ae

_ chat, ‘No. 1,121,808, ‘Dee. I 199

- Clough, No, 246,054, Nov. 13, 1917 ...... Soa eaaes I 20

seiasi No. 1,082,933, Dec; 30, 1913 .....ces0-. 0 1. 382.

Dushman, No. 172,961, Feb..22, 1916 ...... Be 1. 3D.

‘Dwyer, No. $96,654, Jan. 4, 1898 penserh vanes ae a

Edison, No. 411,019, Sept. 17, 1889 -...........:..- 1196

Fleming, No. 803,684, Nov, 7; 1905 221.5 cseesees L. 197

Friedrich, No, 1,083,677, con. I 198

- Goldsmith, No, 1,323,759, Dec, 2,.1919 .......:...» TIL 1822 ©

Langmuir, No, 1,301,279, April 22, We. Se HY ae

2, 200 a0 saz

ics Serge as Hee eens III 1822 VI 1276

devin, No. 1,172,990, Feb, 22, I916..20......... “TE 948 VI 1130

Hewitt, No, 1,025,464, May.7, 1912 ...... sia ae 2508 VO

; Hewitt, No. 682,699, Sept. 17, 1901 ............... F583 Vs 6d

/ Hewitt, No. 682,692, Sept. 47,1901... --.-+.-5+. of SB VG

Hull, No. 291,527, Jan. 14, 1919 ...,...:...-.. ... IL 925 VI, 1090 -

. Hull, .No. 1,313,187, Aug. 12, 1919 ees ies a as Il 925 VI 1099

~ Hull, No. 313,188, Aug. 12, 199 ~.-. 25.0.0... It 925 “VI 1104

_ Hull, No. 1,385,873, July 26, 1921 ....... sac cines II 925 VI 1108

Hull, No. 387,984, Aug. 16, 1921............ sa cae Il 925. VI i117

~~ ‘Hull, No. 1,523,776, Jan. 20, 1925 ................ 11 949 VI 1168

Hull, No. 1,547,153, July 21, 1925 ...... ‘cigiicscss MIE SR2S VIM

_ Langmuir, No. 1,280,769, Oct. 8, | omen sa aa it 925 VI 1085

‘Langmuir, No. 1,273,628, July 23, 1918 ..:.......°° IT 949° VE 114t—

angmuir, Re-issue, No. 15,278, Jan. 31, 1922:.... Il 949° VI11”

angmuit, No. 1,558,437, Oct. 20, 1925 epcictistn Le eA

" Lngmtie, No. 1,273,627, July 23, 1918.....°..-.... TET 821 “V1 1246

Vi ize

DEFENDANTS EXHIBITS—CLASSIFIED INDEX—Continued, =

A dtenteted Pyle

; Vol Page Vol. Page -

‘Recklinghausen, No. 946,068, Jan. | ii; 1910 . ~ bv 135

- Thatcher, No. 1.028 636, er 1912 « Got tea E198 V 305

- Traver, No. 1,470,582, Oct. 9, seek 8 ted. -. HIT 1823 V9 1325.

“@ = White, No. 1,159,307, Nov. 2.1915 .0000...0.0. D382 604

BE White, No. 1,365,576, Jan. 11, 1921 ...... Bn ET Il 949 ‘Vi 1153

“BO. White, No. .1,506,468, ‘Aug. 26, 1924 .0....0....0... 11 949 VIAI68

"6. White, No. 1,195,632, Aug. 22, 1916 2.02 20000.00.. IIE 1821" VI 1241

5. White, No- 1,298,613, March 25, 1919 aside ae HIT 1821 VI 1251

2 White, No. 1,544,202, June 30, 1925.......... Pryor (Bo

. American Academy of Arte and Sciences, Proceed

> 4ngs of the, Vol. XIV, No. 1, August, 1909, pp. 1-17, ae seu

.. - “Friction in Gases at Low Pressures,” by J. L. Hogg I 198 V 225

& American Electrician, Vol. VIII, No. 1, May, 1896,

- + “Crookes Tubes and’ Experiments = Roentgen

Rays,” by Thomas Duncan .....:. Se rk ee. Petey a. Aas, EE

‘ln

ings of, June 28, 1912; pp. 1207-1217, “Vacua.” by

‘by W. R. Whitney .... I 199 V 491

Annalin der Physik, Vol. 12 (1881), pp. 425-445, joe

“A New. Construction of the Mercury ‘Pump of

Toepler and Describing Some. Experiments” Made

Therewith,” by Bessel“Hagen ©

Annalin der’ Physik, ‘Vol. II, (1900), pp. 359-374,

Val, eB 1 4910), pb: 169-304,

ea: Contribution ‘to the Knowledge of the Inertia -

a a pail: Vol. 36:(1911), pp: 995-1026,

( NReflestion: and Secondary Radiation of -Photo~-

; “electtically Liberated Cathode Rays,” by A.

35: : Aihaltis dex Physile, Vol. 41, (1913), pp: 1-26, “Con- >

Fs ease aap: ga ones Pasarela co by Ernst V.

a. Atti Della Reale Accademia Dei Lincei,, Vol. ESi..

(1912), pp. 235-239, “On Electromagnetic Wave In-

Vol. Page Vol re

ss 199

dicators Based on the Principle of Electronic Emis-

‘sions from "Incandescent Wires,” by Quirino .

_ Majorana Be 32 tend fan La IAS SE Si A PEO Oca

30-A. Atti Della Reale Accademia. Dei Linoei Vol. XXI-

92), pp. 274-277, “On a New Type of Indicator

‘of Electromagnetic Waves Based Upon Electronic

Emissions From Incandescent ne by Quirino

li. Electrical World and Engineer, Vol. III, May 21,.

_ 1904, pp. 963-965, “A Resume of Incandescent Elec:

‘tric Lamps Exhausting,” by S. E. Doane .........

ee Fortschritte uf dem Gebiete der Rontgen Strahlen,

Vol. 18 (1912), pp. 256-263, “An X-Ray Tube of

An Optional and Instantaneously Attainable Degree :

of Hardness I of Vacuum,” by J. E. Lil--

fenfeld and W. J. Rosenthal ........... tg

‘Conduction of Htc in Extreme Va ;

US I) ie S| et eee eee a

—& Nature, July 15, 1875, >. 217, “Char

James DeWar ....:. Oe weed +e he wa ae ow ani ee sr a

- Nature, Nov. 21, 1907, pp. 53-54, “

i -Kathode in a High Vacuum,” by Fre Soddy...

Sa MeC,

sigh

amen om Hot CAO," by CoD:

é ee aa Soe ethene 8

ical Review, Vol. 32, (1911), pp. ges, “Dis-.-

Ss easier W. D. Coolidge... —— aa

E 199°

os Ht

LV 408

v a7

NV A422

ae le ;

: 4 ash

poe fateh = . ae ba a a Adniitted | Printed: /

ie ee ae ; \ne Rh gated Vol. Page Vol.

a “Physical Review, Vol. II, No. $ $} Oct. 18, WB Abe: com ew

' -gtract of. Langmuir paper ¥: ‘Effect ‘of. Space : oat S ii

_ Charge and Residual Gases on the Thermionie:Cur- 0 6 ey

: rent in High Vacuum” ........ VS asian bee HIT 1886. VI1361

4. Physikalische “Zeitschrift, Vol. 29,' pp. 46-50, 1909, . oe

. “Tests of the Methods Used for’ ag High - id

“ Nacua,” by Scheel & Heusé 00 oc. 00.02.. a 196 v sted

9 Physikalische Zeitschrift, Vol. 9 (1908), p.: 193,

Reply to Soddy by Lilienfeld Cees W eves ee ge vay is TD 198 | iss “a

ae Physikalische Zeitschrift, Vol. 10 (1909), pp. 168-176,

_ “Concerning Slow Cathode Rays,” by O. v. Baeyer... 1-198 V 281

% Physikalische ‘Zeitschrift, Vol. XIII (1912), pp. Nee ieee

595, “About the Distribution of Light, During, the

Stratified Discharge in Vapors of Alkali Metals,” ibhicgnas TANT: a

“by Kuntz and Kemp ..... sae TEE Soe Oy: & 1-199 -V* 49g”

Tips veka rect whe WE a “id

_ 231-238, “Liquid Hydrogen for the Production of . fs

_. High Vacua,” by James DeWar ..0 0. I 197 VM 53

te Royal Society, Proceedings of the, Vol. 74 (1905), pp. °

__ 47§-487,-“Conversion ‘of Electric Oscillations Into

Contintious Currents ‘by Means of a — “a pea iar ae

eMalve,” by 3. A. Fleming 0002 I 197. V. 142

HA. Royal Society, Proceedings of the, (1907), Vol. 78-A,

. Pp. 429-458, “Calcium as an Absorbent of Gases

‘for the Production of High ‘Vacua and Spectro- ; hie

scopic RéBearch,” by Frederick Soddy misma tiaee 1,198 V 192°

It Scientific American Supplement, No. 1568, Jan. 20, ‘ :

~ 1906, pp. 25129-25131, “On the Electric: Con-

_ tuetivity of & Vacuum,” by Jo A. Fleming.7... 1 197 W168

% Verbandiimger der Deutschen ‘Physikalischen Gesell- ae Be

: schaft, Vol. 13, (1911), pp. 601-606, “On a Method

gre Voy Sott Racitcts Rays ine | ae Was ae

_ Highest Vacuum,” by 'H. Dember fags eee Dy I 198 -V 397°

DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS—CLASSIFIED NDR Contina

Becker approximate duplicate Sweetser tube, Haapett,

es DeForest Audion structs (Califerpia depositions)

[Exhibit withdrawn} .\¢:........:..- Lae rhe s

‘ Se ens Sake 4 dined au ae sib

ig DeForest tube sealed off from pump

. ” DeForest, tube prior to volatilization of magnesium. .

. . DeForest tube in completed commercial form. ,

Jahnke Tube, Seueuce depositions ) [Exhibit with-

drawn]

. Kelly's ; approxirhate ibeticale tube of Arnold, _prior-.

ity record Exhibit No. 30

Kelly's approximate duplicate tube of Arnold, Prior-

. ity Exhibit No. 32 Bin

‘% Kelly Helium filled ‘tube .

, Admitted Printed

“Vol. Page Vol. Pa

1111901

TIT 1902,

: lil 1903 “ —

“%

Defendant's Eahibit No. - ae ae ‘

DEFENDANT'S, age 2.

- July 16, 1875] ‘NATURE’ 0 ‘ iT

ie oe - CHARCOAL VACUA* | aay

(From a Correspondent.)

, Prof. Dewar began his ‘disoourse by describing’ the

different processes which have been adopted for dbtain-

‘ing very perfect vacua, and reférred to a paper regafd-

« ° ing this matter, read -by Prof. Tait and ‘himself before ~.

. ‘the Society last:year. :

_ * By the ordinary sir-pump the exhaustion can only

be obtained to % of an inch,’ ie. Yao of the ordinary

pressure. - :

“Regnault’ in some of his expériments, after exhaust-

: ing with the air-pump, boiled water, and when the water

had evaporated, sealed the vessel, and’ then : broke “a

__ flask’ inside containing: sulphuric acid, ‘and’ the water

. vapour was. absorbed. ORS (NT

Pe. Dr. Andrews’ way is a revival of one die to Davy,

viz. to fill and exhaust twice with carbonic acid after. _

: the pump exhaustion, and then by caustic potash to fix —

the CO, which i8 left. .

i Professors:Talt and, Dewax’s method:ts to ‘tabe,ad-

vantage of the power charcoal has of condensing gases;

while the exhaustion,:by ‘means of s mercury: is

jy SR

Ge a 3 "Defendant's Eahibit No. 2”

.¥% inch. apart, in one of Tait and Dewar’s exhausted

tubes would not allow a spark. to. ‘pass, although a power- : ae

" . ful coil was employed.:

Prof. Dewar went on to say that the effect of light

and heat had been tried by many experimenters, we .

Edi

nets and delicately suspended bodies, and in the

burgh New Phitosophical Journal for 1828. there isan’

interesting account of some. en performed by...

Mark Watt.on the same subject, with apparatus: little.

* differing in a. from that now used by Mr: .'

Crookes.

mesiaity Mx. Crookes thas found. some curious re-

sults which he seems to think are inexplicable. - He

found that the action of a beam of light gn a delicately —

suspended glass fibre with a disc at each end was repul-

_ sion of the dise when the exhaustion was perfect, but — .

~ attraction when at ordinary pressures.. The discs were

' light, bodjes of pith or cork. One side’ of each was —

covered with lampblack, the other was white. “The first

"- thing to be noticed isi that the blackened face is: affected '

‘much sooner than the white face. ‘Since, there was at-

traction at one density and repulsion at another, ‘it fol-

lows that at some intermediate density there is no action: .

a agg Saosin amg pe aan other things |

very perfect acim no spark pases‘ al ewe whet”

bas td

o—— . of the " vo the

p ner, a ee “eu

ait steep Gt shaken diiaeiaectieh wud oieaital.

i that the gids of the vesel be thin. ‘The sensibility is

Defendants Bahibit No. 2 | ee

: sinitie ol iaanials ihcsinatiiic teil Mibendahiie

_ give a large deflection,’ and then: a vessel of ordinary

glass, was interposed, and the deflection decreased, and *

on filling the vessel with water, which .is almost: opaque

to heat rays, there was mo. perceptible deflection left.

This shows that whefi the heat rays are

‘prevented. from reaching. the disc, hardly . ection

takes place. A layer of water 14 of an inch ‘ick dimin-

ishes.the amount of deflection to, part of original.

Next-a. smoked piece of rock-salt was

or @ vessel filled with a su |

- but opaque te light, viz., a solution. iodine in bisulphide~

- . of carbon. The deflection was as before, large; on the -

' empty screen being interposed q dientantion seeont,

' due to the non-transparen¢y of. the lass 6 for heat.

5 ‘But when by means of the iodine solution the rays .

: were cut off. there wag hardly. any further diminution

a... in the deflection. This shows that the light rays ).ay be ‘

Se Te enna ne Sern eee ut the

‘|

&, Dewar then. gxpeiediel tn whew tint: heat

“ing? disc was the efficient cause of the

_Two-eqtal disc, one'ot rosl-aalt; te othet of glass

| ea ee eer te mee ie with

6 (° — , Defendant’s Exhibit No. 2

a j VPI g

salt, heats it up, and the action is repulsion. If the

'\ lampblack ‘were not:so bad a conductor, all the lamp- |

‘black would be first heated up and there would be repul-

sion at the other side, or apparent attraction. The sub- .

_ sequent action is due-to the giving out heat unequally

_ on the two sides, pot } :

. The next modification was to substitute for the rock-

salt clear sulphur and ordinary sulphur on the other. ,

The peculiarity of clear sulphur is that when acted on

_ by light it resumes the appearance of o ry sulphur,

_ with a disengagement of heat. A beam was thrown on

_ this, and the effect was, as expected, attraction, the back

being heated, and repulsion, there being: attraction on

the other side. The success of this experiment depends

on the way in “which the sulphur is transforming. —

This suggested to the learned Professors’ an instru-.

/ ment for detecting'the presence of very high violet rays.

Have ‘the transparent’ discs coated with white phos-

phorus, Which is opague to the oath et rays. There

would ensue a chemicezl action with t of &

by: ini -s rere t} be , p . Ast ; . Porte ped P

|] i, eos as oy at ae ~ | " Renae 4 oe * Sa +. ‘phe pat 2 rt Fe ean Ot

4 id ft i ’ *

Bae cathe hake, tame h Sr

aie Ds rR 4 ‘

he Pash elena ge cares a alice

e tae pT ee ay ee Te eee 6 :

us ape erie Sap ts wat

of ie ages ime peas.

; cA

ae Le “er aa <

* dt Tea ace!

Defendant’ Exhibit No. e to eee 1

"» centimetres. ni a2 ‘we know that the vata

has reduced the density t0%4o00000 of its original, the

volume occupied by the residual gas at ordinary pres-

sures would be that of a little bubble. Yoo of an inch in

ih Clerk-Maxwell, anil iaabiia

or average path bet feen, two collisions’ is about maene

of a. millimetre. When the: pressure is reduced to’

Yoooo0o the: mean will be-400 millimetres, or. about a

- foot and a half. What takes place is this. Thw particles

of the gas are flying about in all directions, with a

velocity which depends on the temperatur. When they

' impinge on the heated disc their velocity is increased,

they go off with a greater velocity than those which go

Defendant's Rxhibit No. 8

« ati

al _ :

DEFENDANT'S Exeter? oper 3.

Physikalische Zeitschrift,

"Vol 29 (1909). pp. 46-50.

; [Translation] “ *"

‘TESTING METHODS OF PRODUCING-HIGH

ze -VACUA. eer .

BY KARL Sone. AND WILHELM Hess. :

(Report from the Physical ” Technical Society. br

le In: a sisi ariiele we have oie: that the vac-

"uum gauge of McLeod may be used i producing the

/ lowest pressure, when following precautions. —

| In using this apparatus we have now quantitatively in- if

‘+ vestigated the efficiency of the present-day methods for

*produging KYEh vacua.

