Opposition Brief — Robert Alan Fratta, Petitioner v. Texas
Supreme Court briefDec 6, 2022
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No. 22-5785 & 22A486
IN THE
Supreme Court of the United States
ROBERT ALAN FRATTA,
Petitioner,
v.
STATE OF TEXAS,
Respondent.
On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
RESPONDENT’S BRIEF IN OPPOSITION TO PETITION FOR A
WRIT OF CERTIORARI AND APPLICATION FOR A STAY OF
EXECUTION
APPENDIX
TABLE OF APPENDIX
Ex Parte Fratta, WR-31,536-06 (Tex. Crim. App. May 25, 2022) .. Appendix 1
Fratta v. Davis, No. 4:13-cv-03438 (S.D. Tex, Sep. 18, 2017) ......... Appendix 2
Ex Parte Fratta, WR-31,536-06 (petition) ........................................ Appendix 3
Appendix 1
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. WR-31,536-06
EX PARTE ROBERT ALAN FRATTA, Applicant
ON APPLICATION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
IN CAUSE NO. 1195044 IN THE 230 TH DISTRICT COURT OF
HARRIS COUNTY
Per curiam.
ORDER
This is a subsequent application for a writ of habeas corpus filed pursuant to the
provisions of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 11.071, § 5.1
In June 2009, a jury convicted Applicant of the offense of capital murder for the death
of his estranged wife. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE A NN. § 19.03(a). The jury answered the special
issues submitted under Article 37.071 and the trial court, accordingly, set punishment at
death. This Court affirmed Applicant’s conviction and sentence on direct appeal, denied
1
Unless otherwise specified, all references to Articles refer to the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure.
Fratta - 2
habeas relief on his initial Article 11.071 writ application, and dismissed his first subsequent
Article 11.071 application as an abuse of the writ. Fratta v. State, No. AP-76,188 (Tex.
Crim. App. Oct. 5, 2011) (not designated for publication); Ex parte Fratta, No. WR-31,53604 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 12, 2014) (per curiam) (not designated for publication); Ex parte
Fratta, No. WR-31,536-05 (Tex. Crim. App. June 30, 2021) (per curiam) (not designated for
publication).
This Court received this, Applicant’s second subsequent Article 11.071 application
for a writ of habeas corpus on May 4, 2022. Applicant, who is proceeding pro se, appears
to make the same challenges to his capital murder conviction as he made in his first
subsequent Article 11.071 application (our -05). Applicant also appears to urge us to re-open
his -05 application.
We have reviewed the subsequent application and find that Applicant has failed to
satisfy the requirements of Article 11.071, § 5(a). Accordingly, we dismiss the subsequent
application as an abuse of the writ without considering the merits of the claims, and we
decline to re-open his -05 application.
IT IS SO ORDERED THIS THE 25th DAY OF MAY, 2022.
Do Not Publish
Appendix 2
Case 4:13-cv-03438 Document 80 Filed in TXSD on 09/18/17 Page 1 of 77
United States District Court
Southern District of Texas
ENTERED
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
HOUSTON DIVISION
ROBERT ALAN FRATTA,
September 20, 2017
David J. Bradley, Clerk
§
§
§
§ CIVIL ACTION NO. 4:13-CV-3438
§
§
§
§
Petitioner,
VS.
LORIE DAVIS,
Respondent.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
On November 9, 1994, Farah Fratta was shot to death as she got out of her car. The
police suspected the involvement of her husband Robert Fratta with whom she was engaged in a
bitter divorce. It took months, however, to connect Fratta to the offense through the gunman,
Howard Guidry, and the getaway driver, Joseph Prystash.
All three men were eventually
convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. For over two decades, the three men have
engaged in numerous challenges to their convictions and death sentences. Constitutional error
resulted in federal habeas relief being granted to Fratta and Guidry. Both men were retried, and
both are now again on death row.
Fratta has sought state appellate and post-conviction remedies relating to his second
capital conviction and death sentence.
Respondent Lorie Davis has moved for summary
judgment. Having reviewed the record, pleadings, and the law, and giving special consideration
to the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), the Court finds that Frrata
has not shown an entitlement to federal habeas relief.
The Court, therefore, will grant
Respondent’s motion for summary judgment, deny Fratta’s petition, and dismiss this case. The
Court will not certify any issue for consideration by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
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BACKGROUND
The State of Texas first charged Fratta with capital murder in 1995. Randolph McDonald
and Vivian King represented Fratta at his retrial in 2009.1 On direct appeal from Fratta’s second
trial, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals summarized the facts underlying his conviction as
follows:
After several months of searching for someone to murder his estranged
wife, Farah Fratta, [Fratta] found Joseph Prystash, who obtained the assistance of
a third person, Howard Guidry. On November 9, 1994, the date of the murder,
[Fratta] took the couple’s three children to Wednesday-evening church classes
and attended a parents’ meeting at the church. Although the children regularly
attended classes there, it was unusual for [Fratta] to stay for the parents’ meeting.
[Fratta] repeatedly left the meeting to make and receive telephone calls in the
church office. Farah was shot and killed in her garage as she arrived home and
stepped out of her car, shortly before [Fratta] was scheduled to return the children
to her. She died approximately two years after she filed for divorce and less than
three weeks before the scheduled divorce and custody trial date.
The state’s theory concerning motive was that the prolonged divorce and
child custody proceedings formed the underlying basis for [Fratta’s] desire to
have his wife killed. Several witnesses testified that initially, [Fratta] did not want
the divorce. He complained that sex with Farah was not exciting, but he thought
that they could resolve their problems without a divorce if Farah would agree to
an “open marriage.”
A social worker who was assigned by the family court to evaluate [Fratta]
and Farah in connection with the custody proceedings testified that she
interviewed [Fratta] in April 1993 and Farah in March 1993. At that time, [Fratta]
did not want primary custody of the children, and Farah was in favor of an
extended visitation schedule for appellant. However, [Fratta] and Farah were at
odds because [Fratta] wanted to restrict Farah’s ability to change residences with
the children to within a 100-mile radius, while Farah did not want a restriction on
her ability to move, and [Fratta] wanted joint managing control over decisions
about the children's lives, such as medical and educational decisions, while Farah
wanted sole control.
As the divorce proceedings dragged on, [Fratta] grew increasingly bitter
and angry toward Farah. He complained to friends that he was broke all the time
because he had to pay child support, and he said he wanted primary custody of the
children so that Farah would have to pay him. At other times, he said that he
1
The Court will generally refer to King and McDonald collectively as “trial counsel,” unless necessary to
identify one of the attorneys.
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would not have to pay child support if he killed her. He complained that Farah
would “win” because her parents had money. He regularly called her “the bitch.”
During a deposition in December 1993, Farah explained why the divorce
petition had been filed on grounds of cruelty. Afterward, [Fratta] told a friend that
he was angry about the accusations she made against him, which he said were
false, and he did not want other people to hear the things she had said. [Fratta]
began actively seeking someone to kill Farah. He solicited many of his friends
and acquaintances to kill her or to recommend someone who could kill her.
Initially, most of his friends thought that he was joking or blowing off steam, but
as he continued to talk about it over time, some of them came to believe that he
was serious.
Prystash was not part of [Fratta’s] regular circle of friends, but on several
occasions in the weeks leading up to the offense, the two men were observed
speaking privately together at a health club where they were both members.
Prystash’s girlfriend, Mary Gipp,2 overheard Prystash communicating with
[Fratta] by telephone. In addition, she often saw Prystash talking to her next-door
neighbor, Guidry, on the balcony outside her apartment. On the evening that
Farah was murdered, Gipp came home from work to find Guidry, dressed in
black, sitting on the steps in front of her apartment. Prystash arrived a few
minutes later but he soon left again. When he returned to Gipp’s apartment that
night, Guidry was with him.
The details of the offense were developed primarily through Gipp’s
testimony describing her observations and her conversations with Prystash, the
testimony of some of Farah's neighbors who observed parts of the offense and
saw a suspect leaving the scene, witnesses who spoke with and observed [Fratta]
around the time of the offense, and law-enforcement officers who investigated the
crime scene. Further evidence included telephone and pager records showing the
times and locations of communications between appellant, Farah, Prystash, and
Guidry on the evening of the offense and autopsy and ballistics reports.
Fratta v. State, No. AP-76,188, 2011 WL 4582498, at *2 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 5, 2011)
(footnote added). The jury convicted Fratta of capital murder and sentenced him to death.
A Texas jury decides a capital defendant’s sentence by answering special-issue questions.
In this case, the jury had to answer: (1) will the defendant be a future danger to society; (2) did
the defendant kill the victim, intend to kill her, or anticipate that a human life would be taken;
2
At the time of Fratta’s second trial, Gipp had married and went by the name Mary McNeill. For the sake
of continuity with portions of the record in this case, the prior proceedings, and the related cases, the Court will refer
to her as Gipp.
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and (3) do sufficient circumstances mitigate against a death sentence? See TEX. CRIM.CODE art.
37.071 § 2(b). The State presented punishment-phase evidence about Fratta’s sexual deviance,
his anger about the divorce, and his efforts to find a hitman to kill his wife. Witnesses described
Fratta as controlling, possessive, and domineering with women.
A clinical psychologist
described the “sick” relationship Fratta wanted with his wife and characterized Fratta as
oppositional, evasive, and narcissistic. Testing suggested that Fratta had an intractable degree of
paranoia and psychopathy, resulting in psychopathic deviant behavior and a practice of lying
with no conscience. The expert diagnosed Fratta with antisocial personality disorder. Fratta’s
children testified about the effect their mother’s murder had on them, and the callous,
emotionless demeanor their father showed toward them. Farah’s boyfriend at the time of the
murder also provided testimony about Fratta’s angry and heartless actions both before and after
the murder. Farah’s parents testified about losing their daughter and the effect it had on Fratta’s
children.
The defense called Dr. Rhan Bailey, a psychiatrist who tested Fratta and found significant
brain impairment in his psychosocial development, particularly considering how Fratta viewed
his normal sexual development. Dr. Bailey also found some evidence of paranoid disorder, and
possibly delusional thought, which could be evidence of mild brain impairment. Dr. Bailey
testified that events in his childhood, such as his father’s death and his mother suffering a
miscarriage, affected his growth and development. Dr. Bailey also found evidence of paranoia, a
mood disorder, and low self-esteem countered by bravado. Dr. Bailey observed that Fratta had
suicidal thoughts in the past. After reviewing his medical and prison records, Dr. Bailey opined
that Fratta would not pose a future societal threat.
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A custodian of prison records described reports indicating that Fratta was not a danger to
himself or others. A defense investigator testified that she could not find many friends and
relatives to testify in Fratta’s behalf. She provided the defense with college transcripts and
records from when Fratta worked in the prison garment factory. A prison employee testified that
Fratta did not commit any serious disciplinary infractions while working in prison. Fratta’s
prison records included only one infraction, which contained a notation that it should be erased
because of a due process violation. A friend testified about how Fratta’s father suffered a heart
attack when they were hunting and Fratta had to carry him out of the woods. He testified that
Fratta once saved the life of a small child.
In rebuttal, the State presented the substance of Fratta’s jail phone calls while awaiting
trial, which lead to the introduction of a contraband nude photo he obtained during the course of
his second trial. A detective who interviewed Fratta after Farah’s death described him as flippant
and not having the demeanor of someone who mourned the loss of his children’s mother.
The jury answered Texas’ special issue questions in a manner requiring the imposition of
a death sentence.
