Amicus Curiae Brief — Eunice Medina, Director, South Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Petitioner v. Planned Parenthood South Atlantic, et al.

Supreme Court briefMar 12, 2025

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No. 23-1275

_________________________________________________

In The Supreme Court of the United States

_________________________________________________

EUNICE MEDINA, INTERIM DIRECTOR,

SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES,

Petitioner,

PLANNED PARENTHOOD SOUTH ATLANTIC, ET AL.,

Respondents.

_________________________________________________

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES

COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

_________________________________________________

BRIEF OF AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH

ASSOCIATION, ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON

FOUNDATION, NETWORK FOR PUBLIC

HEALTH LAW, COUNCIL OF CHAIRS OF

OBSTRETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, JACOBS

INSTITUTE OF WOMEN’S HEALTH,

AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMEN’S

ASSOCIATION, AND 490 DEANS AND

SCHOLARS AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT

OF RESPONDENTS’ SUPPORTING

AFFIRMANCE

_________________________________________________

ANDREW M. LONDON

FOLEY HOAG LLP

Seaport West

155 Seaport Blvd.

Boston, MA 02210

(617) 832-1000

BRENNA M. ROSEN

FOLEY HOAG LLP

1301 Ave. of the Americas

New York, NY 10019

(212) 812-4000

THOMAS BARKER

Counsel of Record

KIAN K. AZIMPOOR

FOLEY HOAG LLP

1717 K Street N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20006

(202) 223-1200

tbarker@foleyhoag.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................1

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT .....................................2

ARGUMENT ...............................................................4

I. CONGRESS PROMOTED ACCESS TO

FAMILY PLANNING BY REPEATEDLY

INCLUDING EXPLICIT FREE CHOICE OF

FAMILY PLANNING PROVIDER

PROTECTIONS IN THE MEDICAID ACT............4

A. Medicaid’s Free Choice of Provider Provision

protects patient autonomy. ..................................4

B. Coverage of comprehensive family planning

services is a central feature of Medicaid. ............5

C. Congress further strengthened Medicaid

family planning by expressly specifying

beneficiaries’ free choice of family planning

provider as a right in 1985 and expanding that

right in 1987. ........................................................8

D. Amendments contained in the Affordable

Care Act further underscore that Medicaid

beneficiaries have a right to healthcare itself,

not merely payment, thereby further elevating

the importance of the family planning free choice

of provider protections. ...................................... 10

II. HIGH-QUALITY FAMILY PLANNING

SERVICES ARE ESSENTIAL TO MATERNAL

AND CHILD HEALTH AND FOUNDATIONAL

TO PUBLIC HEALTH. .......................................... 11

A. Family planning services significantly

improve maternal and child health outcomes by

reducing unintended pregnancy. ....................... 11

B. Family planning services reduce the risk of

adverse health outcomes and infant mortality

that result from untreated sexually transmitted

infections. ........................................................... 15

C. Family planning services help detect and

prevent reproductive health conditions that

cause infertility or cancer. ................................. 18

D. Family planning services result in

considerable health savings. .............................. 19

III. FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES ARE

MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN THEY COME FROM

A TRUSTED HEALTHCARE PROVIDER. .......... 20

IV.

EXCLUDING A FAMILY PLANNING

PROVIDER FROM MEDICAID FOR REASONS

WHOLLY UNRELATED TO THE QUALITY OF

CARE WILL WORSEN HEALTHCARE ACCESS

AND HARM BENEFICIARIES. ........................... 23

A. Contraceptive and maternity care deserts

already exist and are likely to worsen with fewer

family planning providers offering services. .....23

B. Planned Parenthood is crucial to increasing

access to family planning services. .................... 26

C. South Carolina’s arguments that adequate

alternate family planning providers exist are

unavailing. .......................................................... 29

CONCLUSION .......................................................... 32

iii

APPENDIX 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF AMICI CURIAE

Public Health Organizations

Public Health Deans

Health Professions, Public

Health, Health Law and Policy

Scholars

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Planned Parenthood S. Atl. v. Kerr,

27 F. 4th 945 (4th Cir. 2022) ................................. 4

Statutes and Regulations

42 U.S.C. § 254b(a)(1) ............................................... 31

42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(23) ......................................... 2, 5

42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(23)(A)......................................... 5

42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(23)(B)......................................... 9

42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)......................................... 6

42 U.S.C. § 1396b(a)(5) ............................................... 6

42 U.S.C. § 1396d(a) .................................................. 10

42 U.S.C. § 1396d(a)(4)(C) .......................................... 6

42 U.S.C. § 1396d(b)(1) ............................................... 6

42 U.S.C. § 1396n(b).................................................... 9

42 U.S.C. § 1396o (a)(2)(D).......................................... 8

42 U.S.C. § 1396o-1 (b)(3)(B)(vii) ............................... 8

86 Fed. Reg. 56146 (Oct. 7, 2021) ............................. 29

Pub. L. 90-248, § 227, 81 Stat. 821

(1968) ...................................................................... 5

Pub. L. 92-603, § 299E, 86 Stat. 1329

(1972) ...................................................................... 6

Pub. L. 92-603, § 208, 86 Stat. 1329,

1381 (1972) ............................................................. 7

Pub. L. 97-248, § 131, 96 Stat. 324

(1982) ..................................................................... 8

Pub. L. No. 99-272 § 9508(a)(2), 100

Stat. 82 (1986) ........................................................ 9

Pub. L. 100-203 § 4113(c)(1)(B), 101

Stat. 1330 (1987) .................................................... 9

Pub. L. 109-171, § 6401, 120 Stat. 4, 83

(2006) ...................................................................... 8

Other Authorities

2023 CDC Data Suggest the STI

Epidemic May Be Slowing, CTRS. FOR

DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION

(Nov. 12, 2024) ..................................................... 16

40 Years of the RAND Health Insurance

Experiment, RAND Health .................................... 7

Adam Thomas and Emily Monea, The

High Cost of Unintended Pregnancy,

CTR. ON CHILD. AND FAMS.

BROOKINGS INST. 1 (July 2011) ............................ 20

Adolf Schindler, Non-Contraceptive

Benefits of Oral Hormonal

Contraceptives, INT’L J. OF

ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM 41

(Dec. 21, 2012). ..................................................... 18

Agustin Conde-Agudelo et al., Birth

Spacing and Risk of Adverse

Perinatal Outcomes: A MetaAnalysis, 295 JAMA 1803 (Apr. 19,

2006) ......................................................... 11, 12, 13

A.J. Stevenson et al., Effect of Removal

of Planned Parenthood from the

Texas Women’s Health Program, 374

NEW ENG. J. MED. 853 (2016) .............................. 29

Alexandra Minna Stern, Sterilized in

the Name of Pub. Health: Race,

Immigr., and Reprod. Control in

Mod. Cal., 95 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH

1128 (July 2005) ................................................... 21

Andrea Swartzendruber et al., Sexual

and Reprod. Health Servs. and

Related Health Info. on Pregnancy

Res. Ctr. Websites: A Statewide

Content Analysis, 28 WOMEN’S

HEALTH ISSUES 14 (2018) ..................................... 30

Anna Maria Barry-Jester, Babies Die as

Congenital Syphilis Continues a

Decade-Long Surge Across the U.S.,

KAISER FAM. FOUND.(Apr. 12, 2022) .................... 17

Anthony M. Vintzileos et al., The

Impact of Prenatal Care on Neonatal

Deaths in the Presence and Absence

of Antenatal High-Risk Conditions,

186 AM. J. OBSTETRICS AND

GYNECOLOGY 1011 (May 2002) ............................ 13

Anu Manchikanti Gomez and

Mikaela Wapman, Under (Implicit)

Pressure: Young Black and Latina

Women's Perceptions of

Contraceptive Care, 96

CONTRACEPTION 221 (Oct. 2017).................... 22, 23

vii

Ariella Tabaac et al., The Interaction of

Sexual Orientation and ProviderPatient Commc’n on Sexual and

Reprod. Health in a Sample of U.S.

Women of Diverse Sexual

Orientations, 105 PATIENT EDUC. AND

COUNS. 1 (Feb. 2022)............................................ 22

Birth Control Guide (Chart), FDA ............................ 24

Brooke Winner et al., Effectiveness of

Long-Acting Reversible

Contraception, 366 NEW ENG. J.

MED. 1998 (2012).................................................. 30

Candis Watts Smith et al.,

Contraception Deserts: The Effects of

Title X Rule Changes on Access to

Reprod. Health Care Res., 18 POL. &

GENDER, 672 (2022).............................................. 29

Cmty. Health Ctrs. and Fam. Plan. in

an Era of Pol’y Uncertainty, KAISER

FAM. FOUND.(March 15, 2018) ............................. 31

Contraceptive Access in S.C. (2022),

POWER TO DECIDE ................................................. 24

Contraceptive Deserts, POWER TO DECIDE ................. 24

H.R. REP. NO. 92-231 (1971) ....................................... 7

H.R. REP. NO. 100-495 (1987) ..................................... 9

H.R. REP. NO. 105-149 (1997) .............................. 9, 10

Jennifer J. Frost et al., Pub. Supported

Fam. Plan. Serv. in the U.S.: Likely

Need, Availability and Impact, 2016,

GUTTMACHER INST. (Oct. 2019) .......... 15, 17, 18, 19

viii

Jennifer J. Frost, Return on Inv.: A

Fuller Assessment of the Benefits and

Cost Sav. of the U.S. Publy. Funded

Fam. Plan. Program, 92 MILBANK Q.

667 (Oct. 15, 2014) ............................................... 19

Jennifer J. Frost et al., Specialized

Fam. Plan. Clinics in the U.S.: Why

Women Choose Them and Their Role

in Meeting Women’s Health Care

Needs, 22 WOMEN’S HEALTH ISSUES,

e519 (2012) ........................................................... 32

Jennifer J. Frost et al., Variation in

Serv. Delivery Prac. Among Clinics

Providing Pub. Funded Fam. Plan.

Serv. in 2010, GUTTMACHER INST. 1

(May 2012) ................................................ 22, 27, 28

Kai Guterman, Unintended Pregnancy

as a Predictor of Child

Maltreatment, 48 CHILD ABUSE &

NEGLECT 160 (2015) ............................................. 13

Kathryn Kost et al., The Effects of

Pregnancy Plan. Status on Birth

Outcomes and Infant Care, 30 FAM.

PLAN. PERSP. 223 (1998) ...................................... 13

Kelly Treder et al., Racism and the

Reprod. Health Experiences of U.S.Born Black Women, OBSTETRICS &

GYNECOLOGY (Mar. 1, 2022)........................... 21, 22

Kem Krueger et al., Medication

Adherence and Persistence: A

Comprehensive Rev., 22 ADVANCES

THERAPY 313 (2005) ............................................. 20

Kinsey Hasstedt, Understanding

Planned Parenthood’s Critical Role

in the Fam. Plan. Safety Net, 20

GUTTMACHER POL’Y REV. 12 (2017) ............... 28, 31

Lara Cartwright-Smith & Sara

Rosenbaum, Medicaid’s Free-Choiceof-Provider Protections in a Fam.

Plan. Context: Planned Parenthood

Federation of Indiana v.

Commissioner of the Indiana State

Department of Health, 127 PUB.

HEALTH REP. 119 (2012) ........................................ 8

Laurel W. Rice et al., Universal Access

to Contraception: Women, Fams.,

and Cmtys. Benefit, 222 AM. J.

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 150

(Feb. 2020) ...................................................... 11, 13

Lea Bart and Sharon K. Long,

QuickTake: Trust in Providers Is

Lowest among Vulnerable

Populations, URB. INST. (Sept. 15,

2017) ............................................................... 21, 23

Letter from Rachel Benson Gold, Vice

President for Pub. Pol’y, Guttmacher

Inst., to Office of Population Affairs,

U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human

Servs. (July 31, 2018)........................................... 31

Long-Term Health Effects of Preterm

Birth, MARCH OF DIMES (Feb. 2024) .................... 12

Loretta Gavin et al., Update: Providing

Quality Fam. Plan. Servs. —

Recommendations from CDC and the

U.S. Office of Population Affairs,

2017, 66 Ctrs. for Disease Control

and Prevention Morbidity and

Mortality Weekly Report 1383 (Dec.

22, 2017) ............................................................... 14

Low Birthweight, MARCH OF DIMES

(June 2021) ........................................................... 12

Low Birth Weight in S.C., AM. HEALTH

RANKINGS (2024) ................................................. 30

Maternal Vulnerability in the U.S. – A

Shameful Prob. for One of the

World’s Wealthiest Cntys., SURGO

VENTURES ............................................................. 26

Mia R. Zolna & Jennifer J. Frost,

Publicly Funded Fam. Plan. Clinics

in 2015: Patterns and Trends in

Serv. Delivery Pracs. and Protocols,

GUTTMACHER INST. 1 (November

2016) ..................................................................... 28

Nat’l Overview of STIs in 2023, CTRS.

FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND

PREVENTION (Nov. 12, 2024) ................................ 16

Norman J. Waitzman, Preterm Birth

Lifetime Costs in the U.S. in 2016:

An Update, 45 SEMIN. PERINATOLOGY

1 (2021) ................................................................. 27

Ocilia Maria Costa Carvalho et al.,

Delays in Obstetric Care Increase the

Risk of Neonatal Near-Miss

Morbidity Events and Death: A CaseControl Study, BMC PREGNANCY AND

CHILDBIRTH 1 (2020) ............................................ 13

Opening Brief for Petitioner, Medina v.

Planned Parenthood (2025) (No. 231275) ......................................................... 27, 28, 29

Our Services, PLANNED PARENTHOOD ....................... 27

President’s Proposals for Revision in the

Social Security System: Hearing on

H.R. 5710 before the H. Comm. on

Ways & Means, Part 4, 90th Cong.

2273 (1967) ............................................................. 5

Preterm Birth, CTRS. FOR DISEASE

CONTROL AND PREVENTION (Nov. 8,

2024) ..................................................................... 12

Primary Care Providers in S.C., AM.

HEALTH RANKINGS (2024) .................................... 25

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in

Medicaid: An Annotated

Bibliography, MEDICAID AND CHIP

PAYMENT AND ACCESS COMMISSION 1

(Apr. 2021) ............................................................ 21

Rebecca J. Kreitzer et al., Affordable

but Inaccessible? Contraception

Deserts in the U.S., 46 J. HEALTH

POLIT. POL’Y L. 277 (2021).................................... 24

xii

Rebecca J. Kreitzer et al., Contraceptive

Deserts: The Effects of Title X Rule

Changes on Access to Reprod. Health

Care Res., 18 POL. & GENDER 672

(2022). ................................................................... 24

Rebecca A. Krukowski et al., Correlates

of Early Prenatal Care Access Among

U.S. Women: Data from the

Pregnancy Risk Assessment

Monitoring Sys. (PRAMS),

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH J. 328

(2022) .................................................................... 14

Reduce the Proportion of Pregnancies

Conceived Within 18 Months of a

Previous Birth — FP-02, U.S. DEP’T.

HEALTH & HUM. SERVS., OFFICE

DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH

PROMOTION ........................................................... 11

S. Gareau et al., How Data Drives

Action: S.C. Maternal Health Data

Snapshot, INST. FAM.S SOC’Y, UNIV.

S.C., COLUMBIA, S.C. (2024) (PDF) ...................... 25

S. REP. NO. 92-1230 (1972) .......................................... 7

S.T. Syed et al., Traveling Towards

Disease: Transp. Barriers to Health

Care Access, 38 J. COMM’Y HEALTH

976 (2013) ............................................................. 26

Sally J. Torpy, Native Am. Women and

Coerced Sterilization: On the Trail of

Tears in the 1970s, 24 AM. INDIAN

CULTURE AND RSCH. J. 1 (2000) ........................... 21

xiii

Samantha Artiga et al., The Effects of

Premiums and Cost Sharing on LowIncome Populations: Updated Rev. of

Rsch. Findings, KAISER FAM.

FOUND.(June 2017) ............................................... 7

Selected Nat’ly Notifiable Disease Rates

and Number of New Cases: U.S.,

Selected Years 1950–2018, CTRS. FOR

DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION .................... 16

Sexually Transmitted Disease

Surveillance 2020, CTRS. FOR

DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION .................... 17

Sexually Transmitted Infections, NAT’L

INST. OF ALLERGY INFECTIOUS

DISEASES (Apr. 12, 2024) ..................................... 15

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs),

WORLD HEALTH ORG. (May 21, 2024) .................. 16

Susan Wood, et al., Health Ctrs. and

Fam. Plan.: Results of a Nationwide

Study (March 7, 2013) ......................................... 30

Table 1. Sexually Transmitted

Infections — Reported Cases and

Rates of Reported Cases*, U.S., CTRS.

FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND

PREVENTION (Nov. 12, 2024) ................................ 16

The American College of Obstetricians

and Gynecologists, Committee

Opinion No. 642: Increasing Access

to Contraceptive Implants and

Intrauterine Devices to Reduce

Unintended Pregnancy, OBSTETRICS

& GYNECOLOGY (Oct. 2015) .................................. 14

xiv

The Dangers of Undiagnosed Sexually

Transmitted Infections, AM. SOC’Y OF

MICROBIOLOGY (Dec. 8, 2022) .............................. 15

Unintended Pregnancy, CTRS. FOR

DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION

(May 15, 2024) ...................................................... 12

U.S. Medicaid Contraception Workforce

Tracker, FITZHUGH MULLAN INST.

FOR HEALTH WORKFORCE EQUITY

(2024) .................................................................... 25

Walid Gellad et al., A Rev. of Barriers to

Medication Adherence: A Framework

for Driving Pol’y Options, RAND

Health 1 (2009) .................................................... 20

Where You Live Matters: Maternity Care

in S.C., MARCH OF DIMES (2023) .......................... 25

Women Have Real Choices, CHARLOTTE

LOZIER INST. ......................................................... 30

Yao Lu & David J.G. Slusky, The

Impact of Women’s Health Clinic

Closures on Preventive Care, 8 AM.

ECON. J. APP. ECON. 100 (July 2016) .................. 26

INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE1

Amici public health organizations include the

American Public Health Association, Robert Wood

Johnson Foundation, Network for Public Health Law,

Council of Chairs of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health, and American

Medical

Women’s

Association,

the

oldest

multispecialty organization dedicated to advancing

women in medicine and improving women’s health.

Collectively, these organizations’ members include

tens of thousands of public health professionals. The

organizational Amici collectively advocate for the

power of public health law and policy to make

communities safer and are committed to improving

health equity in the United States.

The individual Amici are a group of 490

distinguished deans and professors of various health

disciplines, law, and policy with extensive expertise in

the issues presented in this brief—specifically in

policies promoting population health and the

alleviation of barriers to healthcare. Individual Amici

are identified in Appendix 1.2 With decades of

experience among them, Amici are well positioned to

opine on and place in proper context the consequences

of the action at issue in this case.

Amici collectively file this brief to assist the

Court in its consideration of the consequences of

undermining Medicaid’s free choice of provider

Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 37.6, counsel

represent that they authored this brief in its entirety and no

one else made a monetary contribution for it.

All individual Amici write in their individual capacities

and not as representatives of their institutions.

provision by allowing South Carolina to exclude

Planned Parenthood South Atlantic as a Medicaid

family planning service provider for reasons

unrelated to provider competency.

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

For reasons unrelated to provider competency

or program fraud or abuse, South Carolina has

excluded Planned Parenthood South Atlantic as a

Medicaid family planning service provider, thereby

depriving women of the ability to receive care from

trusted healthcare professionals, with serious

implications for their own health and the health of

their children. The text of the Medicaid statute, as

further evidenced by its history, clearly confers a

privately enforceable right to receive services from a

beneficiary’s qualified family planning provider of

choice. The existence of this right is essential in the

context of family planning services, where patients

require personal and intimate healthcare, and where

the ability to select a trusted provider carries

profound importance for maternal and child health.

For more than a half century, family planning

has been a mandatory Medicaid benefit. Congress has

been unwavering in protecting the right of women to

freely choose their family planning providers. For

example, nearly 40 years ago, even as lawmakers

expanded states’ authority to require Medicaid

beneficiaries to receive services from designated

managed care provider networks, Congress amended

the free choice of provider statute, 42 U.S.C.

§1396a(a)(23) (the “Free Choice of Provider

Provision”), to specifically exempt family planning

from these otherwise lawful access restrictions and

explicitly preserve beneficiaries’ right to obtain family

planning services from their provider of choice.

In adding this explicit protection, Congress

understood the importance of family planning in

promoting the overall health of women and their

children. Family planning facilitates the detection

and treatment of serious and life-threatening health

conditions, such as cancer and sexually transmitted

infections, and enables women to plan a safe and

healthy pregnancy. The ability to plan a pregnancy

reduces infant and maternal mortality by promoting

early entry into prenatal care and facilitating

comprehensive healthcare throughout pregnancy and

childbirth. Women who depend on Medicaid lack

financial resources and often live in areas with limited

healthcare providers, and the importance of a planned

pregnancy only grows as a result.

Failure to preserve Medicaid beneficiaries’ free

choice of provider protection as a privately enforceable

right would allow states, acting for ideological

reasons, to strip women of access to qualified and

trusted providers for reasons wholly unrelated to the

provider’s ability to offer high-quality covered

services. In states such as South Carolina, which

experience high poverty and healthcare provider

shortages, allowing officials to pursue such a course of

action unchecked would also widen “contraceptive

deserts,” thereby further threatening beneficiaries’

access to family planning services. Over half of South

Carolina’s counties are medically underserved, and

nearly two in five counties are classified as

contraceptive deserts. Further, even in regions where

there are other qualified providers, there is no

evidence that they are in a position to accept a mass

influx of patients who find themselves suddenly

without access to the doctors and nurses they know

and rely on. For these reasons, South Carolina’s

exclusion of a qualified provider from its Medicaid

program will likely result in severe health

consequences for the women who rely on Medicaid for

affordable care, as well as their families. Ultimately,

undermining the Free Choice of Provider Provision by

allowing states to exclude providers for reasons

unrelated to their service quality would not only

contravene explicit statutory protections that create

the Medicaid beneficiaries’ right to free choice of

family planning providers, but would also have

considerable impact on maternal and child health.

ARGUMENT

CONGRESS PROMOTED ACCESS TO

FAMILY PLANNING BY

REPEATEDLY INCLUDING EXPLICIT

FREE CHOICE OF FAMILY

PLANNING PROVIDER

PROTECTIONS IN THE MEDICAID

ACT.

A. Medicaid’s Free Choice of Provider

Provision protects patient

autonomy.

Congress has repeatedly and explicitly

reinforced Medicaid beneficiaries’ right to receive

family planning services from their qualified provider

of choice. In the early years of the Medicaid program,

“Congress grew concerned that states might deny

recipients the opportunity to choose the provider of

their choice . . . .”. Planned Parenthood S. Atl. v. Kerr,

27 F. 4th 945, 949 (4th Cir. 2022) (citing President’s

Proposals for Revision in the Social Security System:

Hearing on H.R. 5710 before the H. Comm. on Ways &

Means, Part 4, 90th Cong. 2273 (1967)).

To address this problem, in 1967, Congress

added the Medicaid Free Choice of Provider Provision,

42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(23), drafted as an individually

conferred right, to (1) protect against a situation in

which the government could unilaterally select a

healthcare provider for a patient, and (2) protect the

ability of qualified providers to participate in

Medicaid, while at the same time affirming patient

autonomy. Pub. L. 90-248, § 227, 81 Stat. 821, 903-04

(1968). See President’s Proposals for Revision in the

Social Security System: Hearing on H.R. 5710 before

the H. Comm. on Ways and Means, 90th Cong. 2273,

2301 (1967) (House Hearings). The Free Choice of

Provider Provision dictates that “any individual

eligible for medical assistance . . . may obtain such

assistance from any institution, agency, community

pharmacy, or person, qualified to perform the service

or services required . . . who undertakes to provide

him such services.” 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(23)(A). This

statutory

language

ensures

that

Medicaid

beneficiaries have the autonomy to independently

choose a trusted provider for their family planning

needs and cannot be forced into receiving services

from a provider selected by the government.

B. Coverage of comprehensive family

planning services is a central

feature of Medicaid.

In 1972, seven years after the creation of the

Medicaid program, Congress adopted three

significant amendments that cemented the

importance of family planning services as a central

feature of Medicaid. Social Security Act Amendments,

Pub. L. 92-603, § 299E, 86 Stat. 1329 (1972). First,

Congress designated family planning services as a

mandatory benefit that all state Medicaid programs

must offer. See id. at 1462; see also 42 U.S.C. §

1396d(a)(4)(C) (listing “family planning services and

supplies furnished [] to individuals of child-bearing

age [] who are eligible under the State plan and who

desire such services and supplies” as a Medicaid

benefit); see also § 1396a(a)(10)(A) (listing medical

assistance described in § 1396d(a)(4)(C) as a

mandatory benefit). Furthermore, as part of its 1972

amendments, Congress took the additional step of

setting an enhanced federal funding level for family

planning services and supplies. Pub. L. 92-603, §

299E, 86 Stat. 1329, 1462 (1972). While the federal

government generally pays between 50 and 83 percent

of the amount state Medicaid programs expend for

most covered services, Congress elected to pay for 90

percent of covered family planning services,

highlighting the importance of such coverage. 42

U.S.C. § 1396b(a)(5); see also 42 U.S.C. § 1396d(b)(1)

(stating that the federal medical assistance

percentage shall in no case be less than 50 per centum

or more than 83 per centum). No other optional or

mandatory service category qualifies for this

preference, and states’ minimal 10% funding

obligation for family planning services helps to

alleviate the financial burden of covering such

services. See id. Seeking to improve access to family

planning services, Congress acknowledged that

“[l]ack of knowledge of and access to family planning

services has been a major factor contributing to

unwanted pregnancies” and that “[t]he evidence is

clear that these services are desired by recipients and

that the information and medical assistance which is

made available is utilized.” H.R. REP. NO. 92-231, at

143 (1971). See also S. REP. NO. 92-1230, at 297 (1972)

(stating that by increasing the federal funding

percentage, “the committee bill will remove any

existing financial barrier to the availability of family

planning counseling and services to those desiring

those services.”).

Congress’s intent to promote unrestricted

access to family planning is also demonstrated by the

1972 amendment that exempted family planning

services from cost-sharing. See Pub. L. 92-603, § 208,

86 Stat. 1329, 1381 (1972) (“[N]o enrollment fee,

premium, or similar charge, and no deduction, cost

sharing, or similar charge with respect to [family

planning services] will be imposed under the plan . . .

.”). Cost sharing indeed serves as a barrier to

obtaining necessary health services. See Samantha

Artiga et al., The Effects of Premiums and Cost

Sharing on Low-Income Populations: Updated Rev. of

Rsch. Findings, KAISER FAM. FOUND.(June 2017);3 see

also 40 Years of the RAND Health Ins. Experiment,

RAND HEALTH.4 Congress continued to prevent states

from requiring enrollees to pay cost-sharing for family

planning services when it subsequently amended the

Medicaid cost-sharing provisions. See Pub. L. 97-248,

§ 131, 96 Stat. 324, 367-68 (1982); 42 U.S.C. §

Available at: https://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-TheEffects-of-Premiums-and-Cost-Sharing-on-Low-Income-Populations.

Available at: https://www.rand.org/health-care/projects/HIE40.html.

1396o(a)(2)(D); see also Pub. L. 109-171, § 6401, 120

Stat. 4, 83 (2006); 42 U.S.C. § 1396o-1 (b)(3)(B)(vii).

These amendments collectively evidence the

high importance that Congress placed on access to

family planning services.

C. Congress further strengthened

Medicaid family planning by

expressly specifying beneficiaries’

free choice of family planning

provider as a right in 1985 and

expanding that right in 1987.

Further underscoring Medicaid’s guarantee of

beneficiaries’ full access to family planning services

are the protections—specific to family planning and to

no other forms of nonemergency healthcare—that

Congress explicitly added to Medicaid in 1985 and

further strengthened in 1987. Congress has continued

to specifically protect beneficiaries’ free choice of

family planning provider, even as it has otherwise

amended federal law to allow states to impose

restrictions on beneficiaries’ choice of qualified

providers by requiring beneficiaries to enroll in

managed care plans with limited provider networks.

See Lara Cartwright-Smith & Sara Rosenbaum,

Medicaid’s Free-Choice-of-Provider Protections in a

Fam. Plan. Context: Planned Parenthood Federation

of Indiana v. Commissioner of the Indiana State Dept.

of Health, 127 PUB. HEALTH REP. 119, 120 (2012).

As part of the 1985 managed care amendments,

Congress considered women’s ability to access family

planning services from their provider of choice to be of

such heightened importance that it created a specific

statutory protection that preserves Medicaid

beneficiaries’ free choice of family planning provider

as an exception to states’ new waiver authority to

require beneficiaries to enroll in managed care plans

with limited provider networks. See 42 U.S.C. §

1396n(b); see also Pub. L. No. 99-272 § 9508(a)(2), 100

Stat. 82, 211 (1986).

Continued expansion of states’ ability to

require beneficiaries to enroll in managed care plans

with limited provider networks to provide Medicaidcovered benefits prompted Congress to again amend

the Free Choice of Provider Provision to protect

beneficiaries’ unfettered access to family planning

services. In 1987, Congress carved out a protection for

beneficiaries’ free choice of provider for covered family

planning services, regardless of whether the

beneficiary’s chosen provider was in or out of the

managed care plan network. Congress amended the

statute to state: “[A]n enrollment of an individual

eligible for medical assistance in a primary care casemanagement system [], a Medicaid managed care

organization, or a similar entity shall not restrict the

choice of the qualified person from whom the

individual may receive services [for family planning] .

. .” 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(23)(B). See Pub. L. 100-203 §

4113(c)(1)(B), 101 Stat. 1330, 1330-152 (1987). see also

H.R. REP. NO. 100-495, 758-59 (1987) (“COBRA

provided that, when enrollment [in a Medicaid MCO]

occurred under a waiver program, enrollment could

not entail any restriction of the freedom to choose a

provider of family planning services . . . [the bill]

extends to non-waivered enrollment programs the

prohibition on any restriction of freedom of choice

among family planning providers.”). See also H.R.

REP. NO. 105-149, 19 (1997) (“[t]he restrictions do not

apply to providers of family planning services . . .”).

Congress always intended, therefore, that “access to

family planning providers could not be restricted” by

states, even if states otherwise require beneficiaries

to enroll in managed care plans with limited provider

networks to obtain other covered services. Id. at 589.

These special protections in the managed care

amendments offer overwhelming evidence of

Congress’s focus on Medicaid beneficiaries’ right to

access family planning services from their qualified

provider of choice.

D. Amendments contained in the

Affordable Care Act further

underscore that Medicaid

beneficiaries have a right to

healthcare itself, not merely

payment, thereby further elevating

the importance of the family

planning free choice of provider

protections.

Congress’s

commitment

enshrining

healthcare access as a right, including Medicaid

beneficiaries’ free choice of providers in securing that

access, continued. As part of the Patient Protection

and Affordable Care Act, lawmakers further clarified

that the right to medical assistance under the

Medicaid program is the right to the services

themselves, and not merely the right to payment. 42

U.S.C. § 1396d(a) (“The term ‘medical assistance’

means payment of part or all of the cost of the

following care and services or the care and services

themselves, or both . . .”). The right to receive covered

services necessarily requires access to providers who

offer those services. Congress has repeatedly and

explicitly protected beneficiaries’ unrestricted access

to family planning services. Allowing states to exclude

providers for reasons unrelated to their service

quality restricts access to covered family planning

services.

II.

HIGH-QUALITY FAMILY PLANNING

SERVICES ARE ESSENTIAL TO

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH

AND FOUNDATIONAL TO PUBLIC

HEALTH.

A. Family planning services

significantly improve maternal and

child health outcomes by reducing

unintended pregnancy.

That Congress would have prioritized

beneficiaries’ unfettered access to family planning

services, including access to all qualified providers

that elect to participate in Medicaid, is a reflection of

the vast body of research that demonstrates the

overriding importance of family planning to the

health of women, children, and families. Effective

family planning services enable women to properly

time and space pregnancy, which is critical to

promoting women’s health and reducing the risk of

poor maternal and child health outcomes. See e.g.,

Laurel W. Rice et al., Universal Access to

Contraception: Women, Fams., and Cmtys. Benefit,

222 AM. J. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 150, 150-52

(Feb. 2020); Agustin Conde-Agudelo et al., Birth

Spacing and Risk of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: A

Meta-Analysis, 295 JAMA 1803-23 (Apr. 19, 2006);

Reduce the Proportion of Pregnancies Conceived

Within 18 Months of a Previous Birth — FP-02, U.S.

DEP’T. HEALTH & HUM. SERVS., OFFICE DISEASE

PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION.5 Despite these

advances, continued efforts to facilitate women’s

access to family planning services is critical, as

approximately 42% of pregnancies in the United

States today are unintended. Unintended Pregnancy,

CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (May

15, 2024).6

Unintended and too-closely-spaced pregnancies

significantly increase health risks for mothers and

infants, including an elevated risk of infant mortality.

A meta-analysis of nearly 70 studies found

pregnancies that occur sooner than expected or had

birth intervals of less than 18 months increase the

risk of low birthweight and preterm births; even if

infants survive, they face increased risk of long-term

health conditions such as developmental disabilities.

Agustin Conde-Agudelo et al., Birth Spacing and Risk

of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes, at 1809; see also LongTerm Health Effects of Preterm Birth, MARCH OF

DIMES (Feb. 2024);7 Preterm Birth, CTRS. FOR DISEASE

CONTROL AND PREVENTION (Nov. 8, 2024);8 Low

Available at:

https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-anddata/browse-objectives/family-planning/reduce-proportionpregnancies-conceived-within-18-months-previous-birth-fp-02.

Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/hcp/unintended-pregnancy/index.html.