Sais ani iaticianieicsmnaoceltistank on oe

aed nal te oaks ‘its perfectly cylindrical capillaries

had a diameter of 0.6 mm. The highest. measurable pres-

; ‘sure amounted to about 0.07 mm.; the instrumeht had

[= “In addition t6 til vacuum gauge of cLeo ae os

: pm ob ea ret eins» reve Bling

enka

Defendant's ‘Exhibit No, 8

1... Pump of Toepler. 8 TABLED

3 The prphted mpg coy tind “Pump of Toepler

_ .' Toepler, which prior: to ts use =

had carefully been cleaned and ‘ine in| ay 2

. Gried, held a content of 850 Minutes.) “mm

‘etm. The ‘test had been made 0 [00645 — ?

in such a manner that one pis- “12 */0,0399. oa

. ton ‘stroke was- accomplished 36. 0,64

__ every four minutes, said stroke | PH 0,65

' |. lasting about 2° minutes...The 79 O84

remaining 2 minutes were re- - ay -$

quired for the equalization of 1068 0,67.

the pressure.) ~~. 4 =

- (1) Remarks: According a pd

£0 a report just issued by M. — jes 0,68 -

' . Kundsen and relating to ‘the 180 cae

Piration of gases at low 204. 0,78

s i

iff

‘ft

HEE

i pe “ * “ . ae : " 7

4 aul ‘

“ ¥ 4 , ” % ™ 2 %

3! ‘ L * Se

ute oe Uae ee a 7 he? i ‘ : . t

wt ae a” oe . '. | = Soe :

1“ r " 6 er | A 43 “a ee

on YY. ‘ a . 1

Oy He < f\ , :

Phe, : te : 4 3

ip Si i ial ae Sh ae

y 7 ‘

Scab ed ar

gy agers op ip with yc

. md Pa he prong ge ‘ee

“tom Phe ts matengeso Bom

wig ~

Vpn aes |; gel crear BR on sop pel .

aid hs id Sea tir poe Sad t Pest ee we aes ; he ea ®

Ae yp Mggere: eacemcans Meare agen 1° say

0 aes Pr a mb reererey, Al tga mn

On Sar ger ae rd ;

pe ray ware sina ny ore

4 ,* ptt

aide Many % Te at atl ae dele

* ’

;* /

: Defendant Bahidit No.8. ee

: Much, better. results.\are :prodiced: when: sitig a:

ranidy conveying ll pump intend of employing a water

air pump. In the present \instance the: valveless’ pump

of Gaede was used. The results obtained therewith: have

_ been indicated in the third column of Table 2, after 25.

minutes. cialen esptoaneaniesanupaian fait

tained.

., In order to appréciate this value; attention is called

to the fact that the entire system including, the pump

“of Gaede continuously supplies a quantity of gas, which

in 20 minutes would increase the pressure about 0,0001 _

mm. (approx. 0,0008 mm. after 24 hours). '

4. “Mercury Pump of 0. ‘Roden 8, Rosenthal. wks

The pump is ,similar’to a double-acting- pump

Toepler. Its advantages as.compared with the

Sey

@ small amount of ‘mercury (8,15 kg.), and. on

hand in that there is almost constantly a

psn betwen the receiver ofthe pp olin Sant

; . o

> 2 ) ' : - ae ae ‘.. .

& ‘4 ,* : o

can Ya re ; é

; bel ;

, -

ants a eee Pi el il at 2 t iu

‘ ; 4 ;

3 ages

y ak ; ; ‘ ‘

Phe, C4 el hoes 1 £* a

. »S Ni, .

; . -ren-

. 7

Defendant's ahidit No. 8

: 8 ‘

ESSE J, SOO ENS ee ey

piston strokes per minute. end pressure is the

same as it decurs in c er obapaatae ont

ae — PSE .

6 Corbon én Liquid: Ate

hee ta eaphoni had bela vil Crea tase ela

by g‘owing same for % of an hour in a covered. porce-

lain erucible exposed to a blast flame, previous to its.

“being placed, ina glowing state, into a vacuum—“Ex-

- mABLE 4... Sikkator’’, where’ it re-

" Cocontit Shell,in Fluid-Air, mained until required

ora F Press fon use. ‘During the ©

. test the carbon (each

/ mm.’ 15 g.) remained in two

2 Peet glass vessels

‘veils @

| eos be evacuated and which

which were |

ileig eae re a

@ 4

Defendant Exhibit No. eae - 18 |

~ The preisures ab measured’ at’ intervals’ of 6’ thi

: ‘utes have been: indickted 2h ‘Table. ‘The decrease of

pressure in the system at‘first takes place very~ rapidly, -

and, tipow reaching’ 0;.00% umm. /eheast:mboy, 2 :

In continuation of the test carbon IT had been ex-

“tracted from gas, by heating into the vacuum of the sys- -

tem: ‘Thereby the presfure increaséd to more than 0.i

° “mm., however, it was rapidly lowered to the former value

og “of 0,001 mm., by the aetion of carbon I. Now, carben I

: Was. disconnected, while carbon II was led into the fluid

‘air; after 120 minutes,the lowest pressure of 0,00026.

*. jam., had been reached, ‘said result is supposed: to be ©

due to the yield’ of gases contained in the- atmospheric

_ “gir; which could not be absorbed by the carbon. If this

ae non-absorbable portion was removed-after the discon- -

nection of the scarbon from the receiver by using the |

pump of Gaede, then the gas reproduced by heating the —

carbon ina test analogous to the preceding one, had

again been absorbed by carbon I up ¢o a pressure of 2

“ - 0,0025, and by carbon II up to a pressure of 0,0001:mm.

‘ PABLE 5

’. Coconut Carbon in Fluid

- Air (Prepamiped with time with the. coconut carbon in

fluid air when starting out not

- Dijendant’s Exhivit No.8 |

- slightly within the following hour? .. ee

a 9

neta result (is especially thipertacit because it shows - 9

of 0,00001 mm. may be produced and

pono sa ‘a longer period of time, without sub-

- jecting the apparatus to.shocks, etc., as this is the case

| SPSS TRE ae DONTE: et

~~ ba:

* ;

; ‘ :

: rs . ? .

vy >

“

; of >

q ¢ ° ‘

. >

- '

2 ° i

‘ K

é eg

« “

-~ ‘ e Py .

* -

. . .

2 /

> >

\ *

» .

>) *

‘

* . 2

5 oa

(+ Defendant’s\Behibit Novi =. S15

| DEFENDANT'S EXHIBIT No. 4.

By ERNST BEsseL-HAGEN.

RES dss ba Se Da ee ee

_” — recentiy made regarding electric discharge and radio-

metric phenomena in strongly rarefied gases, he accom-

plished: extraerdinary . evacuations, using the mercury

air pump of. Sprengel, improved by Ch. H.

. (see Proc, Roy. 25 p. 896-402 Beibl. 1 p. 175-1877).

' According, to the theo , this device permits of obtaining.

any degree ‘of ‘rarefa at Crean Taek Hk. TONEY

ce which continuously passes through the down pipe of:

a. pump does. not carry along any small quantity of air

from the open atmosphere, discharging such air int

- the spaces to be rarefied. The chief drawback of, the

{ pump of Sprengel, which will he obvious to everyo

ee .who‘had an opportunity of operating therewith, esiq

in that the rarefaction proceeds but slowly. Now, Mr.

ae | Forge pore plee pire neem .

\ ak bootie One a

b &

| cury only, whereby ‘the ‘limit ‘ up to which the rarefac-

tion of the gas may be effected, is consideral”y increased

than it would be the case in connection with the original...

a eee a

Description. of the pump:

) » +» The arrangement and sities of the pump en

| may'be seen from Table IIT, Figa. 7 and 8. Lies

‘Spb ada tale A: “Ele Bowe “Gaal of whieli is'eoa:

nected ‘with the mereuty tank Q by the thick-walled,

black rubber hose 8 provided with “a hemp lining, car-~

ries- : on its upper end, from whieh -

ball branches the downwardly bent outlet tube B, being

2mm. in width and 815, mm. in length, said outlet tube.

| rome cent tern Pl els hg i Me

Bisse ata ae ge anda length of 250 mm.

” ae ,

>°

‘equipped with two long U-shaped pipes. of.

pipes (Table III, Fig. 7, designated G,) carries the

_ zontal pipe H, to which the recipient (for instance as in.

‘our drawing a Geissler tube R) is molten, this being

“Flags: on 8) in caer 46 cotati the wetinettiodd tee

tween the. pump andthe recipient the apparatus is.

effected subsequent to the introduction of a small amount

upon opening the wooden member J, the free portion |

of the pipe G, be put over the ascending pipe E, until

its lower end is:sufficiently immersed‘in the mercury of

‘calcium ehloride is mounted, are filled with mereury, 2

then the apparatus is ready for use (compare remar oe

Remark 1: On publication of his sketch (

~~ Ahm, 11, p. Se relative ‘es ainda pia: 38 é

ee a eae Ce |

. therefor, the construction of the outlet pipe of Toepler,

: pe pe pei a ag vig ait pagel

* “i ? i

Ay) se ; ‘

. dad é Tit

fre J e Py a . . . y

sd — 4 : ” 5 “, - , ° - ie

18 Defendant's Exhibit ~— Be Pes

me by’ Mr. ‘Helmboltets to dispense with the’application

of:a ground joint, yet to be in a position to easily connect

the recipient with the pump or to disconnect it there-

from, also to ‘ude only glass and mercury as a.

means. If, namely, the recipient, be evacuated by means

of the pump, then the mercury rises from within. the

» : |

the

any

the:

«“ y

Defendant's Exhibit No\s 9

the first mentioned U-shaped connecting pipe, and sub-

_ sequent to the experiment: it is: advisable

vi to pull out the tube I tobe filled’ phospheric'anhy

on dride into @ very narrow-capillary and to seal the latter — ‘

. Subsequently. Then, allthat is ‘ncsessary in order to.

admit air after the experiment’ has been made is to open

the point of the capillary. tube. Of ‘course, in order to

accomplish this it is necessary that the tank Q previously —

be brought into its lowermost position so that the aper-

perietprabahartectomporndoececniarreseiten ter fisner vcore!

free. pant

6 da dated Wo eget tnbeoinde Other acen tate.

the recipients without ‘resorting to = cock or the like,

pored ait that anupright U-shaped pipe (com-—

Fig: ‘®) locited’ between"the ‘resipleits

U-abaped 1 being 80 em. in length.” Said: J-shaped

- thereto, which is connected with a mercury tank iden- —

Hae

Wag ait roe fi if 1 ie

by 3g

formed) above the.

Ra oly hts a : "i

i + . . aA ra . e

bet ah rg roe m “a LON oy ao ag

Ce | rt - ees f ;

> bt a

5 eRe ‘is

i = on a ean

te = um

s Stes

with mercury,

iti

esse

ieee

cS.

2 8

ety

Halen

Tee

sr2220)

neni

slit

2 ae |

Defendant's Behibit Ni. 4

Mathod of Measuring ‘Pressure. aigecagiumeaiaeias

vantage of the pump (to witich Mr. Toepler made as yet

no reference in his original descriptior of the apparatus)

consists in the fact that it perinits the measurement

the pressure with every single stroke of the

(Mr. Toepler, in ,

“se tact of tube E leading to the receptacle (recipient).

| In order to make a measurement of pressure (this

method of measuring, re originated with Arago.

See Regnault, relation es expériences. I, p. 491, Foat-

note, 1847) it is to be observed what is the position of

the tha Se mercury coluttin’ fi discharge

_ Hige'B <

bese > ¥ if ieee void in bo the Yapreeond ‘Oat eis’ pdai

ball K comés in contact, with es ined means of »

- tube EB; 7

, (2) When the quanti oF iss tila io Woi.

is so far depressed by mercury container Q as

_ to fill with:mercury the entire. ball K to the point.O, that

in theta tne entice sdnantity ot Lang. shiloh, batere. Ged

Donation singe

| 2): seoumes now bat « certain number ot

Tf we name the volum

‘padre rt

a Poke A Mone Benge rong the “po

ergtpsdindbartnee hier aliveteloating bei}

_tion of:tube Bis small against that o? C) manifestly —

Bp secant ght gd

_ Defendant's Exhibit No. 4)

walls when the ‘gas contents of the sir pump: ball

) pestergpee Nii rarsnnen i ea

mp Sietiig Seen turd wer acme aad

; + generally by placing above the two-way

coolt Gn tier tieBlate ‘petee Mt Xeus ‘Tebaw 21g. 3) oe

closable by means of a special cock.” ‘Tn this ‘construc-

tion the ball of the ‘air pump never in

zs 800 ecm. that of

, 26 | Defendant's Exhibit Now's

‘It is-recognized thatthe: eeteaticns nee takes

| place much faster, which is:all.the more remarkable as

. ‘the volume: of. the. Geissler air pump: ball was almost -

Toepler pump used only 474 cem.

) as: “Toepler | ip (new form). “Yn order to de

fehihin thi tinilt of HarefaHlGO GS the "Toeple? parip'a?

: the ‘construction before “us, tube indicated with Y ‘in

.. Table If, Fig. 7, was directly soldered, ‘after phosphoric

acid anhydride was poured’ into ‘the dry ball through

tube L and L was also thereupon closed by: means of

' soldering. The rarefaction can be carried se far ‘that

_ there arises only a very small almost imperceptible dé-

| pression, of the mercury column-in tube B, when the gas _

i volume V in pump -K is.compressed to point O, that.

is toa certain ; v of the. discharge pipe by means

of suitable lifting mercury receptacle Q. This depres- _

sion had therefore to be measured by means of a micro- _

“ -seope provided. with a thread micrometer of long focal

length. Before every reading, the mercury. column was =

shaken by means of a slight tapping, so that the mer-

“tea exch te own This is of course not

y of one another, give us an idea how

tr en's 0 AOR heh iad edgendng Aes Abeoetn mab.

nitude of | ure increment h resulting from the _

diminution of volume. _At the same time pressures p

are also indicated alongside of the observation data re-

quired for their caleulation: Marks V, wy, ‘Ah have the :

Dona fre ward deal

Defendant's: Bahibit: No, 4 ee a7

Me. Crookes could reach only a rarefaction up to 0.000 046 |

- tion: was indicated at the: beginning of this: paper: 4

cording to a newspaper report (Rood, The. New York ;

Times, Nov. 19, 1880, p..2, Sp. 8), Prof. Ogden N- ‘Rood, ©

tor pero Paricoek itirtivoons eyo, codiaall

to be exhausted during ‘the ae of ersoaseen ned

during 24 hours if possible, to about 800°"in the :

bath, in order thus. to separate the » air film which

hanes tthe pian whe ehesaebetadey- shauliany ¢ ‘Ef there: is

pea iravamnaataammae

under. a given pressure, the respective part should: be

preonen atech re rire ith dined none ones

take’ ioe aecmprateiierian ner te press i

sending: idacats Alasbarses, eens toe 7 to be

exhausted during the pumping. Electricity need se ie

frente piri pean om

_ tony phophorecet “nh eat wet

’

- ‘Detendant’s Exhibit No. 4 :

su ta isin wry; it’ wa found ‘to ‘be = 0.017 es

, hence had risen to almost double its previous mag-

| dry vessel, etc., with which it:was in constant connection, —

over 500.cm. - Whether ‘this quantity of air origi- .

ee from the electrodes or from the glass wall, could

oh areas vie sc aaNet pore gale raspy al

from the metal electrodes, maybe seen from

the pressure increase arose even in an.

/ Glectredalens tube-guodaned. according to. Gassiot’s.cug-

- gestion (Gassiot, Phil. Mag. 16, p. 308, .1858)-on which

two tinfoil layers:were pasted on the outside, and which

: tenor he gas wal wan nt dele ,

"Te wan of pocil interest to verity whether under

Phil: Mag aye v 106-108, 1855--Pesy: Ant: “inte 5

note 88, p. 309-314, 1858) suggestion are first filled with

: goeaunteaaies' al Gat acces aes Cleared of

application of strong

Shah Pa

. 4 RD iy & a % ee Re sy

ty 4 : be et wa A aE aS fats

ee ee fu see ae eke Piero. Ck mle rnp eee i if

‘ : “ee : A piesa Pet ae stern f BES

‘ ° Bak y ee i a EOS ey anes F :

’ ee ; % Se ay Be Ae he

‘ aie " N */* MS

i) : Defendant's, Babibit. No. 4 oe

ee i dcaiy sc althl dash idene thy abalone

- sure in the interior of the vessels,to be exhausted, (Pro-

vided itis not possible to absorb the mercury vapors

through. some chemical means, ¢.g., metal gold, in a ves- _

sel.containing only mereury vapors, with the vessel com-

pletely sealed on al) sides) for with the use.of mercury -

air pumps we havc: manifestly always to deal with spaces

which contain saturated mercury vapors; It is surpris-

ing. that the electric discharge. phenomena, .while the.

vessel. is being exhausted, alter so strongly with the in-

greasing. gas rarefaction, although the true pressure—

which is. then chiefly represented through the tension

_ of the mercury vapors—relatively hardly: changes. » Ac-

cording,.to this, the mercury vapor seems to have no

_ importance in.the electric discharges, it seems to be an

insulator of electricity, similarly. to water gas, which

is an insulator, while running water is a conductor.

However, that we really have to do with spaces in

alll the parts connected-with the meréury pump, which ce

are filled with mercury vapor, may. be proven with ease.

All we:need is to keep at a lower temperature for a con-

siderable time any part of the wall of the spaces to be

, een Ve Seaaialt Stones: 3

| Setar? Sone tapout ne epaten tn be acdasanted aes |

.. heated to red incandescence during the process of ex-

. haustion’and then sealed,.even then upon cooling the

_ apparatus to room temperatuve the partial pressure of —

the mercury vapor is still almost fifty times as high as

that of the rarefied gases (Zoellner, Das Scalenphotome-

Seeman St a semen ot cours

4 consider pan eet -petenlatinns of, the radiometric

“NY

| Defendant's Exhibit No!'s ons $1

othe! iene ee abent te eile aed ee

mum sensitiveness arose for Mr. Crookes, so that, how-

ever, the latter has not yet been reached, and then it is

caused to rotate by means of a candle and then the tube

mentioned and sealed ‘below is cooled by means of a cool-

ing mixture, the pressure in the interior of the device.

is then diminished by the fact that the mercury vapors q

Dpecamascece ter oar attainment

perature of ‘the cooling mixture, and’ as a result of this \

diminution of pressure the radiometer receives a higher

rotational speed, which is: of course not ‘considerable,

but which can still be measured with certainty. (Pro-

portion of the number of rotations in one minute in an_

_ apparatus exhausted — to 0. 04008, as 24: 26, in —

experiments 41:44). .

(2) Iaies Wit, atkadliel 6 Very talk, abuate

cm. long glass thread ‘a mica plate 80 ‘mm. wide and

70 mm. long, which was coated with soot on the respec-

tive halves of its front and back side, and which carried _

a round mirror ‘o connected with it. ‘The entire thing

was enclosed in a wide-tube illustrated in Fig. 10, .