Fratta again challenged his conviction and sentence through the state habeas and
appellate process. Throughout state review, Fratta repeatedly tried to bring pro se claims to the
attention of the courts. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed Fratta’s conviction and death
sentence in 2011. Fratta v. State, No. AP-76,188, 2011 WL 4582498 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 5,
2011). The Court of Criminal Appeals adopted the lower court’s findings and conclusions and,
in 2014, denied habeas relief. Ex Parte Fratta, No. WR-31,536-04, 2014 WL 631218 (Tex.
Crim. App. Feb. 12, 2014). The instant federal action followed.
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FRATTA’S FEDERAL CLAIMS
AND THE APPLICABLE STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Fratta raises nineteen claims in his federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus:
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1.
Insufficient evidence supported Fratta’s capital conviction.
2.
The trial court constructively amended the indictment through the jury
instructions.
3.
New evidence demonstrates a fundamental miscarriage of justice allowing
full federal review of all claims.
4.
Fratta is actually innocent of capital murder and the State suppressed
evidence of his innocence.
5.
Trial counsel provided ineffective representation by failing to object to the
law of parties charge.
6.
Trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by not properly objecting to
testimony about Guidry.
7.
Trial counsel should have done more to prevent Prystash’s statements to
Gipp from coming before the jury.
8.
Trial counsel failed to investigate the circumstances surrounding Gipp’s
interaction with the police.
9.
Trial counsel should have impeached Gipp with prior inconsistent
statements.
10.
Trial counsel did not sufficiently impeach Prystash’s credibility.
11.
Trial counsel did not do enough to exclude or impeach testimony by other
witnesses.
12.
Trial counsel did not act zealously enough in trying to exclude testimony
about Fratta’s deviant sexual desires.
13.
Trial counsel should have objected to a hypothetical the State used during
the voir dire of one prospective juror.
14.
Trial counsel should have objected to allegedly false testimony.
15.
Trial counsel did not make the correct objections to the State’s repeated
interjection of facts outside the record during summation.
16.
The cumulative prejudicial effect of the ineffectiveness claims
violated the Constitution.
17.
State misconduct caused a conflict of interest between Fratta and one of
his attorneys.
18.
An actual conflict of interest developed between Fratta and one
defense attorney.
Case 4:13-cv-03438 Document 80 Filed in TXSD on 09/18/17 Page 7 of 77
19.
Trial counsel ineffectively investigated, prepared, and presented
witnesses during the punishment phase of trial.
Respondent moves for summary judgment. Instrument No. 67. Because Fratta raises
most of his claims for the first time in federal court, Respondent contends that procedural defects
prevent plenary federal consideration of all unexhausted issues.
Alternatively, Respondent
asserts that all Fratta’s claims lack merit. Fratta has filed a reply and a cross-motion for
summary judgment on claims one and two. Instrument No. 76.
Federal habeas review is secondary to the state court process and limited in scope.
Because States “hold the initial responsibility for vindicating constitutional rights,” Engle v.
Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 128 (1982), how an inmate litigates his claims determines the course of
federal habeas adjudication. Federalism guarantees the States “an initial opportunity to pass
upon and correct alleged violations of its prisoners’ federal rights.” Anderson v. Johnson, 338
F.3d 382, 386 (5th Cir. 2003) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b)(1), a federal habeas petition “shall not be granted unless it appears that . . . the
applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State[.]” The exhaustion
doctrine precludes federal consideration of any claim raised for the first time in federal court.
As a corollary to exhaustion, the procedural-bar doctrine requires inmates to litigate their
claims in compliance with state procedural law. See Dretke v. Haley, 541 U.S. 386, 392 (2004);
Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 523 (1997); Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729
(1991). A federal procedural bar results when the inmate fails to follow well-established state
procedural requirements for attacking his conviction or sentence. See Lambrix, 520 U.S. at 523;
Coleman, 501 U.S. at 732. A federal court may review an inmate’s unexhausted or procedurally
barred claims only if he shows: (1) cause and actual prejudice; or (2) that “a constitutional
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violation has ‘probably resulted’ in the conviction of one who is ‘actually innocent[.]’” Haley,
541 U.S. at 393 (quoting Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 496 (1986)).
If an inmate has presented his federal constitutional claims to the state courts in a
procedurally proper manner, and the state courts have adjudicated their merits, AEDPA allows
federal review but limits its depth. A petitioner cannot meet his AEDPA burden by merely
alleging constitutional error. Instead, “focus[ing] on what a state court knew and did,” Cullen v.
Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 182 (2011), an inmate must show that the state court’s adjudication of
the alleged constitutional error “was ‘contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,
clearly established Federal law.’” Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 380 (2010) (quoting 28
U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)); see also Thaler v. Haynes, 559 U.S. 43, 47 (2010); Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S.
685, 698 (2002); Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 7-8 (2002); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 413
(2000). A federal habeas court must presume the underlying factual determinations of the state
court to be correct, unless the inmate “rebut[s] the presumption of correctness by clear and
convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); see also Young v. Dretke, 356 F.3d 616, 629 (5th
Cir. 2004) (“As a federal habeas court, we are bound by the state habeas court’s factual findings,
both implicit and explicit.”).
ANALYSIS
The Court will first adjudicate the claims Fratta exhausted in compliance with state
procedural law. The Court will then decide whether federal law permits review of Fratta’s
procedurally deficient claims.
procedurally barred claims.
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Alternatively, the Court will address the merits of Fratta’s
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I.
FRATTA’S EXHAUSTED CLAIMS
Fratta raised claims seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen in state court. In claims seventeen
and eighteen, Fratta alleges that a conflict of interest developed between himself and his trial
attorneys.
Claim nineteen argues that trial counsel provided constitutionally ineffective
representation in the investigation, preparation, and presentation of punishment-phase testimony.
Because the state courts adjudicated the merits of Fratta’s exhausted claims, AEDPA’s
deferential standards guide this Court habeas review.
A.
Structural and Actual Conflict of Interest (claims seventeen and
eighteen)
1.
Background
On direct appeal, Fratta claimed that the trial court failed to protect his constitutional
rights when a conflict of interest developed between himself and one of his attorneys. Fratta also
argued that the conflict of interest did not require a showing of harm, yet if it did, the conflict
impeded the preparation and presentation of closing arguments. The Court of Criminal Appeals
provided the following background to Fratta’s conflict-of-interest arguments:
The jury returned a verdict of guilty on Friday, May 15, 2009. The trial
court received the verdict and announced a recess until Tuesday, May 26, 2009.
Around that time, an investigator from the district attorney's office requested that
the sheriff's office monitor and record telephone calls that [Fratta] placed from the
jail.
On the evening of Thursday, May 21, the prosecutor telephoned [Fratta’s]
first-chair counsel, Randy McDonald, to notify him of her intent to introduce a
recorded telephone conversation dating from May 14 and some photographs that
were seized from [Fratta’s] jail cell on May 21 as a result of [Fratta’s] comments
during that conversation. She told McDonald that [Fratta] had stated in the
conversation that he had received some nude photographs of someone from King.
Based on that conversation, deputies searched [Fratta’s] cell and seized the
photographs he had described, along with some other items identified as
contraband. The prosecutor informed McDonald that she intended to introduce the
telephone conversation and the photographs into evidence, but that she would
redact [Fratta’s] reference to King. McDonald’s investigator obtained a CD copy
of the recorded conversation from the district attorney's office on Friday afternoon
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but was unable to play it. McDonald obtained a working copy of the recording
and copies of the photographs on the following Monday, May 25, which was
Memorial Day.
King first learned of the telephone conversation and photographs when she
went to McDonald’s office around noon on Monday. At that time, she listened to
the telephone conversation and reviewed the photographs. King then scanned
through her e-mails in an effort to identify “Betsy,” the person to whom [Fratta]
had been speaking. King discovered that, in the past, she had received e-mails
from someone named Betsy Gomez that were potentially useful as evidence.
King’s legal assistant would print them out at her office and place them in an
envelope marked “attorney-client privileged communication work product,”
which she would carry to the courtroom and place on defense counsel’s table.
King and [Fratta] would usually go over these materials together during trial, but
if they did not have time to review them in the courtroom, then [Fratta] might take
an envelope of materials with him to review later. Based on this practice, King
surmised that an envelope containing these photographs had been left on
counsel’s table and that [Fratta] had carried it back to the jail.
On Tuesday, May 26, the state presented its case-in-chief at punishment
and rested. The record for that day contains no mention of the telephone
conversation and photographs. When the court recessed for the day, the defense
anticipated presenting its case-in-chief the following morning. However, on the
morning of Wednesday, May 27, outside the presence of the jury, King requested
and received an opportunity to make a record concerning the telephone
conversation and photographs. She explained her practice of consulting with
[Fratta] about newly received materials that were potentially useful as evidence.
In support of King’s explanation, the trial judge acknowledged her prior
discussions with King concerning the logistical difficulty of finding opportunities
for [Fratta’s] attorneys to consult with him during the trial about materials that
might be helpful in preparing his defense, and her awareness that King had been
working around that difficulty by having [Fratta] review such materials while they
were in court and while [Fratta] was in the holdover cell.
The prosecutor indicated that the record should reflect that [Fratta] took
the envelope and its contents back to the jail of his own accord and not on the
instruction of his attorneys. She reasoned that providing obscene material to an
inmate could be a class C misdemeanor and so the record needed to establish that
[Fratta’s] attorneys did not provide it to him in jail: “so that no one has to answer
for any criminal liability down the line, . . . I think we also need to establish that
he did that all on his own.” [Fratta] made a statement affirming that he alone was
responsible for the decision to carry the envelope containing the photographs back
to the jail. He added that he did not believe that the photographs were obscene or
that he was committing an offense by possessing them. King also challenged the
state’s characterization of the photographs as obscene and indicated that she was
still not sure whether the photographs had any potential value as evidence for the
defense.
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King then proposed to have her legal assistant, who was present, make a
statement about printing out the photographs at the office and carrying them to the
courtroom in envelopes. The prosecutor interjected, cautioning that King’s legal
assistant could be exposed to criminal liability and so she should not make a
statement to the court without legal representation. At that point, King expressed
that the threat of criminal liability was extremely intimidating and stressful,
placed an undue burden on her, and affected [Fratta’s] right to a fair trial. She
complained that, after learning of the telephone conversation on Monday, she had
been unable to work on [Fratta’s] defense because she was too distracted by
trying to figure out what had happened with the photographs and how best to
defend herself. She requested a mistrial.
The prosecutor explained that she had no intention of discussing how the
photographs came to be in [Fratta’s] possession or in pursuing an investigation
against defense counsel, but that the sheriff’s office was also involved and so
King's legal assistant should not make a statement in court, where the bailiff was
an agent of the sheriff, without knowing what she might be getting herself into.
The trial court denied the motion for a mistrial and ruled that there would be no
mention before the jury of how [Fratta] came into possession of the photographs.
The trial court also made findings that none of the attorneys had acted in bad faith
or committed professional misconduct.
Following that proceeding, the trial continued before the jury. The defense
presented its punishment-phase case-in-chief and rested. The state then presented
its rebuttal. When the jury was excused, the court and the parties anticipated that
proceedings before the jury would resume at noon the following day, May 28,
with the state completing its rebuttal, and the parties beginning closing arguments
around 3:00 p.m.
However, late in the morning of Thursday, May 28, 2009, the defense
again requested a mistrial, and the court conducted a hearing outside the presence
of the jury. Defense counsel presented a newspaper article that had run that
morning with the headline, “Fratta Lawyer May Face Inquiry.” First-chair counsel
McDonald stated that, given the article’s representation that a spokesman from the
district attorney's office had indicated that King might be investigated for
providing contraband to [Fratta], this article created a conflict of interest between
[Fratta] and counsel by placing King in the position of trying to defend her own
actions and [Fratta’s] at the same time. McDonald requested that the court poll the
jurors about whether they had seen the article. In addition, he requested a
continuance. Initially, the trial court denied these requests. The court reiterated
that no reference to King as the source of the photographs would be allowed at
trial.