Available at: https://www.marchofdimes.org/findsupport/topics/birth/long-term-health-effects-pretermbirth#:~:text=Preterm%20birth%20can%20lead%20to,Physical

%20development.

Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-infanthealth/pretermbirth/index.html#:~:text=Preterm%20birth%20rates,or%20Hisp

anic%20women%20(10.1%25).

Birthweight, MARCH OF DIMES (June 2021).9 And birth

intervals shorter than six months increase the risk of

spontaneous preterm birth by 400%. Laurel W. Rice

et al., Universal Access to Contraception, at 151. Short

interval births also increase the risk of fetal and early

neonatal death. Agustin Conde-Agudelo et al., Birth

Spacing and Risk of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes, at

1809.

Unintended pregnancies are associated with

delayed entry into prenatal care and interfere with

the timely assessment of pregnancy-related health

risks. See Kai Guterman, Unintended Pregnancy as a

Predictor of Child Maltreatment, 48 CHILD ABUSE &

NEGLECT 160, 161 (2015). Women with unintended

pregnancies are less likely to recognize their

pregnancies within the first six weeks and schedule a

prenatal care visit in the first eight weeks of

pregnancy. See Kathryn Kost et al., The Effects of

Pregnancy Plan. Status on Birth Outcomes and Infant

Care, 30 FAM. PLAN. PERSP. 223, 223 (1998).10 Absent

or inadequate prenatal care has a statistically

significant association with neonatal death, and

prenatal care is associated with fewer neonatal deaths

in both the presence and absence of antenatal highrisk conditions. Ocilia Maria Costa Carvalho et al.,

Delays in Obstetric Care Increase the Risk of Neonatal

Near-Miss Morbidity Events and Death: A CaseControl Study, BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH 1, 5

(2020); Anthony M. Vintzileos et al., The Impact of

Available at: https://www.marchofdimes.org/findsupport/topics/birth/low-birthweight.

Available at:

https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/article_files/3022

398.pdf.

Prenatal Care on Neonatal Deaths in the Presence and

Absence of Antenatal High-Risk Conditions, 186 AM.

J. OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 1011, 1016 (2002).

Optimizing women’s access to prenatal care as early

as possible in pregnancy is critical to reducing

morbidity and mortality and supporting both

maternal and fetal health. Rebecca A. Krukowski et

al., Correlates of Early Prenatal Care Access Among

U.S. Women: Data from the Pregnancy Risk

Assessment Monitoring Sys. (PRAMS), MATERNAL AND

CHILD HEALTH J. 328, 337 (2022).

Medical and public health experts have

concluded that access to high quality, effective

contraception is the single most important strategy

for reducing the rate of unintended pregnancy and

ensuring properly spaced births. A wealth of research

supports this finding. The American College of

Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee Opinion

No. 642: Increasing Access to Contraceptive Implants

and Intrauterine Devices to Reduce Unintended

Pregnancy, OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY (Oct. 2015).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(“CDC”), U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services (“HHS”) Office of Population Affairs, and

HHS Office of Disease Prevention and Health

Promotion have all identified the provision of quality

family planning services, including comprehensive

contraceptive access, as a primary means to address

unintended pregnancy. Loretta Gavin et al., Update:

Providing

Quality

Fam.

Plan.

Servs.

—

Recommendations from CDC and the U.S. Office of

Population Affairs, 2017, 66 Ctrs. for Disease Control

and Prevention Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report 1383, 1383-84 (Dec. 22, 2017).11 For these

reasons, ensuring consistent and reliable access to

healthcare services offered by family planning

providers is critically important to maternal and

infant health.

B. Family planning services reduce

the risk of adverse health outcomes

and infant mortality that result

from untreated sexually

transmitted infections.

The benefits of family planning services go

beyond ensuring a well-timed pregnancy; they also

enable women to identify and address medical risks

that can affect their health and the health of their

child. Effective family planning includes screening for

sexually transmitted infections (“STIs”), such as

chlamydia, syphilis, and human papillomavirus

(“HPV”), all of which can permanently compromise

reproductive and overall health and ultimately cause

death. Sexually Transmitted Infections, NAT’L INST.

ALLERGY INFECTIOUS DISEASES (Apr. 12, 2024);12

Jennifer J. Frost et al., Pub. Supported Fam. Plan.

Serv. in the U.S.: Likely Need, Availability and

Impact, 2016, GUTTMACHER INST. (Oct. 2019);13 The

Dangers of Undiagnosed Sexually Transmitted

Infections, AM. SOC’Y OF MICROBIOLOGY (Dec. 8,

Available at:

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6650a4.htm#prin

Available at: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseasesconditions/sexually-transmitted-infections.

Available at:

https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/public

ly-supported-fp-services-us-2016.pdf.

2022);14 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs),

WORLD HEALTH ORG. (May 21, 2024). 15

The CDC has attributed a spike in infant

mortality to the current STI epidemic in the United

States. Nat’l Overview of STIs in 2023, CTRS. FOR

DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (Nov. 12, 2024);16

Selected Nat’ly Notifiable Disease Rates and Number

of New Cases: U.S., Selected Years 1950–2018, CTRS.

FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION;17 2023 CDC

Data Suggest the STI Epidemic May Be Slowing,

CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (Nov.

12, 2024);18 Table 1. Sexually Transmitted Infections

— Reported Cases and Rates of Reported Cases*, U.S.,

CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (Nov.

12, 2024).19 In 2023, over 2.4 million cases of syphilis,

gonorrhea, and chlamydia were diagnosed, and

congenital syphilis alone led to the deaths or still

births of 279 infants. Nat’l Overview of STIs in 2023.

Furthermore, a 235% increase in congenital syphilis

Available at: https://asm.org/articles/2022/december/thedangers-of-undiagnosed-sexually-transmittedin#:~:text=Effects%20on%20Fertility,people%20assigned%20fe

male%20at%20birth.

Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis).

Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/stistatistics/annual/summary.html#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20ov

er%202.4%20million,1.6%20million%20cases%20of%20chlamyd

ia.

Available at:

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/2019/010-508.pdf.

Available at:

https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/p1112-stislowing.html#:~:text=However%2C%20the%20latest%20data%

20from,years%20of%20double%2Ddigit%20increases.

Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/datavis/table-sticasesrates.html.

cases has contributed to at least 149 still births and

infant deaths in 2020 and 166 infant deaths in 2021.

Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2020,

CTRS. FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION;20 Anna

Maria Barry-Jester, Babies Die as Congenital Syphilis

Continues a Decade-Long Surge Across the U.S.,

KAISER FAM. FOUND.(Apr. 12, 2022).21

Family planning services play a critical role in

addressing health needs that can adversely impact

women’s maternal and reproductive health. If left

untreated, these infections can lead to long term

adverse

health

outcomes,

including

pelvic

inflammatory disease (“PID”), infertility, ectopic

pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain in women.

Jennifer J. Frost et al., Pub. Supported Fam. Plan.

Serv. in the U.S., at 18.22 Early treatment of patients

who tested positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea helped

to prevent more than 12,000 cases of PID, which

would have likely resulted in more than 1,000 ectopic

pregnancies and 2,000 women becoming infertile. Id.

at 19. Identifying and treating these conditions also

prevents future infections among patients’ partners.

See id. Among women receiving a publicly funded

family planning visit, most (72%, or approximately 6.7

million women) otherwise would have forgone STI

screenings if they did not have access to publicly

funded family planning services, which would have

Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/stistatistics/media/pdfs/2024/07/2020-SR-4-10-2023.pdf.

Available at:

https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/babies-die-as-congenitalsyphilis-continues-a-decade-long-surge-across-the-us/.

Available at:

https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/public

ly-supported-fp-services-us-2016.pdf.

resulted in tens of thousands of undetected and

untreated STIs. Id.

C. Family planning services help

detect and prevent reproductive

health conditions that cause

infertility or cancer.

Access to family planning services is also

critical because contraceptives play a role in

preventing several reproductive health conditions

that can result in infertility and pain, including

endometriosis, PID, cystic disease, and uterine

disorders and tumor growth. Adolf Schindler, NonContraceptive

Benefits

Oral

Hormonal

Contraceptives, INT’L J. OF ENDOCRINOLOGY &

METABOLISM 41, 43-46 (Dec. 21, 2012). Specifically,

oral contraceptives decrease the risk of PID by 50-60%

while also reducing the risk of ectopic pregnancy,

length of hospitalizations, amount of medication, and

number of operative procedures necessary to treat

PID. Id. at 44. Similarly, the use of combined

estrogen/progestogen oral contraceptives significantly

reduces the risk of developing myoma (non-cancerous

tumors). Id. Oral contraceptives taken long term may

protect against the formation of painful ovarian cysts

and offer relief from endometriosis and menstrual

related symptoms. Id. at 42-45.

Research has found that women receiving

publicly funded family planning services also receive

critical services from their providers in the form of

lifesaving detection or prevention of cervical cancer.

Jennifer J. Frost et al., Pub. Supported Fam. Plan.

Serv. in the U.S., at 9-10.23 An estimated 1.8 million

women were tested for cervical cancer during a

publicly funded family planning visit in 2016. Id. at

19. Without this care, the vast majority—an

estimated 1.3 million women—would have forgone or

postponed testing that year. Id. Additionally,

approximately 39,000 adolescent and young adult

women received at least one dose of the HPV vaccine

during a publicly supported family planning visit in

2016. Id. These vaccinations helped eliminate 4,590

diagnoses of abnormal cervical cells, 920 diagnoses of

precancerous lesions, 50 cases of cervical cancer, and

40 cases of other HPV-associated cancers, such as

anal or vulvar cancer. Id. In total, an estimated 20

cervical cancer deaths were prevented. Id.

Maintaining access to contraceptive methods, cancer

screenings, and other essential reproductive health

services is critical to ensuring lifesaving medical care

for already marginalized communities. See id.

D. Family planning services result in

considerable health savings.

The value of family planning services is

measurable not only in the immediate and long-term

health benefits to women and families, but also in the

cost savings associated with preventive services.

Research demonstrates that publicly financed family

planning services yield billions of dollars in public

sector savings. See e.g., Jennifer J. Frost, Return on

Inv.: A Fuller Assessment of the Benefits and Cost Sav.

of the U.S. Publy. Funded Fam. Plan. Program, 92

Available at:

https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/public

ly-supported-fp-services-us-2016.pdf.

MILBANK Q. 667, 668 (Oct. 15, 2014);24 Adam Thomas

and Emily Monea, The High Cost of Unintended

Pregnancy, CTR. ON CHILD. AND FAMS. BROOKINGS

INST. 1,4 (July 2011). The estimated gross public

savings

attributable

the

provision

contraceptives, HIV testing, STI testing, HPV testing,

Pap testing, and HPV vaccinations in publicly

supported family planning settings in 2010 totaled

$15.8 billion and $13.6 billion in net public-sector

savings after accounting for program costs. Id.

III.

FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES ARE

MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN THEY

COME FROM A TRUSTED

HEALTHCARE PROVIDER.

A trusting relationship between a patient and

their family planning provider is one of the most

important

factors

influencing

effective

communication, treatment adherence, and health

promoting behaviors, especially in the context of

sexual wellness and reproductive healthcare. Walid

Gellad et al., A Rev. of Barriers to Medication

Adherence: A Framework for Driving Pol’y Options,

RAND HEALTH 1, 6-19 (2009); Kem Krueger et al.,

Medication

Adherence

and

Persistence:

Comprehensive Rev., 22 ADVANCES THERAPY 313, 331

(2005).25 It is particularly important for Medicaid

beneficiaries to have the ability to choose a family

planning service provider they trust. Patients with

Available at:

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4266172/pdf/milq009

2-0667.pdf.

Available at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7354561_Medication_

Adherence_and_Persistence_A_Comprehensive_Review.

limited economic resources, with fair or poor health,

or who are racial or ethnic minorities, on average,

report having lower trust in healthcare providers

compared to the population as a whole. Lea Bart and

Sharon K. Long, QuickTake: Trust in Providers Is

Lowest Among Vulnerable Populations, URB. INST.

(Sept. 15, 2017).26 Medicaid beneficiaries are likely to

fall into these categories. Racial and Ethnic

Disparities in Medicaid: An Annotated Bibliography,

MEDICAID AND CHIP PAYMENT AND ACCESS

COMMISSION 1, 1-4 (Apr. 2021). Low-income women of

color in particular express distrust of healthcare

providers due to a history of reproductive health

mistreatment, including forced sterilizations. See e.g.,

Alexandra Minna Stern, Sterilized in the Name of

Pub. Health: Race, Immigr., and Reprod. Control in

Mod. Cal., 95 AM. J. PUB. HEALTH 1128, 1133 (July

2005); Sally J. Torpy, Native Am. Women and Coerced

Sterilization: On the Trail of Tears in the 1970s, 24

AM. INDIAN CULTURE AND RSCH. J. 1, 2 (2000).

Specifically, Black women describe a heightened

awareness of reproductive health inequities,

including high rates of Black maternal mortality and

considerable experience with substandard and

harmful healthcare. Kelly Treder et al., Racism and

the Reprod. Health Experiences of U.S.-Born Black

Women, OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY (Mar. 1, 2022).

A trusting relationship between Medicaid

beneficiaries and the family planning provider of their

choice plays an essential role in ensuring the medical

needs of the most vulnerable populations are

Available at:

https://apps.urban.org/features/hrms/quicktakes/trustproviders-lowest-vulnerable-populations.html.

addressed. Compared to other family planning service

providers, Planned Parenthood provider staff are

more likely to be trained to address the specific needs

of the most vulnerable populations, including patients

who are adolescents, those who speak a primary

language other than English, and those who have

experienced intimate partner violence; such training

helps to establish trust. See Jennifer J. Frost et al.,

Variation in Serv. Delivery Pracs. Among Clinics

Providing Pub. Funded Fam. Plan. Serv. in 2010,

GUTTMACHER INST. 1, 22 (May 2012).27

Trust in the doctor-patient relationship is also

associated with increased contraception use and

greater adolescent pregnancy prevention. Ariella

Tabaac et al., The Interaction of Sexual Orientation

and Provider-Patient Commc’n on Sexual and Reprod.

Health in a Sample of U.S. Women of Diverse Sexual

Orientations, 105 PATIENT EDUC. AND COUNS. 1, 3

(Feb. 2022). Trust is essential to ensuring family

planning providers avoid intimidating or pressuring

women to choose certain contraception options. See

e.g., Anu Manchikanti Gomez and Mikaela Wapman,

Under (Implicit) Pressure: Young Black and Latina

Women’s Perceptions of Contraceptive Care, 96

CONTRACEPTION 221, 224-25 (Oct. 2017); Kelly Treder

et al., Racism and the Reprod. Health Experiences of

U.S.-Born Black Women. One study found that Black

and Latina women discontinued use of contraceptives

when they interacted with a family planning provider

they did not trust or by whom they felt pressured. Anu

Manchikanti Gomez and Mikaela Wapman, Under

Available at:

https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/clinicsurvey-2010.pdf.

(Implicit) Pressure, at 223-24. Notably, such implicit

pressure was longitudinally harmful, impacting their

future interactions with healthcare providers and

leading

reluctance

around

subsequent

contraceptive use. Id. at 224. The implications can be

pronounced as these experiences can directly

contribute to racial and ethnic minority patients

avoiding care, disengaging from healthcare

interactions, and exercising vigilance in anticipation

of mistreatment. Id. Ultimately, distrust of providers

among vulnerable populations interferes with

patient-provider

communications

and

could

exacerbate healthcare disparities. See Lea Bart and

Sharon K. Long, QuickTake: Trust in Providers.

IV.

EXCLUDING A FAMILY PLANNING

PROVIDER FROM MEDICAID FOR

REASONS WHOLLY UNRELATED TO

THE QUALITY OF CARE WILL

WORSEN HEALTHCARE ACCESS

AND HARM BENEFICIARIES.

A. Contraceptive and maternity care

deserts already exist and are likely

to worsen with fewer family

planning providers offering

services.

When qualified family planning providers are

excluded from Medicaid, contraceptive and maternity

care deserts are likely to spread. Approximately 19

million women in the U.S. who need publicly funded

contraception already live in a “contraceptive desert”

as of 2022. Contraceptive Deserts, POWER TO DECIDE.28

This designation refers to counties in which the

number of healthcare providers offering the full range

of contraception methods listed in the FDA’s Birth

Control Guide is insufficient to meet the needs of

women who depend on publicly funded contraceptive

care. See id.; see also Birth Control Guide (Chart),

FDA (listing, inter alia, IUDs, injectables, vaginal

rings, and oral contraceptives as options).29 In any

given state, between 17 percent and 53 percent of the

population resides in a contraceptive desert. Rebecca

J. Kreitzer et al., Affordable but Inaccessible?

Contraception Deserts in the U.S., 46 J. HEALTH POLIT.

POL’Y L. 277, 297 (2021); Rebecca J. Kreitzer et al.,

Contraceptive Deserts: The Effects of Title X Rule

Changes on Access to Reprod. Health Care Res., 18

POL. & GENDER 672, 699-704 (2022).