Table III, which carried an about'10 mm: wide cooling

. tube, like the radiometer in the previous experiment,

while at the upper end of the apparatus there was at-

tached a tube, which latter was connected with tube H

(Table III, Fig. 7) of the merctiry pump by fusion. ‘After -

the apparatus was protected against all influence of rays

. by covering it ‘with a cylindrical double mantel, the rest

‘position of the’ mica plate was de ned and now the

apparatis was ‘exhausted as far as possible. The tor-

sion apparatus still showed a turning even under the

utmost attainable rarefaction’ (0.00001 mm.) "as soon #8,

exposed’to the radiation ‘ofa light source, ‘This devia- —

tion ‘was: observed’ by!micans*Of a" telescope ‘nd: scale;

4 "apparatus was dipped into cooling mixture as in the

; tenon of the merenry vapors was amined, “Tn ore

=a ae

44a5i2qita 2 ti

it 4 ahh

€:

: dain S352

HTH

ios

“Defendant's Bzhibit No.4 sé

pose the tube combination’ illustrated’ in. Table III,

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Geta SS

A MANUFACTURE 01 INCANDESOENT je :

‘No. 411,019.

‘

’

¢ .

A °

e 3 . “«- . - e

ie i

Unirep. Srates Patent Orrice. —

: ae

THOMAS: A RDISON, OF IMEWELEYN PARK. NEW JERSEY.

JANUEACTURE OF INCANDESCENT ELECTRIC LAMPS.

" forming part-of Letters Patent 1. 411,019, eid Beptewber:17) 1880.

ny pees - EI gh ceptacie is sealed off, there being a contrac-

of ‘tion in the:neck for this pu eagvapiasts

Line and | particles of iron are din the at -—

When

coches resegtcie, the lamp is placed, in the s5

| Calle the attached ee cra tae

waile the attac eptacie pr 3 from:

said chamber and is separately heated tos,

much higher tempergture, ¢o that theironis. .

bronght to ared heat and ‘the vapor is thus: 6<

to | decomposed, ils oxygen combining with the

| heated iron, while its hydrogen rer tbe .

* | drawn off by the pump after the end of the

|| receptacle is broksn off by the magoet, as - —

-@lready explained. se eel aa 65

iron wiremay be:placed in the attached recep-

} ‘a | tacle, or in another Fogg potinected there-

’ Ya = and ride ee oe

. The | soit may be brought to ineandescence by an. 4

: rawn | electric cnrrent, whereupon it acts to.decom-70

a an¢ pose the vapors in the same way as tho iron

g6 that the articles above mentioned. =...

7m ret. ‘ant air- :. The onenr™ drawings illustrate my.

o¢ked end ‘I hang a invention: Figure.

B wits, tus for exhaus

or) . i

r y 2

Pei ‘

} ta

= s.

above described, and Fig. 4 a view

igs. T and 2, Ais an in-,$0.,

By the Neate won, which absorb St oxygen

Saree eeneg at eae

¢ al as eee

‘

a J

)

5 4

ris

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Fee

aa @,

Shia

. sd

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CP |

oe is “s ; mee : | |

abe 1 REY BS SE MABE ROE TBD Ne te

; s . 2 5 # a Tle ace

| ‘ oe

’

Na ‘

. . : |

t ; 2

. ‘ ; } |

: 7 +

. e i t

i Ne Gd

pie oa Sal

ARTURO MALIGNANI, OF UDINE, ITALY.

‘PROCESS OF EVACUATING INCAND

“Vi

ESCENT LAMPS, ae

16, 1806. Serial No. 59Q,908. (ie

Approation fled August

46; ia Austr. Yared 16,1804, Bo. 44/496; in Hengary Way 8,

ite

Fad

= >

sie

‘he most con t method is to dissolve

or dilute a powder in or with :

" uids, such sp slcclill Unenee et renandca Cy

the like in which case the same can be

most easily. The lamp is then con sith

-. > @.vacaum pump of any kind by means of the

~ gg tabeT ex to the extent of about

containing the substance, is heated by auit-

able resem 5 Sach as & spirit lamp or hd like,

which causes the said sybetiuces to be trans-

80 that an almost ect vacuum

is obtained. The introd of a small] ~

$° quan‘ity of ether vapors or other hydrocar- |-

bénates into the lamp renders the combina-

_. ‘thou of the above gases and vapors easier and |:

more energetic aud assists the production of

specimens.) Patented in Italy January 7, VILL, 9,86

*. 45 formed intogases or vapors. These latterthen

combine wi apday mandy pity ted}

ivy the Mament to form a sol pein a id pre-

aforesaid and finally s

gation in the manner aud for the

stantially as ‘ es:

iat by

rh we

may

—Uxtren STATES Pate Ormice.:

— at a de oe

oomben F. DWYER, OF LYNN; MASSACHUSETTS.

be Aesverina OF PRODUCING HiH VACUUMS.

eee ee

ng part of Latiere Patent Mo, 690,004, dated January 4; 1808

fled October 26, 1807. pana ayant Prepeiann:: grit

SPECIFICATION

To all whom it may | a

Beitknown thatl, Eimer F) Dwren, aciti-

‘zen of the United States, residing at Lynn, in

- ‘the county wot Essex and Commonwealth of

5. have invented cérta

and useful I*hprovements in Processes of Pro-

ee of-which the aspen

it faveeition relates especi

10 @ process for exhausting air and other

from incandescent electric lamps or siuatiar

les during their manufacture and

and its object is to render this opera- |

168

My p

., required on the of operator, while

production the high vacuum required | ple,

* ee ee is assured, and dis- :

in new

Ted,

Fei Fe:

ae ng ee types an

by nedanien pumps ps tiave heen sshamated

‘ by chemical processes tavolvieg ote

displace-

ment or absorption of the gases contained in

ag the lamp, or by combinations of these

‘A partial or incomplete vacuum,

esses.

one not carried sufficier

fe og of the best

to serve |

" incandescent |

of th

connec itn

‘aes he ch rs oe

nents she eee,

coy aborting Se aiene ep laneelt For

ple, ammonia-gas renigions Reenk asd -

min

rAd! i

i i

ae Ae a

[e-,

| feos op pt

i TA eee rE: rites sult i Ee

ie Lists 3 ity, ai lj i : a

ayfelapeitlstiicay

ps 105

: .

ea :

- =

\ ee

"1 as

number ofylau

7 oy 7

wy mek} A poe

et ay 42 a=

arabe Er ah

BAEC ay

. ae THe i

git af ip Wie

Zl ar

ee le

ane tna isabel |

6 wasn tne? ihe ong lh

ear, iesigedtcie ah :

Pe Be aa

Sean

Witnesses: 2

Joun W. Ginvonky,

WINIFVED GIBBONKY, _

} nt

ae by . -; _

* as

ap ty a OG Nata

es eat shen Oak Sa

ess ‘san a

“rs a. sonerel

: Bie tie “Ft

Se eee

at wh Shes 3 ative Pas

Cee ee |

”

She ye: ARE na

Ligne cet? Stet Ys.

aang e

RT oe eke

4 Pacuwt eda Seat ge FR an

ee RTI ing

double of that for which it was designed. . Zh dines

Gn puariids karen aes

“a8 possiblé, ‘not only to protect the filament, but also to

“a - Detendent’ Exhibit No. é

pear watsiebanines Wensettatn cm

’ Crookes tubes, I am unable to say, but would be inclined ©

to think, as Prof. Elihu Thompson ‘has suggested, that -

the improvement in the vacuum of the Crookes tube is —

due to the : of metallic aluminum or other metal ©

forming the electrodes, to the sides or interior walls of

. the bulb, the residual gas being absorbed in so doing.

The guccess attending the production of good skia-—

graphs depends more upon the degree of rarefaction of

the tube than anything else, and can be verified by any

one who has had the misfortune of trying to obtain

Roéntgen* rays from domestic tubes, or those made by

makers of incandescent lamps.

“It is possible that good Crookes tubes will be turned

out upon the market by lamp makers, but it is to

be regretted that some of these have been making

and selling for the past month or two tubes that ere as—

unfitted for the. purpose intended, as their makers are

to: represent Professor Crookes in a.mental capacity.

I have tried eight Crookes tubes. made by four dif-

ES cL ee

; ex-the hight xncunm ¢hasabars: (mechanical or automatic

Geissler pump), by causing the outside air which en-

. ters the mercury chamber. at every operation of the

pump, to pass through’ granulated calcium chloride, and

b interposing between thé high vacium chamber and the

bulb to be exhausted, some anhydrous phosphoric: acid,

which has a great affinity for moisture. In the latter

' precautions the introduction of the anhydrous: phos-

: phoric acid prevents any moisture that may be contained

‘in the bulb to be exhausted from passing down-into the

high vacuum chamber. and coming in contact with .the-

mercury. It must be remembered however that the an- ©

hydrous acid must be renewed often and not allowed

_ to form a surface film or crust on top, whert it is useless.

The foregoing suggestions are well known and. un-

< ghore’ with the ‘view ‘td eateting al siding Ghd cueil -

reader who may not be so well informed or initiated

into the precautions necessary for. the aration of high ©

vacua.

| Fe RAS 5 RE

can be seen escaping through the ‘valves of the pump, -

and the filament thei iittandesced, considerable quan-

amnbptanlisgctio nner weg! chines qe y atoms

driving the air out into the vacuous space surrounding it.

. which ings or adheres again the glass upon the inde

- of the bulb. Therefore in exhaustin

_ should think that it would be good pract

- bulb thoroughly upon the- outside, et eee

_ or other source of Heat 1 under sah Die sane Tame gore |

Septet ‘and 4

FT OER LOO. This would

* Datondontts, Rehibit. No, 8 SS *

a cnt Si ce a pli

Pic

|help to remove the air from the inner surface of

ae Ifthe electrodes are made from aluminum oF o

porous meta), the e secondary terminals from a spark ¢

can be applied to them, and set in operation in.a sim

mamma on ns 19, whieh: fe tube: is ty be mead ae

Defendant's Exhibit No. 8

Nita tn ei Wabi Socata ud ages -Wlee

thamber and the bulb being exhausted, a small quantity tae

ine “Cope Se es ay vacua eae) ee fs”

absorbs the me: -vapor, then some sulphur which in ates

turn : absorbs any ‘vapors given off by the iodine, and -

lastly powdered ‘silver, which completely absorbs any

jhurdus vapor that inay” be “evolved: This method -

getting rid of the mercurial vapor has been employed ©

} Professor Crookes himself, in connection with meas-—

gan aah A on ncenane Seeman whiny Poor 2

~ While’ experimenting with a “Crodkes tube, T no

ved that a cathode stream was thrown off from both

etrodes, due to the current used being an alternating —

:: With the object of trying to sappress Orie of them

id increase the density of stream from the other, I

tried the following ‘experiments, which may prove of = -

eee ee ee |

Réntgen rays. |

The current employed. wae the-ordinary, high fre-

cy, alternating current, making about. 16,800. per-

Siaute, corresponding to,a frequency of 140,periods.per

‘The i induction coil was eapablevot giving sparks up

_ Seconda: 7 ona sone hundred volt tranaformer, and had

ey,

Siena Appernree m

| Speck co sa ohowe MEST,

from whence it proceeded. The square form of the

- dark spot_was ue te staat cman ais oe sur-

face,

" the size of. a.silver dollar, ‘to the end opposite the elec-

Pe or across the greatest length of the tube, and then con.

' counter stream which perceptibly diminished the den-

' gity of the stream from the inner or opposite. electrode.

- ‘This was also accompanied by a reduction in the fluores- —

- gence at the ends of the tube, and by an-increase of the

. “arrangement is shown in Fig. 2.

| EE, Re ren Eaten oh ta: Da nrenesncnne

ee ree ere

7 When an slectroniotive fores was applied, the usual :

yellowish green fluorescence. appeared all over he ae

terior of the buib, each stream also casting a dark square

spot upon the wall of- the giass opposite the electrode

Upon applying an — electrode of tinfoil, about

trode whose cathode stream was thrown out horizontally,

stream thrown off. by the. remaining or upper electrode,

which in turn preduced a marked increase in. the

fluorescence upon the opposite side of the tube. This _

: Gnd Ge at G0 ees coe he

or both of these end electrodes, the respective s' of ©

cathode reys and resulting fluorescence were: re

duced. to a very marked degree; with an’ accompaning

etrot , which was done by conn necting

aie seigrmabndanethonn eerste

§ oecanne cgemreates

| slrrpaseastes ns . :

ge amagead tsar Orr

F.R.S. Received and Read December 15, 1898.

As an illustration of the extraordinary power of the

pew cooling agent—liquid hydrogen, the extreme rapidity

“with which high®vacua can be produced by ‘its use is, .

‘perhaps, one of the most striking. The absolute boiling

points of hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine are respec-_ :

ively 85°; 90° and 240°, in other words oxygen bdils at.

‘p temperature two and a half times higher ‘than liquid

ad liquid chlorine similarly at two.and a half

Examination.” By James Dewar, M.A, 1D

liquid hydrogen as a cooling agent ought.to be relative

{ust of liquid chlorine. Now chlorine at the temperature

melting, point, and in this condition has an excessively

| feeble vapour pressure. When liquid hydrogen, freezes

ought to be left'in the vessel.’ “If we apply Van

égen, the above inference is made unim-

he An approach ty some knowledge of what the

extrapolating the vapour pressure

gen cam be

2 “ot bélling’ points témparatixes -foe* niteegen: and

Piles tusk ol tiguhd oxygen: From this we infer that

Il to liquid sir as effective as the latter is compared to —

- of boiling oxygen is a hard solid, some 80° below its

5 mace samssrtbanctin. Mimasteanes he tutored

Ot oak to be inferred that no measurable pressure _

of corresponding temperatures to the

tv Malan by hceptting vapor ss ne

‘and ‘nitrogen. Taking the following — é

( Sr amcor yume seb wueia Ge see

;

‘

Ee ES ee eee

ESE LT I PET

eT G

RANE. ‘5

1) Nitrogen ..... 0.0016. . Premacninam.cts ae

Le a

+. "Phe: results -of caleulation; taking the formule for —

- the widest range of pressures,-viz.°{1) and (2), may

. probably be the surest, but in any case those values must

a ‘Paces Fog Pas

mam 97,592 ca

tichers raves forthe vapour peare of ald 5

_ gen below its boiling point, viz ge

hd AP anb. S2ese4 ak 91.44" - 78.1° as |

eemeeeetn ae tbe AGS 2 TB

Oxygen. ba gash ee —8. 8024 log, oT. ‘ @y

We dies from hens Pats the following vapour

pressures. at the. temperature of boiling hydrogen:— ae

(2) Oxygen ...... 0.000076 ae gue MMe: —

ORY a. athe, vi xn RAM ing

be. taken as a maximum, seeing they. refer to the liquid

state, while both oxygen and nitrogen, at the tempera

een. $8 mm., athe: dale tthe peli

; ald be wa) tro masa den eeiaee eae & of oa

omngrin ——. caniaitier mre it et

x a vessel’ ‘by: ee

; Geral-epape'Geas! stevie ed Supbeas This is just about |

the pressure of the vapour of mercury at the ordinary

temperature in the Torricellian vacuum, so-that as good

al exhaustion ought to result as can be got by “boiling

ae out @ space with mercury. . There is another way in

- which the question may be put. Assuming the molecu-

“Jar latent. heats are approximately proportioned to the

absolute boiling points, then we can, from a comparison

‘B +=with the oxygen value, deduce that of hydrogen, and |

_. thereby get the constants in a two-term formula for the

/ vapour pressures. For pressures below an atmosphere,

Q = the. following commande were deduced :— :

a Oxygen . “> logy = 7.2088 — 2° mm, "sé wake & 4

- Hydrogen . - logp = = 1.2428,— =" mm, vax. (5).

oe ‘From these expressions it follows that. at its boil-

- ing point, or 35° absolute, hydrogen has 7/852000 times

the pressure of oxygen, or the latter pressure is about

éight millionth of an atmosphere-~ A similar formula,

calculated from the critical and boiling point data, gives

_ substantially the same order of quantities. Formula (4)

for oxygen tensions must be fairly accurate, seeing it

meee nt bee ok ete eee ee ee

| Saad ceniasnabeieiaen ae alana:

spectroscopic of. gases; with and without

@ectrodes (figs. 1 and\2), having a capacity ranging

from 15 fo 25 c.c., had pieces of quill tubing about a foot

= a ee ee ee ee 3

: ‘inereased. cooling surface, and.

_ ‘Rectan, to allow many times the olume of air i

siabeamieminbenns ands ceria e ee

\ ‘ Seu ; ane fe

Me cae) Ded | ‘ tae off

“Aah ‘ i) x Te:

\* f i i} J . e : >

‘ a : j ;

\ it f 3

Defendant's: Bahibit No.9 ee. Wea he

an atmosphere, and then sealed off |

each other. One of these two identical tubes could then

pe subjected to the hydrogen cooling, following the direc-

_ > tions already given, and the two vacuum tubes now. com-

./ pared. If there was a marked difference in ‘resistance

’ to the passage of the discharge in the frozen tube, then

~ something must have condensed, and by a few tenta-

. tive trials a limit might be reached when the initial’ ex-

haustion was unaffected by the hydrogen cooling. Such

~ experiments have not yet been made. The presence of

any vapour of mercury would require to be carefully

"eliminated, otherwise the method would not, be satisfac-

tory. .Tubes that are prepared without taking special

the glass, deteriorate, especially. with electrodeless tubes

precautions to exclude organic matter and

"1. “ine " Defendant's Behibit Né. 9 x

—— teintieiid ‘at. the end of 60 seconds to jo) 8°, Sir.

*. oe a Geérge Stokes has been good enough to consider = ;

— | oe problem and writes as follows:—— . . . “4

i} _ . “Let Vbe the volume°of the vessel, A: the ‘ares bf

an aperture by which the air is conceived as rushing out

' with the velocity %, p the density of the aif in-the vessel

at the time t, D tne initial ccmcoa A that fs, the atmos.

pheric density.”

— “Then, according to our ny potheuta, Av.dt is the :

a volume of air, and, therefore, Avp.dt, the mass of alr,

| . «which rushes out in the time dt, But this equals the loss

|: _ of mass of air in the vessel during’ the time dt, and,

Beer S therefore, \ ;

a, ch —Atp.dt=—Vdp, \ A tit

“a differential equation of whiche the integral is

* pmeD sae 2 eb,

b an a “Suppose now V to be 20 c.c,, ‘or 20,000 c.mm., A to ‘

he - be the area of a circle of 1 or 2 mm. diameter, say 2 sq.

‘a mm, » to be 388 m., ne eae a seconds) to

aes | be 60; then

2a > one Meg renee.

r BS: A , : J ‘ ‘ & t

oe i | oo cee, meen ORBE N08, Ft

. a : Race ae \:

eSATA LEE)

ore mesa atari Seo

D - 2 x 888,000 x60 _ s996

la Bg re mre ee haere 5 ph iat Ree oT . .