King then expressed that she was not ready to present a closing argument
because she had been distracted by having to defend herself on Monday and
Wednesday; her office was in chaos because her legal assistant was ready to quit
after being threatened with criminal charges at the Wednesday proceeding and
seeing the newspaper article; King was upset because she had been chastised by
one of the prosecutors for her handling of the matter on Wednesday; the prospect
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of the sheriff's office’s involvement placed her in conflict with every bailiff in the
courthouse; and although she had intended to write her closing argument
Thursday morning, she had spent all morning fielding questions from attorneys
and reporters about the newspaper article. King stated that she could no longer
effectively represent [Fratta] and that she did not know what the appropriate
remedy should be. She requested a mistrial and a continuance. She indicated that
if she did not receive a continuance, the case would have to go forward without
her:
I have not been able to concentrate on anything but myself and my
integrity, where my focus should be on [appellant]. And it should
not be on what’s going to happen to me now . . . . So, I’m letting
the Court know that I can no longer effectively represent [Fratta] at
this time. I don't know what the right remedy is. I don't know if I
should be asking for a continuance . . . my only interest here is to .
. . diligently represent my client. And I think that’s been impeded.
***
I don't know what the remedy is, but I’m asking for a mistrial at
this time. And maybe a continuance. I think I have a right to a least
prepare an argument for him. At this point, I can't argue. And if we
go forward, that's fine, but I will not be able to participate in
argument.
At that time, although the trial court did not expressly grant any motions
or requests on the record, the court commenced an in-chambers poll of the jurors
about whether they had seen the newspaper article. McDonald represented
[Fratta] during the juror poll. Afterward, the court announced that closing
arguments would not begin that day. Instead, the presentation of evidence would
be completed and then the lawyers would be given “an opportunity to take a step
back from this issue, regroup, refocus, and move forth.” The state then completed
its rebuttal. The jury was excused for the day, and the parties, with McDonald
speaking for the defense, discussed the jury charge.
On the morning of Friday, May 29, 2009, the parties informed the court
that they were ready for the jury. The court read the jury charge. After the state
presented its initial closing argument, King presented the first part of the
defense’s argument. Following arguments, the jury began deliberating.
On Saturday, May 30, 2009, while the jury was still deliberating, King
entered exhibits in support of a bill of exception. She submitted the marked
envelope that contained the seized photographs, and a print-out of an e-mail that
was representative of e-mails that her legal assistant had been carrying to the
courtroom for her to review with [Fratta] during the trial. Later that day, the jury
reached a verdict. The court reconvened on Monday, June 1, 2009, for sentencing.
After sentencing, King and McDonald addressed the court about obtaining an
order to facilitate the return of [Fratta’s] property to him in prison.
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Fratta v. State, No. AP-76,188, 2011 WL 4582498, at *10-13 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 5, 2011).
With that factual background, Fratta’s appellate claim argued that a disabling conflict of
interest had developed between his interests and those of King. Fratta’s arguments in state court
centered on how the alleged conflict prevented King from preparing closing arguments in the
penalty phase.
The Court of Criminal Appeals found that Fratta’s “right to the effective
assistance of counsel was not violated,” primarily because he did “not allege a conflict of interest
or ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to his first-chair counsel, McDonald.” Id. at 13.
With Fratta’s focus on closing arguments, the Court of Criminal Appeals found “no indication
that McDonald was unwilling or unable to prepare and present the defense’s closing argument if
King could not go forward. Moreover, after King stated that she had not had an opportunity to
prepare her closing argument, the court gave her additional time. The following morning, the
defense announced ready, and King presented her closing argument.” Id. at 14. Finally, the
Court of Criminal Appeals found that the trial counsel did not abuse its discretion in denying a
mistrial because, even assuming a conflict had developed, the trial court remediated any concern
about King’s ability to deliver a closing argument by allowing her more time for preparation.
On state habeas review, Fratta returned to the conflict-of-interest issue, specifically
relying on three constitutional arguments. First, Fratta argued that the State’s action prevented
him from receiving effective assistance under United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 (1984),
which unlike Strickland does not require a showing of actual prejudice: (1) if the petitioner “is
denied the presence of counsel at a critical stage”; (2) if “counsel entirely fails to subject the
prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing”; or (3) “where counsel is called upon to
render assistance under circumstances where competent counsel very likely could not.” Bell v.
Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 695-96 (2002).
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Fratta relied on “the second and third criteria set out in
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Cronic where counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial
testing and also where counsel is asked to render effective assistance under circumstances where
competent counsel very likely could not.” State Habeas Record at 20. Fratta’s state habeas
claim broadened his allegations of conflict beyond impeding the punishment phase closing
arguments, and instead complained that the specter of criminal charges made King “effectively
unavailable for the punishment phase.” State Habeas Record at 21. Fratta argued that, since
King had primary responsibility for the punishment-phase preparation, this left McDonald with
only one day to ready a case for the sentencing hearing. State Habeas Record at 21-22.
Second, Fratta argued that “an actual conflict of interest adversely affected” his trial
attorneys’ performance under Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 348-49 (1980). An “actual
conflict” exists when counsel “is compelled to compromise his or her duty of loyalty or zealous
advocacy to the accused by choosing between or blending the divergent or competing interests.”
Perillo v. Johnson, 205 F.3d 775, 781 (5th Cir. 2000). An “adverse effect” requires proof that
“some plausible alternative defense strategy or tactic could have been pursued but was not
because of the actual conflict impairing counsel’s performance.” Id. Fratta argued that the State
made criminal accusations against King in the penalty phase which put her in a position to
defend herself at the expense of not defending Fratta. Fratta argued that the State used the issue
with the photograph as a tactic either to “impugn Fratta in front of the jury” or “attack the
reputations of trial counsel with the unexpected destruction of his team’s ability to fight for him
at punishment.” State Habeas Record at 26. This alleged misconduct created a conflict requiring
reversal.
Third, Fratta argued that, even if the state habeas court did not presume prejudice under
Cronic or Cuyler, he had still met the Strickland deficient performance prong. King told the trial
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court that she had spent time preparing to defend herself, not Fratta, leaving the punishment
preparation to McDonald. Fratta argued that “[t]he record is clear that McDonald did not believe
in mitigation and did not have time to prepare for the punishment phase.” State Habeas Record
at 28.3
Both trial attorneys submitted affidavits on state habeas review. The affidavits provide
insight into how the defense responded to the State’s discovery of Fratta’s contraband.
McDonald stated that King was preoccupied with defending herself against the allegations
making it necessary for him to take over punishment proceedings. According to McDonald,
King was so distraught at one point during punishment that she left the courtroom for some time
to compose herself. McDonald said he “went forward and handled the cross-examination of
witness I had not prepared for testimony.” State Habeas Record at 211.
King’s affidavit stated that, instead of preparing for the punishment phase, she “ended up
spending about 10 hours working on defending [her]elf from possible prosecution.”
State
Habeas Record at 203. King explained how the contraband photographs came into Fratta’s
possession. King expressed that the circumstances, including news articles about the
photographs, impeded her performance. She stated: “I was completely distracted by the pressure
to protect my honor, my integrity, and my intentions. I spent the majority of my time on self
protection. This is time I would have spent on Mr. Fratta’s defense. I did the best that I could
under the circumstances.” State Habeas Record at 204-05.
The state habeas court reviewed the record, considered habeas counsel’s affidavits, and
issued explicit findings and conclusions rejecting Fratta’s allegations of conflict. As an initial
3
The state habeas court granted funds for a mitigation specialist, an investigator, and a psychologist to
substantiate this claim.
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matter, the state habeas court found that Fratta had not shown that “there was State misconduct
concerning the State’s obtaining or offering the photos found in [his] jail cell . . . .” State Habeas
Record at 543.
The state habeas court found that both trial attorneys “rendered effective
assistance,” particularly because “trial counsel investigated and presented mitigating evidence”
using an expert and investigators. Both trial attorneys “presented witnesses, elicited mitigating
evidence, demonstrated a familiarity with the facts and the law, cross-examined State’s
witnesses, made appropriate objections, and persuasively argued to the jury.” State Habeas
Record at 529-30. The state habeas court found that “the habeas assertion of counsel King that
she was distracted by having to protect her honor and the habeas assertion of counsel McDonald
that he took over in punishment because of counsel King’s preoccupation with defending
herself” were “non-dispositive on the issue of alleged ineffective assistance of counsel at
punishment.” State Habeas Record at 530.
Turning to Fratta’s specific arguments, the state habeas court held that, because of the
Court of Criminal Appeals’ ruling on direct review, it did not need to address any previously
raised aspect of Fratta’s conflict claim. Alternatively, the state habeas court ruled, as the Court
of Criminal Appeals did on appeal, that Fratta had not “allege[d] a conflict of interest or
ineffective assistance of counsel concerning first-chair counsel McDonald.”
State Habeas
Record at 542. Focusing again on the closing arguments, the state habeas court observed that the
trial court gave the defense additional time to prepare. State Habeas Record at 542.
The state habeas court found that the circumstances did not create a conflict of interest.
Emphasizing that “there was no misconduct on the State’s part,” “there was no investigation
conducted of trial counsel King,” and “the State repeatedly informed the trial court that the State
did not believe that counsel King intentionally gave the photos to the applicant in violation of jail
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rules,” the state habeas court found that there was “no structural conflict created between [Fratta]
and counsel King that rendered counsel ineffective . . . .” State Habeas Record at 530. In
particular, the state habeas court found that the circumstances did “not fit within any of the three
classifications set forth in United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 (1984) that would necessitate a
reversal on grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel without a showing of harm.” State
Habeas Record at 530.
2.
Fratta’s Arguments on Federal Review
Fratta raises two claims on federal habeas review based on the factual scenario outlined
above. First, Fratta complains that the State’s handling of the contraband photographs created a
conflict of error which requires no showing of prejudice under Cronic (claim seventeen).
Second, Fratta contends that an actual conflict of interest existed under Cuyler (claim eighteen).
Given the extensive factual findings and legal conclusions from both appellate and habeas
review, Fratta’s AEDPA burden is not light. The Supreme Court has made clear that, “[a]s a
condition for obtaining habeas corpus from a federal court, a state prisoner must show that the
state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking in justification
that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility
for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102.
3.
Structural Conflict of Interest (claim seventeen)
As previously discussed, the Supreme Court has held that the Cronic exception presumes
prejudice only applies in three situations. See Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S 685, 695-96 (2002). Fratta
argues that “[t]he case now presented is one that lends itself to both the second and third criteria
set out in Cronic, where counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing and also where counsel is asked to render effective assistance under
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circumstances where competent counsel very likely could not.” Instrument No. 51 at 164. As an
initial matter, the Supreme Court has not confronted “the specific question presented by this
case,” which signifies that the state court’s decision could not be “contrary to” any holding from
that Court. Lopez v. Smith, 135 S.Ct. 1, 4 (2014). Fratta must show that the state courts were
unreasonable in finding that the two Cronic exceptions do not apply.
Fratta’s claim is weakened by his reliance on false assertions. For example, Fratta
contends that King was “effectively unavailable for the punishment phase.” Instrument No. 51 at
164. Fratta also claims that King “was unavailable for all purposes,” she “le[ft] Fratta to fend for
himself,” and that “[t]here is no evidence in the record that [King] assisted McDonald in the
preparation or presentation of any punishment witness.” Instrument No. 51 at 164, 165, 166.