This problem is particularly acute in South

Carolina, where most low-income women of

reproductive age live in a county that cannot meet the

population’s demand for the full range of

contraceptive methods. To provide context, an

estimated 310,100 South Carolina women live in

contraceptive deserts. Contraceptive Access in S.C.

(2022), POWER TO DECIDE.30

Furthermore, Medicaid beneficiaries in South

Carolina have less access to contraception providers

Available at: https://powertodecide.org/what-wedo/contraceptive-deserts.

Available at:

https://www.fda.gov/media/150299/download.

Available at:

https://powertodecide.org/sites/default/files/202211/State%20Factsheet_South%20Carolina.pdf.

compared to most other states. U.S. Medicaid

Contraception Workforce Tracker, FITZHUGH MULLAN

INST. FOR HEALTH WORKFORCE EQUITY (2024).31 South

Carolina falls in the fourth tier (out of five tiers among

states with reliable data) for Medicaid beneficiaries’

access to all the major contraceptive methods (pill,

patch, and/or ring; IUD; and implant). Id.

Moreover, the problem of contraceptive deserts

in South Carolina is compounded by the prevalence of

“maternity care deserts,” counties with insufficient

access to maternal healthcare, thereby worsening the

health risks facing women who experience unintended

pregnancies. Where You Live Matters: Maternity Care

in S.C., MARCH OF DIMES, 1-3 (2023).32 Nearly 40% of

South Carolina’s counties have low or no maternity

care access. Id. Additionally, over half of South

Carolina’s counties are medically underserved, see S.

Gareau et al., How Data Drives Action: S.C. Maternal

Health Data Snapshot, INST. FAMS. SOC’Y, UNIV. S.C.,

COLUMBIA, S.C. (2024) (PDF),33 and South Carolina

ranks 37th in the U.S. for the number of primary care

physicians per capita, placing it in the bottom 25% of

all states. See Primary Care Providers in S.C., AM.

HEALTH RANKINGS (2024).34 South Carolina also has

Available at: https://www.gwhwi.org/medicaid-trackercontraception-workforce.html.

Available at:

https://www.marchofdimes.org/peristats/assets/s3/reports/mcd/

Maternity-Care-Report-SouthCarolina.pdf.

Available at:

https://img1.scdhhs.gov/presentations/SC%20Maternal%20Heal

th%20Health%20Data%20Snapshot%20%20SCBO.pdf.

Available at:

https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/PCP

_NPPES/SC.

one of the top five highest “maternal vulnerability”

rates in the U.S., informed by six themes: (1)

reproductive healthcare; (2) physical health; (3)

mental health; (4) general healthcare; (5)

socioeconomic determinants; and (6) physical

environment. See Maternal Vulnerability in the U.S. –

A Shameful Prob. for One of the World’s Wealthiest

Cntys., SURGO VENTURES.35

Maternity care and contraceptive deserts

require people to seek care outside their communities,

thereby imposing significant burdens and potentially

deterring them from seeking services altogether.

Transportation to medical care is already a significant

barrier for low-income Medicaid beneficiaries. See

S.T. Syed et al., Traveling Towards Disease: Transp.

Barriers to Health Care Access, 38 J. COMM’Y HEALTH

976, 976-93 (2013). Increased distances to clinics

correlate with decreased utilization of preventive

care. See Yao Lu & David J.G. Slusky, The Impact of

Women’s Health Clinic Closures on Preventive Care, 8

AM. ECON. J. APP. ECON. 100, 120 (July 2016). All

these problems are likely to worsen if states are

permitted to exclude providers from their Medicaid

programs for reasons wholly unrelated to the quality

of their covered family planning services.

B. Planned Parenthood is crucial to

increasing access to family

planning services.

Planned Parenthood, the healthcare provider

singled out for exclusion from South Carolina’s

Medicaid program in this case, plays an essential role

Available at: https://mvi.surgoventures.org/.

in increasing access to family planning services. In

addition to family planning services, Planned

Parenthood provides a full range of preventive

services, including cancer screenings, anemia testing,

cholesterol and diabetes screening, high blood

pressure screening, menopause treatment, smoking

cessation, testicular and prostate cancer screening,

thyroid screening, and vaccines.36 See Our Services,

PLANNED PARENTHOOD.37 To the extent Petitioner is

concerned with the cost of Medicaid, Opening Brief for

Petitioner at 53, Medina v. Planned Parenthood

(2025) (No. 23-1275), it fails to recognize healthcare

costs only increase without preventive care to protect

against avoidable maternal health conditions. See

Norman J. Waitzman, Preterm Birth Lifetime Costs in

the U.S. in 2016: An Update, 45 SEMIN. PERINATOLOGY

1, 4 (2021) (unpublished manuscript) (stating that

preterm births cost billions of U.S. dollars).

Planned Parenthood clinics also provide

extended hours and shorter wait times compared to

other family planning clinics, which are necessary to

facilitate medical visits for Medicaid beneficiaries

working low-wage hourly jobs with minimal

flexibility. See Frost., Variation in Serv. Delivery

Pracs., at 19. Planned Parenthood optimizes health

outcomes by offering preventive care and streamlines

services by offering HIV rapid-result testing and a

wider range of contraceptive options than other family

planning clinics, reducing the need for follow-up visits

The Charleston Planned Parenthood does not appear to

offer testicular or prostate screening, menopause treatment, or

diabetes screening.

Available at: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/getcare/our-services.

or referrals. See id. at 19, 10, 27; see also Kinsey

Hasstedt, Understanding Planned Parenthood’s

Critical Role in the Fam. Plan. Safety Net, 20

GUTTMACHER POL’Y REV. 12, 13 (2017). For example,

Planned Parenthood clinics are significantly more

likely than other clinics to provide a long-acting

reversible contraceptive such as an intrauterine

device, with nearly all centers offering same-day

insertion. See Hasstedt, Understanding Planned

Parenthood’s Critical Role, at 13. Research further

demonstrates that Planned Parenthood has

successfully reduced visit wait times to levels

significantly below those of other clinics offering

family planning services to Medicaid beneficiaries.

See Frost, Variation in Serv. Delivery Pracs., at 19; see

also Mia R. Zolna & Jennifer J. Frost, Publicly

Funded Fam. Plan. Clinics in 2015: Patterns and

Trends in Serv. Delivery Pracs. and Protocols,

GUTTMACHER INST. 1, 9 (November 2016).38

South Carolina’s incorrect assertion that

disqualifying Planned Parenthood would ensure that

state Medicaid funding would go toward “improving

access to necessary medical care,” Opening Brief for

Petitioner at 11, Medina v. Planned Parenthood

(2025) (No. 23-1275), is plainly illogical. Research has

shown that excluding Planned Parenthood as a family

planning provider dramatically reduces women’s

access to services. For example, the exclusion of

Planned Parenthood clinics from the Title X program,

due to a 2019 regulatory change, had a

disproportionate effect on contraceptive access among

Available at:

https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/public

ly-funded-family-planning-clinic-survey-2015_1.pdf.

low-income, uninsured, and women of color accessing

Title X services. See Candis Watts Smith et al.,

Contraception Deserts: The Effects of Title X Rule

Changes on Access to Reprod. Health Care Res., 18

POL. & GENDER, 672, 696–704 (2022). Specifically,

following the implementation of the 2019 rule,

573,650 fewer patients under 100 percent of the

federal poverty level received Title X services, along

with 324,776 fewer uninsured patients, 128,882 fewer

Black or African Americans, 269,569 fewer

Hispanics/Latinos, and 151,375 fewer adolescent

patients. 86 Fed. Reg. 56146-47 (Oct. 7, 2021).

Another example comes from Texas, which

excluded Planned Parenthood from its state-funded

family planning program in 2012, leading to a marked

decline in access to the most effective contraception

and a concomitant increase in births covered by

Medicaid. A.J. Stevenson et al., Effect of Removal of

Planned Parenthood from the Texas Women’s Health

Program, 374 NEW ENG. J. MED. 853, 858 (2016)

(stating that the exclusion of Planned Parenthood

reduced

claims

for

long-acting

reversible

contraception methods by over 35%).

C. South Carolina’s arguments that

adequate alternate family planning

providers exist are unavailing.

South Carolina’s claim that the state’s

Medicaid beneficiaries have access to “dozens of

medical clinics that accept Medicaid and offer a broad

panoply of health services” is highly misleading.

Opening Brief for Petitioner at 9, Medina v. Planned

Parenthood (2025) (No. 23-1275). Its infographic

includes “pregnancy centers,” described as “. . .

privately funded and focused on supporting pregnant

women facing difficult circumstances with medical

care and referrals, education, mentoring, and

material support.”

Women Have Real Choices,

CHARLOTTE LOZIER INST.39 Crisis pregnancy centers,

however, are not equipped to offer the full range of

family

planning

methods.

See

Andrea

Swartzendruber et al., Sexual and Reprod. Health

Servs. and Related Health Info. on Pregnancy Res. Ctr.

Websites: A Statewide Content Analysis, 28 WOMEN’S

HEALTH ISSUES 14, 16-17 (2018). Moreover, the need

for increased access to family planning services in

South Carolina is substantial: compared to other

states, South Carolina ranks 45th for low birth

weight. See Low Birth Weight in S.C., AM. HEALTH

RANKINGS (2024).40 Ten percent of infants in South

Carolina were born with low birthweight in 2022. Id.

Petitioner’s

infographic

also

includes

community health centers, which research shows

have a limited ability to furnish the full range of

family planning services, including long-acting

reversible contraceptives, the most effective forms of

contraception. See Susan Wood, et al., Health Ctrs.

and Fam. Plan.: Results of a Nationwide Study,

(March 7, 2013) (PDF);41 see also, e.g., Brooke Winner

et al., Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible

Contraception, 366 NEW ENG. J. MED. 1998, 2004

(2012). This is likely because community health

Available at: https://lozierinstitute.org/realchoices/.

Available at:

https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/measures/birt

hweight/SC.

Available at:

https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10

59&context=sphhs_policy_facpubs.

centers’ mission is much broader than just family

planning: they are charged with providing a full range

of primary care to medically underserved patients of

all ages, from newborns to seniors. 42 U.S.C. §

254b(a)(1).

Community

health

centers

are

also

overwhelmed with patients and may be unable to

accept new patients. See Cmty. Health Ctrs. and Fam.

Plan. in an Era of Pol’y Uncertainty, KAISER FAM.

FOUND.(March 15, 2018);42 Letter from Rachel Benson

Gold, Vice President for Pub. Pol’y, Guttmacher Inst.,

to Office of Population Affairs, U.S. Dep’t of Health &

Human Servs. (July 31, 2018) (stating that South

Carolina community health centers would experience

a 381% increase in their contraceptive caseload if

required to serve all patients of federally funded

family planning program clinics). Community health

centers’ limited ability to meet the full extent of the

need for family planning services is illustrated by the

fact that Planned Parenthood has provided care for at

least half of the women who rely on safety net family

planning providers in more than half of the counties

where it operates. See Hasstedt, Understanding

Planned Parenthood’s Critical Role, at 14.

South Carolina, in fact, needs both Planned

Parenthood and community health centers to ensure

sufficient access to family planning services for

Medicaid beneficiaries. A survey across thirteen

states revealed that 60% of respondents preferred to

receive contraceptive care from a specialized family

Available at: https://www.kff.org/womens-healthpolicy/report/community-health-centers-and-family-planningin-an-era-of-policy-uncertainty/.

planning service provider even though they had seen

a different provider within the same year, and 40%

considered specialized family planning clinics their

sole source of healthcare during the year. See Jennifer

J. Frost et al., Specialized Fam. Plan. Clinics in the

U.S.: Why Women Choose Them and Their Role in

Meeting Women’s Health Care Needs, 22 WOMEN’S

HEALTH ISSUES, e519, e524 (2012). Ultimately,

Petitioner’s arguments about adequate alternatives

are inapposite and serve only to obfuscate what this

case is about. The issue here is not whether there are

workable alternatives to Planned Parenthood, but

instead whether women have an enforceable right to

protect their choices regarding healthcare access from

arbitrary and harmful state action.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court should

recognize a Medicaid beneficiary’s right to obtain

family planning services from their qualified provider

of choice and affirm a beneficiary’s right to enforce the

Free Choice of Provider Provision.

Respectfully submitted.

ANDREW M. LONDON

FOLEY HOAG LLP

Seaport West

155 Seaport Blvd.

Boston, MA 02210

(617) 832-1000

BRENNA M. ROSEN

FOLEY HOAG LLP

1301 Ave. of the Americas

New York, NY 10019

(212) 812-4000

THOMAS BARKER

Counsel of Record

Kian K. Azimpoor

FOLEY HOAG LLP

1717 K Street N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20006

(202) 223-1200

tbarker@foleyhoag.com

Counsel for Amici Curiae

March 12, 2025

APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF AMICI CURIAE

Public Health Organizations

Public Health Deans

Health Professions, Public

Health, Health Law and Policy

Scholars

1a.

APPENDIX 1

LIST OF AMICI CURIAE

A. Public Health Organizations

American Public Health Association

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Network for Public Health Law

American Medical Women’s Association

The Council of Chairs of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health

B. Public Health Deans

Campbell, Amy T., JD, MBE, Associate Dean

for Law & Health Sciences, Professor of Law,

School of Law, University of Illinois Chicago

Caughey, Aaron B., MD, MPH, PhD, Professor

and Chair, Department of Obstetrics &

Gynecology, Associate Dean for Women’s

Health Research & Policy, Oregon Health &

Science University

2a.

Chemerinsky, Erwin, JD, Dean and Jesse H.

Choper Distinguished Professor of Law,

University of California, Berkeley School of

Law

Dorcelus, Sandy, DO, FACOG, Assistant Dean

of Diversity and Inclusion, NYU Long Island

School of Medicine, Assistant Clinical

Professor, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, NYU Langone Health Long Island

El-Mohandes, Ayman, MBBCh, MD, MPH,

Dean, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health

& Health Policy

Ettner, Susan L., PhD, Dean Emerita of

Graduate Education, Distinguished Professor,

David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of

General Internal Medicine and Health Services

Research; Distinguished Professor, Fielding

School of Public Health, University of

California, Los Angeles

Fried, Linda P., MD, MPH, Dean and DeLamar

Professor of Public Health, Mailman School of

Public Health, Professor of Epidemiology and

Medicine, Columbia University

Garrison, Anne, MD, Interim Associate Dean

for Student Affairs, Assistant Dean for

Professional Development, Associate Director,

Division of General OBGYN, Assistant

Professor

OBGYN,

University

Massachusetts

Medical

School,

UMass

Memorial Medical Center

3a.

Goldman, Lynn R., MD, MPH, MS, Michael and

Lori Milken Dean of Public Health, Milken

Institute School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

10.

Harvey, S. Marie, DrPH, MPH, OSU

Distinguished Professor of Public Health,

Associate Dean for Research, College of Public

Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State

University

11.

Healton, Cheryl, DrPH, Founding Dean and

Professor of Public Policy, NYU School of

Global Public Health

12.

Hyder, Adnan, MD, MPH, PhD, Senior

Associate Dean for Research, Professor of

Global Health Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

13.

Jain, Atul, MD, MS, Chair (Interim), Division

of General Internal Medicine, Associate Dean,

Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional

Development, Assistant Professor of Medicine,

Mayo College of Medicine

14.

Klag, Michael J., MD, MPH, Dean Emeritus,

Second Century Distinguished Professor,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health

15.

Lane, Susan, MD, MACP, Professor of

Medicine, Vice Chair of Education, Department

of Medicine; Associate Dean for Clinical

4a.

Faculty Development, Renaissance School of

Medicine at Stony Brook

16.

LaVeist, Thomas A., PhD, Dean and Professor,

Tulane University School of Public Health and

Tropical Medicine

17.

Lee-Parritz, Aviva, MD, Chief, Department of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical

Center, Chair and Associate Professor of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assistant Dean of

Faculty Practice, Boston University School of

Medicine

18.

Lu, Michael C., MD, MS, MPH, Dean, UC

Berkeley School of Public Health

19.

MacKenzie, Ellen J., PhD, Dean, Bloomberg

Distinguished Professor, Johns Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

20.

McGovern, Terry, JD, Professor and Senior

Associate Dean for Academic and Student

Affairs, CUNY School of Public Health

21.

Parker, Edith A., MPH, DrPH, Dean, Professor,

Community and Behavioral Health, The

University of Iowa College of Public Health

22.

Rebouché, Rachel, JD, LLM, Kean Family

Dean, Peter J. Liacouras Professor of Law,

Temple University Beasley School of Law

23.

Rupp, Leila J., PhD, Interim Anne and Michael

Towbes

Graduate

Dean,

Distinguished

5a.

Professor of Feminist Studies, University of

California, Santa Barbara

24.

Sentell, Tetine, PhD, Interim Dean, Professor

of Public Health, Thompson School of Social

Work and Public Health, University of Hawai’i

at Mœnoa

25.

Sommer, Alfred, MD, Dean Emeritus,

Professor, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health

26.

Thorpe, Jane, JD, Professor and Sr. Associate

Dean for Academic, Student & Faculty Affairs,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

27.