2, Rv, Le Mr) te. Miles, Se, 5 : aes 8 : ‘ TO Pnd aha 5. Fy 5 a

+ a> | i dee ee ye y, i Fe - vy? _ ' yous’ * ee eee SB GR CO” Silas. a

Defendants Bzhibit Noo 8

iminiohed pressure, and then to freeze out the remain '

‘ ing gas by the use of liquid air, just as in ‘the experi-

ments with liquid hydrogen: .

+> he first vacuiim tube was. dir dhesteliices one, the

air had not been dried, nor the glass specially cleaned.

Qn spectroscopic examination it showed hydrogen lines

stant along with the second or compound line spectrum

of the same gas, and a series of bright: bands defined on

‘the less refrangible side; diffuse on the more refrangible, —

“which occur ‘in the yellow, green, blue, and indigo.

These bands were found to be identical with the carbonic

oxide spectrum. With a Leyden jet in the secondary

dircuit the line spectrum of hydrogen’ disappeared, Teav-

‘ing the secohd spectrum fainter; but the carbonic oxide —

pands remained bright, and ‘there, was no. appearance

‘of the* hydrocarbon spectrum. The second ‘tube had ~

- gluminum ‘electrodes, and, like the. last,’ had no special

“treatment in‘ filling in the air. This tube shdwed also

the line spectrum and the second spectrum of hydrogen ;

the latter ie bright along with the carbonic oxide

ioe

Aes

ae : Defendant's Exhibit No. 9

8 - fractionation, and: it was observed that during the spark.

_ing the helium lines ‘were well marked along with “others,

- - . the oripin of which must de settled later.” It wan further

observed, “With a modified form of apparatus it will be

possible to collect any residwary gas from the use not of.

8 cubic feet of air or Bath gas, but from hundreds of, -

gubic feet of isuch products.” The helium afid other asso.

ciated material was shown to be more volatile than

nitrogen. Pursuing this course of investigation in the

‘summer -of this year, the vola le portion of air was.

examined, when the presence of material giving the

same lines as ath helium was recognized. While this

- investigatfon was in progress, Professor Ramsay and

Dr. Travers observed the; samie spectrum.in the more

volatile portion of s#'gon which they’ have associated with

a new element called neon. The use of liquid hydrogen,

as, described, proves that the most characteristic line .of

- » neon in the yellow, about W.L, 5849, “can be detected in

* 25.c.c, of ordinary*dir, and the -Pregence of helium in

a the atmosphere is confirmed.t | .

A ‘fourth tube, filled like the preceding one, “had a.

_phosphoric pent-oxide tube left on. This showed again * :

the carbonic oxide bands, but no ‘hydrogen lines could

be detected; while the oxide of. coppe®ought to have

removed all free hydrogen and transformed all the or

ganic matter into carbonic acid and water. Yet .it ap-

pears that the spectrum of the: carbon, compounds is’

difficult to remove from electrodeless tubes, probably

owing to e glass.-Theré —

. ‘were some broad diffade bands that may arise from the

|. °° , drying agent. : The ‘absence of hydrogen in this tube

ed Pain os grain ere tenet:

SS aa aa eee rset ee

oS SE EE DPS ee eae

mae

beetiaan- ~—nt

>. - = ‘

‘ . -

a TE NE

Simers 22S 4

a Bates ak I ae errs

penenaner wee nadncemacee omeomene toes

ill, ici

AA pe

rw noe a

: ‘ :

ST On RE ae an et i

Pha rea hime erly one

. . ,

sa in

‘

liquid

in one

- cult to

- finding

Shia

vapour of: water

greatly indebtéd |

ful examination of the spectra of. these tubes.

" » Sir William Crookes was

two.tubes with platinum el tk

in vacua tilf’all hydrogen disappeared, and then filled

-with dry air, but without the use of red-hot co

orany agent for the absorption-of. carbonic :

destruction of organic matter. After the cooling with .

hydrogen, he found on spec pic examination, _

‘WL, and-the other 5676 W.L. The

the same yellow about 5852, the hel

_ 5989 and 6145, the hydrogen lines C and

presence of neon, helium,

in his tubes of the carbonic oxide.s

sting all the electrodeless tubes gave this: spectrum: In

these tubes the vacuum was very high, and it was diffi-.

presence of free hydrogen in the atmos

tion for further inquiry. The tube that did not contain

hydfogen was heated v

Defendant's Bichibit No.9 = * 6

to Professor Liveing for making a care-

g -

. Good enough to prepare

ectrodes,. which. he. sparked

»pper oxide

acid or the

no. hydrogen, but two faint lines, one about 5852

second tube showed

ium line along with

i F, and some

red lines. The. arm: Hed Crookes confirm the ~

pectrum is important,

observe the gaseous spectrum. Still, the fact of F

hydrogen in one.and not in the other, leaves the |

siecadaanttae

ery zhot in order to get a dis--

charge, and then the spectrum showed some bands like

the negative glow of nitrogen, -Occasionally, a jar dis-

charge was got to pass, and when thia took place the

lines could be seen. An electrodeless tube

coming slowly from ithe glons,. [em

ve ~ \

1 is ead

1] yt Defendant's Behibit No. 10,

}

P %. "DEFENDANT'S EXHIBIT No. 0.

an —————o

if : “he: hake der Physik.

ig ite ' ., PP $60-874, —

oy eg Me hehe [TRANSLATION]

i= PRODUCTION OF CATHODE RAYS BY ULTRA

i Ban | ; VIOLET LIGHT

Mi | (From the Bitcangiben: der Kais,.d. Wissensch.

= 1 : [859] in Wien’ vom 19 Lsptoenlin 18991))

' i ‘ . The property! possessed by ultra-violet light, dis. -

ty covered by Hertz and first demonstrated in a simple

j } ‘‘manner by Hallwachs, of expelling negative electricity

7 from bodies has been investigated in many of its char. .

Ht acteristics. One has been able to penetrate into its

| : _ mevhanism in soar as to determine the paths of the —

i eseaping electricity in air-filled and also in rarified .

ce space.) What; however, the carriers of electricity along

ig oA x these paths may be, has remained in doubt. my

i i ? 9 1, ‘Researches on. the “Disintegration of Bodies by

as Ultra-Violet Light”®) have showngthat. possibly ponder--

& able material parts of the body. subjected to radiation

me. may be those carriers. That such an immediate infer. .

i ~~" ene from the results of previous experiments is hardly

wy justified special researches have shown: me, of which

1 one will‘ be here touched on.

. A clean surface of sodium amalgam in an atmos-

was subjected to radiation for such

@ length of time that 2.9 x 10-* coulombs ‘ of . negative J

electricity escapeg from it, and the electric field was 80

: amalgam the akgregate quantity —

rave been ed to,a clean platinum —

liuim atoms had been the‘ carriers, their

e mass would have amounted to 0.7 x 10+ ;

! Saheb hengen co gties-eane

ena j

- heen the carriers. ‘ Now according to Bunsen, less than

™~

‘many ‘phenomena are superposed on one another, one Ne ae

: a Peversal did not

Defendant's Exhibit No. 10 63,

0.8 x 10-* mg. of sodium is detectable in flarne with the —

“greatest clearness. Wher, however, the platinum wire,

whickrreceived the carriers, was tested in the. flame there

was no trace of sodiim reaction. —

ee Dey cee interes Whi We tidal th

the title : of this work, I was led by the marked vuiptlar i

character ‘of the photo-electric effect, as has been estab- = /

lished beyond doubt especially by- Elcter and Geitel*), yA

together with the knowledge that cathode rays may be “

important carriers of negative electricity», I ‘was. .. An

strengthened in this inference, efter experiments with . &

negative results, by a remark of Right. uo |

He finds © that the discharging - action of light on ops.

a * body with a large negative chary¥e increases as the ‘

air is more and more rarified up to maximum which oc-

curs at.that pressure “at which the air miost easily as-

gumes an electric charge,” but that it decreases with

further rarification. He finds further that the acticn _-

_ of light on an originally uncharged body in bringing it

to a positive’ charge by the expulsion of negative. elec-

tricity always increases with increasing rarification of -

_the air and he adds the remark that both properties of * . a}

the photo-electric action clearly cannot be the results et .

_ a single cause. ws a TEP INN

| “The present research begins at. this point. When Nee

must endeavor to isolate a particular one. - I endeav-

ored, ‘therefore, to study the phenomena when the air

. was excluded, whereby it was above all ‘to be decided |

_ whether with the passage.to the most extreme vacuum a

oe PR ek MRR LE Defendant's Bxhior No. 16

me | ; ' .s

;

) aa 2

|| ae |

.: S

ait

| | second ‘¢lectrode I which is placed parallel to’ the first.

cai tl and which is always grounded. The 5 faim. side openiny ~,

a in the electrode E as well'as the additiona! electrodes a

a iF | and 6 were not present ‘in the first experiment (3, 4), ~

; lw The light source was as usual formed by the 15 mm,

4 _ spark path of a large inductorium provided with a Ley- .

i ' | den jar; thé sparks jymp between zinc wires which ©

“i. .. yields: much ‘ultra violet light. A shield B composed of

/ ae _' Sn foil of 4mm. breadth prevented the light from strik-

‘ ing cuy parte of ‘tube interior other. than the elec: |

EFF

ELE

|} & of @ sheet, indicated by WW in théMfigure, which pro

I Ais tected the tube and the measuring instruments . from .

BS t

a S%

-* 8

Wik ~ Fog She ens ee Soe

2 &

Defendant's Baibie Now. RO

ize ie ‘ssieaiiad to: them.’ Positive charges: reraain or -

decrease with.extreme slowness®). With the quadrant

electrometer it is shown that the originally uncharged -

~ glectrode under the influence of the light assumes a posi-

blk cee increases up to a limit of about 2.1

volts. »All these phenomena are completely suppressed.

when a thin sheet of ‘mica“is-placed between the light

-gource and the apparatus. In short, all the character-

istic actions of ultra-violet. light, kriown: to exist: in air,

geeur alsd in the most complete vacuum and indeed with

striking intensity. ‘Quantitatively ‘we shall establish —

. goon (4) a sharp distinction between the action océur-

ring here and that occurring in rarified air. It may also

be remarked here that the cooling with solid carbon:

- dioxide and ether of a vessel containing phosphordus-

pent-oxide. located between. tube and pump did not affect

. Mhe quantities of escaping electricity to be measured.

In regard to the photoe-electric action, the éxperi-

ment seems to me te teach that this toa first order has

ng to do with the air. A further point of interest -

of the research resideg in the fact that it shows electricity —

to exist in the most extreme vacuum which, according to

- prior know , one must have pronounced impossible.

> The same ‘thing has ‘been observed previously, and for

the first time, with cathode rays which were produced

_ by gas discharge, and it is noteworthy that iteis only.

oo electricity which appears in the extreme vac-

In order to take into account’ thesé ‘rela*ions I

1 in the following designate with the particular name

Gas tun: Chacevtn Quaticen ee plotelehy 4p" bs oh

- [863] served here and which, ‘as will be shown again,

_ are endowed with*inertia and which in motion constitute

/ cathode rays, as previowly known. gues tha

= ~-* 3

Defendant's Bahibit No.10- 7 ¢

a’

Exner elettroscope or a quadrant’ galvanometer:

. This measuring instrument and the resistance composed

‘ of twine or graphite, were placed inside a conducting»

enclosure, ‘insulated from ground to which the negative

electricity was conducted at measurable voltage.’ The

difference of this last voltage and that observed between

the ends of the resistance is the electrode potential of

the following table ; opposite are the quantities calculated —

from Ohm's Law. — é' “eo “a.

gente, TABLE I

Potential of the : OR aie

radiation. _ of Tlecteichty. ,

-—4 _ volts? 1) oy . 10-10 Coul

) 26.6

— 8900 22.5 4

—.4100 24.8 :

— $110. 24.5

: — 1300 ¥

Sh Contr

— 120 ', 219°

el , its |

coe “9g ' 15.

: oni aes e j

0 4. saga Begin

~ 4: 2.1 . Nite i He:

[364] esisiers e ‘ &. “ ‘a

If we consider first the upper part of the table, we

see that the quantity of electricity escaping per second

is within, | iin, miptoneneh of Stee rg

In ne 8 ves cnr. Neues 1 al on 2 (ye? ag

pcetres oon a pon eae

city discharged decreases markedly with a further de

Te op nd 3

sue Defendant's Beni No, 10 67

a. part of: the already, emitted |quanty ne .natumned. ts |

the electrode under the action of their own forces. That

this effect occurred ‘in our research from 100 volts down-

depends on the peculiarity: of the applied light

oatellpe pron sTinagancdbe cork gtheonte ap wngete neg

.@inary short time interyals... This. point .will not

be further entered on here; it suffices to have indi-

ested for further application deffnite-and steady -

quantities of escaping electricity in our research. There. |

| may be further noted. the obviously explicable de-

grease to zero of the escaping quantity, shown in the -

..third part of .the table, when the impressed voltage. is’

positive; when therefore the removal of: the radiated

quanta is opposed (cf. 8). The voltage +2.1 volts, to_

which corresponds the quantity zero, is the same as

that attained by radiation _by. an originally nncharged

ee:

aitingin ohktha antetions.in/oumen toi tliews

thege different yarefactions we may here place the i

following results of a sories, of related experiments with

| —. cudeeinnen rasimacearitace ian

| 8 : “TABLE 1 7m?

elias tt st Wetiy

0 0,002 0.08 “07. 20 200. ‘ao

Quantity of Fcabing Electricity Coulomb im Bian ,

20.2 216 47 3 0.62 0.12 0.05

) Ne? 141 0.42

fe.

5 : : S

an nn 9 ane te A ER Te el “4

RE ee See Cee eT ae ST ee

ae at. 3% ‘ ‘ .

e ual

“, ep 4

a pa a : . any.

EE citer Bae & : Mees eye oe Be TS e

= 1 eles ERS ARSE Sie Ga a

Aaa e a OE ANION HOTNESS HRI Nl A SAT en a

SOLE eae oe TT ae ets ate Re te eee rere daar .

oy 4

Pe tie

> ie

i Pe

t *

k :

i oi

; a

i hee

i fem:

i * .

ie Pee

‘a <).

- $d

a a ne

eae

2 Bg

iat

a: =

din

also. we can arrive at the formation of distinct separate

_ rays. The opening in the electrode E (cf. Fig.'1) and’ |

See “Defendant Bohibit No. ‘10°

ay seeinaen vesearches on’ this subject. te. the conclusion i

eh we shall return to the question uf the air. = -

es drm tte Page rec of the path whith the

ping from, U take, we can make our start

4 Righi’s’ basic work-which shows that in or. -

these paths are given by the lines of force of

¢ field, but that with increasing rarefaction

J _ they approximate more and more straight

We inquire. now as ‘to’ whether inde vacuum. —

the neighboring electrodes -c and #6 are now, made use .

of. If U is sufficiently charged, say to about —80000

_yolts°eorrseponding to a spark’ length of about 1 cni,

one observes in an Exner electroscope connected ‘to ae

_a@ divergence of negative sign beginning with the illuni- :

nation and increasing slowly. The electricity*therefore a

- passes through E toa: ©That the electricity does not .

occupy ‘the entire cross-section of ‘the tube is shown by,

_ the fact ‘that.on the side electrode B a divergence is not

obtained; obviously the quanta form a beam which —

[366] éoming to the opening in E, pass through toa

We find this confirmed when. we: test, the putative

beam (ray) by. its magnetic deflectability which. is to be”

expected. For this_pgpose a wire coil is brought close

to the tube either abbve or below; the common axis of.

the coil is vertical; its windings appear in Fig; 4 as a

dotted circle.: If now a current of suitable s

flows through the coil,'jt results that it would defi

to B a cathode beam identical with our beam, ae

we obtain the divergence of the ‘electroscope now onp *

while it is excluded from a; Packie vegoghemttiea: ma

/ tremely evactiatel be by th i

tee Coun ruber eta oy

ens

ee Sees ee ee c=

oe O34

' ‘de

re Ae Es

a ~— duitiodd) in ‘accordance with the ‘dnifocebiction ;

contained in Table I, not only: with’ large but with as

small impressed voltages as one desires. As the im-

: “mediate. sourte of the quanta of our rays the illumi- —

"nated electrode is indicated while in the usual aiceeres

“tube. it appears oe be the: indispensable gas... ,

it For the ‘Guntintoe stuay, of the sissies a

‘flectability of our’ rays{awe usé instead of the electro-

scope a quadrant electrometer which may be connected

with a or Bp. .The conductor connected to the instru-

| Defer nie Wahibit No. to " Mot ce Os

ment in the screening metallic enclosure i is connected ,to

- ground_by a shunt tonductor in series with a ‘large

_graphite resistance. By. this. means the..cécurrence of

% disturbing potential differences: in ‘the space between

E, o and 6 is avoided, and at the same time the meas- .

~ grement of the quantities or electricity caught by a or:

- Bis made possible without time observations ‘by reason

of the const2nt defiéetion.of the electrometer. The outer

: the tube for the following experiment are cov-

: f

Tpsnit ered with tin foil from E to a and 6. and out

of this only the insulated: lead . wires. of the last. two

electrodes project; the enclosure as well as the: particular fs

‘dectrode which is not used iff the experiment, are con-

“nected to ground,. To the illuminated electrode two large

Leyden jara are connected to hold its potential constanty

- After this potential is brought to. the desired value the

“eperiinans Ja, oc: eondnated, thet: the, electaemetie. dos

_ flections, corresponding to a serieg of different currents oo3

<*> 001 at seer’ Se Neth 8 ANAL Ye Bins a

C93)

- 70 et _ Defendant's Exhibit No. 10 ©

Fig. biases qiinldiny incecnctta teense ance

oe periment and at the same time gives 4 picture of the ~

Syc8 boundary of the rays. The curve which is symmetrical —

- with ‘respeat,to zero current and whose points are indi- _

. - ¢ated by circles-refers to the electrode for both a, and

Rorccencr To determine the location of the axis of symmetry of the

Pe last curve (denoted by a dotted line). and also the cur-. -

rent which deflected the axis of the ray to the center.

of the electrode 6 was the object of every experiment.