Fratta says that “[s]ince McDonald was put in a position to defend his co-counsel and her
assistant, there was no one left to defend the rights of Fratta or prepare for the punishment phase
of trial.” Instrument No. 51 at 168. Fratta’s statements are belied by the record showing that
King cross-examined two of the State’s witnesses, presented extensive testimony from defense
witnesses (including from an expert), made various arguments before the trial court such as for
an instructed verdict, and delivered a meaningful closing argument. Hyperbolic statements that
are not bore out by the record cannot overcome the heavy deference given state court decisions.
Overwrought embellishment untethered from the reality of trial lessens the credibility of Fratta’s
claims of constitutional error.
Further, Fratta’s melodramatic arguments on federal review do not match the concerns
his trial attorneys expressed concerning the possibility of prosecution for contraband. The record
clearly shows that the discovery of contraband in Fratta’s possession that unwittingly passed
through counsel’s hands created emotional turmoil for King. King “ended up spending about 10
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hours working on defending [her]self from possible prosecution.” State Habeas Record at 203.
The record, however, contains mixed statements about the amount of distress the circumstances
caused King. Fratta’s arguments at trial and on appeal centered on counsel’s ability to prepare
an adequate closing argument. See Fratta, 2011 WL 4582498, at *14 (”Moreover, King’s
specific concern was that she had not had an opportunity to prepare and present a closing
argument.”). The trial court ameliorated those concerns by allowing King additional time to
prepare and make a closing statement. King delivered a closing statement. Tr. Vol. 36 at 28-43.
Fratta has not shown that the unique circumstances precluded the defense from subjecting
the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing or that a reasonable attorney could not
provide constitutionally competent representation. The record does not contain evidence of a
complete meltdown in the defense team that precluded meaningful representation. The state
court decisions rested on the assumption that, as first chair counsel, McDonald provided
competent legal assistance not materially hindered by the possibility (though denied by the
prosecution) that King could face criminal charges. Fratta has not shown that he meets the two
Cronic exceptions. In addition, Fratta unfairly discounts the meaningful contribution King added
to his punishment defense. The state court was not unreasonable in requiring Fratta to prove
actual prejudice for any deficient legal representation.
4.
Actual Conflict of Interest (claim eighteen)
Fratta renews his allegation that the actual conflict between his interests and King’s
creates a presumption of prejudice under Cuyler. A Cuyler claim requires that “an actual conflict
of interest [that] adversely affected [the] lawyer’s performance.” Cuyler, 446 U.S. at 348. A
conflict of interest may include a situation where the lawyer’s personal interests clash with those
of the client. See Walberg v. Israel, 766 F.2d 1071, 1075 (7th Cir. 1985). The State may be the
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agent that creates the conflict: “If the state is not a passive spectator of an inept defense, but a
cause of the inept defense, the burden of showing prejudice is lifted. It is not right that the state
should be able to say, ‘sure we impeded your defense--now prove it made a difference.’” Id. at
1076.
As an initial matter, the Court of Criminal Appeals recognized that Fratta did “not allege
a conflict of interest or ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to his first-chair counsel,
McDonald. There was no indication that McDonald was unwilling or unable to prepare and
present the defense’s closing argument if King could not go forward.”
Fratta, 2011 WL
4582498, at *13. Aside from McDonald’s ability to provide an effective defense, Fratta has not
shown that an actual conflict of interests developed between himself and King. The State
explicitly told the court that it did not intend to prosecute King. The prosecutor expressed “how
frustrating it is to hear Ms. King say that she believes that the prosecution is acting to intimidate
her assistant or violate the rights of this defendant,” because “I have never represented that it was
my intent to make any allegations against defense counsel or their assistant, that it was my intent
to follow up with an investigation, or that it was my intent to proceed with any type of criminal
charge.” Tr. Vol. 33 at 32.4 The trial court later said that no one “has done anything that I feel is
unprofessional or unethical . . . .” Tr. Vol. 33 at 36. The state habeas court reaffirmed that
“there was no misconduct on the State’s part with the handling of the information concerning
[Fratta’s] jail phone calls and the contraband photos or the State’s introduction of such evidence
at punishment.” State Habeas Record at 530. On that basis, the state habeas court found “that
there was no structural conflict created between [Fratta] and counsel King . . . .” State Habeas
Record at 530.
4
King, in fact, admitted in a hearing that the State had not said that they would not prosecute her, but she
was left with the subjective impression that they may. Tr. Vol. 33 at 30; Tr. Vol. 34 at 17.
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To the extent that King felt subjective fear of prosecution for herself or her assistant, the
record amply shows that she still actively participated in Fratta’s defense. King engaged in crossexamination, questioned witnesses, argued before the trial court, and delivered a meaningful
summation. Even if the contraband became an individual concern for King to an extent that is
not reflected in her performance on the record, McDonald still ably represented Fratta’s interests.
Fratta has not shown that the state courts were unreasonable in finding no actual conflict of
interests because of the contraband.
B.
Strickland Deficient Performance and Prejudice (claim nineteen)
Fratta complains that counsel provided ineffective representation with respect to the
preparation and presentation of evidence in the punishment phase of trial. Because no structural
or actual conflict of interest impeded counsel’s representation, Fratta must prove Strickland’s
deficient performance and actual prejudice prongs. Because Fratta presented his allegations of
ineffective assistance to the state courts, he must meet a demanding burden for habeas relief to
become available. When the state courts have already adjudicated the merits of a Strickland
claim, “[a] state court must be granted a deference and latitude that are not in operation when the
case involves review under the Strickland standard itself.” Richter, 562 U.S.at 101. Under the
AEDPA, federal courts employ a “doubly deferential judicial review,” that gives wide latitude to
state adjudications. Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009); see also Cullen v.
Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 201 (2011).
“The question is whether there is any reasonable
argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 104.
Fratta argues that trial counsel’s representation faltered in the investigation, preparation,
and presentation of evidence in five specific areas, each of which he supports with evidence:
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mitigating evidence about Fratta’s family history, based on an affidavit
from Fratta describing his upbringing, State Habeas Record at 127-28, a
chart listing family members not interviewed by the defense team, State
Habeas Record at 183-85, a timeline of Fratta’s life, State Habeas Record
at 186-91, an affidavit provided by a cousin, State Habeas Record at 19294;
expert testimony on the issue of future dangerousness, based on an
affidavit prepared by Dr. Jon Sorenson, a professor of Criminal Justice
Studies at Prairie View A&M University, State Habeas Record at 82-83;
mitigating evidence of steroid use, based on journal articles about steroid
use among violent offenders, State Habeas Record at 131-81 and an
affidavit from a neuropsychologist, State Habeas Record at 271;
expert testimony on neuropsychology, based on a forensic psychiatric
evaluation, State Habeas Record at 255-66; and
preparation of trial witnesses Dr. Rhan Bailey; Lisa D’Cunha; and Steve
Rogers.
The state habeas court considered the pleadings, the records, and the evidence submitted
by Fratta and issued explicit factual findings and legal conclusions finding no error in counsel’s
handling of each putative punishment theory.
The state court identified the correct legal
standards and applied them to Fratta’s allegations. Fratta must show that the state habeas court’s
decision was unreasonable, and in doing so, demonstrate that it was “so lacking in justification
that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility
for fairminded disagreement.” Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102.
1.
Family History
Fratta first claims that trial counsel should have presented additional evidence about his
family background. Fratta argues that trial counsel neglected to present testimony that “Fratta’s
family has a long history of mental illness, alcoholism, and multiple deaths that had a profound
effect on Fratta.” Instrument No. 51 at 176-77. Fratta alleged in state court that “trial counsel
are ineffective for failing to present the testimony of twenty-eight out-of-state relatives . . . .”
State Habeas Record at 545. Fratta attached a list of uncalled witnesses to his federal habeas
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petition. State Habeas Record at 183-91. Fratta, however, only provided an affidavit from a
maternal cousin, Victoria Blanche Ward Briggs. State Habeas Record at 192-94. Based on
Briggs’ affidavit, Fratta claims that trial counsel should have interviewed family members and
called them to testify about various family deaths, a family history of alcoholism, and
discrimination by family members because of his father’s Italian heritage, among other issues.
As an initial matter, Fratta did not give the state courts sufficient information to ascertain
whether trial counsel provided deficient performance, much less that caused prejudice, with
regard to the uncalled witnesses for whom he did not submit affidavits. Fratta did not provide
contact information for the uncalled family members (some of whom had passed away at the
time of trial),5 indicate what testimony they could have provided on his behalf, or show that they
were available to testify. State Habeas Record at 534. The state habeas court found that “there is
no showing that anyone, other than Briggs, would have been willing to testify concerning their
relationship, if any, with [Fratta and] no showing that their testimony would have been beneficial
to [Fratta] if they had been willing to testify . . . .” State Habeas Record at 534. A habeas
petitioner “must allege with specificity what the investigation would have revealed and how it
would have changed the outcome of the trial.” Miller v. Dretke, 420 F.3d 356, 361 (5th Cir.
2005); see also Greer v. Thaler, 380 F. App’x 373, 386 (5th Cir. 2010); Carty v. Quarterman,
345 F. App’x 897, 903 (5th Cir. 2009). Fratta “must name the [uncalled witnesses] witness,
demonstrate that the witness would have testified, set out the content of the witness’s proposed
testimony, and show that the testimony would have been favorable.” Gregory v. Thaler, 601 F.3d
347, 352 (5th Cir. 2010) (citing Alexander v. McCotter, 775 F.2d 595, 602 (5th Cir. 1985)).
5
Of the names on the list he provided on habeas review, the state habeas court found that “three of the
relatives died prior to [Fratta’s] 2009 trial, one died in an unknown year, the whereabouts of five are unknown, [and]
one shows only the notation alive without an address . . . .” State Habeas Record at 534.
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Constitutional error cannot rest on the naked assertion that trial counsel should have done more,
for “speculations as to what [uncalled] witnesses would have testified is too uncertain.”
Alexander, 775 F.2d at 602; see also Evans v. Cockrell, 285 F.3d 370, 377 (5th Cir. 2002)
(“[C]omplaints of uncalled witnesses are not favored in federal habeas corpus review because
allegations of what the witness would have testified are largely speculative.”).
Even to the extent that Fratta substantiated his claim with information from Brigg’s
affidavit, he has not shown that the state habeas court’s adjudication was unreasonable. Fratta
states that many family members died during his youth, including his father. The state habeas
court, however, observed that counsel was not ineffective “for not presenting evidence of the
normal life occurrence of the deaths of various family members from [Fratta’s] extended
family,” particularly because Fratta did “not present evidence that he was close, if at all, to these
family members or evidence of any substantial effect, if any, effect of their deaths on him
especially as an adult.” State Habeas Record at 532. In fact, Fratta’s chart listed six deaths that
“occurred after the applicant murdered the complainant,” rendering them irrelevant to his
mitigating case. State Habeas Record at 532. With regard to testimony about his father’s death,
“trial counsel presented expert testimony about the possible effects of the death of [Fratta’s]
father when [Fratta] was seventeen and about the difficulty [Fratta] had when his mother had a
miscarriage when [he] was twelve because he had already developed a psychological tie with his
expected brother.” State Habeas Record at 532. Fratta has not described what testimony was
available to counsel that would have exceeded the scope of the trial testimony.
