Petition for Writ of Certiorari — Reynolds v. Von Bulow ex rel. Auersperg
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86-1361
FEB 19 W6r
No.
meen caine a eb NIOL, JR.
CLERK
IN THE
Supreme Court of the United States
October Term, 1986
ANDREA REYNOLDS,
Petitioner,
v.
MARTHA von BULOW, by her next friends Alexander
Auersperg and Annie Laurie Auersperg Kneissl,
Respondent.
PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
THE SECOND CIRCUIT
JOHN S. SIFFERT
Counsel of Record
Sueita B. RatHspun
Jason G. LucHan
LANKLER SIFFERT & WoHL
1120 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
(212) 921-8399
Counsel for Petitioner
Andrea Reynolds
Questions Presented
1. Does the First Amendment permit a federal court to
unpose the burden of proof upon an author to demon-
strate that it was her intention at the inception of the
newsgathering process to disseminate information to
the public?
Is an author of an unpublished manuscript about a
newsworthy event written with the bona fide intent to
publish entitled to have the District Court apply First
Amendment balancing considerations before the District
Court compels disclosure of the manuscript and source
materials, regardless of whether her intention to dis-
seminate the information was formed after the news-
worthy event occurred?
List of Parties
The parties to the proceedings below were petitioner
Andrea Reynolds, respondent Martha von Bulow by her
next friends Alexander Auersperg and Annie Laurie
Auersperg Kneissl, and defendant Claus von Bulow. Be-
cause Mr. von Bulow has no interest in the issues raised
in this petition, he is not named as a party herein.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Questions Presented
List of Parties
Table of Authorities
Opinions Below
Jurisdiction
Constitutional Provision and Statutes Involved
Statement of the Case
selec aks siueu isicsacus sudsasisecasues
I. The Second Circuit’s Imposition Of A Burden
I.
Of Proof Upon An Author To Demonstrate An
Intent To Disseminate News At The Inception
Of The Newsgathering Process Contravenes
The First Amendment, As Construed By This
Court And Other Federal Courts, Which Im-
poses The Burden Upon The Party Seeking
Disclosure To Show A Particularized Need For
The Information And Its Unavailability From
Other Sources... re NraN
The Second Circuit’s New Requirement That
An Author Must Have The Intent To Dissem-
inate News At The Inception Of The News-
gathering Process Contravenes The First
Amendment As Construed By This Court And
Poses The Substantial Danger Of Chilling
Authors Of Non-Fiction Who Are Not Jour-
nalists By Trade |
Conclusion
PAGE
_
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wo Ww wo pw —<
11
11
15
IV
PAGE
Appendix A
Opinion of the United States Court of Appeals
For the Second Circuit (Docket No. 86-7962, slip
op. 1407 (2d Cir. Feb. 1987) ) | la
Order of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York holding Peti-
tioner in Contempt dated November 18, 1986 25a
Confidentiality Order of the Uiited States Dis-
trict Court for the Southern District of New York
filed October 28, 1986 28a
Opinion of the United States District Court for
the Southern District of New York dated October
14, 1986 30a
Appendix B
28 U.S.C. § 1332 38a
18 U.S.C. § 1964 40a
New York Civil Rights Law 4 79-h 4la
Cal. Evid. Code 4 1070 44a
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A :84A-21 46a
Vv
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Cases:
Baker v. F & F Investment, 470 F.2d 778 (2d Cir.),
PAGE
cert. demied, 411 U.S. 466 (1973) ......... bjtea= ae
Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972) ................18,17
Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984) Seen ae 12
Carey v. Hume, 492 F.2d 631 (D.C. Cir.), cert. die-
missed, 417 U.S. 938 (1974) 14
Continental Cablevision, Inc. v. Storer Broadcasting
Co., 583 F. Supp. 427 (E.D. Mo. 1984) 14
Dow Chemical Co. v. Allen, 672 F.2d 1262 (7th Cir.
1982) 21
Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727 (1878) 18
In re Forbes re 494 F. enith 780 (S.D.N.Y.
1980) 18
Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153 (1979) 11, 16, 18, 20
Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770 (1984) 12
Loadholtz v. Fields, 389 F. Supp. 1299 (M.D. Fla.
1975) oe 20
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum v. National Football
League, 89 F.R.D. 489 (C.D. Cal. 1981) 14
Lovell v. City of Griffin, 303 U.S. 444 (1938) 17
In re Petroleum Products Antitrust Litigation, 680
F.2d 5 (2d Cir.), cert. dented, 459 U.S. 909 (1982) 13, 15
Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 621 F.2d 721 (5th
Cir. 1980), cert. dented, 450 U.S. 1041 (1981)
Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, —— U.S.
——, 106 S. Ct. 1558 (1986)
14
12
vi
PAGE
Riley v. City of Chester, 612 F.2d 708 (3d Cir.1979). 14
Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee wt 563 F.2d 433 _—
Cir. 1977) 14
United States v. Blanton, 534 F. Supp. 295 (S.D. Fla.
1982) 14
United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70 (2d Cir. ), cert.
denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983) . 13
United States v. Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139 (3d Cir.
1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1126 (1982) 13, 14
Zerilli v. Smith, 656 F.2d 765 (D.C. Cir. 1981) 14
Constitutional Provision:
U.S. Constr. amend. I passim
Statutes:
28 U.S.C. § 1332 (1982) +
18 U.S.C. § 1964 (1982 & Supp. ITI 1985) 4
Cat. Evm. Cope § 1070 (West Supp. 1987) 19
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A :84A-21 (West Supp. 1986-1987) 19
N.Y. Crvm Ricuts Law §79-h(a)(6) (McKinney
Supp. 1987) 19
Law Review Articles:
Comment, The Newsman’s Qualified Privilege: An
Analytical Approach, 16 Can. W.L. Rev. 331
(1980) 19
Other Authority:
A. Bicxet, Toe Morauity or Consent (1975) 19
/ : No.
IN THE
Supreme Court of the United States
October Term, 1986
ANDREA REYNOLDS,
Petitioner,
v.
MARTHA von BULOW, by her next friends Alexander
Auersperg and Annie Laurie Auersperg Kneissl,
Respondent.
PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
THE SECOND CIRCUIT
The petitioner Andrea Reynolds respectfully requests
that writ of certiorari be issued to review a decision of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
entered on February 10, 1987, which affirmed orders of
production and contempt arising from petitioner’s refusal
to produce her unpublished manuscript about a newsworthy
event and her source materials, even though she was will-
ing to testify as a witness to her observations.
Opinions Below
The opinion of the Court of Appeals for the Second
Cireuit (per Timbers, J., with Meskill, J. and Kearse, J.
concurring) has not yet been reported and is reprinted in
Appendix A hereto at la-24a.' The opinion of the United
States District Court for the Southern District of New
York dated October 14 has not been reported and is re-
printed in Appendix A hereto at 30a-37a. The Confiden-
tiality Order entered by the District Court on October 28,
1986, and the order of contempt which was issued by the
District Court from the bench oun November 18, 1986, are
reprinted in Appendix A hereto at 28a-29a and at 25a-
27a, respectively.
Jurisdiction
The decision of the United States Court of Appeals for
the Second Circuit, from which review is sought, was en-
tered on February 10, 1987. That decision affirmed the
orders of production and contempt entered on October 14,
October 28 and November 18, 1986 in the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York. No
petition for rehearing was sought. This Court has juris-
diction to review the decision of the Court of Appeals
under 28 U.S.C. 4 1254(1).
: to this petition are denoted by a
lower-case “a” following the page number (““—a”). Citations to the
j the Court of Appeals are denoted as
Constitutional Provision and Statutes Involved
Constitution:
United States Constitution, Amendment I.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establish-
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the government for a redress of
grievances.
Statutes:
28 U.S.C. 4 1332
18 U.S.C. § 1964
New York Civil Rights Law 4 79-h
California Evidence Code 4 1070
New Jersey Statutes Annotated 4 2A :84A-21
Each of the above statutes is set forth in Appendix B to
this Petition.
Statement of the Case
Introduction
This case presents the Court with the opportunity to
decide whether federal courts may decline to balance the
First Amendment interests of an author who writes about
newsworthy events merely because she has not shown that
she intended at the inception of the newsgathering process
to disseminate news. This Court has never held that there
is a class of authors which is not entitled to the protections
of the First Amendment balancing test merely because they
formed the intent to publish at a later time. The Second
4
Circuit, in a case which it described as presenting a ques-
tion of ‘‘first impression,’’ narrowly restricted entitlement
to First Amendment protections to those who can sustain
the burden of satisfying this newly created ‘‘intent-at-the-
inception’’ test. The Second Circuit articulated no societal
or constitutional purpose to be served by this new test. No
precedent has been found for the new test and the test is
at odds with principles enunciated by this Court as well as
other federal courts. Even if the new test is constitution-
ally permissible, the Second Circuit failed properly to
apply it in this case.
Statement of Essential Facts
The underlying complaint in this civil suit alleges that
defendant Claus von Bulow put his wife Martha von Bulow
into a coma by surreptitiously injecting her with drugs.
Federal jurisdiction was alleged under 28 U.S.C. § 1332,
18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), and the doctrine of pendent jurisdic-
tion. (JA 1-16). Mr. von Bulow had been acquitted in
1985 of these charges in a criminal prosecution in the State
of Rhode Island following reversal by the Rhode Island
Supreme Court of his conviction at the first trial.
On June 2, 1986, respondent subpoenaed Mrs. Reynolds
to be a deposition witness and to bring with her notes,
source materials and a manuscript of a book which she had
written concerning the criminal prosecution of Mr. von
Bulow. (JA 48-51). Mrs. Reynolds had become an in-
timate friend of Mr. von Bulow following his conviction at
the first trial in 1982. She has no firsthand knowledge of
the facts underlying the criminal charges, or the charges
set forth in the complaint.
5
Believing strongly in Mr. von Bulow’s innocence, Mrs.
Reynolds endeavored to vindicate him in the court and in
the press. Although she was never asked directly when
she formed the intent to publish her experiences and ob-
servatons,’ at her deposition, she testified that she did not
want the public record to be established only by William
Wright’s book which was critical of Mr. von Bulow and
that she had reached her decision ‘‘to write about the von
Bulow affair as a reporter ... once the William Wright
book came out [in 1983].’’ (JA 288-89). Toward this end,
while she attended the second criminal trial, Mrs.
Reynolds took notes which ‘‘were designed to be the basis
of [such a] story.’* (JA 158-59). Mrs. Reynolds used
those notes as source materials for her manuscript and sub-
mitted those notes together with other source materials to
the District Court for in camera review.
2. Respondent’s inquiry at the deposition focused primarily on
whether petitioner spoke to confidential sources (JA 178-378), and
did not elicit, among other things, the existence of a March 11, 1984
letter agreement with Mr. von Bulow which conveys to petitioner
exclusive rights regarding his story.
3. At oral argument in the District Court, while plaintiff was act-
ing pro se, the following colloquy occurred regarding the notes Mrs.
Reynolds made at the second criminal trial in anticipation of writing
her manuscript :
The Court: Did you take any notes, did you make any notes
that were designed to —?
Mrs. Reynolds: I gave them to you.
The Court: But were designed to be the basis of any such
story?
‘io Reynolds: Yes. It is essentially the ones I gave you.
I mean they don’t mean very much probably to somebody who
has not been at the trial, but it was my remarks as I was hearing
testimony.
Not only did the Court of — ignore this colloquy, but it
misinterpreted Mrs. Reynolds’ earlier characterization of her notes as
“worthless doodles,” (19a), when it was clear she meant they were
worthless to anyone but herself.
6
Following Mr. von Bulow’s conviction at his first trial,
Mrs. Reynolds became an integral part of his defense team.
She interviewed prospective witnesses and did investiga-
tive work which contributed to his acquittal at the second
trial. In addition, Mrs. Reynolds pursued her objective to
vindicate Mr. von Bulow in the press. At her deposition
she testified that she interviewed between ten and twenty
people who spoke with her in reliance on her promises of
confidentiality made as a journalist. (JA 290; 336-38).