The second and third current values J, given in Table II!

’ - aye mean’ values of such graphical determinations. The

first current value, corresponding to’ the sinallest poten-

tial of U, could only be gotten by rapid variations of s

[368] the current with. Simultaneous electrometer read-

ings; for, on account of the weakness of the rayse*at this

low voltage, the spark illumination had to be replaced

by an intense zinc arclight!5) which latter was of very

fluctuating intensity. * The potentials of the electrode U, _

- indicated in the ‘first column of the table, were deter-

-. mined during the experiment by the divergence of a

‘suitable electroscopé. The calibration of the electro-

scope gave the’ highest or the mean’ applied potential

correspondifig to a sparking distance of 3.40. or 0.880

- mm: measured between clean spheres of 1.0 and 0.7 cm.

radius respectively, from which the corresponding valyes

_~ P- of the table follow. ‘The electroscope: used for the .

. lowest potentials was tested electrostatically on spark :

lengths with the aid of large capacities downward and -

_, upward by Voltages measurable by current flow; from

thé calibratién curve ‘so obtairied the first number . ye

taken. : ae ice eon me !

- Potential Bis Seat ea ee

n. Current a ae ee = 7 ae. .

C.G.S.(magn.) Amperes . Om,1/2 g-1/2° Cm. sec-1

— 108 0.65" "444. 16°. 1a. 10%: 0,12 . 103°

ae 90.) 186. > ARS: oe: 0.82

Sa a i at

‘ , Bee : i

) Tr ails ae oi 5 Re eee ang

EELS OE PEED te ee ai ty WOR

eg =" cenit ae Taran are eS ee ana a7 no SOR ITEAS 8 ry _— ee

; : Path a _— 5 i reas as rn poosncnal

Ne PARA e = te Re, Ie 3 a : b aa Raed ie me qesee fora . PULA re eriminianirs wwitenins =

ere Daphne ev tssase wet | immense caret coeel tn tethemereae cS alee aan eee nee Net a ae EIR et leanne ge: EGE SITE dene t= : = oe

‘ ea é 4 _ 4 ° * < 4 a: m : ‘

x ’ ‘ . _ 3 a oo -:

wie . ” $

\ S . m f 2 ¥ :

og se Rie 2.94 HB on~ gr SE. - Aa 0.54

‘Defendant’ Exhibit No. 10. ee oe

i i ela

tively. the assumption that the particles of our rays set .

4 motion by the light with the’initial velocity vo behave

“Hike the particles of a cathode ‘ray, that therefore -

in the first place are accelerated, in » uniform electric _ .

field under the potential difference P, to the velocity ¥

in accordatice with the equation, vivo? == PP 16),

(369) ‘and that, secondly, in a uniform magnetic field H.

at right Sages to their motion have the radius of curya-

ture Kok

3 Fone se ap de

Since we estimate . from the sien J we write

H=H,J where H, denotes the field due to a current Bu

of one ampere. :

Wc adil cies dchictal ne pbthestiine eer Wieell ltl

ae and therefore, set Vo = = 0. It follows then

ary Hi, *R* — — constant, a relation whieh. ig con-

firmed by the third column of Table III. ~~ en

_ our assumptions meet with no contradictions. .

gerning the real magnitude of the initial forse we

ous later obtain information (8). EE

4, strc iin a

> oaeniie v, a knowledge of Hy and K besides = i

needed, So Sorelle “vole: Wie ost eatin:

which can be deduced from any arbitrary point on the

one Beate yoy een E and 6. Since this entire

part of the path be approximately circular. owing

to the approximately uniform strength of the field, we —-

‘thoose the mean field and the corresponding mean ra- ©

Spend comiors hetwege BGS - :

- mhb magnetic theld.it'the plane of the tays was in-

_veitigated ~ the eqeiliations::at a vy ss atrssaacael

Con-:

Me eR Defendant's’ Benibit No. 10 a

, magnetized needle loaded with lead. The following ae

\® axis of the'coll =.) 11 2, 8B cm,

+ Oscillation period 1.08 1,11 1.28: 1.51 2.21 4.18 gee,

Re: SS ae ree SOSA), ob

[870 obtsaate Re eee! (ey Sahane

_* . At 6 and 7 cm. bissapatinn! trike tie Kidd “the pune

‘tion of equilibrium of the needle departed greatly from.

-. the. of the axis of the coils which was placed’.

normal: to the meridian. The magnet field was there...

fore at this place already. of’fhe’same order of magni.

tude as the field of the earth And therefore out of con _

- sideration for our purpose. Te eae oe

rated 3 cm, and the eectrode U 6.6 cth. from the axis -

of the coil. The magnetic field at the center was calcu-

lated as 16.0 C.G.S. units for a cigrent of one. ampere, ”

from measurements of a*very finely adjustable coil sys-

tem. From‘dhis with the aid of the oscillation period,

the mean pam field between | E and B was calculated :

ete eee a ta sae

.circle which. goes through the centers. of E and f and

_. . whose direction is given at E. c-

- . sides exactly ~ € common axis of U and E,.the ©

3 radius, according to measureménts made on the tube,

would be 8.7 em., but even before passing E the ray -.

‘ophaiieaios aoa. ia el. novertookes oe ti”

*% .

syproximate valu ot the radius the angle becomes 5° 12

be corrécted ‘Tedinn:ty eharafte TRA ein aot 5 8

in the fourth column ‘of Table III. . They differ

with cathode rays*”), ‘There is no reason t6 compel us

for the purpose of ‘this ‘determination, and at that

es It would therefore be the more interesting. to

witra-violet light and those produced by gas discharge.

‘For. this purpose suitable quantities of air were let-into

the tube and the electrode U was connected with the in-

fuence machine, The phosphorescent patch. which was

sharply bounded covered almost the entire electrode a.

The currents necessary to make the fluorescence gover

tial. differences P= 8300 to 9300 . 10® C.G.S., which

R eT tees

— the last named experiments were not pure in that

they were produced in the midst of a disturbing gas,

n ether the whole.po-

here, since it is used not only for.

‘Defentasite ‘BanibieNo 10 we

a “The a dea ~ which can row, be calculated are.

from the value of 4.6 . 10 which I previously obtained.

+ (671) to look upon this difference as genuine, since

- hose experiments as well as these were riot undertaken ~

they could not be undertaken fer such, a pur-

"make a direct comparison between the rays produced by

the-electrode f' were J = 1.7 to: 2.5 amperes for poten- —

tential difference between the electrodes can be reckoned

SIN

ent with the values 5 Ghthlined Seith dor Pays (ed ‘Table

Il, colurin 8). “This experiment is, of courgg, not de-

disive, because the objection may be raised that the rays

-F P = 114 to-149. 10° and this is in good agree _ 2

oH > ; : cee ‘ v . “

A : ‘

Poa ’ . \

ome) 1 7 .

74 Defendani's Exhibit No. 10

EAE AO EtG £ « potem

+ tial difference. of 607 volts—corresponding to a mean

divergence of an ordinary. elect#oscope—is about %, of -

the velocity of light. ee wee renence ova

Se ne eee ees

. of the tube. oben gaat iy moved Magic

{872]. ments very much faster rays that w

_ duced with high voltages (remained. invisible, be

cathode rays that I ‘observed before and which ¢

quantities of electricity of the same order ‘of stars

‘cond gnly ne Rasend 8 fe slaps tex oncienls Ga

room. while in the present, experiments a good deal ,

‘unavoidable diffused light was present. The use

coltante, mnapenoneacence screens would. be ‘sppropriaia,

a o—— in this case. 3

ae A tew more conclusions ¢on be drawn from ti

observations. In the first place, we see that on account

of the weakness of the rays that were produced at 607

volts (cf. 6) the radiation from the surface which wai

_ subjected to the ultraviolet light did not take place nor

mally to the surface as would be the’case invan ordinary —

‘discharge tube, but it was diffused in all directions, be -

we see from Table I that the same quantity of

) electricity is emitted with this voltage as with: higher —

voltages which, however, gave much more intense rays —

‘back of the diaphragm E. < This difference in intensity _

can be accounted for when the radiation takes place in -

all directions.- In this case the higher the voltage the

more the rays are bent under the influence of the clec-

| Se ee er ee cone ie here 0 commen Sar

a .¢

rays behind BE under the influence. of brill ~ieeenk

_. be accounted for by the diffuse radiation, (compare no-

_ Defendants’ Benibie No: 10 1

finite initial instlniy oe: eai ‘In order’ to obtain

"gn estimate of the value of the initial velocity in our ex-

ents I conductively connécted E and U together

and to earth so that there was no electric force between

them, at least not at the beginning. At the same timé

two coils were so mounted fhat the region between U

d E was in the center of their field. . Thesé coils were

Tinstnd-that eacnabegitig tel iecieaeiakisaaah “4

1878) © te ee ee

_ currents. This was done in order, first, to see if: the

th's field would iave any influence on the radiation?®,

is was found not to be the case. There was no no-

i ainotance, tikes Che Wenatley Ch datelalty

“Bitted with or eithont the. earth's eld. If, however, .

_ the magnetic field between U and E was incréased more ©

and more, until at a field of about 6 C.G.S. there was a

distinct diminution in the quantity of electricity emitted,

oa Sewrbetee (G.S8.' almost the whole radiation was

po 21) a

ee > en untnbe, “whitet taie atideniol Ut “eave esttea

electric field have a constant velocity in’ all directions y,

from the center of emission (cf. note 14) travel in cir- ~

des or spirals in the homogeneous magnetic fietd. The

‘tadius of these paths becomes smaller with incréase in

_ the strength of the magnetic field. ‘If the magnetic field

| e of the’ emitting electrode; and this

-w'the ‘beginning? of ‘the’ influence ‘of the inagnetic field |

| onthe escaping quanta 2%. The diameter of the path ©

- that! is bent back ‘first“is, with our apparatus, of the

| ater of the distance’ between ‘U and , that is, 36cm,

d this ponds to 4 field of 6°C.G.S.,‘so that the ~

e ‘The same result can be obtained by noting that the os

mis on is reCuced to zero when the potential of U be se

- aleeslatel waa ad bala Laced ciarusonstaale :

“Te 6 —s( Defendant's Hahidit No. 10

3 looked pon in thle way, thet the otential P is just suf

. | oe atte cient to return all the quanta that have been emitted in all

> directions with the velocity vo to the electrode before |

nl | they can strike any body in the neighborhood. The

ae | ;, [874] velocity can then be calculated from the equa.

¢tion: y= VeP— ‘since the glass wall can be looked

_ upon \as sufficiently conducting to have the same poten

» é ye padapansipus ersten pongiy ins

i. |) a “Yo 10 em. per second. a | ‘,

oo | aa An initial velocity of dts order” ‘of siipeleti could

ie be overlooked ‘in our deflection experimengg (6), since —

it is‘ only 4% of the least velocity ,dealt with. They —

would therefore be completely covered by an error of

Koo in the experimental observations. —

e it a » 9 Thus far we have only considered. the oh:

a. | in. vacuum. From ‘the results ‘here obtained,

me a : how “conclusions can be drawn for the case in which

gas is present. ‘These may be pointed out here. ‘They

1 Cec: Ae-saias taal wilt Sunita: ak wat adoeit doe

) ee ame rari, We Hisinrted ee

tie. - would. be absorbed by the gas and would give up .

: Bere es Feisvin vmetgae sang tone patina wth how

Be Pe peepee

_ . transportation .of electricity .will be in the form of

‘e~. Cathe wie ely: ina very small. section in, the neigh: :

| sh eat rae, onl sae. ent oe

—_* gas DONEREM, age layer lg E

_ * ¢ .

< by $ ’ :

Md ° yb

# e Oe eee

docisleas might consequently be identical’ with, the dif.

Fe of the cathode rays found here, ~ as

vhs puck aaraerane aaniaiecmeatcas

Sin view of the conductivity imparted to the gas by the

_ gathode rays when the latter are absorbed2®, ‘The -

9s us os ctor ieee oe re

- anderstdod ‘if we consider that in the presence of gas™

2 is we etry waa ‘unit: time in-

¢reases with: the voltage, and secondly that in gas much

‘larger. quantities of electricity can be discharged than

ina vacuum (4, Table II). The fact that the discharge

decreases. again for high gas pressures contradicts this

-@xplanation. Diffitulties are met in considering the case .

in-which the substance was initially charged. positively

* jp air. For the explanation of ‘this there is a want of

- knowledge of the properties of gases which haye been

ae and made ore of cathode. rays.

Pr as

Re E * > a)

pet ; mts

25 . *

—

yo eae :

b . »

Phas ;, f

Seis ~ : °

a fe

x ~ :

“se a Y P

+e © i) SAS

Seg tio -

t= +

> bd af

x e.

be 2

;

- F

af s A

“hy

Defendants Behibit. No. 10° | . sake

and by a conducting atmosphere. This can be .

- u

)

2 @

-? ©

’

¢ ‘e)

‘ah

2. A. Rich, Mem, delle Reale Acod: @ Bologna 44), 9,.p. 9m

; Meh te op oo 8g

3. P. Lenard and N. Weil) Wide ‘ana. 5 p. 443, 1889. a

‘4. ‘T,Blster and H. Geitel, Wied. Ann. 67, p. 24, 1896.

5. Of. Wied. Ann, 64, p. 279, 1898. | ah

6. A. Righi, Atti della Reale Acad. dei Lincei Le. | pe

©. ‘This wae shows to bp stttctly dependent on: the illnminatian

within the tube; if besides the surface of U other parts _

of the tube were illuminated the decrease of the positive -

charge could be accelerated. Since under normal —

a ee _ - conditions -scattered reflected light : for example

aw. Ber . the electfode E, the above mentioned loss of posi-.

ee ; et Mee orn the meaning\

_ of Elster and Geitel (1.c.). s

_ 9% Of, Wied. ‘Ann, 64, p. 279, 1898. y Aipisay Do ae

10. Concerning the mode of voltage measurement, cf. -p. 368. The

‘ ee ee ee ae

. | See 4 1, Boapt at this voltage in my reearch no qeape of eletaty *

Poe 8: fF | ’ was detected in the abitence of light.

— | ae ; 12. A. Righi, Atti ‘(le.). ates

a | s BN tc 18, “At Teabt, not by forces which the glass of the tube exaployéd

ae Pe: was capable of continuously en: ef. Temarks

oe zz : assem ‘with Table I..

ff ae 14. Tt is Gr be remarked that in this experiment « quarts et

j i 3 between L and B focused the ultra-violet light on

ideas Regn en of the ¢lectrode U, there illuminating ‘a faintly

oS epg ‘bounded ellipse of about 10 mm. mean diameter (cf. 8).

Ab. A, Righi, memo. delle Reale, Acad. 41 Bologna, (4), 9, p. 9,”

16. cata ta esl anblates ¥-eascied Wengh cathode:

i oo | *-* pays previously (Wid. Ann. 65, p. 604, 1898). Subse

. °° 9m the observations Condres ‘a. Phys nn

oe Sela Sitio’ Berlin 17, p. 17, 1808) slreedy published but teaknown #

Aid . , _) " 4 . :

at — . - . Bt ¢ ey J

Defendant's Exhibit No. 10 ~ 1%

“th Pte phonon mca rie He

Wes 7“ Geitel. (Wied. Ann. 41, p. 166, ARP), at «Righi

a Ct. Wied. Ann. 56, p. 255, 1895: 4

Wk. Tusded th/this edt biotin Cebotract). 2: J. usdesiide tandiaiiins

_ 4. observations _concern the photo-electric discharge:

>. in a shell of ra ee nak Serelt Sois Sh sa eapte

A. Righi, Atti. 1 ¢./ ; oh gees

W. Of. Wied. Ann. 51, p. 240, 1894.00,

Ai Sh 1 1 a eate

Pd 4

eit

e ‘

”

_ some forty per cent from. the-value now , now accepted for

Sages

- :

: es 5

. “< : rom

* Z >

* ‘ “

ty = ies: ae

= #: ’

7s a ¢

bi : iss

SN: c nee

5 a

. we

2 i > s

os y .

3 et bs .

: 5 2

a Se e . °

»» « TRANSLATOR'S: NOTES.-

(To Lenard's paper.on .-

The Ceri parr hae saat as: 9 “electron” is

“Quant.” ee a

Recah oa

were calling “Elektron”. tn his latest: a ec

words to designate the sai * thitg. © #9 That

speaking .of electrons in the article here translated is_

obvious: from the fact that he gives 107 for the ratio of”

- the charge of the “Quant” to:its mass: ‘This differs by

the electron, but is of a to! g-

nitude from the value: for any other possible kind &

"The word translated as. “ion” is “ppiger.” a

‘{pecns ‘wosd'et:iliedt plats to-slgnity the’ Coating Me

. carbon deposited by a smoking flame ona metal surface.

- In this case it was obtained by burning turpentine. a

“blackened” surface is one sa. covered. ‘The correspond.

ag Sere merrr ery: dag and “berusst.” : - |

K K. DARROW *

* Dalendane' Bahibit No. 10-4 ee ee

fuses;

Analn der Phat Vel fan 1902"

fm sation’ i eeemiadiiatlss I nine shown that .

iltra-violet light falling ona body may excite ‘cathode

‘tadiation from it. ‘This production of cathode rays

Eade pe -independent of the presence of a gas;

contra sar becriiaety kaon wot aie

‘tf tubes, it took place even in the highest

ees ~ A‘ characteristic was that as in a vacuum

- dectric forces had no influence on ‘this excitation. The -

aoe |

of ae

- “gumed: to explain the contact. potential -differer 4

tee Defendant's Bahibit No. 10-4 :

|: eam: egies elle aaa EAE thn, |

S about the general process of. producing the rays®),

~ conductors have an opportunity to make tl them ndelves

raanifest in a new. way and, second, the initial v velocities

P ia

result makes it seem. probable that: in:the process of |

citation the light merely sets the electrons free with

a par i

oe with gas the phenomenon beconies ‘similar to the

| There was ME, apparent objection to this id

10. +1 succeeded in making the rays visible a

phosphorescent’ screens which made ‘observation ° nue

easier. ‘However,.I shall here report only on the re alts

__ of experiments with electrometers only, in which, first,

of the rays can be thoroughly measured. In respec “4

scarids- hades inbeabeis casdbadactcdey $0 ai

metals (88):. In: to the initial velocities, we find

they are not of uni magnitude and that for every

conductor and every kind of exciting light none

of velocities (22, 28, 26, 36). Hor

ity of the light (25) and this la

ever, the magnitu

pendent of the :

psn ginanati primar kane ERAN?