Fratta has provided greater substantiation with respect to his claim that trial counsel
should have adduced evidence of his family’s history of alcoholism and mental illness. In
Briggs’ affidavit she “assert[ed] that [Fratta’s] great-great grandfather drank heavily; that her
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brother had a problem with alcohol; that her uncle drank; and that an aunt was placed in a rehab
facility for alcoholism.” State Habeas Record at 532. Fratta, however, provided no explanation
about “the extent of the contact, if any, [Fratta] had with such relatives,” especially because the
record did not contain evidence that Fratta himself “had a problem with alcohol, and there being
no evidence that alcohol played a part in [his] hiring someone to murder his wife.” State Habeas
Record at 532-33.
Fratta similarly provided no substantiation, and draws no meaningful connection,
between other alleged problems with Fratta’s family, such as post-traumatic stress disorder other
relatives experienced in war, and his own life. State Habeas Record at 532-33.
Brigg’s
comments about family discrimination because of Fratta’s heritage were unpersuasive and
unsubstantiated. State Habeas Record at 533. Fratta had also made “no showing that Briggs’
information - as shown in her habeas affidavit - would have added to [his] mitigation evidence.”
State Habeas Record at 534.
Aside from failing to substantiate his allegations, Fratta’s new evidence conflicts with
testimony adduced by counsel. Fratta’s friend testified in the punishment phase that “he had
never witnessed physical abuse or substance abuse in [Fratta’s] family, that he was not aware of
[Fratta himself] having any alcohol or drug-related issues; that [Fratta’s] home was a fairly
normal, loving home; that there was nothing to indicate that [Fratta] was not loved or supported
and that [Fratta] was very intelligent.” State Habeas Record at 535.
This testimony was
consistent with that presented in Fratta’s first trial. State Habeas Record at 535-36.
On that record, Fratta has not shown that the state habeas court was unreasonable in
finding no Strickland error in the presentation of mitigating testimony relating to Fratta’s family
history. Importantly, when considered in light of the trial evidence, Fratta has not shown the
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state court was unreasonable in finding that counsel’s handling of mitigating evidence did not
result in Strickland prejudice.
2.
Expert Testimony on Future Dangerousness
Fratta also complains that trial counsel provided deficient representation in the handling
of expert testimony. Trial counsel retained Dr. Jon Sorenson, a professor of Criminal Justice, as
an expert witness on the issue of future dangerousness. Dr. Sorenson did not interview or
examine Fratta. Dr. Sorenson evaluated medical, jail, and prison records and concluded that
Fratta would not pose a future societal danger. The defense, however, did not put his testimony
before the jury. Trial counsel stated on the record that they decided not all him as a witness
“unless the State called an expert from the prison.” Tr. Vol. 33 at 36. Fratta faults trial counsel’s
efforts because “Dr. Sorenson, the only witness called to rebut the State’s evidence that Fratta
was a future danger sat in the hallway of the courthouse and was never called to testify at
punishment.” Instrument No. 51 at 165.
Fratta, however, does not acknowledge that trial counsel presented testimony that he
would not be a future danger through another expert witness. Unlike Dr. Sorenson, Dr. Bailey
engaged in a personal evaluation of Fratta. The state habeas court described the “overall theme”
of Dr. Bailey’s testimony as “that [Fratta] was not a future danger.” State Habeas Record at 539,
545.
With trial counsel’s choice to rely on Dr. Bailey unless the circumstances required
otherwise, the state habeas court correctly deferred to the strategic decision not to call Dr.
Sorenson. State Habeas Record at 536. Under well-established law, tactical decisions such as
that one are “virtually unchallengable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690.
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3.
Steroid Use and Neuropsychological Expert
Fratta was a long term user of steroids. A neuropsychologist who had never examined
Fratta provided an affidavit in state habeas court stating that “it seems that anabolic steroid abuse
is a key factor that warrants further investigation and evaluation.” State Habeas Record at 271.
The expert observed that steroid use may have “specific neuropsychiatric effects” such as
“increased aggression and manic behavior.” State Habeas Record at 271. Other “behavioral
characteristics can be manifested as increased libido, grandiose thinking, irritability, and
impulsivity.” State Habeas Record at 271.
The expert, however, had never examined Fratta and could provide no concrete
information about the effect of steroids on Fratta individually.
Even with the detached
information about the effects of steroid use, the state habeas court found Fratta’s arguments
unpersuavsive: “The Court finds that the evidence shows that [Fratta], who was angry about
custody proceedings and having to pay child support, made long-term, calculated plans to have
the complainant murdered; there is no evidence that [Fratta’s] sexual desires or fetishes
allegedly, resulting from steroid use, prompted [him] to hire someone to kill his wife or
prevented [him] from knowing that his actions were wrong.” State Habeas Record at 536.
Without a connection between the steroid use, Fratta’s neuropsychological state, and the crime
he committed, the state habeas court found that “trial counsel are not ineffective for not
presenting evidence that [Fratta’s] alleged steroid use allegedly affected his brain and created
bizarre sexual desires -- evidence that would have likely alienated the jury in light of the
circumstances of the offense.” State Habeas Record at 536. On federal habeas review, Fratta
has not provided any more substantial link between his steroid use and his life or otherwise
shown that the state habeas court’s decision was unreasonable.
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4.
Adequate Preparation of Trial Witnesses
Fratta complains that trial counsel did not adequately prepare three punishment phase
witnesses: Dr. Rhan Bailey, Lisa D’Cunha, and Steve Rogers. Fratta complains that Dr. Bailey
“was never prepared by trial counsel” which resulted in testimony that “tended to hurt the
defense rather than help it . . . .” Instrument No. 51 at 190. Lisa D’Cunha introduced medical
records from Fratta’s incarceration, but Fratta wishes trial counsel had redacted a portion of the
records suggesting that he engaged in malingering for secondary gain. Steve Rogers testified
that Fratta worked in the garment factory, but his testimony also allowed the State to show that
he had been caught with a weapon in 1998.
The state habeas court provided specific reasons for rejecting each of these complaints.
Dr. Bailey provided unhelpful testimony on cross-examination by the State, but the defense tried
to cure any problems on redirect. State Habeas Record at 538-39. D’Cunha’s testimony was
limited to her role as the TDCJ custodian of records; her testimony “was limited to the records
and trial counsel are not ineffective for allegedly ‘failing to prepare’ her.” State Habeas Record
at 536-37. The defense mitigated Roger’s testimony by calling a witness to show that Fratta was
cleared of the weapon possession infraction. State Habeas Record at 537.
Taken together, Fratta has shown that defense witness provided some unhelpful
testimony among that which benefitted the defense – a factor that trial attorneys must commonly
take into consideration when preparing a defense. Fratta’s allegation of inadequate preparation,
however, does not provide any specific and achievable means by which the trial attorneys could
have excised the negative information. The weighing of the costs and benefits of presenting
testimony are strategic decisions, not subject to “the harsh light of hindsight,” which is “precisely
what Strickland and AEDPA seek to prevent.” Richter, 562 U.S. at 89 (quoting Bell v. Cone,
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535 U.S. 685, 702 (2002)). Fratta has not shown that trial counsel provided deficient, prejudicial
performance in preparing the defense witnesses.
5.
Actual Prejudice
Whether taken individually or collectively, Fratta has not shown a reasonable probability
of a different result had trial counsel performed differently. Fratta was angry at his wife,
characteristic of his “controlling, possessive, and domineering [attitude toward] women.” State
Habeas Record at 522.
Expert testimony described Fratta as intractably narcissistic and
oppositional with varying degrees of paranoia and psychopathy. Fratta was antisocial. Over a
period of time, Fratta repeatedly asked people to kill his wife. He arrogantly tried to cover up his
calculated murder. Fratta did not express sorrow for the victim’s death, much less remorse for
his actions. Against that testimony, trial counsel made a zealous effort to defend against a death
sentence. The quality and quantity of the new defense approaches suggested by Fratta do not
show a reasonable probability of a different result had trial counsel performed differently. The
state habeas court was not unreasonable in concluding that Fratta’s allegations of ineffective
representation did not merit habeas relief.
II.
FRATTA’S PROCEDURALLY DEFICIENT CLAIMS
Fratta did not present claims one through sixteen in a procedural manner that allows for
plenary federal consideration. Fratta raised claims one and two in pro se pleadings that the Court
of Criminal Appeals refused to consider. In finding that Fratta had not properly presented his
pro se arguments, the Court of Criminal Appeals stated:
Throughout these proceedings, [Fratta] has filed pro se pleadings and letters in an
attempt to supplement his attorneys’ efforts. [Fratta] is not entitled to hybrid
representation. See Scheanette v. State, 144 S.W.3d 503, 505 n. 2 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004). Thus, we do not address his pro se points.
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Fratta, 2011 WL 4582498, at *1. Texas courts have long held that inmates possess no right to
hybrid representation and that any pro se brief supplementing that filed by counsel provides
“nothing for review.” Rudd v. State, 616 S.W.2d 623, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).6 Texas’
prohibition on hybrid representation is an adequate and independent bar to federal review. See
Pippin v. Dretke, 434 F.3d 782, 792-93 (5th Cir. 2005); Powell v. Cockrell, 35 F. App’x 386 (5th
Cir. 2002).
Further, raising a claim in an unauthorized pro se pleading does not suffice to present a
claim before the highest state court for exhaustion purposes. To fairly present the claims, “the
applicant must present his claims in a procedurally correct manner.” Beazley v. Johnson, 242
F.3d 248, 263 (5th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted). Raising a claim in an unauthorized pro se
brief “is insufficient for exhaustion purposes.” Satterwhite v. Lynaugh, 886 F.2d 90, 93 (5th Cir.
1989); see also Powell v. Cockrell, 35 F. App’x 386 (5th Cir. 2002). This Court cannot consider
the merits of claims one and two unless Fratta shows cause and actual prejudice or a fundamental
miscarriage of justice.
Fratta also did not exhaust claims three through sixteen, resulting in a procedural bar of
their merits. Fratta contends that his innocence and the suppression of evidence precludes
application of the procedural bar. Fratta also argues that ineffective representation by his state
habeas attorney allows for full federal review.
If a valid procedural bar exists, the Court can only review Fratta’s claims if he shows: (1)
cause and actual prejudice; or (2) that a fundamental miscarriage of justice has occurred. The
6
Numerous cases discuss the Texas courts’ policy against considering pro se pleadings when the appellant is
represented by counsel. See Smith v. Collins, 977 F.2d 951, 962 (5th Cir. 1992); Satterwhite v. Lynaugh, 886 F.2d
90, 93 n.3 (5th Cir. 1989); Ex parte Russeau, 2010 WL 3430765, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. Aug. 25, 2010); Patrick v.
State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 498 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 425 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991); Landers v. State, 550 S.W.2d 272, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).
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Court will address Fratta’s efforts to overcome the procedural bar of claims one through sixteen,
and in so doing, will also alternatively consider the merits of his defaulted claims.
A.
Actual Innocence as a Gateway to the Merits
In his third claim, Fratta argues that he can overcome the procedural defects in his
unexhausted claims by showing a fundamental miscarriage of justice under Schlup v. Delo, 513
U.S. 298, 315-16 (1995).7 A “fundamental miscarriage of justice” exists if a “constitutional
violation has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent.” Murray, 477
U.S. at 496. A defendant tried for an alleged offense is presumed innocent unless and until the
State proves his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. “Society’s resources have been concentrated at
[a criminal trial] in order to decide, within the limits of human fallibility, the question of guilt or
innocence of one of its citizens.” Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 90 (1977); see also
McFarland v. Scott, 512 U.S. 849, 859 (1994) (a “criminal trial is the ‘main event’ at which a
defendant’s rights are to be determined”). However, “[o]nce a defendant has been afforded a fair
trial and convicted of the offense for which he was charged, the presumption of innocence
disappears.” Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 399 (1993). A convicted defendant invoking
federal habeas jurisdiction “comes before the habeas court with a strong – and in the vast
majority of the cases conclusive – presumption of guilt.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 326; see also
Herrera, 506 U.S. at 399-400. What a federal court has “to deal with [on habeas review] is not
the petitioners’ innocence or guilt but solely the question whether their constitutional rights have
been preserved.” Moore v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86, 88 (1923).