Mrs. Reynolds was solicited in early 1985 by the New
York Post to cover the second criminal trial of Mr. von
Bulow. She agreed to cover the trial for the Post in order
to give the defendant’s view of the trial as it progressed,
and consequently she was issued a New York Post police
press card. Mrs. Reynolds wrote several articles which
were found to be suitable for publication. However, terms
for payment could not be agreed upon, and the articles
were not published. (JA 160; 252-70; 402-03).
After the trial, the Post and other news publishers ex-
pressed interest in serializing Mrs. Reynolds’ work and
she was asked to give her story for a screenplay. (JA 161;
268; 192-93; 235-41; 273; 387). As Mrs. Reynolds devel-
oped her materials for publication, she decided to write
her manuscript in book form. In February 1986, a pub-
lishing contract was entered with Simon & Schuster for the
proposed book, for which Mrs. Reynolds received a sub-
stantial advance. The manuscript, which is 170,000 words
long, has yet to be edited for content, libel and stylistic
purposes and to assure that promised confidences will be
respected. (JA 222-23; 166; 23343).
Procedural Background
Mrs. Reynolds, acting pro se, did not comply with re-
spondent’s subpoena, and respondent obtained an order to
show cause returnable on August 19, 1986. On August 6,
1986, Mrs. Reynolds produced to the District Court for in
camera inspection materials she had gathered which had
become source materials for her book, but retained posses-
sion of the manuscript. (JA 107-09; 156-57; 269).
At oral argument on August 19, the District Court
stated that ‘‘it is highly unlikely that .. . any materials
that you would turn over would be of much help to them
{respondent].’’ (JA 157). Nevertheless, the District
Court acknowledged that Mrs. Reynolds might have a valid
claim to a journalist privilege and ordered her deposition
on that issue. (JA 164; 171-72).
In its opinion dated October 14, 1986, the District Court
found that Mrs. Reynolds was not a ‘‘journalist’’ for pur-
poses of invoking the privilege. (32a). The District Court
found that an article she claimed to have written for the
German weekly newsmagazine Stern was published under
her former husband’s name, and that the Post had never
published any of her articles. (35a). Without further
discussion, the District Court wrote:
Based on these facts, this Court is unable to conclude
that Reynolds was engaged in any meaningful way in
the gathering and dissemination of news while she at-
tended von Bulow’s criminal trial. Further she has
not demonstrated that the notes and book manuscript
sought by plaintiffs are related to any purported jour-
nalistic activities whether for Stern magazine, the New
8
York Post or any other publication other than a pos-
sible book of her own.
(36a). The District Court went on to hold that even
though Mrs. Reynolds had attended the trials and had
planned to author a book, she could not invoke the journal-
ist privilege because she was not a ‘‘professional jour-
nalist’’ or ‘‘newscaster.’’ (36a). The District Court
directed the parties to submit a stipulation of confiden-
tiality to protect the commercial viability of the book. On
October 28, the District Court filed a Confidentiality Order
essentially in the form submitted by respondent. (37a).
Following the District Court’s opinion, counsel appeared
for the first time on behalf of petitioner. A series of legal
procedures ensued so that petitioner could raise the jour-
nalist privilege as to both her manuscript and her source
materials in a single appeal.‘ Ultimately, on November 18,
the District Court held Mrs. Reynolds in contempt and im-
4. Counsel moved to certify the order compelling her to produce
the manuscript and to supplement the record regarding the source
materials. Those motions were also denied. (JA 453-94).
On November 13, petitioner filed a Notice of Appeal, appealing
the October 14 order of the District Court to produce the in camera
documents to respondent. (JA 495-96). The Court of Appeals
ordered an expedited appeal and respondent agreed to a stay pending
the outcome of the
To avoid the prosecution of two appeals, Mrs. Reynolds’ counsel
applied to the District Court to return the im camera documents ;
the request was refused. Instead, the District Court sua sponte
held Mrs. Reynolds in contempt and imposed a fine of $500 a day,
thereby enabling Mrs. Reynolds simultaneously to appeal the orders
of production and contempt. The District Court stayed imposition
of the fine and production of the in camera documents pending a
final determination by the Court of Appeals. (26a).
On November 20, Mrs. Reynolds appealed the Confidentiality
Order and the order of contempt. (JA 501-04). On November 21,
ihe Court of Appeals consolidated all three appeals. (JA 505). The
Court of Appeals heard oral argument on December 19.
9
posed a fine of $500 a day and stayed its order pending the
appeal.
On February 10, 1987, the Court of Appeals rendered a
decision affirming the orders of the District Court and stay-
ing the mandate for ten days ‘‘to enable petitioner, if she
is so advised, to apply to the Supreme Court for a further
stay of the issuance of the mandate pending the filing of a
petition for a writ of certiorari.’’ (24a).
The Decision Below
The Court of Appeals held that an ‘‘individual claiming
the journalist’s privilege must demonstrate, through com-
petent evidence, the intent to use material sought to dis-
seminate information to the public and that such intent
existed at the inception of the newsgathering process.’’
(24a). According to the Second Circuit, ‘‘[t]his requires
an intent-based factual inquiry to be made by the district
court.’’ (18a). However, the Second Circuit did not re-
mand the case to the District Court for further factual in-
quiry into this new issue which had not been raised below.
Moreover, the Second Circuit failed to consider the uncon-
tradicted facts that Mrs. Reynolds had intended to ‘‘write
about the von Bulow affair as a reporter’’ since 1983 and
that she had taken notes at the second criminal trial for that
purpose. (JA 288-89; 158-59). Nor did the Court of Ap-
peals credit the District Court’s findings that Mrs. Reynolds
had attended the criminal trial and had planned to write a
book about it, and that her notes and manuscript related to
‘‘a possible book of her own.’’ (36a). Indeed, the Court
of Appeals affirmed the District Court orders, finding that
Mrs. Reynolds had failed to meet this newly imposed burden
10
to demonstrate an intent at the inception to disseminate
information to the public.
The Court of Appeals characterized Mrs. Reynolds’ po-
sition as a request ‘‘to construe expansively the qualified
privilege accorded journalists not to reveal confidential
sources and information in judicial proceedings.’’ (lla).
In fact, petitioner does not seek any expansive construction
of the privilege. She asks nothing more than that the Dis-
trict Court undertake to balance her First Amendment in-
terests against the respondent’s casual interest in reviewing
her unpublished manuscript. If a balancing were per-
formed, it is clear that respondent would not be entitled to
the subpoenaed documents. Respondent has made no show-
ing that the subpoenaed documents are material, necessary
or critical to the maintenance of the actions, or that the in-
formation sought is unavailable from other sources. Peti-
tioner was denied the right to assert the First Amendment
because the Court of Appeals determined that she was not
worthy of such protection. The Court below reached that
conclusion by creating a new test which is contrary to the
principles articulated by this Court and by failing to con-
sider the undisputed facts demonstrating that petitioner
satisfied the test.
On February 12, 1987, petitioner moved the Court of
Appeals for a further stay of the issuance of the mandate
pending filing of a timely petition for certiorari. The Court
of Appeals denied this motion on February 13.
Application To The Supreme Court
On February 19, 1987, petitioner applied to the Supreme
Court for a further stay of the mandate.
11
ARGUMENT
I.
The Second Circuit’s Imposition Of A Burden Of
Proof Upon An Author To Demonstrate An Intent To
Disseminate News At The Inception Of The Newsgath-
ering Process Contravenes The First Amendment, As
Construed By This Court And Other Federal Courts,
Which Imposes The Burden Upon The Party Seeking
Disclosure To Show A Particularized Need For The In-
formation And Its Unavailability From Other Sources
The Court of Appeals has for the first time imposed the
burden upon an author to demonstrate her state of mind at
the inception of the newsgathering process before ailowing
her to invoke the First Amendment. There is no precedent
for the Court of Appeals’ harsh new requirement. It is in
conflict with the language of this Court and the decisions of
other circuits. Indeed, the finding by the Court of Appeals
on this record that petitioner had not met her burden of
proof is the best evidence of the dangers posed by this
newly created test.
According to Justice Powell’s concurring opinion in
Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153 (1979), district courts must
undertake to balance the competing interests in any case
‘twhen a discovery demand arguably impinges on First
Amendment rights.’’ Jd. at 179 (emphasis added). Given
the undisputed facts that Mrs. Reynolds was issued a press
card, had been solicited to write for the New York Post, had
actually written articles which were found suitable for pub-
lication, had taken notes at the trial for the purpose of writ-
12
ing, had intended at the outset to vindicate Mr. von Bulow
in the press as well as in court, and now has written a
manuscript under contract with a bona fide publisher, there
can be little doubt that her First Amendment rights are, at
least, ‘‘arguably impinged’’ by respondent’s attempt to
compel disclosure. Accordingly, the Court of Appeals erred
in failing to apply the First Amendment to her.
In Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, —— U.S.
—, 106 S. Ct. 1558 (1986), this Court held that a state may
not shift the burden of proving truth to a media libel defend-
ant in an action by a private figure. The Court reasoned:
Because such a ‘‘chilling’’ effect would be antithetical
to the First Amendment’s protection of true speech on
matters of public concern, we believe that a private-
figure plaintiff must bear the burden of showing that
the speech at issue is false before recovering damages
for defamation from a media defendant. To do other-
wise could ‘‘only result in a deterrence of speech which
the Constitution makes free.’’
— U.S. at ——, 106 S. Ct. at 1564 (citation omitted).
Similarly, the Second Circuit’s new rule requiring an author
to show her state of mind at the time of the events will seri-
ously operate to deter the flow of information to the public.
Petitioner must be allowed to invoke the First Amendment
without the harsh burden imposed by the Second Circuit.
This case is unlike Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984) and
Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770 (1984), be-
cause there are no fail-safe Due Process considerations suffi-
cient to protect petitioner’s interest in her unpublished
manuscript and source materials. Only the First Amend-
ment stands between her and the chilling intrusion occa-
sioned by respondent’s curiosity in what she has written.
13
Respondent’s subpoena is no more than a fishing expedi-
tion on which respondent embarked ‘‘on the mere hope that
some [relevant] material might turn up.’’ United States
v. Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139, 146 (3d Cir. 1980), cert. de-
med, 449 U.S. 1126 (1981). The burden properly should be
respondent’s—not petitioner’s—when an author’s First
Amendment interests have at least arguably been impinged.
The newly imposed burden of proof also conflicts with
the decisions of other federal courts which this Court has
permitted to stand. Following this Court’s decision in
Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972), where, after bal-
ancing the competing concerns, the Court compelled jour-
nalists to testify to crimes they witnessed, the Second Cir-
cuit held that the public interest in refusing to disclose a
confidential source in a civil case outweighed the private
interest in compelled testimony. Baker v. F & F Invest-
ment, 470 F.2d 778 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 466
(1973). Subsequently, the Second Circuit adopted a bal-
ancing test incorporating stringent criteria which a party
seeking disclosure must satisfy before a journalist’s inter-
ests in confidentiality will be compelled to yield:
disclosure may be ordered only upon a clear and spe-
cific showing that the information is: highly material
and relevant, necessary or critical to the maintenance
of the claim, and not obtainable from other available
sources.
In re Petroleum Products Antitrust Litigation, 680 F.2d 5,
7 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 909 (1982). In United
States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 77 (2d Cir.), cert. dented, 464
U.S. 816 (1983), the Second Circuit described the burden
imposed on parties seeking disclosure:
This demanding burden [on persons seeking to compel
disclosure] has been imposed by the courts to ‘‘ reflect
14
a paramount public interest in the maintenance of a
vigorous, aggressive and independent press capable of
participating in a robust, unfettered debate over con-
troversial matters, an interest which has always been
the concern of the First Amendment... .’’
These considerations have been adopted by other federal
courts. E.g., Zerilli v. Smith, 656 F.2d 705, 712-14 (D.C.
Cir. 1981) ; United States v. Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139, 146-
48 (3d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1126 (1981); Miller
v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 621 F.2d 721, 726 (5th Cir.
1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1041 (1981): Riley v. City of
Chester, 612 F.2d 708, 716-18 (3d Cir. 1979); Silkwood v.