11: ‘ If the illuminated BR TEC isin a space fi led

of light discovered by Hertz and Hallwachs. (9,

Defendant's Bzhibit Nov10-A at

je its charge; ‘and this is contrary to experience. It

gill be shown here that gases are made conductive by _

Boum saisinan: ite, sacmranyrens ana:

ing a certain minimum (89,40, 42, 48)} and since we _

wthermore find that the highest initial velocities pos- —

d by any detectable number of the rays excited by

sega epee igeindamanereubeete omnes

pears (46). The velocity of the rays studied in the

‘present work is of-the order of 107 to 108 cm. per second

-gf about one one-thousandth of the velocity of light, con-

sequently thuch smaller than before’(7). It is seen that _

“these slow rays must possess to a. very high Wegree the b

prop ies of spreading out diffusely and of being ab- |

gorbed in gases for after. : only a few ~~

gs molecules (41), while the rays which I first studied -

‘laying about one-third the velocity of light could pass

[Mice 2000. gan, wsleccion-hatare ‘oll ath became.

- notice: enced ce cele moron towel See :

Oe ss taeclecint. ea ctonen nts. ds. ahd aboot

Bevel manne Socxemene teb:nemnetnine: es from

grease joints. ‘Sinee the prineipal:festures‘o® the: phe- |

‘fiomenon in extreme vacuum had already been inyes-

igat A (8:to.8), thie soemed:permisaible®,. |

; 13. ‘Tbe apbabainn-tatehitwrn te Pipers: U is the 7

bde ‘to. be illuminated, which isa circular alu-

m disc of 8.4 em. diameter completely covered with

tirpentine black, Opposite it stands the metal disc E ©

| ofthe same size and similarly covered with black; part .

‘ thit is cut away (e Figure 1 a) so that the narrow beam

of light which traverses the diaphragms BB and gg

aguante terra acon-RconememmaoR i

- of light; one mouth of this tube lies in the same st ight

. i Miepetin, veh at ia Hick Nip wick Sa

= tial difference is. established between’ U and E

_ by using storage batteries; directly for high potential

‘nections and over the pair of plates U and E

- brought at the beginning ‘to the same potential as the

- pliBiombaserabied ty ‘brvksre:speingsontect ‘whic Sat:

_ been. connecting the plate with the box;’the-charge on

. . the’plate then changes iecause of the action of the |

2 ee ‘Sines thera

82 . " Defendanti Buhibit Now 10-A -

Hight eratiltje’ aphid salle HO Gaia's haved endicy.

lar to its own plane ‘so that the distance UE can'by.

altered. | ae ee

electrode E,, Figure 1 b, ig put in placg of E. This one

has a conical metal tube r to: wa. free path tothe

line With the diaphragm gg and the other opposite.J

when the distance UE: is equal to 5 mm. This plate R,

Webs. csctes come ates

; cacti hibnintiapat uni eink’ dvdimindde yal

differences and with a potentiometer arrangement for

lower ones. ‘The plate U or E, for which we were to

determine the change in charge due to illumination, was

connected with a quadrant electrometer. The -box con

taining the electrometer which extended over all the con

BB being parts of it), was

e " Defendant’ Bahibit'No10-A

< duttacusice tetweeen tila edit linea aihtin ek thane

rate, it is necessary to work only with small deflections

greg amma re reggie weniger pam

to only a few nial eee oe golds ipe

ths of a volt?,- “The smallness of-these deflec- |

jight vary so much in, their intensity that a great num-

ber of observations DOTA, 8: ee: GREW. OP. AP, BORON

| Sone. Fs

(164) oF. "

Da ae? inte-iaity of the Uaht: The total quantity

emitted under the influence of the light is observed, ac-

Colutin & shows that ‘the fight intensities: ae

@ ratio of 90 : ae ee

the source of light during their periods of time which

(165) had to elapse’before it could be readjusted: Not

all the loss of electricity Q here observed took ‘place by

: (or average sensitivity of the electrometer) to to a few. ees

}

TABLE. IV. :

1 Bishan te, wibeenttny eaten.

Ps “ AG 1

. in wines nteat ot Bescon oS

0.106 =~ 765° 1001 766 90.6

0.182 5.00 1001 = 801 & = 87.4

0.206 2:2: 92001 2214: 28.6

0,206 2228 . 10.39 2810 286

0.463 35.55 10.39 36.98 464

0.885 10.22 10.39 ° 10.62 1.486

0.885 95 114)° 10.82 1.486

; - acne Oe inner — source s — me et

84 =—s*—s«dDefendanit’s Exhibit No. 10:4.

1 Distt tron hank: 46 See abide

2. Electrometer deflection (scale divisions in 10 seconds).

8. Capacity of the electrometer system.

4. Quantity of. electricity escaping, in one second.

5. Relative light intensity. ; » elerset

cues that by emission (compare 4 Table Il, ae

pressure). . Now, since experiments of this latter kind

have likewise found. the effect proportional to the inten- q

sity} of the light, our experiments show that this pro-

_portionality holds also for pure emission. . : ae

15... The period. during which a zinc. spark spée-

trum line was being emitted was about 5:x 10-* seconds

_ in the experiments of Schuster and Hemsalech!». In —

the present experimients.it must have been yet smaller

“for the capaci used in the spark apparatus was less,

Since the s follow one another at intervals of .0062:

Defendant’ Evhibit No. 10-A.

ic sind dtl onnhs aaidibaaiottceabiniddtais

inconstancy of the ultra-violet intensity of such an are;

‘gt least, there was not: the slightest indication of any

- yalue of the intensity near which the effect might di-

minish rapidly to zero. If such a value exists it must

: be very low as we see especially from the effect of the

_ om enenemenpe dbptncprarsins one er

fraction of the effect of the light falling directly on Y

. independent of its intensity; which can only he the case

if the very small quantities of light: reflected from the

- Jamp black still: have an effect proportional to their in-

- tensity. ‘The intensities there observed were as much

ant x 10. sings sronilee. thee she Jargeet, monentaey in-

: tensities used in Table 4.

16. The following run (Table V) is given to show 4

TABLE Ware sith

arcs UE = 10. mm.

Aovsleniiidis Pues

2 iS f

“ial & ; 4

eae:

han

| |, Column 1s PD. betwora U and:lt:. X, in y

Column’ 2: Quantity escaping from U: U

Be * Cotpmn 8; _ Quantity arriving: at E: EE

9 thand of! thé radiation at various: eu soll

4 fferences. TE A A ae

ee TIE AS se Ce de eve CS LEST TS rat Se RI Nr Pee. Beane ee Er teg Pe Pep een eS ae Pee Bs 4

.. os

Ne Bae Can si Aaa th RI RG ES ieee aS Rai al eee 6 Pr oo . ia ‘ - 2 . dhe " en ee ean eee ‘| . ee ne . oe - * . = pom

STN an Fe Ri Met ~ DONS A Ce ae PLE LOT ERS Fe PAN I PET TEE Ot NEN 7 8 ON. wie whet dee ah n= ae IE SAAC OE St DEES SNARES nee i dritiy sete sa SR SESS AT EN Soniye Fy sata tecnica <a

} f - J g has

" nas Ree * om te sat "eee: . ‘i ene nce are wand he. ihsiae oe TIT haere hain . atin ute eaten hace Dh ae vaencs eaentns Gaadansicn cco het ae os « .

: - . Seat s se - a? ene 3 % 5 ‘ sag a :

3 CS} “ES ts : : . ‘ : i > . : q

: - 4 ior > 5 - * b

’ = * *s > = ‘ e

, : « che

: small quantities of electricity which depart from’E and

ipa Soret ere ga rae 1. as

_ 86°. Defendant's: Rahibit\ No. 10-A

‘straight lines of Plate 4, Pigure 1) marked with UR — 1g

- mm, The abscissa is potential difference. The ordinate

is the quantity of electricity and points: which belong

together are connected with a straight line. The full

line. gives the quantity of electricity leaving U, the

broken line the quantity arriving at E. .These quanti.

ties we designate for shortness simply by U ang. E1?) an

[157] :

ass 3 ei tte: tabha ilk thie wctteniiein tel: Graphs ti |

append the following ideas, from which all that follows’ —

will proceed’ and- which are justified thereby. For the. _

sake of convenience in conceiving it, we divide the phe: _

‘nomenon jnto:five separate stages which correspond. to

different ranges of magnitude of the outside force (omg :

~ pare:Plate 1; Figure 1).

In stage 1 aig reehiretnny todceny ewantis quan-

“tity of electricity which the light:causes to be emitted _

‘we designate this quantity always by. 1.00-—is driven

‘back to U before striking any object in the vicinity. In

this stage the electrometer would show nothing if there —

were not some light reflected from U to E whicli ir

duces an effect there. This effect is revealed by the

Int Bayt. a e2 (r Res

Defendant's ‘Behibit No. aa oS 8?

edie: Of ‘the ‘total emission 1.00'a part, E, goes

to E, another part; U-E, goes off sidewise to the glass

_ walls. and the third part 1-U goes back to’ U. The num-

per of electrons going to E increases when the retarding

force diminishes, as is shown by the rise of curve E.

' Since only such electrons can comé'to Eas have velocities

of which the normal component exceeds a certain amount

corresponding to the potential difference UE, the shape

- of the curves in this stage wiil be suitable for finding

the distribution of the initial velocities; of course, the

sidewise escape of er ectrons must be allowed sad (18,

90, 22, 28).

ia shewas hehe. base desandeiaaiies the outside ;

_ daten. Whieh Ue aint ie seebhepatin Reacess ane 4 te :

< electrons to E. except those that return to U. A ‘

In stage 5, the Acielsaniindie: Heike da maommnie

no electrons return to U and consequently the total emis-

sion—1.00 in our units—is ‘measured. - A further in-

_. erease of the force produces no further alteration, ‘as

was compl peel ay Sen ae ee

- tovee tm earlier experimetits (4, Plate 1). at.

we ao ee ris pee

. by means of magnetic force—-A coil (

. is slipped over the tuke producing a magnetic field nor-

mal to U and E.. This converts the tangential. compo-

. ®

88 o Defendant's Exhibit No. 10-A

_ [159] coincidence with curve B which last remains

i as we well as with the spark®),

‘Distance UE = 10 mm. Entire Emitted Quantity = 1.00

Scaerteaamanineanetsaamacen: 1), covered with _

lamp black; against the glass wall:between U and E+), «

When the magnetic field was raised to about 15 C.G.8.

units’ (measured at the surface of U), the sheath no

longer took up any negative charge. No electric force

. was applied; the distance UE was 40 m=., the radius of

the sheath 2.2 cm., the radius of the spot of light on

U 0.8m. From this we obtain for the largest valve of

pcan amen a rpg nat i Rega

unchanged; stage 2, therefore, vanishes.

The tests were carried out with the carbon arc light

TABLE VL

1 2. “3 Pitan ‘6° qe

—0.66° 0.16 . 0,082 0.029 — eters 007 tg”

—1.0 0.082 porn i ple 1O..

Bee EY ay plac oy 0.019 0.0081 0.0088

—8.0 0.0026 0.0047 —0.0071 —0.0025 —0.0038 0.0064

EE SSS ics

Ta:

ig]

acorns No. 1 uA

+ ME

sities

: ality

Ce En

: tie

‘ili

1.0

UE g

® :

—x(E=0) 1,06 10%.

am Points of Zero Effect:

iggrtianss

—x(U=0) 110 24° far over 12

Distance UE 6.

os i ie : =

HELA

' ‘ Seep

. ‘ : 7

Bost Deeb espa 9 £ rien

. | see = pee « s ?

rs rs :

: ¥

< 3 :

; 90. cee. | Defendant's Exhibit No. 10-4 a

‘takes up no further charge when the potential difference =

between it and U has a value 1.0 to 1.06 volts indepen. —

"dently of the'distance UE, Now, since by what precedes —

‘ (18, 19,. 20) U always is equal to E when there is no |

- sidewise emission; we have U == 0 when:E = 0;, whence |

‘follows: the principle stated above. . This principle: is =

abso mnaciredi tag. ok Hepanpestn:trome mebiely sre: atari .

(17). ae

aoe In air the phenomenon is different is known?®); in

_ this case the action: becomes zero where.a certain den-

sity of a positive electricity or a certain value of retard.

_ ing normal force has’ been attained on the ilh

_ . surface.’ This behavior in. air must depend on. the. be-

> havior in vocation) nat om Ae piropertion oC nies'te shiek

we will comeback. (47) .: :

22. Initial Velocities; Reflected Light. —When side- _

wise escape is excluded, as we shall always assume from ~«

yields information about ‘the distribution of initial

velocities (17 Stage 8). We must still take account of

the effect of the light reflected from U to E. For this

purpose we examined the vicinity of the point of zero —

action more carefully.. The following tables give the

TABLE VU. a Hee ‘TABLE Ix.

(83.6 cm..from the Mica -.fOR4 om, Sapm, the. Mica ;

Diaphragm) = )

Cand EB sapling. trom U UendE caping from from U-

+al8) $1.00 * ot eg BD + 1.00 *

—090... . + 000913... 0.60)... +0.0158 -

. 1,00 +. 0.00881 — 0.70 + 0,00582

—110- § +0900189 “ — 0.825 + 0.00172

hd" 000489 —- —183 .. . 0.00878

165. 0.00658 - —16 ... -—-0,00426 .

1. ty hs ‘ge a) —0.00463

= 260 0.00609

Ted out at the distance UE —5 mm. v

+ aes .

. iad

; ae” : . Raat : Se Pe $ = mt é Lae ; :

ta'in thisivicinitycar:

Fee Eo, BES

2 0 ¥. rae sk Pe ESF Lae eh 8 4p hBR ge

| ie. 5 ap oe en edad

. :

3 3 ee ‘— &. “

x ; 3%: “ 2 ghee oS :

‘ ; eae ‘ Spat ‘

Seine y say Y | “ ) vite Sage

&: : par ; :

‘<

—— | - | Defendant Bohibit No. 10A-

Ua) by U(— 2.5). te of

i ade Gael Biba api eSB as igh 2 0 oo

a. * for turpentine-black and zinc arc light = 0.00468 19)

. For sine pe apart light we found in special a! experiments |

: ok a much greater. Riidenen: UE—=40 mm. We'f ne

- U(—«a) very much smaller only 0.00134 with carbon\are -

light; this was to be expected for at this distance only « &

- ‘a.emall part of the reflected light falls on E. Subsequent g

- experiments (34) in which U and E were of matt. alu-

minium and platinum gave for UE = 5 mm. fae *

ce for aluminium and carbon arc li, t = 0.2069

_ a, for platinum and carbon arc light — 0.1066 3

hence very much larger than for bla¢k which again con-

firm the fundamental assumption, bg — and. -

platinum reflect very much more = |

_ Small a being thus known, we eye the”

observed curve U which is a function of X, which we

shall designate as U(X) and obtain a curve Y(X) free .

_ [164] from the influence of the reflected light. ion se

first place we have everywhere

| CK) = (X) + REX) » fa

“wherein R represents the ation of the reflected lig 3

alone; this must also be 7 3

R(X) = ee), ” seicigseies

From these, two eer follow :— .

a YO= = me an

Pes . . — a

he i Re Se he ts le ae Ze 2,

Defendants Baio Ne. 10-8 es i

wane uabstithidiiiadataintinianiane

“hich cam be annulled by the potential difference P (17

Stage 3)... This: 7 can just be

_ produced by the potential difference P—we shall desig.

simply as the velocity “P”2). We can then say

that Y¥(—P) gives’ the relative number of electrons

‘which leave ‘the illuminated surface, with a’ velocity

qeater than “P”. Y(—-P) gives the ility. that

“the initial velocity of a given emitted electron is greater — ;

than “P”, and Y’(— P)dP is the relative number of elec-

‘with initial velocity lying between “P—1/20P”

- (t66) and “P/+ 1/2dP”.."

To proceed from U'to Y by equation 1, it is neces!

“ gary to note the trend of U for accelerating forces. This

‘frend will later (29ff) be thoroughly investigated ; the

eventual result is, however, indicated in Figure 2 by

means of the lines AA representing. U(—X)a for both

kinds of light. If we measure the ordinates of the curve

‘upwards’ from. these lines we obtain Y¥; the factor

Brena naasgtrinan daergecey icy

-q@ror in the case of carbon. ees

if we examine in this way. the cutve for carbon are

light, Llhcrn ge! We deduce, first, that rio definite

nitial : | a oath

| -were obtained in this way; the value was, often obtained

5 oe Defendant's Bahibit No. 10.8 ee

mo "a lip oni tislectiina: ait time: eth, laments: dae :

this ‘phenoménon to demonstrate the existence of an

_ tatlinnteetraetereot die! etvctilelty’ - ——s

motion**.- spsigl de wosonisrSs : oa e |

25. “the initial sbieite's is faddeperident ‘of pe fae

tensity of the light-the question is, whether the velocity

_of distribution depends upon the intensity of the ex ‘

citing light and in particular whether the larger initial =

velocities will not make up a higher proportion of. the “4

whole at higher. light intensities ; one would expect ‘an ne

affirmative answer.to this question, provided that the —

‘kinetic. energy of the emitted electrons is derived from _

the force of ‘the exciting light... tae

_ "It was to be ascertained whether: the trend of the

- eurve Y or U changed with the intensity, of the light. I

curve U==0; this point is favorably situated for this —

purpose and can be located with greater accuracy than.

any other point of the curve. It is necessary only to.

change the potential difference between U and E until

we reach the value X(U —0)- where the electrometer,

connected either to.U or E, remains at rest in spite of |

the. action of the light. The results. given in Table.X

to hundreds of volts by interpolation between. points st

: r moved slowly in one. ‘direct on

aa i the ther. Yet another, way. is available to

orn

—_— messes 10-A 2

the average

. xWs 0 x=

“intenaty a ) ( =0)

, 10° Coul, (eee. Volts

216 110° «== 105

1.74 pea gaa es

Ste ssi So Seen

0.817 yo; Uthese ‘two.