7
Fratta does not rely on claim three as a substantive basis for habeas relief, nor could he. See Burton v.
Stephens, 543 F. App’x 451, 458 (5th Cir, 2013) (“The Supreme Court has not recognized actual innocence as an
independent ground for federal habeas corpus relief.”).
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Nevertheless, “a persuasive showing that [an inmate] is actually innocent of the charges
against him” acts as a safety valve against unfair applications of the procedural-bar rule. See
Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 315-16 (1995); Finley v. Johnson, 243 F.3d 215, 220 (5th Cir.
2001); Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623 (1998).
A Schlup actual-innocence
argument, “[t]o be credible . . . requires petitioner to support his allegations of constitutional
error with new reliable evidence – whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy
eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence – that was not presented at trial.” Schlup, 513
U.S. at 324.8 The new evidence must be “material, not merely cumulative or impeaching.”
Lucas v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 1069, 1075 n. 3 (5th Cir. 1998); see also Calderon v. Thompson, 523
U.S. 538, 563 (1998); Foster v. Thaler, 369 F. App’x 598, 602-03 (5th Cir. 2010). Given these
hurdles, successful actual-innocence arguments are “extremely rare.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324.
Fratta claims that he is actually innocent because new evidence proves that the State
identified the wrong men as the shooter and get-away driver. On the night of Farah’s murder,
eyewitnesses reported hearing shots fired and then seeing a young black man fleeing the scene
after being picked up in a silver-gray car with a burned-out headlight. Fratta argues that the State
suppressed evidence proving that someone other than Guidry and Prystash were the men
involved in carrying out the killing Fratta ordered. Fratta’s alternate construction of events
centers on his argument that James Podhorsky, Fratta’s friend who featured prominently in the
police investigation, drove Christopher Vernon Barlow to Farah’s house to carry out the murder.
8
A circuit split exists regarding whether a petitioner shows actual innocence by adducing evidence that “was
not discoverable at the time of trial or whether it is sufficient that the evidence be newly presented.” In re Warren,
537 F. App’x 457, 460 (5th Cir. 2013) (citing Wright v. Quarterman, 470 F.3d 581, 591 (5th Cir. 2006)). The Fifth
Circuit has not yet conclusively determined whether the evidence that a petitioner relies on to prove actual
innocence must be “new,” see Wright, 470 F.3d at 591, though it has stated that it must not be previously “within the
reach of [an inmate's] personal knowledge or reasonable investigation.” Moore v. Quarterman, 534 F.3d 454, 465
(5th Cir. 2008).
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Fratta argues that Barlow “matched the eyewitness description of the young, black, shorter male
that neighbors saw at the scene when Farah was shot.” Instrument No. 51 at 41. Because the
indictment required the State to prove that “Joseph Prystash or Howard Guidry . . . kill[ed] Farah
Fratta by shooting [her] with a deadly weapon,” Fratta claims that Podhorsky or Barlow’s
involvement in the crime exculpates him of capital murder. Fratta, however, has not met the
stringent showing necessary to prove actual innocence.9
Fratta’s actual-innocence arguments rest on police investigative reports prepared wellbefore trial which he contends that the State suppressed. Fratta has attached some police reports
to his amended petition. Fratta, however, also references exhibits attached to the federal petition
filed by his co-defendant Howard Guidry (Guidry v. Davis, 4:13-cv-1885, Instrument No. 1)
from which some of the briefing on this point is taken word-for-word. Fratta’s petition does not
include all of the exhibits from the Guidry case that he references.10 With Fratta’s reference to
Guidry’s pleadings, Instrument No. 76 at 34, the Court takes judicial notice of the papers in the
Guidry case and will consider the whole of the evidence relating to the police investigation.
Fratta bases his claim on two factors: (1) Podhorsky drove “a grey/black Corvette with
silver front fenders that matched the general description of the getaway car” and (2) “latent
fingerprints obtained from the driver’s door and left front fender of the car Farah Fratta drove
into her garage on the night of the murder . . . matched Barlow’s.” Instrument No. 51 at 41-42.
9
Fratta also makes a cursory argument that “[n]ew evidence showing that Fratta’s gun was not the murder
weapon and Guidry was not the shooter constitutes solid, reliable proof that Fratta is actually innocent of the capital
crime with which he was charged.” Instrument No. 51 at 39. Fratta, however, does not adduce any new, reliable
forensic evidence. Instead, Fratta points to (1) differences between the forensic testimony in his first and second
trials and (2) that the trial court did not allow into evidence a ballistics report. The Court will not address those
arguments at length because they do not serve as the basis for an actionable actual innocence argument. See Moore,
534 F.3d at 465
10
For example, Fratta refers to exhibits eight and thirteen as police and court reports that include information
about Barlow, but does not attach any such numbered exhibits to his petition. The exhibits, however, are attached to
Guidry’s petition.
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The Corvette in Podhorsky’s possession was apparently registered to Barlow. Fratta claims that,
after the “[p]olice discovered the hatchback Corvette was registered to Barlow,” they “ran an
A.F.I.S. search on latent prints obtained from the driver’s door and left front fender of the car
Farah Fratta drove into her garage on the night of the murder.” Instrument No. 51 at 42
(emphasis added). Fratta, however, had not shown that the evidence potentially relating to
Podhorsky’s car or Barlow’s fingerprints is exculpatory or can otherwise credibly serve as the
basis for a valid actual-innocence claim.
Almost immediately after the murder, the police investigated the possibility that James
Podhorsky carried out Fratta’s request to kill his wife. The police took a statement from
Podhorsky the day after the murder (November 10, 1994). (Guidry, Instrument No. 2, Exhibit
10). Podhorsky told the police that the night before his “Corvette was locked up in [his] garage
and no one drives it but [him].” (Guidry, Instrument No. 2, Exhibit 10). Because a headlight was
out and the Corvette “could appear to be a hatchback model car to those unfamiliar with
vehicles,” the police towed Podhorsky’s car “for processing.”
(Guidry, Instrument No. 2,
Exhibit 14).
Podhorky’s Corvette, however, differed in important respects from the vehicle seen by
eyewitnesses.
Eyewitnesses described the getaway vehicle as silver or gray.
The form
Podhorsky signed giving the police permission to search the Corvette described it as “black in
color.” (Guidry, Instrument No. 2, Exhibit 11). A police report described it as “gray/black.”
Podhorsky’s car may have appeared superficially similar to the one eyewitnesses described, but
Podhorsky testified at trial that his Corvette was “extremely loud . . . mainly set up for a
dragstrip race car. . . . You would hear the car coming.” Tr. Vol. 25 at 201. The eyewitness
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description of the getaway vehicle in no way mentioned the sound of a loud car pulling away
from the Fratta residence.
Importantly, Fratta has also not provided credible evidence that Barlow’s fingerprints
were found on Farah’s car. Fratta’s Brady claim focuses on on a November 15, 1994, police
report that identified a set of prints as coming from Barlow. Instrument No. 52, Exhibit 5. Fratta
assumes that the police recovered those fingerprints from “the driver’s door and left front fender
of the car Farah Fratta drove.” Instrument No. 51 at 42 (emphasis added). The November 15,
1994, report, however, does not identify the vehicle from which the police took the finegrprints
linked to Barlow. Instead, the report says that the latent fingerprints were on a card “marked rear
edge of driver’s door” and “left front fender, ahead of wheel.” The report does not identify from
what vehicle the police recovered the fingerprints.11
It appears more likely that the November 15, 1994, police report refers to fingerprints
found on the Corvette. A police report from November 10, 1994, indicates that Podhorsky gave
permission and the police “requested a search for any traces of blood as well as latent prints”
from the Corvette. Instrument No. 52, Exhibit 5; Guidry, Instrument No. 2, Exhibit 14. The
police searched the Corvette, recovered a handgun from the car, and observed blood inside.
When the police “processed the [Corvette] for latent prints[,] [s]everal of value were obtained.”
Instrument No. 52, Exhibit 5. On November 13, 1994, “[a]ll latent prints [from the Corvette]
were subsequently forwarded to A.F.I.S. for further processing.” Instrument No. 52, Exhibit 5.
11
Respondent assumes that the November 15, 1994, report refers to Farah’s car, but argues that it was not her
own vehicle, but a “demo” car from a dealership which could have had fingerprints from many people on it.
Instrument No. 67 at 51. Respondent sees no reason to be troubled by Barlow, who superficially looked like the
perpetrator and who owned a car driven by someone Fratta had asked to kill his wife, leaving his fingerprints on the
car Farah drove. Respondent, however, does not mention the consistent testimony that the police could not identify
fingerprints on the car nor does Respondent discuss the police report at length. Respondent’s speculative briefing
misses much stronger arguments.
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The report on which Fratta bases his argument states that a police officer received the A.F.I.S.
envelope “request for latent print search” on November 15, 1994. While the report identifies
Barlow as the individual whose prints were found, it does not specify from which vehicle the
police lifted them.
Trial testimony, however, clarified that the police did not obtain any usable prints from
Farah’s car. An initial report stated that “some latent prints of possible value were taken from
[Farah’s] car.” Instrument No. 52, Exhibit 5 at 14. At Fratta’s second trial, the prosecution
asked Jerry David Ferrell, a police investigator, about evidence collected from the crime scene.
Officer Ferrell testified that the police tried to collect latent fingerprints from Farah’s car, and
“[s]ome of marginal value were obtained from the car.” Tr. Vol. 23 at 259. Ferrell testified that
he “didn’t effect any identification based on the latent prints that [the police obtained] from the
crime scene.” Tr. Vol. 23 at 259. Officer Ferrell elaborated: “They were of marginal quality.
So, it was a stretch at best. And we weren’t able to effect any identifications on the latents that
we got.” Tr. Vol. 23 at 260.12 Fratta does not provide any evidence to call into question the
testimony that the police did not obtain usable prints from Farah’s car. Fratta can only speculate
that the police recovered Barlow’s print from Farah’s car (from which the police could not
extract useable prints), suppressed that information from the defense, and at different trials
provided false testimony about not recovering useful prints from the crime scene.
Even without considering the fatal defects in Fratta’s allegations of actual innocence, a
fundamental miscarriage of justice requires more than a showing of weaknesses in the case or
that alternative theories exist. An inmate must show “that it is more likely than not that no
12
In Guidry’s trial, testimony likewise showed that no usable prints were found. Guidry, Tr. Vol. 20 at 236.
In Fratta’s first trial Ferrell also testified that the State had not been able to identify any of the fingerprints on
Farah’s car. Fratta v. Dretke, 4:04-mc-315, Instrument 14, Tr. Vol. 21 at 339.
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reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the new evidence.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at
321. Arguments for actual innocence “must be considered in light of the proof of petitioner’s
guilt at trial[.]” Herrera, 506 U.S. at 417. A reviewing court does not look at the “new”
evidence in isolation. Instead, the court makes “a holistic judgment about ‘all the evidence,’”
including “how reasonable jurors would react to the overall, newly supplemented record.”
House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 539 (2006) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 328).