Vermund, Sten H., MD, PhD, Dean, College of

Public Health, University of South Florida

28.

Wilensky, Sara E., JD, PhD, Assistant Dean for

Undergraduate

Education,

Director,

Undergraduate Program in Public Health,

Special Services Faculty for Undergraduate

Education, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

29.

Young, Heather M., PhD, RN, FAAN, Professor

and Dean Emerita, Betty Irene Moore School of

Nursing, University of California, Davis

6a.

C. Health Professions, Public Health, Health

Law and Policy Scholars

30.

Abernathy, Alice, MD, MSHP, Assistant

Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology and

Medical Ethics & Health Policy, Perelman

School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania

31.

Akman, Jeffrey S., MD, Walter A. Bloedorn

Professor of Administrative Medicine and

Interim Chair, Department of Psychiatry and

Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and

Health Sciences, The George Washington

University

32.

Alterman, Amy E., PhD, MPH, Postdoctoral

Fellow, Georgetown-Howard

Center

for

Medical Humanities and Health Justice

33.

Altshuler,

Anna,

MD,

MPH,

Obstetrician/Gynecologist,

Researcher,

Medical Director, Sutter Health, California

Pacific Medical Center, Mission Bernal

Women’s Clinic

34.

Andrinopoulos, Katherine, PhD, Associate

Professor, Director of Doctoral Program,

Department of International Health and

Sustainable Development, Tulane School of

Public Health and Tropical Medicine

35.

Arnold, Robert M., MD, Vice Chair of

Professional Development, Gerald J. and

Dorothy R. Friedman Chair in Palliative Care

at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,

7a.

Department of Geriatrics and Palliative

Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount

Sinai

36.

Ashe, Marice, JD, MPH, Lecturer, University of

California Berkeley Law

37.

Atalay, Alev J., MD, Instructor of Medicine,

Harvard

Medical

School;

Director

Ambulatory Education, Brigham and Women's

Hospital

38.

Attanasio, Laura, PhD, Assistant Professor,

School of Public Health and Health Sciences,

University of Massachusetts Amherst

39.

Atzinger, Carrie, MS, LGC, CGC, Co-Director,

Associate Professor, University of Cincinnati

Genetic Counseling Graduate Program

40.

Autry, Amy (Meg), MD, Professor, Vice Chair of

GME and CME, Department of Obstetrics,

Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences,

University of California, San Francisco

41.

Baird, Sarah, PhD, Professor and Vice Chair,

Department of Global Health, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

42.

Baker, Carrie N., JD, PhD, Sylvia Dlugasch

Bauman Chair of American Studies, Professor,

Program for the Study of Women and Gender,

Smith College

8a.

43.

Balkus, Jennifer, PhD, MPH, Clinical

Associate Professor, University of Washington

School of Public Health

44.

Barbieri, Robert L., MD, Chair, Department of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and

Women's Hospital

45.

Barkoff, Alison, JD, Professor, Harold and Jane

Hirsh Associate Professor of Health Law and

Policy, Director, Hirsh Health Law and Policy

Program, Department of Health Policy and

Management, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

46.

Bartz, Deborah, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor

of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical

School

47.

Beaman, Jessica, MD, MPH, Assistant

Professor, Department of Medicine, University

of California, San Francisco

48.

Beckerman, Julia Zoe, JD, MPH, Teaching

Professor & Vice Chair, Department of Health

Policy and Management, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

49.

Belanoff, Candice, ScD, MPH, Clinical

Associate Professor, Boston University School

of Public Health

50.

Bell, David L., MD, MPH Professor,

Department of Pediatrics, Department of

9a.

Population and Family Health, Columbia

University Irving Medical Center

51.

Bell, Suzanne, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor,

Department of Population, Family, and

Reproductive

Health,

Johns

Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

52.

Belmonte, Michael A., MD, Complex Family

Planning Fellow, University of Colorado

53.

Bender Ignacio, Rachel, MD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious

Diseases, Department of Medicine, University

of Washington

54.

Benfield, Nerys, MD, MPH, Chief Medical

Officer for Adult Services and Vice Chair for

Quality and Safety in the Department of

Obstetrics,

Gynecology

Reproductive

Sciences, University of California, San

Francisco

55.

Benson, Lyndsey, MD, MS, Assistant Professor,

Division of Complex Family Planning,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

University of Washington

56.

Bercu, Chiara, MPA, Senior Project Manager,

Ibis Reproductive Health

57.

Berlin, Michelle, MD, MPH, Professor, Oregon

Health & Sciences University Department of

Obstetrics & Gynecology and Portland State

University School of Public Health (Emerita),

10a.

Director, Oregon Health & Sciences University

Center for Women’s Health (former)

58.

Berman, Rebecca, MD, FACP, Internal

Medicine

Residency

Program

Director,

Associate Professor of Medicine, University of

California, San Francisco

59.

Bernard, Caitlin, MD, MSCI, Assistant Clinical

Professor, Indiana University School of

Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology

60.

Berry, Lisa, MS, Licensed Genetic Counselor,

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center

61.

Berwick, Donald M., MD, MPP., Lecturer,

Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard

Medical School

62.

Berz, Jonathan, MD, Assistant Professor of

Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine

63.

Bhagat, Santi KM, MD, MPH, Founder and

President, Physician-Parent Caregivers, The

Invisible Wave

64.

Bhattacharya, Gauri, PhD/DSW, MSW, MA,

LCSW, ACSW, Former Interim Associate Dean

and Full Professor, School of School Work,

Jackson State University

65.

Bishop, Laura, MD, FAAP, FACP, Associate

Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine &

Pediatrics, University of Louisville

11a.

66.

Blakemore,

Karin

J.,

MD,

Professor,

Gynecology and Obstetrics, Director, Prenatal

Diagnostic Center, Johns Hopkins University

School of Medicine

67.

Blanchard, Janice, MD, PhD, Professor, Chief,

Health Policy Section, Department of

Emergency Medicine, The George Washington

University

68.

Blatt, Benjamin, MD, CHSE, Professor of

Medicine, The George Washington University

School of Medicine

69.

Blewett, Lynn A., PhD, MA, Professor, Division

of Health Policy and Management, University

of Minnesota School of Public Health

70.

Blum, Robert Wm., MD, MPH, PhD, Principal

Investigator, Global Early Adolescent Study,

Professor, Department of Population, Family

and Reproductive Health, John Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

71.

Bonnema, Rachel, MD, MS, FACP., Professor of

Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern

72.

Boozer, Margaret, MD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Director of Family Planning,

Department of OB/GYN, University of

Alabama at Birmingham

73.

Boraas, Christy, MD, MPH, FACOG, Associate

Professor,

Department

12a.

OB/GYN/Women’s Health,

Minnesota Medical School

University

74.

Boris, Eileen, PhD, MA, Hull Professor and

Distinguished Professor of Feminist Studies,

Distinguished Professor of History, Black

Studies, and Global Studies, University of

California, Santa Barbara

75.

Borkowski, Liz, MPH, Senior Research

Scientist, Managing Director, Jacobs Institute

of Women’s Health, Department of Health

Policy and Management, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

76.

Borzecki, Ann, MD, Research Associate

Professor, Department of Health Law, Policy &

Management, Boston University School of

Public Health

77.

Bowie, Janice, PhD, MPH, Bloomberg

Centennial Professor, Chair, Schoolwide DrPH

Program, Department of Health, Behavior and

Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health

78.

Braaten, Kari P., MD, MPH, Assistant

Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and

Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School

79.

Brantley, Erin, PhD, MPH, Public Health

Researcher

13a.

80.

Brown, Benjamin Patterson, MD, MS, Mimi

Pichey Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Chief, Section of Complex Family

Planning, Division of General Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Alpert Medical School of Brown

University

81.

Browner, Carole H., PhD, MPH, Distinguished

Research Professor, Center for Culture and

Health, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and

Human

Behavior,

Department

Anthropology, Department of Gender Studies,

University of California, Los Angeles

82.

Brysk, Alison, PhD, Chair, Global Studies

Department, Mellichamp Professor of Global

Governance, University of California, Santa

Barbara

83.

Bulun, Serdar, MD, John J. Sciarra Professor,

Chair, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at

Northwestern University

84.

Burris, Scott, JD, Professor of Law, Director,

Center for Public Health Law Research,

Temple University Beasley School of Law

85.

Byrnes, Maureen, MPA, Teaching Instructor,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

14a.

86.

Callender, Ealena, MD, FACOG, OB/GYN,

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

87.

Carey, Katheen, PhD, Professor, Department of

Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston

University School of Public Health

88.

Casoni, Maria, MPH, MSL, Research Scientist,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

89.

Cassady, Diana, DrPH, Professor, Public

Health Sciences Department, Chair, Graduate

Group in Public Health Sciences, University of

California, Davis

90.

Castaño, Paula, MD, MPH, Associate Professor

in OB/GYN, Columbia University

91.

Catalanotti, Jillian, MD, MPH, FACP,

Associate Professor of Medicine, Associate

Professor of Health Policy and Management,

Director,

Internal

Medicine

Residency

Programs, The George Washington University

92.

Celentano, David D., ScD, MHS, Dr. Charles

Armstrong Chair in Epidemiology, Professor

and Chair, Department of Epidemiology, Johns

Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

93.

Cerminara, Kathy L., JD, JSD, LLM, Professor

of Law, Shepard Broad College of Law, NSU

Florida

15a.

94.

Campion, MaryAnn W., EdD, MS, CGC,

Professor,

Licensed,

Certified

Genetic

Counselor, Co-Director, MS Program in Human

Genetics & Genetic Counseling, Department of

Genetics, Stanford University School of

Medicine

95.

Chang, Aileen, MD, MSPH, Associate Professor

of Medicine, The George Washington

University School of Medicine and Health

Sciences

96.

Charlton, Brittany M., ScD, Assistant

Professor, Harvard Medical School and

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health

97.

Chavkin, Wendy, MD, MPH, Professor Emerita

of Population and Family Health and

Obstetrics-Gynecology, Mailman School of

Public Health and College of Physicians and

Surgeons, Columbia University

98.

Chawla, Reeti, MD, Attending Physician,

Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Phoenix

Children’s Hospital

99.

Chen, Angela Y., MD, MPH, FACOG, Family

Planning Chief of Service & Fellowship

Director, Associate Professor of Obstetrics &

Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine,

University of California, Los Angeles

100. Chernoby, Kimberly, MD, JD, Clinical

Instructor of Emergency Medicine, The George

16a.

Washington University School of Medicine and

Health Sciences

101. Chin, Jennifer, MD, Assistant Professor in

Obstetrics and Gynecology and Complex

Family Planning, University of Washington

102. Christian, Parul, DrPH, MSc, Professor,

Director and Associate Chair, Department of

International

Health,

Johns

Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

103. Chuang, Emmeline, PhD, Associate Professor

of Health Policy and Management, University

of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of

Public Health

104. Clark, Jack A., PhD, Professor, Health Law,

Policy and Management, Boston University

School of Public Health

105. Cochran, Susan D., PhD, MS, Professor of

Epidemiology and Statistics, Fielding School of

Public Health, University of California, Los

Angeles

106. Cohen, Alan B., Sc.D., Research Professor

(Retired), Markets, Public Policy and Law,

Boston University Questrom School of

Business, and Professor of Health Law, Policy

and Management (Retired), Boston University

School of Public Health

17a.

107. Cohen, Jessica, PhD, Professor of Health

Economics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public

Health

108. Cole, Megan B., PhD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Department of Health Law, Policy,

and Management, Co-Director, BU Medicaid

Policy Lab, Boston University School of Public

Health

109. Costich, Julia F., JD, PhD, Peter P.

Bosomworth Professor of Health Services

Research, Department of Health Management

and Policy, Associate Director, Ky. Injury

Prevention and Research Center, UK College of

Public Health

110. Courtney, Kristine B., MS, CGC, Certified

Genetic Counselor, MFM Consultants of Dallas

111. Creinin,

Mitchell,

MD,

Distinguished

Professor, Director, Complex Family Planning

Fellowship, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, University of California, Davis

112. Crossley, Mary, JD, Professor of

University of Pittsburgh School of Law

Law,

113. Cuca, Yvette, PhD, MPH, MIA, Specialist,

Community Health Systems, School of

Nursing, University of California, San

Francisco

18a.

114. Cuello, Leonardo, JD, Research Professor,

Center for Children and Families, Georgetown

University McCourt School of Public Policy

115. Culwell, Kelly, MD, MPH, Chief Medical

Officer

and

Head

Research

and

Development,

Sebela

Women’s

Health;

Associate Clinical Professor, University of

California, San Diego

116. Cwiak, Carrie, MD, MPH, Chief, Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Emory University Hospital

Midtown, Director, Complex Family Planning

Fellowship, Department of Gynecology and

Obstetrics, Emory University School of

Medicine

117. Daniel, Clare, PhD, Senior Professor of Practice

and Director of Research, Newcomb Institute of

Tulane University

118. Darney, Philip, MD, MSc, Distinguished

Professor, Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics,

Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences and Health

Policy, Director, Bixby Center for Global

Reproductive Health, University of California,

San Francisco

119. Deardorff,

Julianna,

PhD,

Professor,

Community Health Sciences Division, School of

Public Health, University of California

Berkeley

120. Deeb-Sossa, Natalia, Professor, Chicana/o/x

Studies, University of California, Davis

19a.

121. Dehlendorf, Christine, MD, MAS, Professor,

Vice Chair for Research, Family & Community

Medicine,

Director,

Person-Centered

Reproductive Health Program, Department of

Family & Community Medicine, Obstetrics,

Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, and

Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of

California, San Francisco

122. Delgado, Ana, CNM, MS, UCSF Department of

OB/GYN, University of California, San

Francisco

123. Denbow, Jennifer, JD, MPH, Assistant

Professor of Political Science, California

Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

124. Dethier, Divya, MD, Complex Family Planning

Fellow, University of Hawaii

125. Dineen Gillespie, Kelly K., JD, PhD, Professor,

Center for Health Law Studies, School of Law,

Saint Louis University

126. Dirrigl, Karen, MS, Genetic Counselor, Dignity

Health Center Institute at St. Joseph’s

Hospital and Medical Center

127. Doan, Alesha, PhD, Professor, School of Public

Affairs

Administration,

Professor,

Department of Women, Gender & Sexuality

Studies, University of Kansas

20a.

128. Doge, Laura E., ScD, MPH, Director of the

Division of Research, Assistant Professor,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,

Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital

129. Donahue, Amy, MLIS, MGCS, CGC, Certified

Genetic Counselor, Associate Professor, MS in

Genetic Counseling Program, Froedtert & the

Medical College of Wisconsin

130. Donelan, Karen, ScD, Stuart H. Altman

Professor of US Health Policy, Heller School of

Social Policy & Management, Brandeis

University

131. Donley, Greer, JD, Assistant Professor of Law,

University of Pittsburgh Law School

132. Douglas, Jessica K., LMSW Associate in the

Practice of C.L. Bockwitz, LPC

133. Dragoman, Monica, MD, MPH, Program

Director,

Complex

Family

Planning

Fellowship,

Department

Obstetrics,

Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn

School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

134. Drey, Eleanor, MD, EdM, Acting Chief, ZSFG

OB-GYN Division, Medical Director, Z.S.F.G.

Women’s Options Center, Professor, Obstetrics,

Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences,

University of California, San Francisco

21a.

135. Dupras, Denise M., MD, PhD, Associate

Professor of Medicine, Consultant, Primary

Care Internal Medicine, Alix School of

Medicine, Mayo Clinic

136. Durbin, Anna, MD, Professor, International

Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health

137. Dutton, Caryn, MD, Medical Director,

Gynecology Practice, Brigham and Women’s

Hospital

138. Easter, Sarah Rae MD, Director of Obstetric

Critical Care, Division of Maternal-Fetal

Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine,

Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Assistant

Professor, Harvard Medical School

139. Ecker, Jeffrey L., MD, Joe V. Meigs Professor of

Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive

Biology, Harvard Medical School, Chief,

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts

General Hospital

140. Eckhardt, Cara L., PhD, MPH, Professor,

OHSU-PSU School of Public Health

141. Economou, Nicole, MD, MPH, Assistant

Clinical Professor, UC Davis Health

142. Edelman, Alison, MD, MPH, Professor,

OB/GYN, Director, Oregon Fellowship in

Complex Family Planning, Director, Section of

22a.

Family Planning, Oregon Health & Science

University

143. Ehrlich, Shoshanna, JD, Professor Emerita,

Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies,

UMass Boston

144. Eisenberg, David L., MD, MPH, FACOG,

Professor, Division of Complex Family

Planning, Department of Obstetrics &

Gynecology, Washington University in St.

Louis School of Medicine

145. El Ayadi, Alison M. ScD, MPH, Associate

Professor,

Department

Obstetrics,

Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences,

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,

University of California, San Francisco

146. Eliason, Erica, PhD, Postdoctoral Research

Fellow, Brown University School of Public

Health

147. Ellison, Olivia, MPH, CHES, Rutgers

University, Health Program Analyst, Los

Angeles County, Department of Public Health

148. Engle, Jill C., Professor of Clinical Law, Penn

State Dickinson Law

149. Erikson, Clese, MPAff, Deputy Director, Health

Workforce Research Center, Fitzhugh Mullan

Institute for Health Workforce Equity,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

23a.