Kerr-McGee Corp., 563 F.2d 433, 438 (10th Cir. 1977);
Carey v. Hume, 492 F.2d 631, 636-39 (D.C. Cir.), cert. dis-
missed, 417 U.S. 938 (1974); United States v. Blanton, 534
F. Supp. 295, 296-97 (S.D. Fla. 1982); Los Angeles Memo-
rial Coliseum v. National Football League, 89 F.R.D. 489,
494 (C.D. Cal. 1981).
Petitioner has found no federal case which has ever
imposed the burden on an author to demonstrate his intent
to publish at the outset of the newsgathering process be-
fore the First Amendment may be applied. In any event,
under the facts established here, petitioner should be en-
titled to the protection of the First Amendment.®
It should be underscored that in this case neither the
District Court nor the Court of Appeals has suggested that
the respondent could prevail under the First Amendment
balancing test endorsed by this Court, if Mrs. Reynolds
5. In Continental Cablevision, Inc. v. Storer Broadcasting Co.,
583 F. Supp. 427, 436 (E.D. Mo. 1984), the court described the
journalist’s burden to be a “minimal prima facie showing” before
shifting the burden to the party seeking disclosure.
ae Be ee
oes
ee ee ee ee ee,
_—_
Ee ———S —
15
were entitled to have it applied. Simply put, the materials
sought are not highly relevant to respondent’s case; even
if the materials are remotely relevant, they have never
been claimed to be necessary or critical to the maintenance
of respondent’s case. Certainly, the materials sought are
available from other sources. (JA 224; 430-31). Cf. In
re Petroleum Products Antitrust Litigation, 680 F.2d at
8-9. In this regard, Mrs. Reynolds remains willing to
testify as a witness, but rot to produce her manuscript or
source materials. (JA 430).
Certiorari should be granted to review the imposition
of the burden of proof on petitioner to demonstrate that
it was her intention to disseminate information to the
public when she participated in the newsworthy events.
The Second Circuit’s New Requirement That An Author
Must Have The Intent To Disseminate News At The
Inception Of The Newsgathering Process Contravenes
The First Amendment As Construed By This Court
And Poses The Substantial Danger Of Chilling Authors
Of Non-Fiction Who Are Not Journalists By Trade
The Second Circuit has articulated a new test which
strips away from an entire class of people who write news
for publication the right to protect their unedited manu-
scripts prior to publication. The Court of Appeals held
that unless an author can demonstrate her intention to dis-
seminate news at the inception of the newsgathering pro-
cess, the author has no First Amendment rights to resist
compelled production of her unpublished manuscript.
16
Under this new test, the District Court need not consider
First Amendment rights of the author to write and edit
her manuscript free from the casual inquiry of a litigant
who has made no showing of particularized need for the
information in the manuscript or of the unavailability of
that information from other sources. This decision runs
afoul of the First Amendment principles enunciated by
this Court. It poses the serious danger of chilling authors
who are not journalists by trade from writing about their
experiences and observations for fear that their unedited
and unpublished writings can be disclosed by compulsion
without regard to need. The decision below contravenes
society’s interest, rooted in the First Amendment, to en-
courage the writing and publication of firsthand accounts
of newsworthy events which are available only from eye-
witnesses and participants. Because of the importance of
the question and conflicting authorities, there are compel-
ling reasons for granting certiorari.
This case presents for the first time the important ques-
tion of who may invoke the journalist ‘‘privilege’”* under
the First Amendment. In order to determine whether pe-
titioner was entitled to assert the privilege, the Court of
Appeals created a new test which restricts the class of
people who are entitled to the protections of the journalist
privilege :
We hold that an individual claiming the journalist’s
privilege must demonstrate, through competent evi-
dence, the intent to use material sought to disseminate
6. The “privilege” is really nothing more than a right to have
the District Court me yp ee First a . oo
against the interests of a ing disclosure. See ert v
Lando, 441 US. 153 (1970)
ed Ne —
17
information to the public and that such intent existed
at the inception of the newsgathering process.
(24a).
It is not disputed that Mrs. Reynolds intended to dis-
seminate the information to the public when she com-
menced writing her manuscript, or that the manuscript is
newsworthy. Nor is it disputed that she was willing to
testify as a witness to what she observed.’ Mrs. Reynolds
merely objected to producing the manuscript she had writ-
ten for publication and the source materials used in writ-
ing the manuscript.
This Court has held that the First Amendment protects
all stages of the press process and expressions of speech.’
In Lovell v. City of Griffin, 303 U.S. 444 (1938), this Court
struck an ordinance requiring the licensing of pam-
phleteers. The Court observed that the First Amendment
reaches every sort of publication and every phase of dis-
semination :
The ordinance cannot be saved because it relates to
distribution and not to publication. ‘Liberty of cir-
culating is as essential to that freedom as liberty of
7. Accordingly, this case does not involve the question of whether
her value as a witness ighs her rights to assert a privilege with
a to what she wrote £.g., Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665
(1972). Indeed, the District Court did not reach the balancing issue,
holding that she was not entitled to assert any journalist privilege in
the first place.
8. In Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. at 705, this Court recog-
nized the panoply of persons who comprise the press :
The informative function asserted by representatives of the
organized press in the present cases is also performed by lec-
turers, political pollsters, novelists, academic researchers, and
dramatists.
18
publishing; indeed, without the circulation, the publi-
cation would be of little value.’’
303 U.S. at 452 (quoting Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727,
733 (1878)). It does not argue too much to say that with-
out editing, writing would be of little value; and, without
writing, newsgathering would be of little value. Indeed,
this Court has expressly stated that it would be impermis-
sible to require those engaged in the editorial process to
subject themselves to scrutiny absent a compelling show-
ing of need. In Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153 (1979), the
Court compelled disclosure of editorial decisions made re-
specting an allegedly defamatory publication because the
editorial decisions went to the heart of plaintiff’s claim
and the issue of actual malice. However, the Court was
careful to explain:
This is not to say that the editorial discussions or
exchanges have no constitutional protection from cas-
ual inquiry. There is no law that subjects the edi-
torial process to private or official examination merely
to satisfy curiosity or to serve some general end such
as the public interest; and if there were, it would not
survive constitutional scrutiny as the First Amend-
ment is presently construed.
441 U.S. at 174. Other courts, too, have acknowledged that
the First Amendment protections have a broad scope which
reach every phase of getting the story to the public:
The ability of a reporter or news publication to gather
information in confidence and to sift and edit privately
without being subject to governmental or court orders
of disclosure is an important facet of the ability of the
press to learn and publish news. It should not be over-
ridden without compelling reason.
In re Forbes Magazine, 494 F. Supp. 780, 782 (S.D.N.Y.
1980). Indeed, the District Court in this case observed
19
that as of 1980, twenty-six states had enacted shield laws,”
several of which expressly provide that all the phases of
the press are covered. (34a). For example, the New York
shield law defines a professional journalist entitled to in-
voke the privilege as any individual writing for gain ‘‘en-
gaged in gathering, preparing, collecting, writing, editing,
filming, taping or photographing of news’’ for a news
medium. N.Y. Crvm Ricuts Law §79-h(a)(6) (McKinney
Supp. 1987).’°
Under the Court of Appeals’ test, however, authors who
form the intention to be part of the press process at the
outset have rights superior to authors who decide to pub-
lish their experiences only after witnessing the events in
question. There is no apparent justification for this dis-
tinction, and the Court of Appeals articulates none.
In fact, this intent-at-the-inception test offends the pub-
lic policy served by the First Amendment, namely, to en-
courage the likelihood that the newsworthy story—wha‘-
ever it may be—will be told to the public. See A. BicKeEt,
Tue Morauity or Consent at 85 (1975) (‘‘The issue is the
public’s right to know. That right is the reporter’s by
virtue of the proxy which the freedom of the press clause
of the First Amendment gives to tbe press in behalf of the
public.’’). To paraphrase a leading federal case involving
the extension of the journalist privilege to non-confidential
9. See Comment, The Newsman’s Qualified Privilege: An
Analytical Approach, 16 Cat W.L. Rev. 331, 368 n.284 (1980).
10. California’s shield law similarly extends to “[a] publisher,
editor, reporter or other person” associated with a press medium.
Cat. Evip. Cope § 1070 (West Supp. 1987); see also vie Stat.
ANN. § 2A:84A-21 (West Supp. 19: 1987 ) (“a person... engaged
in . . . news media for the purpose of gathering, procuring, trans-
mitting, compiling, editing or disseminating news’”’).
20
sources, the time at which an author first intends to dis-
seminate newsworthy information is ‘‘utterly irrelevant to
the ‘chilling effect’ .. . on the flow of information to...
the public.” Loadholtz v. Fields, 389 F. Supp. 1299, 1303
(M.D. Fla. 1975). Simply put, a casual inquiry at any
stage of the press process creates the substantial risk that
First Amendment interests will be impinged.
As Justice Powell wrote in his concurring opinion in
Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153, 179-80 (1979) (citations
omitted) :
Whatever standard may be appropriate in other types
of cases, when a discovery demand arguably impinges
on First Amendment rights a district court should
measure the degree of relevance required in light of
both the private needs of the parties and the public
concerns implicated. On the one hand, as this Court
has repeatedly recognized, the solicitude for First
Amendment rights evidenced in our opinions reflects
concern for the important public interest in a free flow
of news and commentary. ... On the other hand,
there is also a significant public interest in according
to civil litigants discovery of such matters as may be
genuinely relevant to their lawsuit. Although the
process of weighing these interests is hardly an exact
science, it is a function customarily carried out by
judges in this and other areas of the law.
By its decision, the Court of Appeals has held that dis-
trict courts in the Second Circuit may no longer undertake
this balancing test unless an author intended to disseminate
news at the inception of the newsgathering process. Thus,
if an author formed the intent to disseminate her story
only midway through the events which she witnessed, or
21
after they occurred, no balancing test is to be undertaken.
In the Second Circuit, the rule is now that a party may
subpoena an author’s unedited, unpublished manuscript
without any initial showing of need or relevance.
This new test leads to the anomalous result that a pro-
fessional journalist is afforded the right not to disclose a
confidential source who participated in an event, but the
confidential source himself is not permitted to withhold an
unedited manuscript which he subsequently writes for pub-
lication, except in the unlikely event that he had an intent
before the events occurred to publish the story. Even
though the First Amendment interest in getting the story
told is the same in both cases, under the Court of Appeals’
test, the story is not likely to be told directly by the par-
ticipant because he will be deterred from writing about his
experiences." The Court of Appeals did not address this
issue, writing only that a ‘‘person who gathers informa-
tion for personal reasons . . . will not be deterred from
undertaking his search’’ if disclosure is compelled. (14a).
While the Court’s reasoning is sound as far as it goes,
it does not go very far. The Court of Appeals simply did
11. The nature of the chilling effect in this case is analogous to
the one described by the Seventh Circuit in the context of a claimed
“academic” privilege :
enforcement of the subpoenas would leave the researchers with
the knowledge throughout continuation of their studies that the
fruits of their labors had been appropriated by and were being
scrutinized by a not-unbiased third party whose interests were
arguably antithetical to theirs.
Dow Chemical Co. v. Allen, 672 F.2d 1262, 1276 (7th Cir. 1982).
Here, in this inter-familial dispute involving allegations of attempted
murder, Mrs. Reynolds has reason to fear that the Auerspergs, who
are suing in the name of their mother, will contact Mrs. Reynolds’
publisher prior to publication, as they did with respect to Alan Der-
showitz's book prior to its publication by Random House. (JA 165-
68; 431).
22
not consider the chilling effect on writing caused by com-
pelled disclosure of an unedited manuscript. The Court of
Appeals’ test is likely to result in the further anomaly that
a publisher of a book written by an eyewitness will be en-
titled to assert the privilege, because the publisher had the
intent to disseminate at the inception, when it received the
manuscript and entered the contract; however, the author
himself will have no right to protect his work from the
intrusive eyes of a curious and casual observer.