The State presented strong evidence linking Prystash and Guidry to the murder. Months
after the crime Guidry possessed a gun which bore similar “class characteristics” to the weapon
that killed Farah. Phone records showed repeated communication between Fratta and Mary
Gipp’s cellphone around the time of the murder. Prystash drove a car more similar to the one
viewed by eyewitnesses than Podhorsky’s. Prystash later acted suspiciously, doing things such
as changing the broken headlight and getting rid of his car soon after the murder. Gipp provided
extensive testimony about the planning of the murder and the events that transpired afterwards.
Prystash told Gipp that they had killed Farah. Given the entirety of the trial evidence, and the
weakness of the evidence proffered on habeas review, the Court finds that Fratta has not shown
that he is actually innocent of capital murder.13
13
The Court does not write upon a blank page. While not a consideration in the analysis above, the Court
observes that Fratta’s allegations of actual innocence exist against a detailed background created by years of judicial
review from three separate cases. An actual innocence claim is not “bound by the rules of admissibility that would
govern at trial” and may include evidence “that was either excluded or unavailable at trial.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at
327-28. In this broad review, a court considers all the evidence “old and new, incriminatory and exculpatory . . . .”
House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 536 (2006). Considering the decades-long development of issues relating to Farah’s
murder, it bears mentioning that “Prystash confessed that he had received a gun and instructions from [Fratta],
solicited Guidry to shoot Farah, and drove Guidry to and from Farah’s home.” Prystash v. Davis, 854 F.3d 830,
833-34 (5th Cir. 2017). No court has found any police overreaching in taking Prystash’s confession. Prystash’s
confession harmonized with Gipp’s version of events (both admissible and otherwise). Fratta’s allegations of
innocence ring hollow when compared with the full record in this case and the description of the crime found in the
judicial opinions that have reviewed this crime. While the Court does not include that broad review into its actualinnocence analysis, doing so would easily and summarily dispense with Fratta’s Schlup argument as completely
lacking any serious merit.
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B.
Suppression of Evidence to Forgive Procedural Default
In his fourth claim, Fratta argues that the State suppressed evidence in violation of Brady
v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963).
A Brady violation may establish cause to excuse
procedural default. See Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 558, 691 (2004); Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S.
263 (1999). Three essential elements compose a valid Brady claim: “‘The evidence must be
favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that
evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice
must have ensued.’” Id. (quoting Strickler, 527 U.S. at 281-82). Cases often add a fourth
requirement: “nondiscovery of the allegedly favorable evidence was not the result of a lack of
due diligence.” United States v. Walters, 351 F.3d 159, 169 (5th Cir. 2003); see also Graves v.
Cockrell, 351 F.3d 143, 153–54 (5th Cir. 2003). “When evidence is equally available to both the
defense and the prosecution, the defendant must bear the responsibility for failing to conduct a
diligent investigation.” Kutzner v. Cockrell, 303 F.3d 333, 336 (5th Cir. 2002).
Fratta alleges that the police withheld the police reports on which he bases his actualinnocence argument. The trial record does not strongly support Fratta’s allegation that the State
suppressed evidence. In a pretrial hearing, the prosecution explained that it had turned over 323
pages from “their trial binder” that included “the offense reports, as well as the lab reports that
were the basis for this initial investigation.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 58-59.14 Also, the State’s file in this
14
The prosecution specifically stated that the disclosure included “some DNA evidence . . . .” Tr. Vol. 3 at
59. Defense counsel, however, objected that they had not received any DNA evidence. Tr. Vol. 3 at 59. The
prosecution reminded trial counsel that the disclosed material included information about “some items that were
taken from a Corvette seat that was swabbed for DNA analysis.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 60. Defense counsel then asked if the
material was taken from “Podhorsky’s Corvette.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 60. While the defense complained that they did not
have the results of the DNA testing, the trial judge assured them that it was in the binders. Tr. Vol. 3 at 60. The
prosecutor then assured the defense that the three binders of disclosed material included “extraneous offense
reports.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 61. The prosecutor told the defense that the State would not use the material at trial because
“[i]t’s simply not relevant.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 59.
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case was open and available for counsel to review. While state habeas counsel averred that the
relevant police reports were not found in trial counsel’s files, Instrument No. 76, Exhibit 1, that
does not mean that they were not in the State’s file to which counsel had access.
The state habeas record contains material “that was available to Mr. Fratta’s counsel,”
State Habeas Record at 17, including a police report with the following notation: “Inspected
Podhorsky’s Corvette. Discovered that the passenger side front headlight was inoperable. This
along with the fact that the car had silver front fenders and could appear to be a hatchback model
car a decision was made to tow it for processing.” State Habeas Record at 55. But the defense
not only had information about Podhorsky’s car before trial; the defense used it at trial. Trial
counsel asked Podhorsky on cross-examination about his car. In closing arguments, the trial
counsel reminded jurors that Podhorsky had been a suspect and that the police had searched for
fingerprint and DNA evidence in his car.
The defense knew that Podhorsky drove a Corvette that was somewhat similar to the car
seen by eyewitnesses. The State divulged that it had recovered evidence from the Corvette. The
record does not contain information about Barlow. Fratta, however, has not shown that the
defense did not have, or have access to, information about the police’s investigation into
fingerprints. At any rate, as discussed in the section above, Fratta’s allegations about the police
finding Barlow’s prints on Farah’s car are not credible, particularly because Fratta has not shown
falsity in the trial testimony about the police being unable to take usable prints from Farah’s car.
The Court finds that Fratta cannot overcome the procedural bar of his claims under Brady
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because he has not brought forth credible allegations that the State suppressed material
evidence.15
C.
Ineffective State Habeas Representation to Provide Cause and Actual
Prejudice
Fratta raises numerous claims relating to trial counsel’s efforts that he has not exhausted
in state court. In his final attempt to overcome the procedural bar, Fratta argues that the Court
should be able to reach the merits of his unexhausted Strickland claims because state habeas
counsel provided ineffective representation under Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012).16 A
federal habeas petitioner bringing an unexhausted Strickland claim who relies on Martinez to
show cause initially must make important showings before the Court can consider the underlying
defaulted claim. First, an inmate must show that “his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
at trial is substantial -- i.e., has some merit . . . .” Cantu v. Davis, 665 F. App’x 384, 386 (5th
Cir. 2016); see also Allen v. Stephens, 805 F.3d 617, 626 (5th Cir. 2015); Reed v. Stephens, 739
F.3d 753, 774 (5th Cir. 2014); Preyor v. Stephens, 537 F. App’x 412, 420-21 (5th Cir. 2013);
Garza v. Stephens, 738 F.3d 669, 676 (5th Cir. 2013). A Strickland claim is “insubstantial” if it
“does not have any merit” or is “wholly without factual support. Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1318.
This “substantiality standard [is] equivalent to the standard for obtaining a [Certificate of
15
Fratta asks the Court to stay the proceedings to exhaust his claims. The Court’s review indicates that Fratta
does not rely on “potentially meritorious” claims requiring a stay under Rhines v. Weber, 544 U.S. 269 (2005).
Fratta complains that Guidry’s case, which raised similar and numerous unrelated claims, was stayed. The Court’s
review indicates no reason for a stay in this case. For the same reasons that Fratta’s Brady claim does not provide
cause, the Court would deny relief if its merits were fully available for federal review.
16
Insofar as Fratta seems to suggest that Martinez will forgive the procedural bar of claims one, two, and
three, none of which raise Strickland claims, Martinez created only “a narrow exception” for the “procedural default
of a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.” Martinez, 132 S.Ct. at 1315; see Reed v. Stephens, 739 F.3d 753, 778
nn. 16 & 20 (5th Cir. 2014) (declining to extend Martinez beyond ineffective-assistance claims). In the alternative,
the Court had reviewed the merits of those claims and, if fully available for federal review, the Court would
nonetheless deny habeas relief.
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Appealability].” Crutsinger v. Stephens, 576 F. App’x 422, 430 (5th Cir. 2014). In other words,
a petitioner shows his claim is substantial by stating a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional
right. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c). Second, an inmate must “show that habeas counsel was
ineffective in failing to present those claims in his first state habeas proceeding.” Garza, 738
F.3d at 676.
In assessing whether state habeas counsel was ineffective the Court applies traditional
Strickland jurisprudence in which courts “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s
conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 689.
A habeas petitioner “must rebut this presumption by proving that his attorney’s
representation was unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and that the challenged
action was not sound strategy.”
Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384 (1986).
In
exercising the presumption, courts recognize that habeas counsel “’who files a merits brief need
not (and should not) raise every nonfrivolous claim, but rather may select from among them in
order to maximize the likelihood of success on appeal.’” Vasquez v. Stephens, 597 F. App’x
775, 780 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 288 (2000)). In order to prove
ineffective assistance, the defendant must demonstrate that “’a particular nonfrivolous issue was
clearly stronger than issues that counsel did present.’” Vasquez, 597 F. App’x at 780 (quoting
Robins, 528 U.S. at 288); see also Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751-52 (1983) (“Experienced
advocates since time beyond memory have emphasized the importance of winnowing out weaker
arguments on appeal and focusing on one central issue if possible, or at most on a few key
issues.”).
Even after showing cause flowing from habeas counsel’s representation, an inmate still
must demonstrate “actual prejudice.” Canales v. Stephens, 765 F.3d 551, 571 (5th Cir. 2014);
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see also Hernandez v. Stephens, 537 F. App’x 531, 542 (5th Cir. 2013). The Court’s ultimate
question is whether a prisoner has shown a reasonable probability that he would have been
granted state habeas relief “had his habeas counsel’s performance not been deficient.” Newberry
v. Stephens, 756 F.3d 850, 872 (5th Cir. 2014); see also Barbee v. Davis, 660 F. App’x 293 (5th
Cir. 2016).
1.
Background
Before turning to habeas counsel’s failure to raise the unexhausted claims, the Court will
review the circumstances surrounding Fratta’s state habeas representation. Patrick F. McCann
and Carmen M. Roe represented Fratta on state habeas review. The record before the Court does
not give full insight into the efforts state habeas counsel made to prepare a state habeas
application. The record, however, does provide general information showing that state habeas
counsel investigated various potential claims, including relating to the guilt/innocence phase of
trial. State habeas counsel filed a motion to unseal material related to jury selection. State
habeas counsel moved for, and received, additional time to file the state habeas application so as
to accomplish more investigation. The request specified that state habeas counsel wished for
additional time to review the records and transcript, as well as to investigate extra-record claims.
State habeas counsel requested and received funds to retain a licensed psychiatrist. State habeas
counsel employed the services of two investigators, one a “licensed fact investigator” and one a
dedicated mitigation specialist.
State habeas counsel prepared the habeas application against a backdrop of already raised
claims. Appellate counsel had filed the brief on direct appeal before state habeas counsel
submitted the habeas application. Presumably, appellate counsel’s selection of issues informed
habeas counsel’s selection of habeas claims. Also, by that point Fratta had raised several other
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issues in pro se pleadings before the Court of Criminal Appeals, which had not yet ruled on their
procedural viability.
State habeas counsel prepared a 57-page state habeas application raising four claims.
State Habeas Record at 3-60. Fratta himself, however, repeatedly and strongly complained to the
state habeas court about his habeas attorneys’ efforts. The seriousness of his allegations against
counsel must be considered in light of the fact that Fratta has continually been an obstreperous
client at every stage of legal proceedings. Fratta has repeatedly attempted to raise issues pro se,
some of which are included in his current federal petition. Even though appellate counsel raised
thirty-two points of error in the Court of Criminal Appeals, Fratta repeatedly complained about
his “ineffective and incompetent counsel” who “refused to file” various “vital issues.”