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

150. Espey, Eve MD, MPH, Distinguished Professor,

Department of OB-GYN, University of New

Mexico

151. Evans, Scott, PhD, MS, Director, The

Biostatistics Center, Professor and Founding

Chair, Department of Biostatistics and

Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of

Public Health, The George Washington

University

152. Farris, Katherine, MD, Chief Medical Officer,

Planned Parenthood South Atlantic

153. Fentiman, Linda C., JD, LLM, Professor

Emerita, Elisabeth Haub School of Law, Pace

University

154. Fershee, Kendra, JD, Professor, Creighton

University School of Law

155. Field, Robert I., JD, MPH, PhD, Professor of

Law, Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Professor

of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife

University School of Public Health, Drexel

University

156. Fleisher, Jonah, MD, MPH, FACOG, Associate

Professor, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology,

Director, Center for Reproductive Health,

University of Illinois at Chicago

24a.

157. Ford, Chandra L., PhD, MPH, MLIS, Associate

Professor, Department of Community Health

Sciences, Founding Director, Center for the

Study of Racism, Social Justice & Health,

Jonathan & Karin Fielding School of Public

Health, University of California, Los Angeles

158. Fox, Jacqueline, JD, LLM, Professor of Law,

Joseph F. Rice School of Law, University of

South Carolina

159. Francis, Leslie, JD, PhD, Distinguished Alfred

C. Emery Professor of Law, Distinguished

Professor of Philosophy, University of Utah

160. Frank, Sally, JD, MA, Professor of Law, Drake

University

161. Frankford, David M., JD, Professor of Law,

Rutgers University School of Law

162. Fredrick, Beth, Senior Associate, Population,

Family and Reproductive Health Department,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health

163. Freedman, Lynn P., JD, MPH., Professor of

Population and Family Health at CUIMC,

Director, Averting Maternal Death and

Disability Program, Columbia University

Mailman School of Public Health

164. Fried, Ethan D., MD, MACP, Associate Chair

for Education, Residency Program Director,

Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of

25a.

Medicine, Zucker

Hofstra/Northwell

School

Medicine

165. Frisse, Ann, MD, Complex Family Planning

Fellow, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology,

and Reproductive Science, Mount Sinai

166. Frogner,

Bianca

K.,

PhD,

Professor,

Department of Family Medicine, Director,

Center for Health Workforce Studies, School of

Medicine, University of Washington

167. Gable, Lance, JD, MPH, Professor of Law,

Wayne State University Law School

168. Ganguli, Ishani, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor

of Medicine, Harvard Medical School

169. Garcia, Lorena, MPH, DrPH, Professor,

Director,

Undergraduate

Education,

Department of Public Health Sciences, Division

of Epidemiology, UC Davis School of Medicine

170. Gazelle, Gail, MD, Assistant Professor of

Medicine, Harvard Medical School

171. Geddes, Christina,

Guttmacher Institute

Research

Assistant,

172. Geller, Stacie, PhD, G William Arends

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

Professor, Division of Academic Internal

Medicine, Department of Medicine, Director,

Center for Research on Women and Gender,

26a.

College of Medicine, University of Illinois,

Chicago

173. Gelmon, Sherril B., DrPH, Professor Emerita of

Health Systems Management and Policy,

Oregon Health & Science University – Portland

State University School of Public Health,

Portland State University

174. Geltman, Elizabeth, JD, LLM, Associate

Professor, Department of Health Policy and

Management, CUNY Graduate School of Public

Health and Health Policy, Lecturer, Johns

Hopkins University, Chair, APHA Law Section

175. Gemmill, Alison, PhD, MPH, Assistant

Professor, Department of Population, Family

and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

176. Ghorashi, Adrienne R., JD, Program Manager,

Center for Public Health Law Research,

Temple University, Beasley School of Law

177. Ghosh, S. Monty, BSc., MBT, MSc., MD,

FRCPC, DM-EMDM ISAM(C) CSAM, Internal

Medicine, Disaster Medicine, and Addiction

Medicine, Assistant Professor, Departments of

General Internal Medicine and Neurology, The

University of Alberta, Clinical Assistant

Professor, Departments of Medicine and

Psychiatry, The University of Calgary

178. Gillespie, Duff, PhD, Professor, Bill & Melinda

Gates

Institute

for

Population

and

27a.

Reproductive

Health,

Department

Population, Family and Reproductive Health,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health

179. Gipson, Jessica D., MPH, PhD, Professor and

Fred H. Bixby Endowed Chair on Population

and Reproductive Health, Director, UCLA

Bixby Center to Advance Sexual and

Reproductive Health Equity, Department of

Community Health Sciences, University of

California, Los Angeles Fielding School of

Public Health

180. Glantz, Leonard H., JD, Emeritus Professor,

Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston

University School of Public Health

181. Godfrey, Emily M., MD, MPH, FAAFP.,

Associate Professor, Department of Family

Medicine, Research Section, Department of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Family

Planning, University of Washington

182. Godley, Sophie, DrPH, Clinical Assistant

Professor, Boston University School of Public

Health

183. Godzich, Micaela, MD, Associate Clinical

Professor, Department of Family and

Community Medicine, UC Davis School of

Medicine

184. Goff, Barbara, MD, Chair, Obstetrics and

Gynecology,

University

Washington,

28a.

Surgeon-in-Chief, University of Washington

Medical Center

185. Goldberg, Alisa B., MD, MPH, Associate

Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and

Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School;

Director, Division of Family Planning, Brigham

and Women’s Hospital

186. Goldberg, Daniel S., JD, PhD, Core Faculty,

Center for Bioethics and Humanities, Associate

Professor, Department of Family Medicine,

Associate

Professor,

Department

Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz

Medical Campus

187. Goldberg, Randy, MD, MPH, FACP, FHM,

Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, New

York Medical College; Hospitalist and Chair of

Clinical Ethics, Westchester Medical Center

188. Goldin Evans, Melissa, PhD, MsPH, Assistant

Professor, Mary Amelia Center for Women’s

Health Equity Research (MAC), Tulane

University Celia Scott Weatherhead School of

Public Health & Tropical Medicine

189. Goldman, Noreen J., DSc, MSc, MA, HughesRogers Professor of Demography and Public

Affairs, Princeton University

190. Goldstein, Melissa M., JD, Professor,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

29a.

191. Goldthwaite, Lisa M., MD, MPH, Clinical

Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Stanford University School of

Medicine

192. Goodwin, Alexandra M., MD, Clinical Assistant

Professor, N.Y.U. Department of General

Internal Medicine/Bellevue Hospital

193. Goold, Susan Dorr, MD, MHSA, MA, FACP,

Professor of Internal Medicine, School of

Medicine, Professor of Health Management and

Policy, School of Public Health, University of

Michigan

194. Gorbach, Pamina M., MHS, DrPH, Professor,

Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School

of Public Health, Division of Infectious

Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine,

University of California, Los Angeles

195. Gordon, Sara H., PhD, MS, Assistant Professor,

Health Law, Policy, and Management, CoDirector, BU Medicaid Policy Lab, Boston

University School of Public Health

196. Gostin, Lawrence O., JD, LLD, University

Professor, Founding O'Neill Chair in Global

Health Law, Faculty Director, O'Neill Institute

for National and Global Health Law, Director,

World Health Organization Collaborating

Center on National & Global Health Law,

Georgetown Law School

30a.

197. Graham, Misasha S., JD, Solo Practitioner

198. Gray, Kathryn J., MD, PhD, Attending

Physician, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham

and Women’s Hospital

199. Gupta, Pratima, MD, MPH, Assistant Staff

Physician, University of San Diego School of

Medicine

200. Guyer, Bernard, MD, MPH, Zanvyl Krieger

Professor of Children’s Health, Emeritus,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health

201. Hackman, Christine L., PhD, MCHES,

Associate Professor, Kinesiology & Public

Health, California Polytechnic State University

202. Hagey, Jill, MD, MPH, Complex Family

Planning Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, University of Chapel Hill, North

Carolina

203. Hammond, Cassing, MD, Director, Section and

Fellowship in Complex Family Planning,

Associate Professor of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Northwestern Feinberg School of

Medicine

204. Handler, Arden, DrPH, Professor Emeritus,

Community Health Sciences, University of

Illinois School of Public Health

31a.

205. Hardeman, Rachel R., PhD, MPH, Blue Cross

Endowed Professor of Health and Racial

Equity, Founding Director, Center for

Antiracism Research for Health Equity,

Division of Health Policy & Management,

University of Minnesota School of Public

Health

206. Hardy, Melanie, MS, MS, CGC, Licensed,

Certified Genetic Counselor, Director of

Research and Advocacy, jscreen.org

207. Harken, Tabetha R., MD, MPH, Professor of

Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division Director of

Family Planning, University of California,

Irvine

208. Harper, Cynthia C., PhD, Professor and

Interim Vice Chair for Research, Obstetrics,

Gynecology

Reproductive

Sciences,

University of California, San Francisco

209. Harrington, Amy R., MD, Associate Professor,

Obstetrics & Gynecology, URMC Family

Planning, Residency Program Director,

Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of

Rochester Medical Center

210. Hathaway, Mark, MD, MPH, Medical Director

- Carafem, Sr. Technical Advisor for

Reproductive Health and Family PlanningJhpiego, Adjunct Assistant Professor in

Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins

University

32a.

211. Hazel, Elizabeth, PhD, Assistant Research

Professor, International Health Department,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health

212. Heinrich, Janet, DrPH, RN, FAAN, Research

Professor, Department of Health Policy and

Management, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

213. Heise, Lori, PhD, Professor, Department of

Population, Family and Reproductive Health,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health

214. Heled, Yaniv, JSD, Professor of Law, CoDirector, Center for Intellectual Property,

Center for Law, Health & Society, Georgia

State University College of Law

215. Henderson, Jillian T., PhD, MPH, Investigator,

Kaiser Permanente, Northwest, Center for

Health Research, KP Evidence-based Practice

Center

216. Hennessey, Catherine, MD, Family Planning

Fellow, University of Chicago

217. Herbst, Jennifer L., JD, LLM, M.Bioethics,

Professor of Law and Medical Sciences,

Quinnipiac University School of Law and

Frank H. Netter School of Medicine

33a.

218. Hercher, Laura, MS, CGC, Director of Student

Research, Sarah Lawrence College Joan H.

Marks Graduate Program in Human Genetics

219. Hermer, Laura, JD, LLM, Professor of Law,

Mitchell Hamline School of Law

220. Herold, Stephanie, MPH, Data Analyst,

Advancing New Standards in Reproductive

Health, University of California, San Francisco

221. Hersh, Alyssa R., MD, MPH, Resident

Physician, Department of Obstetrics &

Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science

University

222. Higgins, Stacy, MD, Professor of Medicine,

Emory University School of Medicine

223. Hillard, Paula J. Adams, MD, Professor,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

Stanford University School of Medicine

224. Ho, Vivian, PhD, Director, Center for Health

and Biosciences, Baker Institute, Professor,

Department of Economics, Professor, Baylor

College

Medicine,

Rice

University

Department of Economics

225. Region Office – Network for Public Health Law,

Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law

226. Hoefling, Tricia A., JD, Adjunct Professor,

Georgetown Law

34a.

227. Hoffman, Sharona, JD, LLM, SJD, Professor of

Bioethics, Edgar A. Hahn Professor of Law, CoDirector, Law-Medicine Center, Case Western

Reserve University School of Law

228. Hoffmann, Diane E., JD, Jacob A. France

Professor of Health Law, Director, Law &

Health Care Program, University of Maryland

Carey School of Law

229. Holman, E. Alison, PhD, F.N.P., Associate

Professor, Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing,

University of California, Irvine

230. Holt, Kelsey, ScD, MA, Assistant Professor,

Department of Family & Community Medicine,

School of Medicine, University of California,

San Francisco

231. Horton, Katherine, RN, MPH, JD, Research

Professor in the Department of Health Policy

and Management, Milken Institute School of

Public Health, The George Washington

University

232. Huberfeld, Nicole, Edward R. Utley Professor of

Health Law, Co-Director, BU Program on

Reproductive Justice, Chair, BU Health Law

Program, Boston University School of Law and

School of Public Health

233. Hutchison, Margy, CNM, Clinical Professor,

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology &

Reproductive

Sciences,

University

California, San Francisco

35a.

234. Ikemoto, Lisa C., JD, LLM, Martin Luther

King, Jr. Professor of Law, University of

California, Davis School of Law

235. Imershein, Sara, MD, MPH, FACOG, Clinical

Professor OB-GYN, The George Washington

University School of Medicine and Health

Sciences

236. Ireland, Luu, MD, MPH, FACOG, Assistant

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

OB/GYN Director of Diversity, Equity and

Inclusion, MA-ACOG Legislative Chair, UMass

Memorial Medical Center

237. Jacobs, Adam, MD, Medical Director, Division

of Family Planning Mount Sinai Health

System, Medical Director Family Planning,

Bronxcare Medical Center, Associate Professor,

OB/GYN, Pediatrics, and Medical Education,

Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai

238. Jacobson, Peter D., JD, MPH, Professor

Emeritus of Health Law and Policy, University

of Michigan School of Public Health

239. Jacobson, David, MD, FACP, Program

Director, Internal Medicine Residency, Santa

Clara Valley Medical Center, Clinical Associate

Professor (Affiliated), Stanford University

School of Medicine, Clinical Associate Professor

of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine

36a.

240. Jayaweera, Ruvani, PhD, MPH, Senior

Associate Research Scientist, Ibis Reproductive

Health

241. Joffe, Carole, PhD, Professor Emerita of

Sociology, University of California, Davis,

Professor,

Bixby

Center

for

Global

Reproductive

Health,

Department

Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive

Sciences, University of California, San

Francisco

242. Johnson, Timothy R.B., MD, FACOG, , Arthur

F. Thurnau Professor Emeritus of Obstetrics &

Gynecology and Women’s & Gender Studies,

Center for Bioethics and Social Science in

Medicine, University of Michigan

243. Johnson, Dana M., MPAff, PhD, University of

Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and

Public Health

244. Jones, Heidi E., PhD, MPH, Director, Doctoral

Program

Epidemiology,

Professor,

Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics,

CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and

Health Policy

245. Kahn, Chava, MD, MPH, Interim Director of

Surgical Services, Planned Parenthood of

Maryland

246. Kahn, James G., MD, MPH, Professor of Health

Policy, Epidemiology, and Global Health,

Phillip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy

37a.

Studies, University

Francisco

California,

San

247. Kalsy, Sapna, MD, MPH, Physician, Planned

Parenthood Southwest Ohio; Physicians for

Reproductive Health Fellow

248. Kamali, Deborah, MD, Associate Professor,

Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive

Sciences, University of California, San

Francisco Women’s Health

249. Kaneshiro, Bliss, MD, MPH, Professor,

University of Hawaii Johns A. Burns School of

Medicine

250. Kapadia, Farzana, PhD, MPH, Professor of

Epidemiology, Deputy Editor, AJPH, New York

University School of Global Public Health

251. Kaplan, Sherrie H., PhD, MPH, Professor of

Medicine and Anesthesiology & Perioperative

Care, Assistant Vice Chancellor, Healthcare,

Evaluation and Measurement, University of

California Irvine School of Medicine

252. Karlan, Beth Y., MD, Vice Chair, Women’s

Health Research, Professor, Department of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director, Cancer

Population Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive

Cancer Center, David Geffen School of

Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles

253. Karron, Ruth A., MD, Professor, International

Health, Director, Center for Immunization

38a.

Research, Director, Johns Hopkins Vaccine

Initiative, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health

254. Katz, Ingrid, MD, MHS., Assistant Professor of

Medicine, Harvard Medical School

255. Katz, Joanne, ScD, Professor, Global Disease

Epidemiology

and

Control

Program,

Department of International Health, Johns

Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

256. Katzburg, Judith R., PhD, MPH, RN, Health

Services Researcher, Past Chair, Maternal &

Child Health Section, American Public Health

Association

257. Kayser, Georgia, PhD, Assistant Professor,

Division of Global Health, Family Medicine and

Public Health, The School of Medicine,

University of California, San Diego

258. Keating, Nancy L., MD, MPH, Professor of

Health Care Policy and Medicine, Harvard

Medical School

259. Kennedy, Caitlin, MPH, PhD, Professor,

Director, Social and Behavioral Interventions

Program, Associate Chair, Department of

International

Health,

Johns

Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

260. Kenney, Sally J., PhD, Newcomb College

Endowed Chair, Executive Director, Newcomb

39a.