Certiorari should be granted to review the Court of
Appeals’ creation of the new test requiring an author to
have an intent at the inception to disseminate news.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, petitioner respectfully re-
quests that the Court issue writ of certiorari to review the
judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Dated: New York, New York
February 19, 1987
Respectfully submitted,
JoHun S. Sirrert
Counsel of Record
SHeima B. Ratusun
Jason G. LucHan
LaNKLER SirFeRT & WoHL
1120 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
(212) 921-8399
Counsel for Petitioner
Andrea Reynolds
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Opinion of the United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
-—>-—
Nos. 695, 698, 699—August Term, 1986
(Argued: December 19, 1986
Decided: February 10, 1987)
Docket Nos. 86-7962, 86-7982, 86-7984
—
MARTHA von BULOW, by her next frends Alexander
Auersperg and Annie Laure Auersperg Kneiss!.
Plaintiff-Appellee.
—_— /\—_
CLAUS von BULOWw,
Defendant,
ANDREA REYNOLDS,
Third Party
Witness-Appellant.
+
Before:
TIMBERS, MESKILL and KEARSE,
Circuit Judges.
>
2a
Expedited consolidated 2 peals from civil contempt
order and subordinate production orders entered in the
Southern District of New York, John M. Walker, District
Judge, after rejecting claims of a journalist’s privilege or,
alternatively, an attorney-client privilege (as a paralegal)
by Andrea Reynolds, an “intimate friend” of Claus von
Bulow.
All orders affirmed.
+>
John S. Siffert, New York, N.Y. (Patricia
McDonagh, Sheila B. Rathbun, Jason G.
Luchan, and Lankler Siffert & Wohl, New
York, N.Y., on the brief), for third party
witness-appellant Andrea Reynolds.
Frederic W. Parnon, New York, N.Y. (Ivan
Kline, Melissa A. Cohen, Michael F. Arm-
strong, and Barrett Smith Schapiro Simon
& Armstrong, New York, N.Y., on the
brief), for appellee Martha von Bulow.
+>
TIMBERS, Circuit Judge:
The essential question presented on this appeal from a
civil contempt order entered against a witness is whether
the contemnor is entitled to claim a journalist’s privilege.
Under the circumstances of this case, we hold that she is
not. Other subordinate questions are presented.
The appeal has i*s genesis in certain civil litigation com-
menced by Martha von Bulow by her two children as her
3a
next friends (collectively referred to as “appellee”) against
her husband Claus von Bulow (“von Bulow”).
The third party witness appellant Andrea Reynolds
(“Reynolds”) appeals from the contempt order against her
announced from the bench on November 18, 1986 in the
Southern District of New York, John M. Walker, District
Judge.’ The contempt order, being a final appealabie
order, brings up for review two prior production orders
entered October 15 and October 28, which, standing
alone, of course would not be appealable since they are
interlocutory orders.
The October 15 order directed Reynolds to produce
certain documents subpoenaed by appellee. Those docu-
ments consisted of investigative reports commissioned by
Reynolds on the lifestyle of Martha von Bulow’s children.
notes taken by Reynolds while observing the criminal trial
of von Bulow, and the manuscript to date of an unpub-
lished book being written by Reynolds about the events
surrounding the von Bulow prosecution. Although Rey-
nolds submitted the investigative reports and the notes to
the court in camera, she retained the manuscript. The
court held that all of the documents were discoverabie
and ordered production of them after examining, and
rejecting, Reynolds’ claim that the documents were pro-
tected from discovery by the journalist’s privilege. The
court also rejected Reynolds’ alternative claim that the
documents were protected by the attorney-client privilege.
The October 28 order governed the confidentiality of
the documents. The order sought to protect the commer-
cial viability to Reynolds of the documents and, accord-
ingly, limited disclosure of the documents to appellee, her
aj) dates in this opinion are in 1986, unless otherwise indicated.
ta
next friends and their attorneys for the sole purpose of lit-
igating appellee’s action against von Bulow.
The November 18 order held Reynolds in civil con-
tempt of court for her continued refusal to produce the
manuscript. The court ordered that Reynolds pay a fine of
$500 per day, but stayed payment of the fine pending a
determination by our Court of the validity of the con-
tempt order. The court further ruled that it would retain
possession of the in camera documents pending that
determination.
On appeal, Reynolds argues that the First Amendment
protects the subpoenaed documents and hence that she
has the right to assert the journalist’s privilege as a protec-
tive shield. In the alternative, Reynolds argues that she is
entitled to assert an attorney-client privilege based upon
her status as a “paralegal” for the defense team during the
criminal prosecution of von Bulow. On these grounds.
Reynolds contends that the district court erred in holding
her in contempt. We disagree. We hold that Reynolds is
not a member of the class entitled to assert the journalist's
privilege. We also hold that an attorney-client privilege is
unavailable to her.
We affirm the district court’s orders of contempt, pro-
duction, and confidentiality.
We summarize only those facts believed necessary to an
understanding of the issues raised on appeal.
The underlying complaint alleges that von Bulow put
appellee into her current state of permanent coma by
injecting her surreptitiously with insulin and other drugs.
The compiaint alleges one federal law claim based on the
5a
Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act,
18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. (1982) (“RICO”) and nine state
law claims based on pendent and diversity jurisdiction.
Reynolds is an intimate friend of von Bulow. She was
his steady companion during the Rhode Island state crim-
inal proceedings which resulted eventually in his acquittal
after a second trial on charges of assault with intent to
murder his wife. On May 28, 1986 attorneys for appellee,
in preparation for the instant litigation, subpoenaed Rey-
nolds to testify and to produce certain documents at her
deposition. Among the documents subpoenaed was “any
book being written” about the von Bulow matter.
Reynolds failed to respond to the subpoena. On July 25
the district court ordered appellee to proceed by order to
show cause to require Reynolds to show why she should
not be held in contempt for her failure to respond to the
subpoena and to produce the subpoenaed documents. The
order to show cause was signed by the district court on
July 30. It was served on Reynolds who responded pro se
in a letter to the district court dated August 6. In that let-
ter Reynolds denied the existence of the documents which
had been subpoenaed, with one exception. That exception
was delineated by Reynolds as “the manuscript of my
story of the von Bulow affair”. This she declined to pro-
duce.
Along with the letter, Reynolds submitted to the court
for in camera inspection two investigative reports she had
commissioned on the lifestyles of Martha von Bulow’s
children, siating that she had ordered the reports because
“(the children’s] credibility was something I had to estab-
lish not only for the [von Bulow criminal] case, but also
for my own peace of mind.”
inlet eeeitiaeamnieell
6a
Reynolds also submitted to the court approximately 51
pages of handwritten notes, explaining that “[h]aving
been barred from [the Rhode Island criminal] court [dur-
ing the von Bulow trial], I watched the trial in one of the
generator trucks, involved in satellite communication.
During those long hours, I made some notes. (Worthless
doodles, I think.)”
On August 19 the district court heard oral argument on
the order to show cause. Reynolds appeared pro se. She
argued that the production of the manuscript was pro-
tected by the evidentiary privilege accorded to journalists.
The district court, indicating to Reynolds that it was
“bending over backwards because you are not represented
by an attorney right now”, agreed to permit Reynolds to
develop a record to support the claimed privilege by testi-
fying at a deposition. The court urged Reynolds to recon-
sider her decision to proceed pro se. The court stated, “I
think that does place you at a disadvantage in a proceed-
ing like this.”
Her deposition was taken on August 27. Reynolds again
appeared pro se. She stated that she wished to claim the
journalist’s privilege along with “any other privilege that
exists under the sun.” To support her claim to a journal-
ist’s privilege, Reynolds produced a press card from Pol-
ish Radio and Television issued in 1979. She also asserted
that she “was acting as a writer” for the German magazine
Stern, that she had “drafted” an article about von Bulow
that had appeared in Stern, and that she had supplied a
German editor with a “long” article on von Bulow. Fur-
ther, she stated that the New York Post had issued her a
police/press pass for the von Bulow trial. She produced a
letter from the former Metropolitan Editor of the Post
which stated that he had solicited Reynolds to cover the
Ta
von Bulow trial for that newspaper. Finally, she produced
a telex from a German publishing agency which indicated
that Reynolds’ “final work” would be serialized by that
agency pursuant to an August 1985 agreement.
During the deposition, Reynolds stated that she had
never published any writing under her own signature, that
the negotiations with the Post had never come to fruition,
that the manuscript was not prepared under contract, and
that her relationship with the publisher of her proposed
book “has nothing to do with my privileges as a
journalist”. Reynolds declined to make more specific her
claim that she had worked as a “paralegal” on the defense
team during the von Bulow trial. She also declined to dis-
cuss the rationale for her claim to a scholar’s privilege,
indicating that her understanding of the court’s order was
that her deposition was to be taken solely on the issue of
the journalist’s privilege.
A transcript of the deposition, along with subsequent
correspondence from Reynolds and appeliee’s counsel,
was submitted to the court. On October 15 the court filed
a well reasoned opinion in which it denied Reynolds’
claim of a journalist’s privilege and ordered production of
the in camera documents and the manuscript. The court
held that, for protection under the journalist’s privilege to
be available to a witness, that witness must be involved
actively in the gathering and dissemination of news. It
held that Reynolds was not so involved. It stated that.
although Reynolds claimed to have published an article in
Stern, the Stern article in fact identified Reynolds’ hus-
band as the author. It ~bserved also that the Post never
had published anythin, written by Reynolds. Finally, the
court concluded that, since Reynolds was not a member
of the class of potential witnesses to whom the journalist’s
8a
privilege was available, it was not necessary for the court
to perform the detailed analysis of competing consider-
ations required by the First Amendment balancing test.
See In re Petroleum Products Antitrust Litigation, 680
F.2d 5, 7-8 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 909 (1982).
The court then directed appellee and Reynolds to sub-
mit proposed orders which would govern the confidential-
ity of the documents to be produced. The court outlined
for the parties what the order should contain. On October
20 counsel for appellee submitted a proposed confidenti-
ality order to the court. On October 24 Reynolds submit-
ted a letter in response. The letter was divided into two
segments, one entitled “Reargument”, the other entitled
“Proposed Order”. In the reargument segment, Reynolds
again asserted her claim to an attorney-client privilege
arising from her role as a paralegal during the von Bulow
trial. In the segment which addressed the confidentiality
order, Reynolds, although continuing to assert that no
proposed order could protect her rights adequately, sug-
gested alterations to appellee’s proposal.
The court denied the attorney-client claim with a mem-
orandum endorsement, stating that the claim was without
substantial factual support. With one additional protec-
tive provision inserted, the court signed the confidential-
ity order as proposed by appellee. The order was entered
on October 28.
On November 7, present counsel for Reynolds wrote to
the court confirming their representation of Reynolds. At
a hearing held on November 12, counsel for Reynolds
made a motion to certify a part of the production order
for an interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1292(b) (1982); to supplement the record: and for a stay
of enforcement. The court declined to permit Reynolds to
a + ep SES
9a
supplement the record and refused to grant certification
pursuant to § 1292(b), stating, “.. .frankly, I think she is
toying with the court. I simply will not permit it. I have
the highest respect for you [Reynold’s counsel], but |
think this eleventh-hour move on her part is reprehensi-
ble, frankly, and I am going to deny all the applications
that you have made.” The court, however, did give Rey-
nolds one week to seek a stay from our Court pending
appeal.
On November 19 a notice of appeal from the October
15 order of production was filed.
On November 18 the court sua sponte held Reynolds in
contempt for failure to produce the documents and
imposed a fine of $500 per day, the payment to be stayed
pending appeal. The court denied requests by Reynolds to
return the in camera documents to her, ruling that it
would retain the documents pending a final determination
by our Court.
On November 20 Reynolds filed notices of appeal from
the confidentiality order and from the contempt order. On
November 21, our Court consolidated the three appeals.
Appellee agreed to a stay of the three orders pending
appeal.
II.
Discovery in civil litigation pending in a federal court
is governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
These Rules paint with a broad brush. Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(b\1) provides in relevant part that “[pjarties may
obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged,
which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the
pending action... .” (emphasis added). The principles by
which a federal court determines whether maternal sought
10a
is privileged are set forth in Fed. R. Evid. 501 which pro-
vides:
“Except as otherwise required by the Constitution of
the United States or provided by Act of Congress or
in rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to
statutory authority, the privilege of a witness, person,
government, State, or political subdivision thereof
shall be governed by the principles of the common
law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the
United States in the light of reason and experience.