21.8 —088 —

—089 —

3.19 0.86 oe

“eee | 1.00 09

ha Gis tubbeceentede ve; tuintons eee

Sonen. associated values of X(U =) and X({E— 6)

which indicate a slight of electricity from: be-

t 70 to 1. The value of X(B=0) is not changed

8 ne per cent. See monnctonn

96 --—s—sDeferidant's\Bahibit No. 10-A

carried out with aluminium plates U and E (cf. 84) .

showed. that: the intensity of the carbon are light was.

here. rectodsin sia ebdlornt wbinA 2009’ bo 1. without sip )

- sible change in the zero point. : a

26.. ih is mae: diinstty: eine Kea .

Table VI, VIII,, and. IX, and Figure 2, that. diff

kinds of light give different initial velocities,

zine arc light large initial velocities are present in very.

much smaller proportion. than with tarbon are light?5;

spark light lies between the two. This last light, while |

actually shining is far the most intense of al] (15) from |

‘which we see again that intensity and initial —_

have no connection with one another. |

27. Polarized light——-When light from the ia 7

‘spark falls under an angle of 58° upon the front sur 4

to the optic axis b on the rear surface, the”

ultra-violet part of the reflected beani is almost com:

pletely linearly polarized. This was verified with a

second: identical: quartz mirror as analyzer. When the

mirrors: were. parallel to one another, the twice reflected

beam produced a brilliant green fluorescence on uranium

glass and blue fluorescence on flint giass; these were

almost completely extinguished when & glass-or ‘mics

‘plate was inserte ‘in the path of the beam or when the

D+ ween | aT Ogee “ Me

, de Gobastaad ight Was used tn tii dierent tel

tations; in case A, the electric vector was parallel to

the surface of.U, in case’ B it‘was perpendicular to the

er direction and made the largest possible angle —

the surface of AM, to wit, srt In case A, the, ele ie

fine spark pos Pr Die vex 10: aida :

nc OS a

7 ‘by light. of every: wave length; we. find that a

‘tern tof cn lc of a bl nt

path of the light degtroys all.the effect. We may con-

Ragas eo ze terre hl

2 fluence of the light just before the emission and at that

independent of time and are such. that linear light vibra-

tions excite linear resonance vibrations?®) the ampli-

tude of these vibrations will increase until the aceumu-

dated kinetic energy -exceeds. the maximum potential

ergy that cay be derived from these forces. The elec-

tron will then leave its-atom with the excess Kihetic -

energy. This excess, which represents that part of the

-jnitial velocity due to the light must have been acquired

- during the last half,or whole resonance period. Hence, _

- it must increase with: the imtensity of the light, but

- follows that the assumiption of simple resonance motion |

does not accourit for the pheno We might assume

4 ‘more. complicated motions. in. the interior of the sub-

— or eden sane — which, for the: present,

ce a eae eS ee SEE ALTE

f170]_ sider that: the. same -¢lectrons. : oda s

“we fotind that ‘this was not so in actuality (25) it

5 Pega

rains ween AON Ri ESM aE E NMA NSA, peter DH

29; ‘When the outside field is’ accelers

sideuagrh Qotactaseed tan! aotion: — Binge of

nomenon (17) ‘was characterixed” the: fact:

‘spite of an accelerating outside force

Prt arnsnnreens Table’ XII contains the relevent

— which are pases sepiyeertied in ——* =

. é

“TABLE XII ge a

: Chaken bering 0; U-.

i ee ; 10 mm. - 25mm. 40 mm," :

a .

7 - Pe '

ea ene gag S.

es se

1.00% / 100°

1,01"

O18

0.65 |

ssa

| “040 7 26

ade

m7 r 4 MONS ; ae sc ¥

. 3 4 er e's 7 via . Re dante Wea May PAE int he Pe Bn * 5 yo

U8 EE APR SA OS eens Nader abe a et bra P Ky i

wr it 4 yes. he 22 f = “ Ree ? 4 ww 2 2 pei 4 de

‘in the case ofthe forces.

A aha i r , a = Pree es Oe: , i

- v ry 4 2 a 2 os ae “ On ¥

aN a5 4 } f ;

e: i PS. AS ps tt SNS tad

os ‘ st 4

. Book ates Ord

: | Sheath

’ PD. between ay

0.97 J 0.881. “00,864 0781. > )* 0.751

oe ee Mean: Value U (— 0.080 Volt) = 0.645 oo

“* Corrected for conduction: See Note to (12). ee |

Bae

7 >

in Table XIII in the order of diminishing field strengths,

saa : in dade Gdeeacec sa:

Z . ; ¢: a ; |

, >

. . wy.

ane pie 3 ee s

S..

this paragraph (20)

nn 8; they fit in

UE g

ter than 0.6

glass

2 of Teble XII

25, 40, 10, 6

there is no relation between -

Baten Babe Wo 10d

Table XIII-a;

Atinearurrange:sil’ the he panied on

aria iy

we obtain the series of steadily decreasing numbers in

dE oe sess) |

se ji 2438528. :

can rere =

wall

Column 2 of

these

\ (178)

ili

. velocities as Y(—P) in (28). for the outer velocities.

102 = Defendant's‘ Buhibit No. 10-A

be reg-rded as a consequence of a special retarding

force of electrical nature acting only very close to the

illuminated surface. The presence of such a force is

also ‘by the phenomenon that a negatively.

does not of itself lose any of its charge

in a vacuum (4, Note 2) although its own electric field

tends to drive the charge out of it, and the vacuum is

capable of taking it up (3): . “d *

We will consider this force K, measured in volts per

_ dergone by ‘the electrons leaving the body because

“outside initial velocity” ; the sum of this and II volts is

tobe called the. “inside. velocity”.

_ ‘Now, let the function F(P) represent the number

of electrons having an inner velocity greater than “P”. .

This funcflon has the same ‘significance for the imner

“We have (F(0) =1, F(a) 4-0, F’(P) negative.

4 Denki cn abe a

ea meee yt peer ann

ot [S; (x—)a] ‘ae:

_ es pag oe eon Ose

-~ tirely determined ‘by the law of force K(s);in any”

| cedar gt 4 dy events user 4 a?

£ x 0(0) =I. O(xXISy=—1 -

‘Therefore, the function Y (22) the

~ dierved effect mins that dus to the reflected is

represented for the retarding potential difference of

absolute magnitude X by | ;

¥(— xX) =FUI+x) .

- and for accelerating potential difference X by :

when the outside force is zero, either of these equations

¥ (+0) = FI)

The shape of the curve whieh represents Y as a

function of X is determined for retagding X by the

- tribution of velocities alone, for accelerating X by

distribution of velocities and the law of. force.

qurve, therefore, consists of two branches of entirely

[177] different type, joining at X—0. The slopes-of

‘the two branches are given by =

he T ia Pe fot, neontiye a

aie side the . pe are The ae

"branches, therefore must form an with one another .

“at which the slope alters Pinithe ratio

of ‘When « is small comgared to the distance be- |

104 Defendant's Behibit No. 10-4

iieitsiatsia tists cer tarannats te tncunettinactnneall

ments, the positive branch at X=-0 must be-nearly

horizontal in spite of the steepness of the negative

branch as found by experiment at this place.

$2. ‘Thess deductions from the liypothesis.of.a re.

tarding surface force, acting within a narrow layer, have

been confirmed by thorough investigations in the vicinity |

of value zero of the outside.force. .A galvanometer was

substituted for the electrometer, since the latter gives

only the mean value of the effect over the range of po-

} ie differetice corresponding to its deflection and .

not accurately reproduce singularities at some par-

ticular value of the P.D. The plates U and E were en-

circled by the sheath which had the mean potential (29) :

a magnetic tield was impressed from the coil SS. Fig-

ure 1 (18), so that only the axial component of the elec-

tric field was used. In the following table each nuntber

is the-mean of from 15 to 20 galvanometer readings,

the current being alternately in opposite directions.

TABLE XIV. age

Ute 10:mm. Zine Are Light

10° 65. 0.2 a ae 0 —ot —0.2 —08 Volt ,

Deflection 80.0 29.8 24.0 24.7 21.3 168 41.6 9.45 Diy

178] | :

.In the graphical. ebb scakdetta! Figure 3, the heale ;

alcug the axis of the abscissa is very much larger then.

ii Figure 1, Plate 1. The distances of the observed -

from the curve lie within the probable error **), |

o that ‘there is no doubt about the discontinuity in slope Z

kein iene naimnenneent: anil tian patient bee

2. discontinuity , however, appears at 0.04

0 volts, which may be interpreted as -

e two carbon surface U and E had an

y appeared likewise with aluminium and plati- : :

—. ‘were not blackened (sty nea

a and smar smal dolaeents fom

Pee De eee eek ee

Pe,

s =: 0 set tae

is given in the vetnn en Some of the previous

observations

seakircnais actin PUNTO .

bon Surfaced ; atin ae Cae.

mae: between ’U and E: X (volta).

Observed Effect ' U:

Remarks.

6 rea es correctéd for Reflected Light.

os :

, @2e ef @#e” bd sf

£0005

~ 0016 —

0165

0419

« 2

sse8are

<.0005.

SHEE

ee eee ET ae

Placed at the point where the slope is dis

continuous.

a Beatie "Plat aaa

eect egan when , astoane of.

i #

. %

ee |

BFE EEN EN NET TN I eR A INP EIR OE

ished just before the erase orte ry the diaceuttuaiey was

at 0.12 volts; the scale of potentials: was displaced cor.

- -pespondingly to give the last column of the table.. Pied

2 of Plate 1 shows Y (X) ne oe

aluminium and platinum. —

85. “Inside” Velocities. — As we saw in (81), the |

negative branch of Y( giveg the values of the velocity

distribution function for all values of the inside

velocity greater than “II”. We can form a judgment

-.. on the course of the function for velocities snialler than

“II” from the positive branch of Y. The slope of this

branch increases, as Figure 2 of Plate 1 shows, very

rapidly as X increases from zero (where it is nearly

zero). Since T can only decrease as X increases, F’

must increase according to equation 2 of: ($1). Con.

sequently, as we go towards the right from X =0, the

function F will increase at a constantly increasing rate,

as is indicated by the dotted curve oa in Figure 2 of -

Plate 1 for the. case of platinum. As X continues to

increase, Y’ rapidly approaches zero; this -value is very

nearly attained by X = 10 volts or X/S = 20 volts/em: 2

for all three. substances; Y_ is then very nearly equal t6

One; as Figure 2 of Plate 1 and the Tables show. Equa-

tion (2) admits two possible forms for. the function

- ¥. Bither (A)T is already zero, so that F’ can continue

_ ‘to have high values as far onward as F=1 (aAin &

~ Figure 2 of Plate 1); or (B) T is not yet zero, so that .

cae F’ must become zero (aB in Figure 2 of Plate 1).

(a) would signify that the integral II must be very _

-searcely. 0,1. volts, and that most-of the inside —

is 20 volts per em. and, consequently (81) the force K

deck hare higher alee than 20 volts per cm. any-

re. | ; —

cs)

om. (4, Table 1, Note 2). .

ea ae

- possess there a definite relatively large velocity; which

-yelocity occurred, but only in a proportion which is

mall and diminishes rapidly to:zero as the deviation

a the most probable velocity increases*®.

components in other directions has been demonstrated

(8, 18, 19, 20, 29). As respects this, I have carried

computations: on the basis of. the. observed dis-

tribution of the normal components of outside velocity

ene eee ee ee

e definite inside speed and that all directions are

] equally probable; nor: ‘with the idea that the

inner velocities are distributed according to Maxwell’s

—lawt?. > The magnitude of the most probable inside

‘Wlocity, corresponding to the greatest slope of F, seems

| ety much from. senate dey ty | _

pintolinaseape Wins ti ante Weeki Wibes' tele Gada

=e of (BY, Plate't, Figure 2). |

at 86. ‘The daineting date vives: siladé of the ‘eateide

per second e/t is se ual to 1oags. units.

See

-jyto be designated as the most probable inside velocity

of an electron; both smaller and shorter values. of, the a

: We must take account of the fact that our data re

hte only ‘to one component of the velocity, that per-

to the surface (23) while the existence of -

as given. in Tables .15: to 17; the results of these com- -

for each of.the three substances investigated not to differ

| @periments permit us to say ‘nothing about this ae

Velocities: for carbon’ are’ light: taken’ from’ the’ original 3

=" Pr CT RR ER EC Pa ae

gn when: they'-teached a magnate of 000 volts/8.6

| begreater than about 0.1 or 0.2 volts ‘for platinim, the

ee EE

. m3 e

Sos bier OPT ane ARAN ’ a

Say

"baton 18 and x 16-Fen/ae. “900 ~~ °,000 "00a

| ‘ge gta ee ggg = 156 pee

Case Rage aig QM ew a OT 42) 65 42) 49 a

" ‘Bseaping with Assistance of outside = 28 °° 21° °° 385

(185) gets itehaare 10 Rete “1.00 x

or ihc ce tiei ineukteseh vnidvele, areal oniuhie. vial

ties; already mentioned in (23), an Mele hee

aluminium and platinum as well, Platinum, howev

' gives mor eof the larger. velocities than. hacia:

r pio me | more ore than ams a ae

‘siderable tangential components (8; 18, 19, 20, 29),

-part-of the emitted electrons must have been caught by

grou yeamateny:

“tn gages’ (a) and: 6F bia nel Wolke? feperid ‘pan

[186] sien wacked Girdeg bebe

the integral II for aluminium on the one

values for platinum and carbon on the other |

last two are fat from the first in the i une pele.

- geries. If the inside velocities are the same in éach

‘tase the negative branch of the Y-curve of one would

‘appear to be displaced horizontally relative to those

‘the others. But this is not the case, the displacement

of platinum relatively to carbon for small values of

-Y¥(—X) is greater than that of aluminium relatively

platinum, while ‘for large values of Y(—X) carbon is -

- doser to: aluminium than it is to platinum (Plate 1,

Figure 2). However, II could,-vary-from one substance

to another without having the above consequence, if —

tnaking assumption (b) a greater attraction be-

"greater. inside. velocity. of. the. electrons;..but; . without

“farther ‘knowledge the converse would .be more probable.

It can, therefore, be stated, that no attraction between

| different substances; can be detected. Hence, if we are to

‘sume such an attraction (as electrochemical reasons

Read us to) it appears ‘from our experiments that we

“Must assign it a sphere of action smaller than the inter-

: r distances in the substances investigated by us.

: strfaces of metals in contact.

| Defendant's Bxhibit No: 10-4 Be tee

88. ‘o acount forthe wartace-force K: (83) there ee

plectricity. and the substances tested differing for the .

Hi this cone the eéerhction would contribute nothing to. -

: the integral II, and then it would have nothing to do with:

the appearance of contact potential ‘differences. at the .

oc-aae SIGE Br is to S ane

ES Wa

Defendant's: Exhibit No. 10-A di

It. deems indubitable that electrical double layers

at the surfaces of conductors in air**; nothing»is

n ‘as to whether. they persist in vacuo... One of the

from a metal plate eg

Rosey Reg

discharge. I di

was

- with rnatly cells ‘was applied, and-the platinum ae

as cathode, kept covered "with Suayative glow for

pauper platinum plate B was Se anote

this had a decrease of II,.this should have :

- recognized through ‘an increase in Y(0). Nothing o

the sort appeared; Y(0) was found equal to 0.5 at the

end of the process after the apparatus had again been

pce pau lel tc aati ay

efter th above prosss, had double layer with the nay

tive charge destroyed, _

About the force (c) we “would say not merely that

there is no doubt that. such exists according to present. '

directly to our observations. This force has at i

(8) the magnitude, “es

. KB P ;

c heen

ik. Cg ;

I=. f Kds = f Kds : *

Peyic van eg? equals

7 iby “n't

0.5 volts 10mm

“~

‘Y rea

e i

e 4

oid

“es m ry Eh: Bs aes 7

oe hh a a m 1 at sah am Vay

ve wy po een x “salt ¥ f6 ee

* I _ ; ; M3

wiles} Cave or a |

INL MO RN Fg RT ORLY PE ire Beg OW

NR ESE BAY Gl NTT = AD iat . nF

mee OR ean a NR tS A NT NE RNR A BO CNT OI ae

sceesaatimaensanaiiaiaden edb oasn>epeamaedmeeteengaren een a ee

a 7 ‘ °

ia ae

ae Defendant's Exhibit No..10-A_

_ tion

_ values, accelerating P.D.’s of eleven or. moré volts be

-“*%

"fields sire made’ independent of each other bag the tb

ee, whigh is connected with E, closed at the

_ end by, a gauze, and perforated at g to allow the light

ght-hand

to pass through. E is earthed; everything between

_and E,: including the gauze, is well blackened. The glass

1189] tubs surrounding the whole can be filled with

any gas and. the pressure measured. The coil SS, as

_- before, prevents sidewise escape of electrons, so that”

nearly all the emitted electrons go to R, no matter what

_ the magnitude of the ne forge between U and:

EB, The zinc arc ayes” used

.. + The experi were performed, as ‘flew. - By

chsnniens the PD: Ketween and E we can. regulate

_ ‘the yelocity, of the rays which pass through the gauze *

to R; this Velocity is: always. known from the preceding’ _

_ experiments. It is now to be ascertained whether, when

the rays are absorbed in the gas aréund R, negative ions .

only are produced, or positive ones as well. Only. in

~~ ~the latter case would there be true, ‘as distinguished

from unipolar, conductivity of the gas. R was therefore

‘connected: with the electrometer and negatively charged,

. together with the casing of the electrometer. If the

charge on R ecreases when U*is illuminated—which will _

be’ indicated by a positive deflection of the electrometer—-

it is @ certain: sign that there are positive’ ions present -

. and hence that the gas has true conductivity. ‘ai

40, Only. small pressures can be used; otherwise

electrons arrive in the space R, are produced by uniform —

acceleration on the journey from U to E.. This assump-

tion, will be justified at pressures when further rarefac-

na influence on the phenomenon, This occurs

mt tae oh on at about’ 0.06 mm,

tween U and E, give large positive electrometer deflec- -

tions at R; Ba at seks will or amarvovealy tas. 5

"small deflections; as Table XIX shows in detail. The

eee

)

| " Defendant's Exhibit No. 10-A | fs

[190] strated*”; its. magnitude will be. Alscuseed i

ge TABLE xIx.* J

weelerating | Diciaveie thee abana Bagg i

ae “04 | -.004 | 08 | 004 | 00018. | pumped out

‘- iesaeeietaesen teneaenaeaaee

‘2, Electrometer scale-divisions, on-R, in 10 see.| re

O11 18 12° | AB | 18 "06.

| -' 9880 48)

- ‘TABLE XIX.*

.D. Atmospheric ‘ 5 co a

between = -. "Ate Hydrogen Mo

VandE er oe reer aN

‘(accel.) * Prennehs to ties } Tey.