Institute, Professor of Political Science, Tulane

University

261. Kersey, Lynn, MA, MPH., CLE, Executive

Director, Maternal and Child Health Access

262. Kershner, Stacie, JD, Deputy Director, Center

for Law, Health and Society, George State

University College of Law

263. Kibby, Thomas, MD, MPH, Program Director,

Preventive Medicine Residency, Washington

University School of Medicine

264. Kirstein, Marielle R., Senior

Assistant, Guttmacher Institute

Research

265. Kissinger, Patricia, PhD, MPH, BSN, Professor

of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of

Public Health and Tropical Medicine

266. Knoll, Maria Deloria, PhD, Senior Scientist,

Director, Epidemiology, International Vaccine

Access Center, Department of International

Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health

267. Ko, Jennifer, Project Director, Advancing New

Standards in Reproductive Health, Bixby

Center for Global Reproductive Health,

University of California, San Francisco

268. Koch, Jennifer, MD, FACP, Professor of

Medicine, Program Director, Internal Medicine

Residency, University of Louisville

40a.

269. Kottke, Melissa, MD, MPH, MBA, Associate

Professor, Department of Gynecology and

Obstetrics, Emory University School of

Medicine

270. Kroker-Bode, Claudia, MD, PhD, FACP,

Director, Internal Medicine Residency Florida

State University, Professor, Clinical Sciences

Florida State University College of Medicine

271. Kuhn, Randall, PhD, MA, Associate Professor,

Department of Community Health Sciences,

University of California, Los Angeles Fielding

School of Public Health

272. LaCroix, Andrea Z., PhD, Professor and Chief

of Epidemiology, Director, Women’s Health

Center of Excellence, Family Medicine and

Public Health, University of California, San

Diego

273. Lancaster, Emily, MS, CGC, Licensed Certified

Counselor, Division of Genetic and Genomic

Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of

Pittsburgh

274. Landers, Renée M., JD, Professor of Law and

Faculty Director, Health and Biomedical Law

Concentration and Master of Science in Law,

Suffolk University Law School

275. Landes, Scott D., PhD, Associate Professor of

Sociology, Syracuse University

41a.

276. Landon, Bruce E., MD, MBA, MSc, Professor of

Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School,

Professor of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess

Medical Center

277. Landy, Uta, PhD, Senior Advisor, University of

California, San Francisco, Bixby Center for

Global Reproductive Health, Department of

Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive

Sciences

278. Lang, Valerie J., MD, MHPE, Professor of

Medicine,

Associate Chair for Medical Education

Research and Scholarship, Department of

Medicine; Senior Associate Division Chief,

Hospital

Medicine

Division;

Rochester

University School of Medicine & Dentistry

279. Langer, Ana, Professor of the Practice of Public

Health, Coordinator of the Dean’s Special

Initiative on Women and Health, Department

of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H.

Chan School of Public Health

280. Lantz, Paula, PhD, Interim Associate Director,

International Policy Center, James B. Hudak

Professor of Health Policy, BA Program

Director, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy,

Professor of Health Management and Policy,

University Professor of Diversity and Social

Transformation, School of Public Health,

University of Michigan

42a.

281. LaPuma, Peter, PhD, CIH, PE, Professor,

Department

Environmental

and

Occupational Health, Milken Institute School

of Public Health, The George Washington

University

282. Lasser, Karen E., MD, MPH, Professor of

Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston

University School of Medicine

283. Lee, Kacia, MD, Adjunct Professor of Medicine,

University of Minnesota Medical School

284. Leibowitz, Arleen A., PhD, Professor Emeritus

and Research Professor, UCLA Luskin School

of Public Affairs

285. Leonard, Katie, FNP-BC, Nurse Practitioner,

Adolescent Medicine, BC4U Family Planning,

University of Colorado School of Medicine

286. Levi, Jeffrey, PhD, Professor Emeritus,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

287. Levy, Adam, MD, Associate Professor,

OB/GYN, Ryan Program Director, UNLV

School of Medicine

288. Lewin, Amy B., PsyD, Associate Professor,

Family Science, University of Maryland School

of Public Health

43a.

289. Lewis-O’Connor, Annie, PhD, NP, MPH,

Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical

School, Founder and Director, C.A.R.E. ClinicBrigham and Women’s Hospital

290. Leyser-Whalen,

Ophra,

PhD,

Associate

Professor,

Sociology

and

Anthropology,

University of Texas at El Paso

291. Liberty, Abigail, MD, MSPH, Complex Family

Planning Fellow, Department of Obstetrics &

Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science

University

292. Liddell, Jessica, PhD, MSW, MPH, Assistant

Professor, School of Social Work, University of

Montana

293. Lillie-Blanton, Marsha, DrPH, Adjunct

Professor, Department of Health Policy and

Management, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

294. Loscalzo, Joseph, MD, PhD, Hersey Professor of

the Theory and Practice of Medicine, Harvard

Medical School, Chairman of the Department of

Medicine and Physician-in-Chief, Brigham and

Women's Hospital

295. Loza, Julie, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical

Family Medicine, Department of Family and

Community Medicine, University of Illinois at

Chicago

44a.

296. Lupton, Katherine, MD, FACP., Associate

Professor of Medicine, University of California

School of Medicine

297. Magnus, Manya, PhD, MPH, Professor and

Chair, Department of Epidemiology, Milken

Institute School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

298. Maloof-Bury, Paris, MSN, CNM, RNC-OB,

IBCLC, President, California Nurse-Midwives

Association

299. Mamo, Laura PhD, Director, Heath Equity

Institute and Professor, Public Health, San

Francisco State University

300. Manian, Maya, JD, Professor of Law, American

University Washington College of Law

301. Mao, Constance, MD, Associate Professor

Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology,

University

Washington

Harborview Medical Center

302. Mariner, Wendy K., JD, LLM, MPH, Professor

of Health Law, Ethics and Human Rights

Emerita, Boston University School of Public

Health

303. Mark, Nicholas, MA, Institute for Education

Sciences – Predoctoral Interdisciplinary

Training Fellow, New York University

45a.

304. Markus, Anne R., PhD, MHS, JD, Professor

and Chair, Department of Health Policy and

Management, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

305. Martin, Lisa A., PhD, Department Chair,

Health and Human Services, Professor of

Women’s and Gender Studies, Professor of

Health and Human Services, University of

Michigan, Dearborn

306. McCarthy, Melissa L., ScD, MS, Professor of

Health Policy and Emergency Medicine, Milken

Institute School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

307. McCloskey, Lois, DrPH, MPH, Associate

Professor, Director, Center of Excellence in

Maternal and Child Health, Department of

Community

Health

Sciences,

Boston

University School of Public Health

308. McConnell, K. John, PhD, Director, Center for

Health Systems Effectiveness, Professor,

Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon

Health & Science University

309. McDonnell, Karen A., PhD, Associate Professor

and Vice Chair, Department of Prevention and

Community Health, Milken Institute School of

Public Health, The George Washington

University

310. McGhee, Julea Leshar, MD, MPH, Clinical

Assistant

Professor

Psychiatry

46a.

Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of

Medicine at UCLA

311. McNulty, Molly, JD, Associate Professor of

Public Health Law and Policy, Undergraduate

Program in Public Health, School of Arts and

Sciences, University of Rochester; Department

of Public Health Sciences, University of

Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry

312. Meckstroth, Karen, MD, MPH, Clinical

Professor,

Department

Obstetrics,

Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Medical

Director, UCSF Center for Pregnancy Options,

University of California, San Francisco

313. Melnikow, Joy, MD, MPH, Professor,

Department of Family and Community

Medicine, Director, Center for Healthcare

Policy and Research, University of California,

Davis

314. Merkatz, Ruth B., PhD, RN, FAAN, Clinical

Professor, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert

Einstein College of Medicine, Senior Clinical

Scientist, Center for Biomedical Research,

Population Council

315. Merriam, Sarah, MD, MS, Clinical Assistant

Professor of Medicine, Division of General

Internal Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare

System

47a.

316. Michaels, David, PhD, MPH, Professor,

Department

Environmental

and

Occupational Health, Milken Institute School

of Public Health, The George Washington

University

317. Mihaly, Lisa, FNP-BC, RN, Assistant Clinical

Professor, Family Nurse Practitioner Program,

Department of Family Health Care Nursing,

School of Nursing, University of California, San

Francisco

318. Miller, Velvet G., PhD, FAAN, Adjunct

Assistant Professor Ret., Obstetrics and

Gynecology Department, Indiana University

School of Medicine

319. Minkoff, Howard, MD, Distinguished Professor

Obstetrics and Gynecology SUNY Downstate,

Chair Emeritus Maimonides Medical Center

and SUNY Downstate

320. Mitchell, L. Kate, JD, Clinical Professor of Law,

Director, Health Justice Project, Beazley

Institute for Health Law and Policy, Loyola

University Chicago School of Law, Clinical

Professor of Medicine, Department of Family

Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch

School of Medicine

321. Montoya, Jim, MD, FACEP, FAAEM,

Emergency

Physician,

Former

Chief,

Department of Emergency Medicine, Sutter

Medical Center Sacramento

48a.

322. Moore, Michelle, MS, CGC, Senior Lab Genetic

Counselor, Sanford Imagenetics

323. Moore Simas, Tiffany A., MD, MPH, MEd,

FACOG, Chair, Department of Obstetrics &

Gynecology,

Pediatrics,

Psychiatry

and

Population & Quantitative Health Sciences,

University

Massachusetts

Medical

School/UMass Memorial Health

324. Moreau, Caroline, MD, PhD, Associate

Professor, Population Family and Reproductive

Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health

325. Morrell, Kathleen, MD, MPH, Director of

Family Planning Division, Residency Program

Director,

Maimonides

Medical

Center,

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology

326. Muench, Ulrike, PhD, RN, FAAN, Assistant

Professor, Co-director Health Policy Specialty,

Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences,

School of Nursing, Philip R. Lee Institute for

Health Policy Studies, University of California,

San Francisco

327. Murphy, Caitlin, MPA-PNP, Senior Research

Associate, Department of Health Policy and

Management, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

328. Musick, Jennifer, MPH, Professor, Health

Education Department, Long Beach City

College

49a.

329. Musumeci, MaryBeth, JD, Associate Teaching

Professor, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

330. Needleman, Jack, PhD, FAAN, Professor,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

UCLA Fielding School of Public Health

331. Newmann, Sara, MD, MPH, Associate

Professor,

Department

Obstetrics,

Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences,

University of California, San Francisco

332. Nicholas, Lauren Hersch, PhD, MPP,

Professor, Department of Medicine, University

of Colorado

333. Nour, Nawal M., MD, MPH, Chair, Department

of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kate Macy Ladd

Professorship, Harvard Medical School

334. Nwanodi, Oroma, MD, DHSc, FACOG, Science

Board Member, APHA, Obstetric Hospitalist,

OB Hospitalist Group

335. O’Connor, Alec B., MD, MPH, William Morgan

Professor of Medicine, Director, Internal

Medicine Residency Program, University of

Rochester School of Medicine

336. Oaks, Laury, PhD, Professor, Department of

Feminist Studies, University of California,

Santa Barbara

50a.

337. Ogburn, Tony, MD, Professor and Chair,

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

UTRGV School of Medicine

338. Olson, Iris Ryn, MPH, Center Manager, Center

for Women’s Health Research and Innovation,

University of Pittsburgh

339. Ortiz, Damara, MD, FAAP, FACMGG,

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Director,

Lysosomal Storage Disorders Program,

Program Director, Medical Genetics Residency,

Medical Director, Genetic Counselor Training

Program, Medical Genetics/PKU Department,

UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh

340. Ozark, Laura, MD, FACP, Clinical Associate

Professor,

Associate

Program

Director,

Internal

Medicine

Residency,

Loyola

University Medical Center

341. Pace, Lydia E.W., MD, MPH, Associate

Physician, Division of Women’s Health,

Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Interim

Clinical and Research Director, Division of

Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s

Hospital, Director of Women’s Health Policy

and Advocacy, Connors Center for Women’s

Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard

Medical School

342. Pargament, Robert, MD, FACP, General

Internist,

Internal

Medicine

Residency

Program Director, WellSpan York Hospital

51a.

343. Park, Ina, MD, MS, Associate Professor,

Department of Family and Community

Medicine, University of California San

Francisco School of Medicine

344. Parmet, Wendy E., JD, Matthews University

Distinguished Professor of Law, Northeastern

University

345. Patel, Ashlesha, MD, MPH, MsHQS, System

Chair

Family

Planning

Services,

Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cook

County Health, Professor, Department of

Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg School of

Medicine, Northwestern University

346. Patil, Rajita, MD, FACOG, Assistant Clinical

Professor, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine,

University of California, Los Angeles

347. Paulen, Melissa E., MD, MPH, Staff Physician,

Planned Parenthood Great Northwest, Hawaii,

Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky

348. Pebley, Anne R., PhD, Distinguished Professor

and Fred H. Bixby Chair, Chair, Bixby Center

on Popu- lation and Reproductive Health,

UCLA Fielding School of Public Health

349. Peipert, Jeffrey F., MD, PhD, Clarence E.

Ehrlich Professor and Chair, Department of

Obstetrics & Gynecology, Indiana University

School of Medicine

52a.

350. Peprah, Sayida, PsyD, Licensed Clinical

Psychologist and Maternal Mental Health

Consultant, Rancho Cucamonga, California

351. Perrin, James M., MD, Professor of Pediatrics

Emeritus, Harvard Medical School, John C.

Robinson Distinguished Chair in Pediatrics,

MassGeneral for Children

352. Perry, Rachel, MD, MPH, Associate Professor

of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of

California, Irvine

353. Peterson, Mark A., PhD, Professor of Public

Policy, Political Science, Health Policy and

Management, and Law, UCLA Meyer and

Renee Luskin School of Public Affairs

354. Pitney, Christie, CNM, WHNP, Forward

Midwifery, Nursing, and Reproductive Health

355. Pittman, Patricia, PhD, Professor of Health

Policy and Management, Director of Health

Workforce Research Center, Department of

Health Policy and Management, Milken

Institute School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

356. Pomeranz, Jennifer L., JD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Department of Public Health Policy

and Management, School of Global Health,

New York University

53a.

357. Ponce, Ninez A., PhD, PhD, Director, UCLA

Center for Health Policy Research, Professor,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

UCLA Fielding School of Public Health

358. Prager, Sarah, MD, MAS, Professor of

Obstetrics and Gynecology and Complex

Family Planning, Complex Family Planning

Division Chief, University of Washington

359. Prata, Ndola, MD, MSc, Fred H. Bixby

Endowed Chair in Population and Family

Planning, Professor, Maternal and Child

Health, Director, Innovations for Youth, School

of Public Health, Director, Center of Expertise

Women's

Health,

Gender

and

Empowerment, Global Health Institute,

University of California, Berkley

360. Pressman, Eva K., MD, Henry A. Thiede

Professor

and

Chair,

Obstetrics

and

Gynecology, University of Rochester

361. Prine, Linda, MD, FAAFP, Professor of Family

and Community Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of

Medicine

362. Quinn, Gwendolyn P., PhD, MS, Livia Wan

Endowed

Chair,

Vice-Chair,

Research

Professor,

Department

OB-GYN,

Department of Population Health, Division of

Medical Ethics, New York University, School of

Medicine

54a.

363. Rachel, Sharon A., MA, MPH, MS, Principal

Faculty, Department of Physician Assistant

Studies, Morehouse School of Medicine

364. Raj, Anita, PhD, Executive Director, Newcomb

Institute, Nancy Reeves Dreux Chair and

Professor, Celia Weatherhead School of Public

Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane

University

365. Ramaiya, Astha, DrPH, Assistant Scientist,

Gender Equity Unit, Department of Health,

Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

366. Reed, Elizabeth, ScD, MPH, Associate

Professor of Global Health, Co-Director, SDSUUCSD Global Health Joint Doctoral Program,

Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral

Science, Graduate School of Public Health, San

Diego State University

367. Reeves, Matthew, MD, MPH, FACOG, Chief

Executive Officer, DuPont Clinic; Clinical

Associate Professor of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, George Washington University

School of Medicine and Health Sciences;

Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor of

Obstetrics

and

Gynecology,

Stanford

University School of Medicine; Adjunct

Associate Professor of Population, Family, and

Reproductive

Health,

Johns

Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

55a.

368. Regenstein,

Marsha,

PhD,

Professor,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

Milken Institute School of Public Health, The

George Washington University

369. Reich, Jennifer, PhD, Professor, University of

Colorado Denver

370. Reid, Jessica, MD, MCR, Assistant Professor,

Oregon Health & Sciences University

371. Reiss, Dorit R., PhD, LLB, Professor of Law,

James Edgar Hervey Chair in Litigation, UC

Law San Francisco

372. Rexrode, Kathryn M., MD, MPH, Chief,

Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and

Women’s Hospital

373. Rice, Laurel W., MD, Co-Chair, Women First

Research Coalition

374. Rice, Thomas, PhD, Professor, Department of

Health Policy and Management, UCLA

Fielding School of Public Health

375. Rich-Edwards, Janet, ScD, MPH, Associate

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School,

Associate Professor in Epidemiology, Harvard

T.H. Chan School of Public Health

376. Richards, Adam K., MD, PhD, MPH, DTM&H,

Associate Professor, Department of Global

Health, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, Department of Medicine, School of

56a.