However, in civil actions and proceedings, with
respect to an element of a claim or defense as to
which State law supplies the rule of decision, the priv-
ilege of a witness, person, government, State, or polit-
ical subdivision thereof shall be determined in
accordance with State law.”
Before considering whether Reynolds is entitled to any
privilege, we first must decide whether the privileges she
seeks to invoke are governed by federal law or state law.
The complaint in the instant action alleges a federal claim
based on RICO and state law claims based on pendent
and diversity jurisdiction. The evidence sought from Rey-
nolds is relevant to both the federal and state claims. In
such situations courts consistently have held that the
asserted privileges are governed by the principles of fed-
eral law. E.g., Wm. T. Thompson Co. v. General Nutrition
Corp., 671 F.2d 100, 104 (3 Cir. 1982); Memorial Hospi-
tal for McHenry County v. Shadur, 664 F.2d 1058, 1061
n.3 (7th Cir. 1981). This approach is consistent with the
legislative history of Rule 501. The Senate Report which
accompanied Rule 501 stated that “i]t is also intended
that the Federai Law of privileges should be applied with
respect to pendent State law claims when they arise in a
iti!
Sa AMR i ce
lla
Federal question case.” S. Rep. No. 1277, 93rd Cong., 2d
Sess., reprinted in 1974 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News
7051, 7059 n.16. The instant case is a federal question
case by virtue of the RICO claim; and pendent state law
claims arise in the case. Accordingly, we hold that the fed-
eral law of privilege controls the question whether the
privileges asserted by Reynolds should be recognized.
At the outset, we are mindful that testimonial exclu-
sionary rules and privileges are not favored. “The
Supreme Court has shown no enthusiasm for the creation
of new constitutional privileges. ...” Herbert v. Lando,
568 F.2d 974, 998 (2 Cir. 1977) (Meskill, J., dissenting),
rev'd, 441 U.S. 153 (1979). This is because they contra-
_vene a fundamental principle of our jurisprudence that
“the public ... has a right to every man’s evidence.”
United States v. Bryan, 339 U.S. 323, 331 (1950). Indeed,
“these exceptions to the demand for every man’s evidence
are not lightly created nor expansively construed, for they
are in derogation of the search for truth.” United States v.
Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 710 (1974) (rejecting absolute Presi-
dential privilege). Here we are asked to construe expan-
sively the qualified privilege accorded journalists not to
reveal confidential sources and information in judicial
proceedings.” Specifically, we must decide whether one
who gathers information initially for a purpose other than
traditional journalistic endeavors and who later decides
to author a book using such information may then invoke
the First Amendment to shield the production of the
information and the manuscript.
This question is one of first impression at least in this
For a scholarly analysis of the journalist’s privilege as currently recog-
nized by the federal courts, see generally, Note, A Press Privilege for the
Worst of Times, 75 Geo. LJ. 245 (to be published Spring, 1987).
12a
circuit. The question, moreover, does not appear to have
been decided by any other court. In the light of “reason
and experience”, therefore, we turn to the First Amend-
ment and to case law construing the journalist’s privilege
under that amendment. From these sources we shall
attempt to glean the boundaries of the journalist’s privi-
lege as applied to this case.
We discern certain principles which we must use in
determining whether, in the first instance, one is a mem-
ber of the class entitled to claim the privilege. First, the
process of newsgathering is a protected rght under the
First Amendment, albeit a qualified one. This qualified
right, which results in the journalist’s privilege, emanates
from the strong public policy supporting the unfettered
communication of information by the journalist to the
public. Second, whether a person is a journalist, and thus
protected by the privilege, must be determined by the per-
son’s intent at the inception of the information-gathering
process. Third, an individual successfully may assert the
journalist’s privilege if he is involved in activities tradi-
tionally associated with the gathering and dissemination
of news, even though he may not ordinarily be a member
of the institutionalized press. Fourth, the relationship
between the journalist and his source may be confidential
or nonconfidential for purposes of the privilege. Fifth,
unpublished resource material likewise may be protected.
A.
In Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972), the
Supreme Court held that a journalist does not have an
absolute privilege under the First Amendment to refuse to
appear and testify before a grand jury to answer questions
relevant to an investigation into the commission of crime.
The case involved a story written by a reporter for the
a ae
l3a
Louisville Courier-Journal on the illegal manufacture of
hashish. The reporter personally had witnessed the hash-
ish production and was subpoenaed by a Kentucky grand
jury to testify about his experience. Branzburg appeared
before the grand jury, but, claiming a First Amendment
privilege, refused to reveal the identities of the individu-
als producing the illegal substance. The Court rejected the
claim of privilege, basing its decision on the traditional
importance of grand juries and the strong public interest
in effective criminal investigation. The Court recognized,
however, that a qualified privilege may be proper in some
circumstances because mewsgathering was not without
First Amendment protection. Jd. at 707 (emphasis
added).
In Baker v. F & F Investment, 470 F.2d 778 (2 Cir.
1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 966 (1973), we declined to
apply Branzburg in a civil setting. Baker was a civil rights
action in which racial discrimination in the sale of hous-
ing in the City of Chicago was alleged. In the course of
discovery proceedings, the plaintiffs deposed the editor of
the Columbia Journalism Review, who had written an
article ten years earlier on “blockbusting”. That article,
published by the Saturday Evening Post, had been based
upon information furnished to the editor by an anony-
mous real estate agent who gave the information under an
agreement of confidentiality. At his deposition the editor
refused «.. disclose the identity of his confidential source.
The plaintiffs moved to compel him to do so. The district
court denied the motion. We affirmed. We held that the
public interest in non-disclosure of a journalist’s confi-
dential sources outweighed the public and private interest
in compelled testimony. Central to our analysis in Baker
was our concern that “[t]he deterrent effect such disclo-
sure is likely to have upon future ‘undercover’
l4a
investigative reporting ... threatens freedom of the press
and the public’s need to be informed”. Jd. at 782 (empha-
sis added). This rationale suggests that the critical ques-
tion in determining if a person falls within the class of
persons protected by the journalist’s privilege is whether
the person, at the inception of the investigatory process,
had the intent to disseminate to the public the informa-
tion obtained through the investigation. A person who
gathers information for personal reasons, unrelated to dis-
semination of information to the public, will not be
deterred from undertaking his search simply by rules
which permit discovery of that information in a later civil
proceeding. Our hoiding in Baker provides no basis for
claiming a journalist’s privilege by persons who do not
begin their investigations with an intent to disseminate
information to the public, since no First Amendment
rights are implicated under such circumstances.
On rare occasions the journalist’s privilege has been
invoked successfully by persons who are not journalists in
the traditional sense of that term. In Si/kwood v. Kerr-
McGee Corp., 563 F.2d 433 (10th Cir. 1977), the court
was called upon to determine whether a documentary film
maker, a third-party witness, was protected by a privilege
from revealing confidential sources in his deposition. The
witness was a film maker who organized a production
company for the purpose of making a film having to do
with the events surrounding the death of Karen Silkwood.
The defendants sought to depose the film maker and. in
connection with his deposition, subpoenaed documents
and writings in connection with the film maker’s investi-
gation. The film maker appeared for the deposition but.
invoking his First Amendment privilege, refused to
answer questions which called for the disclosure of infor-
mation given to him under agreements of confidentiality.
2b Ala
lda
The district court denied protective relief to the film
maker. The Tenth Circuit first considered the effect on the
validity of the journalist’s privilege where the witness was
not a regular newsman. It concluded that the fact that the
film maker was not a salaried newspaper reporter did not,
in and of itself, deprive him of the right to seek protective
relief. The court therefore reversed the district court. The
court reasou2d that:
“His mission in this case was to carry out investigative
reporting for use in the preparation of a documentary
film. He is shown to have spent considerable time and
effort in obtaining facts and information of the sub-
ject of this lawsuit, but it cannot be disputed that Ais
intention, at least, was to make use of this in prepara-
tion of the film.”
Id. at 436-37 (emphasis added). See also Apicella v. Mc-
Neil Laboratories, Inc., 66 F.R.D 78 (E.D.N.Y. 1975)
(upholding assertion of privilege by chief executive officer
of The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, a tech-
nical journal with a circulation of 70,000 readers).
Other federal courts have held that the privilege can be
invoked to shield disclosure of nosconfidential sources
and nonconfidential information. E.g., United States v.
Blanton, 534 F. Supp. 295, 296-97 (S.D. Fla. 1982), aff'd,
730 F.2d 1425 (11 Cir. 1984) (information sought was
“gathered, developed or received by [reporter] in his pro-
fessional newsgathering capacity” and nonconfidentiality
of source of information was “irrelevant to chilling
effect”) (emphasis added); Loadholtz v. Fields, 389 F.
Supp. 1299, 1300, 1303 (M.D. Fla. 1975) (regarding
materials developed by reporter in preparation of newspa-
per article, nonconfidentiality of source was “utterly irrel-
l6a
evant to ‘chilling effect’ on flow of information to press
and public”).
Journalists who seek to guard information that has not
been published likewise have been accorded the protec-
tive shroud. “Like the compelled disclosure of confiden-
tial sources, [the compelled production of a reporter’s
resource materials] may substantially undercut the public
policy favoring the free flow of information to the public
that is the foundation of the privilege.” United States v.
Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139, 147 (3 Cir. 1980), cert. denied,
454 U.S. 1056 (1981) (documents subpoenaed were
resource materials pertaining to preparation of CBS inves-
tigative report). See also United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d
70, 76-78 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983) (docu-
ments sought were prepared by reporter in connection with
news Story).
In examining the boundaries of the journalist’s privi-
lege, we may consider also the applicable state law, in this
case New York’s so-called “Shield Law”, N.Y. Civ. Rights
Law § 79-h et seq. (McKinney Supp. 1986). Although we
are not bound to follow New York law, neither should we
ignore New York’s policy of giving protection to profes-
sional journalists. The Shield Law provides that a profes-
sional journalist shall not be held in contempt by any
court for
“ .. refusing or failing to disclose any news or the
source of any such news coming into his possession in
the course of gathering or obtaining news for publica-
tion ... by which he is professionally employed or
associated in a newsgathering capacity ....” (empha-
sis added).
N.Y. Civ. Rights Law § 79-h(b).
l7a
Thus, in order successfully to raise a claim of privilege
under the New York Shield Law, a professional journalist
must have obtained the information in the course of gath-
ering news for publication. In People v. LeGrand, 67
A.D.2d 446, 415 N.Y.S.2d 252 (2d Dep't 1979), an author
of a book was denied the protection of the Shield Law
because the court found that he was not a “professional
journalist” within the meaning of the statute. The court
compared the characteristics of a professional journalist
with those of the author before it and concluded that the
Statute’s protections should not be expanded to protect
the author. The court, however, did not rule out the possi-
bility that, under different circumstances, the protections
of the Shield Law could be invoked by an author: “The
court defers comment at this time with respect to some
future situation in which an author's role would be clearly
that of an investigative journalist whose work product will
be published in book form.” Jd. at 258 (emphasis added).
The underlying policies served by the New York Shield
Law and federal law are congruent. Both “reflect a para-
mount public interest in the maintenance of a vigorous,
aggressive and independent press capable of participating
in robust, unfettered debate over controversial matters,
an interest which has always been a principal concern of
the First Amendment, see e.g. New York Times v.
Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (parallel citations omitted)
(1964).” Baker v. F & F Investment, supra, 470 F.2d at
782.
“It is axiomatic that the burden is on a party claiming
the protection of a privilege to establish those facts that
are the essential elements of the privileged relationship.”
In re Grand Jury Subpoena Dtd. January 4, 1984, 750
18a
F.2d 223, 224 (2 Cir. 1984). Based on our analysis set
forth above, we distill the essential characteristics of one
entitled to invoke the journalist’s privilege. We hold that
the individual claiming the privilege must demonstrate,
through competent evidence, the intent to use material—
sought, gathered or received—to disseminate information
to the public and that such intent existed at the inception
of the newsgathering process. This requires an intent-
based factual inquiry to be made by the district court.