Dee 0.04 0.004 . 0.08 0.004 0013 but Br go.

J, Blectrometer | scale-divisions at R in 10 seconds . Se

‘O11 «0.18 0.12 0.15 ‘0.18. . 0.05 a

0.17 0.25 eer ae ae

0.81 0.33 ‘018. 020 018 0.18

* 0.65 ‘0.65 | . 027 047 .086.. 0.74.

es ee —

10 +3807 ee ae

2.05 . 40 : 0.77 24-81 1,86.

Aes lmaiern pam oie Toca ithe aprons |

Cane 6825 ABB 4 OBB. 108.

38 268 16.8. 264 So ae, owe

Llsey 3 aati "6880 48) a

Ny ey ee ey ea ' me initial Paes

‘potential of R-exceeded that of U in all the runs given . rc me

in the table, or at least was equal to it, so that no cathode

Tays could reach ‘R and thus affect the electrometer

- directly; 20 volts was the potential of R, exeept in one ee ae

tase specified below. Higher potentials up to more than |

- 100 volts, gave no markedly higher electrometer deflee- =

re tes Le ae ee eS eR Oe, |

& ‘Wea copmmiecrsieoceesd 6 .

6. s

* ———— 4

ee)

. “hegative deflection.’ This shows that even -when the.

_ potential of U was low, cathode rays passed through EB -

Lae /

116 Defendants Buhidit. No. 10-A

_even equal to that of Yj, and that of U was less than (™,

, volts, both. negative relatively to E, it.air of 0.04 mm.

‘pressure; also when U=0 to 20 volts “negative and

Be psiketotyeyoyerins thie .

high enough to bring to R. all the postion ions produced’

beyond E;-use is made-of this result below (45). If on ”

»the “other hand the potential of R was lower. than, or

91) 11 volts, ‘the electrometer connected to R pave a

into the space around R; so that the absence of.positive

ions at these potentials cannot be ascribed ‘to absence -

ef cathode rays. For example, a strong negative. de

flection was observed when U = 10, volts and R= 10

R=0 volts in gir at .04 and. 004 mm. and in astray

at .002 mm. pressure, °

41. Free paths of - ‘dbibtatae. . Above é.

limiting pressures described in (40), definitely higher

-. potentials than 11 volts were required in order to pro-:

duce positive ions in the region R.. This fndicates that -

the electrons do not und@érgo uniform. acceleration be |

tween U and E, or that their mean free path in the gas - 4

_ has become equal to the distance UE = 14:5 mm. The

mean free paths of the gas molecules at these pressures

are 1.9 mm. in air, 1.2 mm. ‘ins CO, and 2.3 mm, in

hydrogen ¢®); the free paths of the electrons, at their

"present véelociti¢s 6f one to ten volts5®, are some ten /

times as great as those of the gas molecules, -or ‘sonie.

twice as great as those of vanishingly small, rapidly.

wearing bodies which cannot penetrate gas molecules5»),

Thus, in oxygen or |

F192) or di sab8): atid jt is proved5* that the ‘mag.

nitude as well as the direction of the velocity remains

the same over this distance. ‘The free paths of tle

eT eee ria ca ace, 00019

i re’péct : e elect#éns have -

. Defendant’ Behibit ‘No. ied -_

‘vey; as ‘oma particles which cannot sheewat gas

‘ smatier their magnetic deflection (by a given field) ; fot

paths vof the rays are greater, the greater their velocity.

. possible while markedly longer free paths are not—con®

~ gidering the spreading-out of beams and. the absorption

_ of cathode rays, and the limiting pressure found in the

cand atoms of ‘matter are strictures made up of minuter

parts with many interspaces and many possible kinds

- of the questions which have @risen since my earliest

+ publications on cathode rays and since the| establishment

of the recent hypotheses, will not be’ p fitable. until

: further observations on rays of various 8 are made.

42. “The value of: the limiting: apeed, above which — -

positive ions are.formed, can be estimated from Table

.XIX in the following way. Plotting the accelerating

_ P.D., x, as abscissa, and the Soctrometar defection, 2;

as ordinate, we obtain curves which from'x = 0 to (?)

volts run nearly horizontal and close to the axis of

pose »then, within the interval x = 8.6 to 11 volts, |

ly upwards and finally: run steeply and al-.

at linearly upwards; the last part of the curve points

_ in the direction away from the point X — 10.5, 2=0;

+ the several runs given in the table agree very closely

- overall this range. This form of curve may be explained

- on thé hypothesis that the number of ions produced by

each electron is proportional (within the range of obser-

- vation) té the excess of the velocity-of the electron over

_.the limiting velocity’? and is zero when there is no such

excess. Let N (v) dv represent thé number of electrons

which t traverse the gauze with a speed between vg dv sy

molecules. This confirms: the principles iously dis- «

covered for a small range®® that cathode ray beams are

Jess spread out and the rays less absorbed in gases, the

this principle may ‘be restated as follows5®). the free -

“The fact that free paths of the above lengths are -

“present work—appears to indicate that the molecules. - —

_ of internal motion; the structure as a whole being im-—

penetrable to another similar atom. However, the study

a ont v+ dav; “W the limiting speed, and Ca constant: *

‘wa eons Eahibit it No. 10-A

gpen the cabeanilas of the ‘electrometer wauld. be -

| | z= C{N(v). (eV) Avy

the bibieias extending over all values of v which. are

greater both V and’x.. Since ANY). — Patent 58), (28), \

we obtain . ‘

amc i" =¥y (x) ax. for x. $v.

2 == 2 (x = V) + C(x—V) for x > v.

Y¥(—X) is to be taken from Table IX with the aid of

equation (1),.or from Figure 2 (23); it is very nearly

aero for all values of X between a and 2.5 volts, from

which onward it increases. If then we set V = 11 volts

- fn equation (8), Z varies quite in the way observed and

.. [194] described above; for it rémains nearly zero until

" V—x a= 2.5 volts or x — 8.5 volts, then increases, and —

from x= V=11 volts on becomes linear once more.

The desired limiting velocity is then 11 volts, or in the

customary units 1.5.x 108 cm/sec. or Yoo of the velocity’

» of light; the correspondifig kinetic energy is e.V. 10°= .

- 2.4x 10-12 ergs, e — taken as 6.6 x 10° 10 electrometer :

units.

“48.. It must be pointed out that the same value of °

the Mmiting speed is found whether the apparatus con-

, hydrogen, or CO,, or is kept @umped out by

the ry pump continuously (cf Table XIX,

column), ‘The formation of positive ions in the last —

-be ascribed to the residual vapors. (12).; it

n be @ Riacsgpcas they were formed from these |

Defendant's Exhibit No. OA: 1s Ne

investigated gases, and peihape for al eubeteneus Wiad. |

- goever. In any case the result remains, that speeds less ‘ 3

than the given limit make neither the a gases.

nor the residual vapors conductive. —

fin iegnrtts ‘es GHW pubt Of Wie prenan tree

dans (42-88) ‘this last. proved that the conductivity

of the residues of gas of vapors played no partatany =

- gmall accelerating potential, but even at the higher ac- =

_eélerating potentials where conductivity appears, its

\” effect is only: slight in comparison to the direct transport *

of electricity ¥ cathode Toya, as will be shown ‘in ‘the’.

followiag. y,

mat ae lene: of ions produced. — Suppose ‘the po-

- tential differen®e UE to be 12 volts; then from the cor- .

- responding figure in the last column of Table XIX, aud

[195] the capacity’ cf the electrometer, it may be com-

puted that the quantity of electricity cargied by the ions

formed in one second is .039 times *0-'° coulombs, while

-25.x 10-2° cculombs5®. “The ratio of the number of ions

formed to the number of electrons is here ,0016; it is equal

-. the gauze E with the velocity corresponding to the po-

Rental Giittrence UR and. sere: Suateahy Hawes. Seve

h ebanta van giz, werd mephtopodh iene vilaiities ote

thus, they traveled a distance of 40 mm. with nearly Wad

. pero vebeatiy_ at fihg Hor Ae (he, I ee VR

_ to the potential difference DE at the yar We dow, aN

therefore, expect to obtain the same number of ions in ai iN

- the regions UE if the potential difference between U a

db mm; and if the distance were ~ times as great, we :

ti 3 nt ak WA aye |

--ahot'd expect m times as many, ions. The édigwiog oe

_ table of corrections was made up in this way, The =

| Hip

‘on ue

DSi

Ps 33 2°

RMB Sipe - Defendant's Baehibit ‘No. 10.4

\ on ) sig \ ee ae ae

ES ae yor abit ae

\__ Volts 5 mm: 10mm. 25mm. 40mm. * |

- the li metals, photoelectrically the’ most active of”

but with extremely high initial velocities. Substances

_of the same kind with rays having initial velocities. less

‘atmospheric pressure it seems to me that no adeqt *

~ ness, For example, it is seen from Table II that whe

paneer hy which the charge loat- by U is to be divided

in order ‘to allow for the loss due to Yenduction. :

DABLE XE (000

ar | =. os Ky

20 ts 1.00 10). - ie =

, 100 08 1.06 “£16 - 1.28

200 - 106 LAR 1.80 14g

- 46. The unipolar character of the photoslectilh| t

(196) effect, which: scems to be established without ~

doubt in ordinary air and for all lower pressures, is ex. o

~plained—as already “mentioned in {11)——-by ‘the magni-.”

tude uf the limiting velocity (42) which far exceeds the —

initial velocity of the electrons driven out by the light.

substances, so that even for -them the initial velocities —

called radio active substances which even when not illu

miffated emit extremely small quantities of electricity |

than 11 volts might exist without being discoverable by

the convenieat present method. : 3

47. Ba Ser ag a aa i a

explanation has yet been given for its astonishing small.

we have aluminium surfaces in, air with an applied | 4

‘side 4 acceleratizg f 1 of 83, 5 volts per om. not'Y% of 1% :

“e . <4 ' : ‘ ‘al ¢ Pe ieee a) + ye or

ol . _ ' : ee

we’

« a

Pes Defenaanie enndi No. 10-48 421

the immediate vicinity theréé? (41), negative Wal jmust

eounmulate there and thus rapidly a 4 double layer

with the negative side outwards. The force, which |

- to a certain. distance holds the charges on the ions,

therefore, the ions themselves against ino vartaas SP 3

sonduatoe sany Bx. etinined te tho cacteieal Maan

tween these charges and their electrical images (

‘The formation of sucha double layer may be

with the phenomena of photoglectric fatigue of. conduce ™

[197] tors, aa the layor will hold back the rays which os .

- tend ‘to come out after it is formed®®), The thickness of . |

the double layer will be limited by the force with which

forces of the double layer exceed this force, the charges a

will|return into the conductor,.while the small remains =

ing loss of charge into the.gas will be brought about only § +

by diffusion of the ions from the outer boundary of the ~

double layer so far away from the conductor that the ~ if

attraction of the electrical images is no longer too ieee

‘to permit this.. ‘The diffusion from the double layer: ‘8

be aided of opposed by outside accelerating or retardifig ae

« forces; the only force that counts will be that at the

, , Surface itself, Which isin accord with experience®®), — It:

“we assume that the ions are gir molecules, each bearing

a single electron, a retarding\force of .003 static units

‘ will be enough to prevent all ions from going more .

_ then .1 mm. away from the surface, thus stopping the —

action entirely®®), unless the surrounding air. is

tion*®, When'the pressure fe’ dintiidhed “thet

of diffusion and, hence, the photoeléctri¢ effect ar

creased (compare Table’ II). ‘The agtion will remaix

confined to the immediate vicinity of the surface, until —

ten sunwounitg si ts vodiens te 9: Seth: Peay

[198] and the free paths reach the

wea

Ces "Defendant's Eahibit No.’ 10-A °

‘ Bete +. yx sy

i a

ye Ney Bere

X CARBON (BLACK)

_ + PLATINUM

" © ALUMINUM

ues

i 2 oF

J +1 ’ 25° m +3 ;

VOLTS (OUTSIDE VELOCITY) |

_ VOLTS (INSIDE VeLociTy)

191

se 1. p. Lenard,’ Wiener Sitgungeberichte, 108, Ia, 1649, (1899) ;

also Ann; Phys. 2 859 (1900).—Cf. also the somewhat

later work of E. Merritt and 0. a, Reet, Fee Ber.

11 280 (1900).

ES 2. In this rempedt it resembles the third means of production

ae since discovered—i.e.; by radioactive substances. «=

3. Ta fagllitote xetennce te: Ces anaiee Seese tie). Sane oe :

; "of tables and paragraphs-is contixued here. eee]

4. P. Lenard, Ann. Phys. 51 240 (1894). et cota

. 6. Conductivity of the ap tes its’ appearance dering the .-

work, but not at P.D.’s below 8 volts (44). When neces- .

tach ae tniceahh 6 Moctu Gh SAE Ge We toe i;

~__dgta: 80 ‘comected will be indicated by asterisks. For the

‘way in which rap hepa vce was: compen see (45) ang Fe

. ’ Pable 20.

6. The effect was proportional to the duration or the action; -

ae the data will therefore be reduced in some future cases

. to move convenient values of duration or of ‘capacity.

_ 9, The voltages to be-given hereafter, when stated to hundredths

of a volt, are- ‘ the mean voltages during the deflection of

“the el sonietesy obtained sa adding half the deflection sd

the ini voltage. :

~—

ont aan

. ; ; : :

caine emarnscite tine thea De eps NT EE

SERRE Ea L2G. NR os ae ae eae

}

Ses f

ne / e .

8. High magnification (with a telescope) end eae diago- =

al rulings enabled us to read teriths of wale divisions 4

directly, gnd to estimate hundredths. = me

9. Note-that in these runs only’ U was blackentd. Bi bine an e

‘old unblackened aluminiuin gurface; but’this may be re- 4

. garded as unimportant for the present purpose. “| lh

10. Of. especially the experiments of Elster and Geitel, a

<5 8 625 (1898). g i”

il. Schuster and Hemsslech, Phil. ‘Trans. 198 189 (1899) ; Table 8

.." . > 10, Fig. 19, atid the corresponding text. . a Se

12. In connection with “our notation,note, that “quantity ef elec- 7 “3

tricity” always means “negative quantity” and that out-

side forces are conntedpoeiere 3 when they accelerate .- |

[outwards] negative electricity « from E. These

con®entions correspond to, the that we have

“to do motion of negative electricity only. For ex-

ample, th tive;numbers in Column 3 of Table 5 mean _

: that positive deflections of the electrometer,epnnected to

: E ee ae eee

~ were frmE. .—

escaping

18. The diference between the actions of the two kindof ight

will be, diseussed later (26).

14. For the subsequent experiment we mst tink of this sheath

“as again removed.

ee . For #/u we take 107. E, M.U. es. Na ce

16A. Righi, Mem. Accad, Bologna (4) # 889.1888). ES

I2lc Defendant's Exhibit No. 10-A |

VW A. Righi, Mem. Accad, Bologna’ (4) 9 870 (1888).

18. This note inserted in text.

is. Apparently the very retrangible ultra-violet’rays peculiar to.

- "he gine are and the spark are less reflected from the

~ eee black than are the less refrangible ultra-violet rays of

aes, ne the carbo: arc. For the, infra-red Kurlbaum finds the

«ii ». peflecting-power of petroleum-black equal to -0.05 which d

s,s particularly large (Ann. Phys. 67 850 (1899). er

“ine th fa ec) trons undergoes an abrupt finite change at the surface

ce ee Ste so that inside and outside velocities ‘are to .be Gatin-

guished.

21. The velocity “P volts” is y2. 10®P-r, where r represents the |

: * gatio between the electron-change and the clectron-mass,

. usually called ¢/p [nowadays e/m)}. Cf. Ann. Phys. 64

279° (1898)... The quotation-marks will be applied to the

voltage-m»asure of velocity, frqm,now on, only when a mis-

understanding might otherwise occur. Electron? having a

By estore en velocity “V": acquire velocity “V + S” ‘after passing

: : through a potential differerice = S (Ann. Phys. 65 604

" (1998)]. Note that in these units: kinetic energy, net

: “velocity, ig measured.

py oct 22. For further data on the ‘yelocity-distribution, for Al and.

x Pt as well, see (36). .

eee a ‘eke oniusiane-dhoneestnn atataieie ted leave even with

E. '- gtrongér than with carbon.,

oe 24. Helmholtz was the first (Faraday address, 1881) to emphasize

oe that certain phenomena, especially those of electrolysis,

SESE WAL ee ree

are carbons was teplaced by an AI rod the zero-point

_ Timer whe i ete om AL ascom-

—. Zi

| Bfenilant's Behibit No. 1 10-A_

96. Privtvailp ‘ne hantinsd njeabisiteaapeabaissiietah

axis: in these runs it was replaced by ‘one cut | | to the

axis, in which the direction of the two® vibra-

21. Compare the experiments of Elster and Geltel on the plane

‘ hydrogen (Berlin Sitzungsber. ¢. 184.

Tee

s ra il

tions were parallel to the two directions mentioned in the

text. This piece of quarts was used for all later experi- =

ments.

surfaces of liquid and solid aikali-metal layers in rarefied

)5- 11. 209

(1895) ). The authors established the fact that | the .de-

Hilt

pendence: of the ‘effect on the ditection of polarization is

due to peculiarities in the absorption of light by the sub-

stance [Ann. Phys. 61 445 (1897) }. °

28. To this simple case correspond the forces which Helmholtz

90.- As in column:2 of Table 5. ing far se

"$1, The fact that this occurs even at UE = 6 mm. atiowi wo what: es

32. Similarly, the pty obtained with ‘ele forces ; ihoatair :

than 0.5 volt and without the sheath (Tables 8, p). were

$8. See (28) for the notation :

$4, These are relatively large’in this case, f for

pecdeyer nt contol sda gi

. intensity of the light. In the sponding

on Al and Pt I went apes to py electrom Ay vp wh

81); while no electrostatic forces. of the sup

assuméS in his elect

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