Medicine and Health Science, The George

Washington University

377. Ricketts, Thomas C., PhD, MPH, Senior Policy

Fellow, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health

Services Research, Professor of Health Policy

and Management and Social Medicine, The

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

378. Riegelman, Richard, MD, MPH, PhD, Professor

of Epidemiology and Founding Dean, Milken

Institute School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

379. Rimer, Barbara K., DrPH, MPH, Alumni

Distinguished Professor, Dean Emerita, UNC

Gillings School of Global Public Health

380. Rittenberg, Eve, MD, Assistant Professor of

Medicine, Harvard Medical School

381. Rodriguez, Maria I., MD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Center for

Health Systems Effectiveness, Oregon Health

& Science University

382. Rogow, Deborah, MPH, Reproductive Health

Policy Analyst, Independent Consultant

383. Rohr-Kirchgraber, Theresa, MD, MACP,

FAMWA, Professor of Clinical Medicine,

Augusta University/University of Georgia

Medical Partnership

57a.

384. Rosen, Joanne, JD, MA, Practice Professor,

Director, Center for Law and the Public’s

Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health

385. Rosenbaum, Ellen, MPH, Data Coordinator,

Sexual and Reproductive Health Services,

Health Imperatives

386. Rosenbaum, Sara, JD, Professor Emerita,

Health Law and Policy, Department of Health

Policy and Management, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

387. Rosenbloom, David, PhD, Professor of Public

Health, Boston University School of Public

Health

388. Rossi-Foulkes, Rita, MD, FAAP, MS, FACP,

Program Director, University of Chicago

Internal

Medicine-Pediatrics

Residency,

Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and

Pediatrics, University of Chicago Medicine

389. Roy, Brita, MD, MPH, MHS, Assistant

Professor of Medicine, Director of Population

Health, Yale University School of Medicine

390. Runyan, Aliye, MD, OBGYN, Westchester

Medical Center, New York

391. Russo, Jennefer, MD, MPH, Vice Chair of

Clinical Affairs, Department of OBGYN,

58a.

Harbor-UCLA Medical

Clinical Professor, UCLA

Center,

Associate

392. Sacks, Tina K., PhD, Assistant Professor,

School of Social Welfare, University of

California at Berkeley

393. Safi, Sally, PhD, MSPH, Senior Technical

Advisor for Capacity Building, PMA-Ethiopia,

Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population

and Reproductive Health, Department of

Population, Family, and Reproductive Health,

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

394. Sagaser, Katelynn G., MS, CGC, Assistant

Professor, Department of Gynecology and

Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of

Medicine, Certified Genetic Counselor, Johns

Hopkins Hospital, Prenatal Diagnosis &

Treatment Center

395. Sage, William, MD, JD, Professor of Law,

Medicine, and (by courtesy) Government,

Associate VP, Health Science Center, Texas

A&M University

396. Salmeron, Carolina, MPH, Senior Project

Director, Texas Campaign to Prevent Teen

Pregnancy

397. Sankaran, Gopal, MD, DrPH, MNAMS, CHES,

Professor of Public Health, Department of

Health, College of Health Sciences, West

Chester University

59a.

398. Sankey, Heather Z., MD, MEd, FACOG, CPE,

Ronald T. Burkman Endowed Chair of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baystate Health,

Professor

and

Chair,

University

Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate

399. Satz, Ani B., JD, PhD, Professor of Law and

Public Health, Director, Project on Health Law,

Policy and Ethics, Affiliated Professor of

Business, Senior Faculty Fellow, Center for

Ethics, Faculty Fellow, Emory Global Health

Initiative, Emory University

400. Sawicki, Nadia N., JD, M. Bioethics, Georgia

Reithal Professor of Law, Beazley Co-Chair in

Health Law, Loyola University Chicago School

of Law

401. Schneider, Andy, JD, Research Professor of the

Practice, McCourt School of Public Policy,

Georgetown University

402. Schroeder, Elizabeth, M.P.H., Program Officer,

Heilbrunn Department of Population and

Family Health, Columbia University Mailman

School of Public Health

403. Sebastian, Jessica, MS, CGC, Certified and

Licensed Genetic Counselor, III, UPMC

Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh

404. Seidman, Dominika, MD, MA, Assistant

Professor,

Department

Obstetrics,

Gynecology

Reproductive

Sciences,

University of California, San Francisco

60a.

405. Serapio, Elissa, MD, MPH, Clinical Fellow,

University of California, San Francisco School

of Medicine

406. Shafer, Paul, PhD, Assistant Professor,

Department of Health Law, Policy, and

Management, Boston University School of

Public Health

407. Shakya, Holly, PhD, Assistant Professor,

Department of Medicine, Division Global

Public Health, University of California, San

Diego

408. Shapiro, Lauren, MD, Program Director

Internal

Medicine

Residency

Program,

Associate Professor of Medicine, Montefiore

Medical Center, The University Hospital for

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

409. Shapiro, Marit Pearlman, MD, MPH, Complex

Family Planning Fellow, University of Hawai’i

410. Shoptaw, Steven, PhD, Professor and Vice

Chair for Research, Department of Family

Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine,

University of California, Los Angeles

411. Sibley, Jessica, PhD, JD, Professor of Law and

Yanakakis Faculty Research Scholar, Boston

University School of Law

61a.

412. Sider, Darby, MD, MEHPE, FACP, FAAP,

Internal Medicine Program Director, Cleveland

Clinic Florida

413. Silberman, Pam, JD, DrPH, Professor Emerita,

Director, Executive Doctoral Program in

Health Leadership, Department of Health

Policy and Management, UNC Gillings School

of Global Public Health

414. Silver, Diana, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor

of Global Public Health and Public Health

Policy, Co-Director, Public Health Policy Lab,

School of Global Public Health, New York

University

415. Silverman, Hannah, MPH, Senior Research

Associate, Department of Health Policy and

Management, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

416. Silverman, Jay, PhD, Professor of Medicine and

Global Public Health, University of California

San Diego School of Medicine

417. Simeoni, Diane, MS, Certified

Counselor, Envision Healthcare

Genetic

418. Sinha, Michael S., MD, JD, MPH, FCLM,

Assistant Professor of Law, Center for Health

Law Studies, Saint Louis University School of

Law

419. Sisson, Gretchen, PhD, Research Sociologist,

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and

62a.

Reproductive Science, University of California,

San Francisco

420. Slifkin, Becky, PhD, Professor Emerita,

Department of Health Policy and Management,

UNC Gillings School of Global Health

421. Smith, Emily R., ScD, MPH, Assistant

Professor, Departments of Global Health &

Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

422. Sonalkar, Sarita, MD, MPH, Assistant

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

Division of Family Planning, University of

Pennsylvania Health System

423. Sonenstein, Freya Lund, PhD, Professor

Emerita, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of

Public Health

424. Stearns, Sally, PhD, Professor, Department of

Health Policy and Management, The

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

425. Stekler, Joanne, MD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases

Adjunct Associate Professor, Epidemiology and

Global Health, University of Washington

426. Stevens, Blair, MS, CGC, Assistant Professor,

Director,

Prenatal

Genetic

Counseling

Services, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology

63a.

and

Reproductive

Sciences,

McGovern Medical School

UTHealth

427. Stillman, Melissa, MPH, Senior Research

Associate, Guttmacher Institute

428. Stockman, Jamila K., PhD, MPH, Vice Chief,

Global Public Health Section, Professor, CoDirector, CFAR, Health Equity Sociobehavioral

Science Core, Division of Infectious Diseases &

Global Public Health, Department of Medicine,

University of California, San Diego

429. Strasser, Julia, DrPH, MPH, Director, Jacobs

Institute of Women’s Health, Assistant

Research Professor, Department of Health

Policy and Management, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

430. Stuart, Gretchen S., MD, MPH, Professor, UNC

Chapel Hill

431. Subak, Leslee L., MD, Katharine Dexter

McCormick and Stanley McCormick Memorial

Professor, Chair, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology,

Professor,

Courtesy,

Department of Urology, Stanford University

School of Medicine

432. Suski, Emily, JD, LLM, MSW, Associate

Professor, School of Law, University of South

Carolina

64a.

433. Suter, Sonia M., JD, MS, Professor of Law, The

Kahan Family Research Professor of Law, CoDirector, Health Law & Policy Program, The

George Washington University Law School

434. Suthar, Laxmi, MD, FACP, Program Director

UCLA – Olive View Internal Medicine

Residency, David Geffen School of Medicine

Associate Professor of Medicine

435. Swedish, Kristin A., MD, MPH, Assistant

Professor of Medicine, Albert Einstein College

of Medicine, Associate Program Director,

Montefiore Wakefield Internal Medicine

Residency Program

436. Swendeman, Dallas, PhD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Department of Psychiatry and

Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of

Medicine, Affiliated Faculty, Department of

Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health,

Co-Director, Center of Expertise on Women’s

Health, Gender & Empowerment in the U.C.

Global

Health

Institute,

Co-Director,

Development Core, Center for H.I.V.

Identification, Prevention & Treatment

Services, University of California, Los Angeles

437. Swenor, Bonnielin, PhD, MPH, Director,

Endowed Professor of Disability Health and

Justice, Disability Health Research Center,

Johns Hopkins University

438. Tang, Jennifer, MD, MSCR, FACOG, Associate

Professor, UNC Department of OB-GYN

65a.

439. Tavrow, Paula, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor,

Department of Community Health Sciences,

University of California Los Angeles Fielding

School of Public Health

440. Teague, Emily K., MS, LCGC, Licensed Genetic

Counselor, The Center for Medical Genetics,

Wentworth Health Partners

441. Therrien, Michelle Skaer, MPH, Global Project

Director, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive

Health, University of California San Francisco

442. Thiel de Bocanegra, Heike, PhD, MPH, Dorothy

J. Marsh Endowed Chair in Reproductive

Biology, Adjunct Professor, Obstetrics and

Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of

California, Irvine

443. Thoma, Marie E., PhD, Associate Professor,

Department of Family Science, School of Public

Health, University of Maryland

444. Thompson, Lauren Maclvor, PhD, Faculty

Research Fellow, Center for Law, Health,

Society, Georgia State University College of

Law, Assistant Professor of History and

Interdisciplinary Studies, Kennesaw State

University

445. Thompson-Lastad, Ariana, PhD, Assistant

Professor of Family and Community Medicine,

Osher Center for Integrative Health,

University of California San Francisco

66a.

446. Ti, Angeline, MD, MPH, FAAFP, Faculty,

Wellstar Douglas Family Medicine Residency

Program

447. Tielsch, James M., PhD, Professor and Chair,

Department of Global Health, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

448. Tillema, Sarah, MHS, PA-C, University of

Colorado School of Medicine

449. Tober, Diane, PhD, Assistant Professor,

Institute for Health and Aging, School of

Nursing, University of California, San

Francisco

450. Tonascia,

James,

PhD,

Professor

Biostatistics and Epidemiology, John Hopkins

University Bloomberg School of Public Health

451. Torrant, Elizabeth, MPH, Chief Program

Officer, Health Imperatives

452. Tsui, Amy O., PhD, Professor Emerita,

Population, Family and Reproductive Health

Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School

of Public Health

453. Tsuyuki, Kiyomi, Ph.D., MPH, Assistant

Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases &

Global Public Health, Department of Medicine,

University of California, San Diego

67a.

454. Tyburczy, Jennifer, PhD, Associate Professor of

Feminist Studies, University of California,

Santa Barbara

455. Ulrich, Michael R., JD, MPH, Associate

Professor of Health Law, Ethics, & Human

Rights, Boston University School of Public

Health, Boston University School of Law

456. VanLandingham, Mark J., PhD, Thomas C.

Keller Professor, Director, Center for Studies of

Displaced Populations, Department of Social,

Behavioral,

and

Population

Sciences,

Department of International Health and

Sustainable Development, Tulane University

School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine

457. Ventura, Stephanie J., MA, Retired Chief of the

Reproductive Statistics Branch, Division of

Vital Statistics, National Center for Health

Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention

458. Vertinsky, Liza, PhD, JD, Professor of Law,

University of Maryland Francis King Carey

School of Law

459. Vilda, Dovile, PhD, MSc, Research Assistant

Professor, Mary Amelia Center for Women’s

Health Equity Research, Department of Social,

Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane

University School of Public Health and Tropical

Medicine

68a.

460. Volmar, Karen, JD, MPH, FACHE, Professor of

Health Policy and Management

461. Vyas, Amita N., PhD, MHS, Professor,

Director, Maternal & Child Health Program,

Department of Prevention and Community

Health, Milken Institute School of Public

Health, The George Washington University

462. Wagman, Jennifer A., PhD, MHS, Assistant

Professor, Department of Community Health

Sciences, University of California Los Angeles,

Fielding School of Public Health

463. Waldman, Ronald, MD, MPH, Professor

Emeritus of Global Health, Milken Institute

School of Public Health, The George

Washington University

464. Wallace, Maeve, PhD, MPH, Associate

Professor, Department of Health Promotion

Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of

Public Health, University of Arizona

465. Warden, Meredith, MD, MPH, Ryan Program

Director, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente East Bay

466. Warthin, Caitlin, MPH, Senior Program

Officer, Averting Maternal Death and

Disability Program, Columbia University

Mailman School of Public Health

467. Wasserman, Alan G., MD, MACP, Eugene

Meyer Emeritus Professor of Medicine,

69a.

Department of Medicine, The George

Washington School of Medicine and Health

Sciences

468. Watnick, Dana, PhD, MPH, MSSW, Assistant

Professor, Albert Einstein College of Me

469. Watson, Sidney D., JD, Jane and Bruce Robert

Professor of Law, Center for Health Law

Studies, Saint Louis University School of Law

470. Wawer, Maria J., MD, MHSc, Professor,

Department

Epidemiology,

Joint

Appointment, Department of Family and

Reproductive

Health,

Johns

Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health, Joint

Appointment, Professor, Department of

Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases,

Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Professor,

Heilbrunn Department of Family and

Reproductive Health, Mailman School of Public

Health, Columbia University, New York

471. Wayne, Nancy L., PhD, Professor of Physiology,

David Geffen School of Medicine, University of

California, Los Angeles

472. Weinberger, Morris, PhD, Vergil N. Slee Distinguished Professor of Healthcare Quality

Management, Chair, Department of Health

Policy and Management, UNC Gillings School

of Global Public Health

70a.

473. Weisman, Carol S., PhD, Distinguished

Professor Emerita of Public Health Sciences,

Penn State College of Medicine

474. Wessells, Michael, MD, Professor, Program on

Forced Migration and Health, Columbia

University Mailman School of Public Health

475. West, Jr., Keith P., DrPH, R.D., George G.

Graham Professor of Infant and Child

Nutrition, Program in Human Nutrition,

Department of International Health, Johns

Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

476. Wheatley, Catherine, MD, FACOG, Assistant

Professor,

Obstetrics

and

Gynecology,

Undergraduate Medical Education Director,

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Phase 2/3

Management Committee Co-Chair, College of

Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, University of Illinois Chicago

College of Medicine

477. Whitaker, Amy, MD, Chief Medical Officer,

Planned Parenthood of Illinois, Clinical

Associate Professor, University of Chicago,

Department of OB/GYN

478. Wilets, James D., JD, Professor of Law,

Shepard Broad College of Law

479. Williams, Caitlin R., MSPH, Research

Consultant, Department of Maternal & Child

Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health,

University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

71a.

480. Williams, Sabrina R., MS, CGC, Licensed,

Certified Genetic Counselor, MHUP High Risk

OB Care

481. Winch, Peter, MD, MPH, Professor, Social and

Behavioral Intervention Program, Department

of International Health, Johns Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

482. Wirtz, Andrea L., PhD, MHS, Associate

Professor, Center for Public Health and Human

Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns

Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

483. Wood, Jill M., PhD, Teaching Professor,

Department of Women’s, Gender, and

Sexuality Studies, Penn State University

484. Wood, Shannon N., PhD, MSc, Assistant

Professor, Department of Population, Family

and Reproductive Health, Bill and Melinda

Gates

Institute

for

Population

and

Reproductive

Health,

Johns

Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health

485. Wynia, Matthew, MD, MPH, FACP, Professor,

Schools of Medicine and Public Health,

Director, Center for Bioethics and Humanities,

University of Colorado Anschutz Medical

Campus

486. Yarborough, Mark, PhD, Dean’s Professor of

Bioethics, Bioethics Program, Professor,

72a.

Internal Medicine, University of California,

Davis

487. Yepes-Ríos, Ana Mónica, MD, FACP, Associate

Professor, Department of Medicine, Cleveland

Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case

Western University

488. Zeal,

Carley,

MD,

MPH,

FACOG,

Obstetrician/Gynecologist

–

Attending

Physician, MercyHealth Beloit – MercyHealth

Janesville

489. Zite, Nikki B., MD, MPH, Professor, Vice Chair

of Education and Advocacy, Department of

OB/GYN, University of Tennessee Graduate

School of Medicine

490. Zug, Marcia, JD, Miles and Ann Loadholt

Professor of Family Law, University of South

Carolina School of Law

This is a copy of a public record, reproduced as it was published. It is not legal advice, and it may not be the version a court would rely on. Check the official source before you cite it.