The intended manner of dissemination may be by
newspaper, magazine, book, public or private broadcast
medium, handbill or the like, for “[t]he press in its his-
toric connotation comprehends every sort of publication
which affords a vehicle of information and opinion.”
Lovell v. Griffin, 303 U.S. 444, 452 (1938).
Although prior experience as a professional journalist
may be persuasive evidence of present intent to gather for
the purpose of dissemination, it is not the sine qua non.
The burden indeed may be sustained by one who is a nov-
ice in the field.
Further, the protection from disclosure may be sought
by one not traditionally associated with the institutional-
ized press because “[{t]he informative function asserted by
representatives of the organized ~-ess ... is also per-
formed by lecturers, political poiisters. novelists. aca-
demic researchers, and dramatists.” Branzburg v. Haves.
supra, 408 U.S. at 705. It is beyond peradventure that
“[ljiberty. of the press is the night of the lonely pamphie-
teer who uses carbon paper or a mimeograph just as much
as of the large metropolitan publisher who utilizes the lat-
est photocomposition methods.” /d. at 704.
The primary relationship between the one seeking to
invoke the privilege and his sources must have as its basis
19a
the intent to disseminate the information to the public
garnered from that relationship. To this end, the source
may be confidential or nonconfidential.
C.
This brings us to the disposition of Reynolds’ claim to
the journalist's privilege in the case before us. As stated
above, the burden was on Reynolds to establish that she
had those characteristics which we have delineated as the
essential attributes of a journalist. She failed to sustain
her burden.
We consider, first, her claim that she is a journalist for
the purpose of resisting compelled production of the
investigative reports commissioned by Reynolds on the
lifestyles of Martha von Bulow’s children. In her letter of
August 6 to the district court Reynolds stated that she had
ordered the reports because the children’s “credibility was
something I had to establish not only for the [von Bulow
criminal] case, but also for my own peace of mind.” At
oral argument before us Reynolds’ counsel conceded that,
when Reynolds commissioned the reports, “her primary
concern was vindicating Claus von Bulow.” There is no
dispute, therefore, that, at the time she directed that the
information be gathered, Reynolds did not intend to use
the reports to disseminate information to the public. We
hold that the reports are discoverable. Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(b) 1).
Turning next to the notes taken by Reynolds while
watching the von Bulow trial on television, it is anoma-
lous that Reynolds first characterizes these notes as
“{wjorthless doodles” and then seeks to have this court
robe them in the protective garb of the First Amendment.
We decline to do so. Although Reynolds belatedly asserts
20a
that the notes were taken because of an agreement with
the Post, this assertion is belied by the fact that Reynolds
continued to make the notes even after negotiations with
the Post proved to be fruitless. The district court was
unable to find that Reynolds was engaged in any meaning-
ful way in the gathering and dissemination of news while
she attended von Bulow’s criminal trial. The record sup-
ports this finding. We hold that the notes are discoverable.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).
Finally, we turn to the manuscript itself. Reynolds
resists production of her manuscript on the ground that
the author of such a manuscript, under a contract for pub-
lication, is protected automatically by the journalist’s
privilege. Her argument seeks to prove too much. We
have held above that the talisman invoking the journal-
ist’s privilege is intent to disseminate to the public at the
time the gathering of information commences. Reynolds
has not demonstrated this intent through competent evi-
dence. Her letter to the district court dated August 6
stated that, with two exceptions, her book was based on
material in the public domain. The two exceptions were
“my memories and an investigative report I had ordered
about [Martha von Bulow’s children’s] lifestyles.” We
have held that the investigative reports commissioned by
Reynolds in and of themselves are not privileged. It is ele-
mentary that otherwise discoverable documents may not
be converted into protected documents by taking some
subsequent action with respect to them. Fisher v. United
States, 425 U.S. 391 (1976). An individual’s “memories”
are not privileged by virtue of the First Amendment
merely because, at a later date, those memories are com-
mitted to writing.
2la
To the extent that Reynolds claims that production of
the manuscript may not be compelled because it is based
on sources who spoke to her under agreements of confi-
dentiality, the force of that claim is undermined by her
deposition testimony where she stated that her relation-
ship with her confidential sources “stemmed from before
I was writing the book”. She testified:
“There were some people that I heard before the trial
who said, “You can divulge whatever you want to
divulge to the lawyers of Mr. von Bulow.’ You can
imagine that in a trial of the magnitude of Mr. von
Bulow’s, I was beseiged with people who said they
wanted to impart information, and they thought |
would be the ideal recipient, not that I thought that
they were right, necessarily.”
Reynolds simply has not made the requisite showing
that assurances of confidentiality were given by her out of
journalistic necessity. Jn re Grand Jury Subpoena Dtd.
January 4, 1984, supra, 750 F.2d at 225. Her testimony is
equally consistent with acquiring confidential sources for
reasons other than intent to disseminate edited versions
of the information gathered.
Thus, our central inquiry as to whether Reynolds is
entitled to claim a journalist’s privilege must be answered
in the negative. Since Reynolds gathered information ini-
tially for purposes other than to disseminate information
to the public, we decline to serve as a judicial seamstress
to alter the protective cloak of the First Amendment in
order that it fit her now.
III.
We come now to Reynolds’ claim that production of the
documents is protected by the shield of an attorney-client
22a
privilege. She argues that, based upon work she per-
formed as a “paralegal” on the von Bulow criminal
defense team in connection with the Rhode Is ad state
criminal proceedings, she should not be required to com-
ply with the production order. The district court rejected
that claim. We agree.
Again, Reynolds asks us to construe expansively a privi-
lege, in contravention of the search for truth, on the most
meager of records. The law is clear in this circuit that a
person claiming the attorney-client privilege has the bur-
den of establishing all the essential elements thereof. Jn re
Horowitz, 482 F.2d 72 (2 Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 867
(1973). “That burden is not, of course, discharged by
mere conclusory or ipse dixit assertions, for any such rule
would foreclose meaningful inquiry into the existence of
the relationship, and any spurious claims could never be
exposed.” Jn re Bonanno, 344 F.2d 830, 833 (2 Cir. 1965).
We agree with the district court that her claim of an
attorney-client privilege lacks the required factual sup-
port.
The attorney-client privilege is founded on the assump-
tion that encouraging clients to make the fullest disclosure
to their attorneys enables the latter to act more effec-
tively. Fisher v. United States, 425 U.S. 391, 403 (1976).
We have recognized that an attorney’s effectiveness
depends upon his ability to rely on the assistance of vari-
ous aides, be they “secretaries, file clerks, telephone oper-
ators, messengers, clerks not yet admitted to the bar, and
aides of other sorts.” United States v. Kovel, 296 F.2d 918,
921 (2 Cir. 1961). “[T]he privilege must include all the
persons who act as the attorney’s agents.” 8 Wigmore,
Evidence § 2301 (McNaughton rev. 1961), (quoted in
United States v. Kovel, supra, 296 F.2d at 921). The ques-
23a
tion is a simple one. Was Reynolds an agent of an attor-
ney and has she presented sufficient evidence of this
relationship? In other words, were communications made
to her, in confidence, in her capacity as an agent of an
attorney for the purpose of obtaining legal advice from
that attorney? United States v. Kovel, supra, 296 F.2d at
922 (“What is vital to the privilege is that the communica-
tion be made in confidence for the purpose of obtaining
legal advice from the lawyer.”) (emphasis in original). We
think not. Rather, instead of competent evidence, Rey-
nolds makes blanket assertions seeking to invoke an
attorney-client privilege. She has not given the name of
any attorney for whom she served as agent. A letter from
a von Bulow attorney merely acknowledges that she
attended legal strategy and planning sessions for the crim-
inal case, but does not explicate any een reasons
for her attendance.
As for the subpoenaed documents themselves, Rey-
nolds informed the district court in her letter of August 6
of her personal reasons for commissioning the investiga-
tive reports. With regard to the notes taken while she
watched the criminal tnal on television, Reynolds testi-
fied in her deposition that the had “stopped working as a
paralegal when the trial started.” She therefore cannot
claim now that she was acting as the agent of an attorney
in taking the notes. Finally, we decline Reynolds’ invita-
tion to extend the attorney-client privilege to a manu-
script which she intends to publish. To accept such an
invitation would serve poorly the teaching that “(t]he
investigation of truth and the enforcement of testimonial
duty demand the restriction, not the expansion of [the]
privilege{ ].” 8 Wigmore, Evidence § 2192, at 73 (Mc-
Naughton rev. 1961) (quoted in United States v. Kovel,
supra, 296 F.2d at 921).
24a
IV.
To summarize:
We affirm the orders of the district court which directed
Reynolds to produce the subpoenaed documents under an
order of confidentiality and which held her in civil con-
tempt of court for failing to do so. We hold that an indi-
vidual claiming the journalist’s privilege must demon-
strate, through competent evidence, the intent to use
material sought to disseminate information to the public
and that such intent existed at the inception of the news-
gathering process. Reynolds having failed to sustain that
burden, we refuse to accord the journalist’s privilege to
her. We also hold that the subpoenaed documents are not
shielded from production by the attorney-client privilege.
Reynolds was not acting as an agent of an attorney when
she gathered the information contained in the documents.
These being expedited appeals, we order that the man-
date issue ten (10) days from the date of the filing of this
opinion to enable appellant, if she is so advised, to apply
to the Supreme Court of the United States for a further
stay of the issuance of the mandate pending the filing of
a petition for a writ of certiorari. If such further stay is
granted by the Supreme Court and if appellant files a
timely petition for a writ of certiorari, then further pro-
ceedings shall be governed by Fed. R. App. P. 41(b). Oth-
erwise, the mandate shall issue ten (10) days from the date
of the filing of this opinion.
Affirmed.
25a
Contempt Order of Walker, J.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SoutHern District or NEw York
85 Civ. 5553 (J MW)
—__ el
MartHa von Butow,
Plaintiff,
vs.
CLaus von ButLow,
Defendant.
New York, New York
November 18, 1986—1:30 p.m.
Before:
Hon. Joun M. WatkeEnr, JR.,
U.S. District Judge
Appearances:
Barrett SmirH ScHarmo Simon & ARMSTRONG,
Attorneys for Plaintiff
By: Freperic W. Parnon,
Ivan Kune, Of Counsel
LaNKLER Sirrert & Wo8L,
Attorneys for Andrea Reynolds
By: Joun S. Srrrert, of Counsel
26a
The Court: The parties in this matter have come before
me following our most recent hearing that we have held
and, specifically, they are concerned with the matter of pro-
duction of the Andrea Reynolds material.
There are two groups of materials, one group has been
furnished to the Court and the Court is holding it in camera,
and the other consists of a manuscript that was prepared
by Miss Reynolds that is in her possession at this partic-
ular time.
The Court has directed that all these materials be fur-
nished to the plaintiff. However, Miss Reynolds has ex-
pressed her view to her attorney, Mr. Siffert, that she
wishes to appeal the Court’s ruling of directing the pro-
duction of these materials. |
Accordingly, the Court is not turning over the materials
that are held in camera pending a final determination of
this matter by the Court of Appeals, and similarly, there is
a question as to whether the manuscript ruling is ripe for
appeal, given the fact that there has been no final order
with regard to that.
So in that regard, the Court now holds Miss Reynolds
in contempt and fines her $500 a day as long as she is in
contempt. The Court will stay the imposition of that fine
pending a final determination by the Court of Appeals.
There is currently a stay in effect with regard to the
production of these materials for a period of seven days,
which is scheduled to expire when?
Mr. Siffert: The end of the day today or middle of the
day tomorrow.
The Court: The Court will extend that stay pending the
determination of this issue in the Court of Appeals.
Mr. Parnon: May I clarify one or two points.
27a
We have been up to the Second Circuit’s counsel office
and Mr. Siffert and I have agreed that the appeal will be
expedited, and I understand that your Honor’s ruling to
stay the contempt is based upon a representation that it
will be expedited?
The Court: That’s correct. It is based on a representa-
tion by Mr. Siffert that the appeal from the contempt cita-
tion will be expedited and presumably consolidated with the
appeal on the materials turned over in camera.
Mr. Parnon: Yes, your Honor.
The Court: Also would you state on the record, Mr.
Siffert, what the appellate schedule is.
Mr. Siffert: The appellate schedule is that the record
was due on December 3. The brief and joint appendix of
Miss Reynolds is December 4, and reply brief is December
11, the argument will be the week of the 15th of December,
but probably toward the end of the week, the 18th or the
19th.
What I will do is I will ask the reporter for daily copy
of this and treat this as the final order and file our notice
of appeal from this order, as well as the confidentiality
order which your Honor signed in the interim and imme-
diately ask that all three be consolidated.
Mr. Parnon: Off the record a second.
(Discussion off the record)
e * os
28a
Confidentiality Order of Walker, J.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SoutTHerNn District or New York
85 Civ. 5553 (JMW)
(RR A
MarrHa von Butow, by her next friends Alexander Auer-
sperg and Annie Laurie Auersperg Kneissl,
Plaintiff,
against
Ciaus von BuLow,
Defendant.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of October 14,
1986, it is hereby:
OrpERED that the documents submitted by Andrea Reyn-
olds to this Court for inspection im camera and a copy of the
manuscript of her book (collectively referred to herein as
the ‘‘Confidential Documents’’) shall be delivered immedi-
ately to plaintiff’s counsel on the following terms and
conditions :
1. All Confidential Documents produced to plaintiff’s
counsel pursuant to this Order shall be held in strictest con-
fidence by plaintiff’s counsel and by plaintiffs’ next friends
and shall be made available only to plaintiff’s attorneys and
to Alexander Auersperg and Annie Laurie Auersperg
29a
Kneissl, plaintiff’s next friends in this litigation. All Con-
fidential Documents shall be kept and shall remain in the
offices of plaintiff’s attorneys (along with all copies thereof)
except as necessary for use by plaintiff’s attorneys during
depositions or at trial.
2. Confidential Documents shall be used solely for the
purpose of prosecuting this action (or any actions consol-
idated with this action) and not for any other purpose
whatsoever.
3. In the event that plaintiff’s attorneys desire to file
papers referring to any Confidential Documents, they shall
file such papers or portions of papers under seal, until
further Order of Court. In the event that plaintiff’s attor-
neys desire to use Confidential Documents in discovery
proceedings, they shall arrange for all portions of such pro-
ceedings containing references to Confidential Documents
to be sealed. In the event that plaintiff’s attorneys desire
to use Confidential Documents in proceedings before the
Court, they shall apply to the Court for an order protecting
the confidentiality of these documents.
4. At the conclusion of this litigation, all Confidential
Documents (and all copies thereof) shall be returned
promptly to Andrea Reynolds.
5. Nothing contained herein shall prohibit Andrea
Reynolds from seeking such further protections or relief as
she may deem necessary and desirable regarding the use of
Confidential Documents.
Dated: New York, New York
October 21, 1986
/s/ Joun M. Wavker, JR.
Honorable Joon M. Waker, Jp.
United States District Judge
30a
Opinion of Walker, J.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SoutHern Distraict or New York
85 Civ. 5553 (JMW)
a
Martrua von Butow, by her next friends Alexander Auer-
sperg and Annie Laurie Auersperg Kneissl,
Plaintiff,
against
Ciaus von BuLow,
Defendant.
Wanker, District Judge:
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Plaintiffs have brought the instant action on behalf of
Martha von Bulow, alleging, inter alia, that Defendant
Claus von Bulow placed his wife into her current state of
a permanent coma by s.: eptitiously injecting her with
insulin and other drugs. Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges
claims sounding in common law tort, common law fraud,
and the federal Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Or-
ganizations Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. (*‘RICO’’).
Plaintiffs seek to compel discovery from Andrea Rey-
nolds (‘‘Reynolds’’), a close acquaintance of Defendant
Claus von Bulow and his steady companion during Rhode
Island state criminal proceedings which resulted in his
3la
acquittal on charges of assault with intent to murder his
wife. Specifically, plaintiffs seek a current draft of a book
Reynolds is preparing on defendant’s Rhode Island crim-
inal trial, together with related notes submitted to this
Court im camera. Reynolds, appearing pro se, has refused
_ to comply with these discovery requests. She contends that
the materials sought by plaintiffs are protected from dis-
covery by the journalist’s privilege. ior the reasons set
forth, this Court concludes that the privilege is not appli-
cable and directs production of the materials in question.
DISCUSSION
Journalist’s Privilege
A journalist’s privilege is recognized in the Second Cir-
cuit. United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70 (2d Cir.), cert.
denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983) ; Baker v. F & F Investment, 470
F.2d 778 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 966 (1973).
Other cireuits have also recognized this privilege. See, e.g.,
Zerdli v. Smith, 656 F.2d 705 (D.C. Cir. 1981); United
States v. Cuthbertson, 630 F.2d 139 (3d Cir. 1980), cert.
demed, 449 U.S. 1126 (1981).
Plaintiffs do not challenge the existence of this priv-
ilege ;? rather they contend that Reynolds has not made a
1. Where a federal court's jurisdiction arises both out of diver-
sity and the presence of a federal claim, federal case law applies to
any claim of privilege. See Wm. T. Thompson Co. v. General Nu-
trition Corp., 671 F.2d 100, 104 (3d Cir. 1982) ; Perrignon v. Bergen
Brunswig Corp., 77 F.R.D. 455, 458 (N.D. Cal. 1978).
2. The journalist’s privilege is of a qualified nature, and a court
may order disclosure “upon a clear and specific showing that the in-
formation is: highly material and relevant, necessary or critical to the
maintenance of the claim, and not obtainable from other available
sources.” United States v. Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 77 (2d Cir.), cert.
(footnote continued on next page)
32a
sufficient showing that she is in the clase of persons entitled
to invoke the privilege. In other words, plaintiffs argue
that Reynolds is not a ‘‘journalist.’’ For the reasons set
forth, this Court agrees.
‘*( W]e start with the primary assumption that there is
a general duty to give what testimony one is capable of
giving and any exceptions which exist are distinctly excep-
tional... .’’ 8 Wigmore or Evidence § 2192, at 70 (Mce-
Naughton ed. 1961). Moreover, ‘‘[e]videntiary privileges
in litigation are not favored and even those rooted in the
Constitution must give way in proper circumstances.’’
Herbert v. Lando, 441 U.S. 153, 175 (1979); accord In re
Horowitz, 482 F.2d 72, 81 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 414 U.S.
867 (1973).
Is it true that ‘‘[l]iberty of the press is the right of the
lonely pamphleteer who uses carbon paper or a mimeo-
graph just as much as of the large metropolitan publisher
who utilizes the latest photocomposition methods’’ Branz-
burg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665, 704 (1972) ; however, not every
potential witness may seek to avoid discovery by invoking
the reporter’s privilege. Unjustified assertions of the re-
porter’s privilege impede the administration of justice
without advancing any first amendment interests.
The broad definitional approach suggested in Branzburg
has received little elaboration in the federal courts. How-
ever, in Gravel v. United States, 408 U.S. 606 (1971), handed
down the same day as Branzburg, the Court rejected the
proposition that an individual not actively involved in the
denied, 464 U.S. 816 (1983); In re Petroleum Products Antitrust
Litigation, 680 F.2d 5, 7-8 (2d Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 909
(1982). Since this Court finds that Reynolds does not fall within
\nat group of potential witnesses who may invoke the reporter's priv-
ilege, any questions concerning the materiality and availability of the
materials she seeks to protect need not be reached.
33a
dissemination of topical information may withhold other-
wise discoverable material. In Gravel, an aide to United
States Senator Mike Gravel sought to quash a grand jury
subpoena relating to the possibly criminal release of classi-
fied materials on the Vietnam War, which eventually be-
came known as the ‘‘Pentagon Papers.’’ Although the
opinion in Gravel focused primarily on the holding that the
apeech and debate clause of the United States Constitution,
Article I, § 6, did not provide a basis for quashing the sub-
poena, the Court also held that the aide could not refuse to
provide otherwise discoverable material by invoking the
journalist’s privilege or any similar privilege. Jd. at 627.
Of particular relevance to the instant case, the Court found
that work by the Senator and his aide on an upcoming book
concerning the Pentagon Papers d‘1 not provide a basis for
quashing the subpoena. See id. at 622-27.
Federal cases allowing a potential witness to invoke the
journalist’s privilege have premised its availability upon
some involvement of the witness in activities commonly as-
sociated with the gathering and dissemination of current or
topical information in a timely fashion. Thus, cases have
upheld assertions of privilege by persons, even though not
regularly employed by a recognized news agency, if they
were actively engaged in the reporting and editing of news-
worthy information. For example, in United States v.
Burke, 700 F.2d 70, 76-78 (2d Cir.), cert. demed, 464 U.S.
816 (1983), the Court of Appeals held that a participant in
a gambling fraud scheme who subsequently published an
article on his illegal activities could properly invoke the
journalist’s privilege. Similarly, the Court of Appeals
held that the journalist’s privilege prevented discovery of
confidential sources from a Columbia Journalism Review
editor who had used those sources to write a Saturday
34a
Evening Post article on blockbusting. Baker v. F é F In-
vestment, 470 F.2d 778, 780-81 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. denied,
411 U.S. 966 (1973). See also Apicella v. McNeil Labora-
tories, Inc., 66 F.R.D. 78, 84-85 (E.D.N.Y. 1975) (uphold-
ing assertion of privilege by the chief executive officer of
The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, a technical
journal with a circulation of 70,000 readers).
Although relatively few federal cases have attempted to
delineate those individuals qualified to invoke the journal-
ist’s privilege, a number of states have formulated such
definitions in ‘‘shield laws’’ which protect reporters from
discovery. As of 1980, some 26 states had enacted such
shield laws. Comment, The Newsman’s Qualified Prw-
lege: An Analytical Approach, 16 Cal. W.L. Rev. 331, 368
n.284 (1980). Since it is appropriate that federal courts
refer to relevant state law in developing federal rules of
privilege, Inmates of Unit 14 v. Rebideau, 102 F.R.D. 122,
127 (N.D.N.Y. 1984) ; United States v. King, 73 F.R.D. 103,
105 (E.D.N.Y. 1976), this Court takes note of the definitions
of those grouped as journalists under state shield statutes.
State legislatures typically have protected the confiden-
tial information possessed by individuals who are engaged
in the gathering and dissemination of news. For example,
the New York shield law allows invocation of a journalist’s
privilege by any individual ‘‘engaged in gathering, prepar-
ing, collecting, writing, editing, filming, taping or photo-
graphing of news for a newspaper, magazine, news agency,
press association or wire service or other professional me-
dium or agency’’ or ‘‘analyzing, commenting on or broai-
casting, news by radio or television transmission.’’ N.Y.
Civ. Rights Law § 79-h(6), h(7) (McKinney Supp. 1986).
California provides its journalist’s privilege to those in-
dividuals who serve as ‘‘[a] publisher, editor, reporter, or
35a
other person connected with or employed upon a newspaper,
magazine, other periodical publication, or by a press asso-
ciation or wire service... .’’ Cal. Evid. Code § 1070 (West
Supp. 1986). In New Jersey, this privilege may be invoked
by ‘‘a person engaged in, connected with, or employed by
news media for the purpose of gathering, procuring, trans-
mitting, compiling, editing, or disseminating news for the
general public....’’ 2A N.J. Stat. Ann. § 84A-21 (West
Supp. 1985). These definitions in state shield laws provide
support for this Court’s conclusion that for protection
under the journalist’s privilege to be availiable to a witness
that witness must be actively involved in the gathering and
dissemination of news.
The burden is on Reynolds to show the applicability of
the journalists privilege since ‘‘[i]t is axiomatic that the
burden is on a party claiming the protection of a privilege
to establish those facts that are essential elements of the
privileged relationship... .’’ Jn re Grand Jury Subpeona,
750 F.2d 223, 224 (2d Cir. 1984); accord United States v.
Stern, 511 F.2d 1364, 1367 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S.
829 (1975). Reynolds has not met this burden.
Viewed in the context of existing statutory and deci-
sional authority, Reynolds’ claim that the documents in
question are privileged because of her status as a journalist
falls short of the mark. Reynolds rests her claim of priv-
ilege on two grounds. First, Reynolds claims that she re-
cently published a single article that appeared in the Ger-
man magazine Stern. Second, she states that the New York
Post newspaper issued a press pass to her during the de-
fendant’s criminal proceedings. However, the Stern ar-
ticle identifies Reynolds’ husband, Sheldon Reynolds, rather
than Reynolds herself as the author, and Reynolds admits
that the Post never published any article that she wrote.
36a
Based on these facts, this Court is unable to conclude that
Reynolds was engaged in any meaningful way in the gath-
ering and dissemination of news while she attended von
Bulow’s criminal trial. Further, she has not demonstrated
that the notes and book manuscript sought by plaintiffs are
related to any purported journalistic activities, whether for
Stern magazine, the New York Post or any other publica-
tion other than a possible book of her own.
The facts of the instant case are strikingly similar to
those found insufficient by a New York state appellate court
to justify a journalist’s privilege claim. In People v. Le
Grand, 67 A.D.2d 446, 415 N.Y.S.2d 252 (2d Dep’t 1979), the
privilege claimant had attended several criminal trials and,
like Reynolds, had planned to author a book about the group
of defendants involved in those trials. In denying the au-
thor’s invocation of the journalist’s privilege, an appellate
division panel wrote that New York’s statutory provisions
‘‘evince a clear legislative design to benefit ‘professional
journalists’ and ‘newscasters’ only. They should not by
judicial fiat and strained interpretation be deemed to en-
compass those engaged in a different field of writing and
research.’’ Id. at 451, 415 N.Y.S.2d at 255. See also Gravel
v. United States, 408 U.S. 606 (1971); In re Grand Jury
Subpeona, 750 F.2d 223, 225 (2d Cir. 1984) (denying invo-
cation of a ‘‘scholar’s privilege’’ based on an incomplete
Ph.D. thesis because the claimant had failed to make a
‘threshold showing consisting of a detailed description of
the nature and seriousness of the scholarly work in ques-
Shea
These con»:derations compel this Court to deny Rey-
nolds’ claim of a journalist’s privilege.
37a
Confidentiality of Reynolds’ Materials
Plaintiffs have represented to this Court that they will
‘*submit a proposed order governing the confidentiality of
the above documents.’’ Accordingly, this Court directs
plaintiffs and Reynolds to submit an appropriate stipula-
tion or to settle a form of order within seven days of the
date of this memorandum providing for appropriate con-
fidentiality and limiting disclosure to the plaintiffs’ attor-
neys and their ‘‘next friend’’ clients solely for the purpose
of this litigation. The documents shall remain in the offices
of plaintiffs’ attorneys and neither the documents nor any
copies may be removed therefrom except for use by plain-
tiffs’ attorneys during depositions or at trial. At the con-
clusion of the litigation, all copies are to be returned
promptly to Reynolds. Upon this Court’s endorsement of
the stipulation or order protecting confidentiality, the in
camera materials will be turned over to plaintiffs and Rey-
nolds is directed to provide plaintiffs with a copy of her
manuscript.
CONCLUSION
Plaintiffs’ motion to compel discovery is granted.
So OrpeRep.
Dated: New York, New York
October 14, 1986
/s/ Joun M. Waker, Jr.
Honorable Joun M. WaLker, Jr.
United States District Judge
38a
Appendix B
Statutes
28 U.S.C. § 1332
Diversity of Citizenship; amount in controversy; costs
(a) The district courts shall have original jurisdiction
of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds
the sum or value of $10,000, exclusive of interest and costs,
and is between—
(1) citizens of different States;
(2) citizens of a State and citizens or subjects of
a foreign state;
(3) citizens of different States and in which citizens
or subjects of a foreign state are additional parties;
and
(4) a foreign state, defined in section 1603(a) of
this title, as plaintiff and citizens of a State or of
different States.
(b) Except when express provision therefor is other-
wise made in a statute of the United States, where the
plaintiff who files the case originally in the Federal courts
is finally adjudged to be entitled to recover less than the
sum or value of $10,000, computed without regard to any
setoff or counterclaim to which the defendant may be ad-
judged to be entitled, and exciusive of interest and costs,
the district court may deny costs to the plaintiff and, in
addition, may impose costs on the plaintiff.
39a
(c) For the purposes of this section and section 1441
of this title, a corporation shall be deemed a citizen of any
State by which it has been incorporated and of the State
where it has its principal place of business: Provided
further, That in any direct action against the insurer of a
policy or contract of liability insurance, whether incorpo-
rated or unincorporated, to which action the insured is not
joined as a party-defendant, such insurer shall be deemed
a citizen of the State of which the insured is a citizen, as
well as of any State by which the insurer has been incor-
porated and of the State where it has its principal place
of business.
(d) The word ‘‘States’’, as used in this section, includes
the Territories, the District of Columbia, and the Common-
wealth of Puerto Rico.
(1982)
40a
18 U.S.C. § 1964
Civil Remedies
(a) The district courts of the United States shall have
jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of section
1962 of this chapter by issuing appropriate orders, includ-
ing, but not limited to: ordering any person to divest him-
self of any interest, direct or indirect, in any enterprise;
imposing reasonable restrictions on the future activities
or investments of any person, including, but not limited to,
prohibiting any person from engaging in the same type of
endeavor as the enterprise engaged in, the activities of
which affect interstate or foreign commerce; or ordering
dissolution or reorganization of any enterprise, making due
provision for the rights of inne cent persons.
(b) The Attorney General may institute proceedings
under this section. Pending final determination thereof,
the court may at any time enter such restraining orders or
prohibitions, or take such other actions, including the ac-
ceptance of satisfactory performance bonds, as it shall
deem proper.
(c) Any person injured in his business or property by
reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter may
sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court
and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains and
the cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee.
(d) A final judgment or decree rendered in favor of the
United States in any criminal proceeding brought by the
United States under this chapter shall estop the defendant
from denying the essential allegations of the criminal
offense in any subsequent civil proceeding brought by the
United States.
(1982 & Supp. IIT 1985)
4la
N.Y. Civ. Rights Law § 79-h
Special provisions relating to persons employed by, or con-
nected with, news media
(a) Definitions. As used in this section, the following
definitions shall apply:
(1) ‘‘Newspaper’’ shall mean a paper that is
printed and distributed ordinarily not less frequently
than once a week, and has done so for at least one year,
and that contains news, articles of opinion (as edi-
torials), features, advertising, or other matter re-
garded as of current interest, has a paid circulation
and has been entered at United States post-office as
second-class matter.
(2) ‘‘Magazine’’ shall mean a publication contain-
ing news which is published and distributed periodi-
cally, and has done so for at least one year, has a paid
circulation and has been entered at United States post-
office as second-class matter.
(3) ‘‘News agency’’ shall mean a commercial or-
ganization that collects and supplies news to subscrib-
ing newspapers, magazines, periodicals and news
broadcasters.
(4) ‘‘Press association’’ shall mean an association
of newspapers and/or magazines formed to gather and
distribute news to its members.
(5) ‘*Wire service’’ shall mean a news agency that
sends out syndicated news copy by wire to subscribing
newspapers, magazines, periodicals or news broad-
casters.
(6) ‘‘Professional journalist’’ shall mean one who,
for gain or livelihood, is engaged in gathering, prepar-
ing, collecting, writing, editing, filming, taping or pho-
tographing of news intended for a newspaper, mag-
42a
azine, news agency, press association or wire service
or other professional medium or agency which has as
one of its regular functions the processing and re-
searching of news intended for dissemination to the
public; such person shall be someone performing said
function either as a regular employee or as one other-
wise professionally affiliated for gain or livelihood with
such medium of communication.
(7) ‘‘Newscaster’’ shall mean a person who, for
gain or livelihood, is engaged in analyzing, commenting
on or broadcasting, news by radio or television trans-
mission.
(8) ‘‘News’’ shall mean written, oral, pictorial,
photographie, or electronically recorded information or
communication concerning local, national or worldwide
events or other matters of public concern or public in-
terest or affecting the public welfare.
(b) Exemption of professional journalists and news-
casters from contempt. Notwithstanding the provisions of
any general or specific law to the contrary, no professional
journalist or newseaster presently or having previously
been employed or otherwise associated with any newspaper,
magazine, news agency, press association, wire service,
radio or television transmission station or network or other
professional medium of communicating news or informa-
tion to the public shall be adjudged in contempt by any
court, the legislature or other body having contempt powers,
nor shali a grand jury seek to have a journalist or news-
caster held in contempt by any court, legislature or other
body having contempt powers for refusing or failing to dis-
close any news or the source of any such news coming into
his possession in the course of gathering or obtaining news
for publication or to be published in a newspaper, magazine,
43a
or for broadcast by a radio or television transmission sta-
tion or network or for public dissemination by any other
professional medium or agency which has as one of its
main functions the dissemination of news to the public,
by which he is professionally employed or otherwise asso-
ciated in a news gathering capacity notwithstanding that
the material or identity of a source of such material or re-
lated material gathered by a person described above per-
forming a function described above is or is not highly
relevent to a particular inquiry of government and not-
withstanding that the information was not solicited by the
journalist or newscaster prior to disclosure to him.
(c) Any information obtained in violation of the pro-
visions of this section shall be inadmissible in any action or
proceeding or hearing before any agency.
(d) No fine or imprisonment may be imposed against a
person for any refusal to disclose information privileged by
the provisions of this section.
(e) The privilege contained within this section shall
apply to supervisory or employer third person or organiza-
tion having authority over the person described in this
section.
(McKinney 1976 and Supp. 1987)
toa
Cal. Evid. Code § 1070
Newsmen’s Refusal to disclose a news source
(a) A publisher, editor, reporter, or other person con-
nected with or employed upon a newspaper, magazine, or
other periodical publication, or by a press association or
wire service, or any person who has been so connected or
employed, cannot be adjudged in contempt by a judicial,
legislative, administrative body, or any other body having
the power to issue subpoenas, for refusing to disclose, in
any proceeding as defined in Section 901, the source of any
information procured while so connected or employed for
publication in a newspaper, magazine or other periodical
publication, or for refusing to disclose any unpublished in-
formation obtained or prepared in gathering, receiving or
processing of information for communication to the public.
(b) Nor can a radio or television news reporter or other
person connected with or employed by a radio or television
station, or any person who has been so connected or em-
ployed, be so adjudged in contempt for refusing to disclose
the source of any information procured while so connected
or employed for news or news commentary purposes on
radio or television, or for refusing to disclose any unpub-
lished information obtained or prepared in gathering, re-
ceiving or processing of information for communication to
the public.
(c) As used in this section, ‘‘unpublished information’’
includes information not disseminated to the public by the
person from whom disclosure is sought, whether or not re-
45a
lated information has been disseminated and includes, but
is not limited to, all notes, outtakes, photographs, tapes or
other data of whatever sort not itself disseminated to the
public through a medium of communication, whether or not
published information based upon or related to such ma-
terial has been disseminated.
(West Supp. 1987)
doa
N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2A:84A-2i
Newspaperman’s privilege
Subject to Rule 37, a person engaged on, engaged in, con-
nected with, or employed by news media for the purpose of
gathering, procuring, transmitting, compiling, editing or
disseminating news for the general public or on whose
behalf news is so gathered, procured, transmitted, compiled,
edited or disseminated has a privilege to refuse to disclose,
in any legal or quasi-legal proceeding or before any investi-
gative body, including, but not limited to, any court, grand
jury, petit jury, administrative agency, the Legislature or
legislative committee, or elsewhere.
a. The source, author, means, agency or person from or
through whom any information was procured, obtained,
supplied, furnished, gathered, transmitted, compiled, edited,
disseminated, or delivered ; and
b. Any news or information obtaimed in the course 0!
pursuing his professional activities whether or not it is
disseminated.
The provisions of this rule insofar as it relates to radio
or television stations shall not apply unless the radio or
television station maintains and keeps open for inspection,
for a period of at least 1 year from the date of an actual
broadcast or telecast, an exact recording, transcription,
kinescopic film or certified wri*(en transcript of the actual
broadcast or telocast
(West Supp. 1986-1987)
This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.