Instrument No. 61, Exhibit 38. Fratta submitted his own supplemental appellate brief to the
Court of Criminal Appeals raising thirteen new points of error. Fratta wrote a letter to the Court
of Criminal Appeals arguing that “PROOF of [appellate counsel’s] ineffectiveness is the
INADEQUATE brief . . . compared with my . . . pro se Volume One brief, and also my initial . . .
pro se supplemental brief.” Instrument No. 61, Exhibit 48. Fratta not only criticized his
attorneys, but state court judges as well.
For example, Fratta filed three motions for
reconsideration of his direct appeal because the “corrupt judges” had made so many factual
errors that they “looked foolish.” Instrument No. 61, Exhibit 42.
Fratta demeaned the judge
who presided over his state habeas proceedings as “a pompous, arrogant, racist black female
man-hating lesbian who in particular hates me.” Instrument No. 61, Exhibit 43.
By November 2011, Fratta had moved pro se to withdraw the application filed by state
habeas counsel and substitute his own. The state habeas court held two hearings regarding
Fratta’s desire to proceed pro se. Finally, on August 22, 2013, the state habeas court granted
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Fratta’s motion, dismissed his habeas attorneys, and allowed him to represent himself on state
habeas review. Once Fratta was granted leave to represent himself, he unsuccessfully requested
that he be provided a computer with a printer, two cell phones, and various other materials to set
up a working “law office.” State Habeas Record at 454, 491. Despite his pro se status, Fratta
never filed a supplemental habeas application. Instead, Fratta requested that the state habeas
court take two actions. First, Fratta asked the state habeas court to rule on the issues he raised in
his pro se direct appeal pleadings. State Habeas Record at 429. Second, Fratta argued that the
state habeas court should ignore the application filed by appointed habeas counsel because it did
not amount to a true habeas application. Fratta asked the state habeas court to dismiss the state
application, appoint new counsel, and allow the filing of a new habeas application. State Habeas
Record at 505. The state habeas court did not grant Fratta’s two requests. The trial-level habeas
court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law recommending that the Court of Criminal
Appeals deny the claims raised in the application filed by appointed counsel.
Against that background, Fratta now faults state habeas counsel for not raising several
ineffective-assistance-of-trial claims. Specifically, Fratta contends that habeas counsel should
have raised Strickland claims based on trial counsel’s ineffective representation for:
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not objecting that the law of parties charge that constructively
amended the indictment. (claim 5)
allowing the State to introduce allegedly false, incriminating
testimony. (claim 6)
not preventing the introduction of Prystash’s hearsay testimony
through Mary Gipp. (claim 7)
failing to investigate whether Gipp only provided the State evidence
under duress. (claim 8)
not impeaching Gipp with her prior inconsistent statements. (claim 9)
not impeaching Prystash’s credibility. (claim 10)
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failing to exclude and impeach the testimony of the State’s witnesses
James Podhorsky, James Ray Thomas, Mike Eden, and others. (claim
11)
not preventing testimony that Fratta forced his wife to engage in
deviant sex acts. (claim 12)
not objecting when the State allegedly encouraged a juror to
presuppose that the State had a stronger case than the case it was
allowed to put on. (claim 13)
not making a proper due process objection to police testimony and
false and misleading closing argument about Guidry’s presence at a
grocery store near Farah’s home proximate to the murder. (claim 14)
not objecting when the prosecutor repeatedly interjected facts outside
the record. (claim 15)
Fratta also raises a separate claim that the cumulative effect of his ineffective-assistanceof-trial-counsel claims violated his constitutional rights. (Claim 16).
This Court will decide whether Fratta has shown cause and prejudice in state habeas
counsel’s failure to raise the unexhausted Strickland claims. In doing so, the Court must touch
upon the merits of his underlying Strickland claims. While the Court’s focus is on the Martinez
arguments, the Court would alternatively deny the merits of his unexhausted claims for
essentially the same reasons that follow.
Before turning to his arguments, the Court observes that Fratta only specifically
addresses the cause component of the Martinez inquiry. Fratta makes no effort to show that, had
habeas counsel raised the unexhausted claims, the state courts would have granted habeas relief.
Failure to plead, much less prove, the Martinez “actual prejudice” prong is also fatal to Fratta’s
efforts to overcome the procedural bar of his unexhausted claims.
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2.
Claim Five
In claim five, Fratta argues that trial counsel should have objected to the inclusion of a
law-of-parties charge because it constructively amended the indictment. From the early stages of
this case, it was understood that the prosecution would rely on Texas’ law of parties. Trial
counsel moved to preclude a death sentence in this case because of the State’s reliance on that
theory. Clerk’s Record at 250-51. After both sides rested in the guilt/innocence phase, the trial
court discussed the jury charge with the attorneys, specifically its application to the burglary
count. Trial counsel objected to the language of the burglary charge because it did not “track[]
the language in the indictment.” Tr. Vol. 29 at 216. The discussion, however, was continued off
the record, leaving it uncertain what objections trial counsel made to the jury charge. Tr. Vol. 29
at 220.
Fratta asserts that habeas counsel should have complained that trial counsel did not make
various objections to the jury instructions on party liability, all related to the idea that the law of
parties instruction constructively amended the indictment. According to Fratta’s theory, the
evidence did not draw a connection between him and Guidry yet the indictment said that he
“with the intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense of murder of Farah Fratta,
solicited, encouraged, directed, aided or attempted to aid … Guidry in shooting Farah Fratta.” In
essence, Fratta contends that no evidence supported the party-liability theories.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that “[r]egardless of whether it is
pl[eaded] in the charging instrument, liability as a party is an available legal theory if it is
supported by the evidence.” In re State ex rel. Weeks, 391 S.W.3d 117, 124 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013); see also Vodochodsky v. State, 158 S.W.3d 502, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“It is wellsettled under Texas state law that law of parties need not be set out in the indictment.”). The
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record suggests that the State understood the defense to attack the relationship between the
charge’s language and the evidence. While the defense did not specifically use the phrasing
“constructively amended the indictment,” the thrust of the discussion on the record revolves
around Texas’ law regarding that concept. Compare Tr. Vol. 29 at 216-17 (the State arguing that
a “hypothetically-correct jury charge is one that’s authorized by the indictment but accurately
tracks the statute”) with Anderson v. State, 416 S.W.3d 884, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“When
reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the essential elements of the offense are those of a
hypothetically correct jury charge: “one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant was tried.”).
Counsel made efforts to remove the law of parties as a basis for Fratta’s conviction.
Clerk’s Record at 250. Still, the jury instructions and evidence strongly allowed for Prystash to
be the link between Fratta and the gunman Guidry, even if they did not know one another. While
in the context of a different claim, the Court of Criminal Appeals on direct appeal discussed the
extensive evidence showing the connection between the three men in the conspiracy to kill
Farah. Fratta, 2011 WL 4582498. Fratta has not shown that the Court of Criminal Appeals
would not rely on the same factual basis to find a sufficient connection to permit the parties
instruction. Additionally, the same background, considered in the full context of the trial record
and state law, demonstrates the weaknesses in Fratta’s fifth habeas claim. Trial counsel could
reasonably choose not to raise the objection in claim five, and state habeas counsel could
reasonably choose not to include it in the habeas application. Further, Fratta has not shown that
the state habeas court would have granted relief had habeas counsel raised the claim.
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3.
Claim Six
Fratta claims that state habeas counsel should have raised a Strickland claim relating to
counsel’s handling of Gipp’s testimony. Fratta contends that counsel should have objected to:
(1) Gipp’s testimony that Prystash was the “middleman” because it conflicted with her testimony
from Prystash’s trial; (2) the prosecutor’s questions that led to Gipp testifying that she “knew”
that the men had killed Farah; (3) Gipp’s testimony about Prystash’s car being used in the
murder because she did not personally see him drive it to Farah’s house; and (4) introduction of
Gipp’s note with a gun’s serial numbers as hearsay. Fratta, however, has not shown that habeas
counsel missed viable, and ultimately meritorious, grounds for relief.
As an initial matter, Fratta fails to acknowledge efforts trial counsel made to exclude
Gipp’s testimony. Fratta’s pleadings give the impression that trial counsel wholly failed to
challenge Gipp’s testimony. Early in the case, trial counsel emphasized that “there are a lot of
hearsay statements . . . we’re concerned about all the hearsay statements” because “[a]t the
previous trial, . . . Gipp [was] allowed to put in a lot of, in our opinion, hearsay.” Tr. Vol. 3 at
37. Trial counsel filed a pre-trial motion to exclude hearsay from Gipp. Clerk’s Record at 528.
The defense also sought to prevent “[a]ny BACK DOOR hearsay statements of any witness
including Mary Gipp” and “[a]ny DOUBLE hearsay statements from Mary Gipp or any other
witness.”
Clerk’s Record at 439.
Trial counsel repeatedly and vigorously objected to
statements at trial on hearsay grounds. In many of the instances Fratta points to in his petition
trial counsel actually objected, sometimes on other grounds, and was unsuccessful in excluding
Gipp’s testimony. A review of the trial record confirms that trial counsel zealously tried to limit
or exclude Gipp’s testimony. A state habeas attorney seeking to emphasize stronger grounds for
relief, therefore, could reasonably forgo challenging trial counsel’s efforts in that regard.
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Further, Fratta has not shown that state habeas counsel missed viable arguments with
respect to each challenged area of trial counsel’s representation relating to Gipp. Fratta primarily
argues that trial counsel “allowed the State to introduce false, incriminating testimony that the
State crafted to circumvent the trial court’s rulings and rules of evidence.” Instrument No. 51 at
70. As previously discussed, the State based its case partially on incriminating statements
Prystash made to Gipp.17
Fratta claims that a comparison between Gipp’s testimony in his
Prystash’s trial and that from his own second shows that she was testifying falsely in 2009.18
Fratta has shown some differences in Gipp’s testimony after years had transpired between the
17
The court adjudicating Prystash’s federal petition for a writ of habeas corpus recently summarized Gipp’s
testimony at Prystash’s trial as follows:
The prosecution relied heavily on Gipp’s confirmation of the murder plot, both
through her testimony about what Prystash told her and her observations of him
during that time period. Gipp's testimony verified much of Prystash’s
confession. About six months before the murder, Fratta gave Prystash a gun. Tr.
Vol. 17 at 186. A couple of months before the murder, Prystash told Gipp that
Fratta “had asked him if he wanted to kill [Farah].” Id. at 177. The two men met
often, and Prystash told Gipp that they were planning “[t]o have Farah killed.”
Id. at 178. They spoke every day in the week before Farah's murder. Id. at 174.
A few days before the killing, Prystash told Gipp that the murder was to happen
on November 9 because Fratta “was going to church” with the children. Id. at
179. Prystash said that their neighbor Guidry would be the shooter and that they
would kill Farah at her house. Id. at 179, 185. Prystash reported that “Guidry
was going to get a thousand dollars, and [he, Prystash] was going to get a Jeep.”
Id. at 179-80.
After Gipp arrived at home on November 9, Prystash and Guidry left together,
both dressed in black clothing. Prystash took Gipp's telephone with him when he
left. Id. at 193. Prystash and Guidry returned two hours later. Id. at 196. Prystash
walked into the bedroom and unloaded the shells from a gun. Id. at 197. When
she asked, Prystash told Gipp that Farah had been killed. Id. at 201.
Prystash said that he dropped Guidry off at the Fratta home. Guidry was waiting
in the garage when Farah arrived. Id. at 217. Prystash said that “Farah was shot
twice; and that the first time in the head and when she flew back, then [Guidry]
shot her again.” Id. at 217. Prystash then picked Guidry up in his “Silver
Nissan.” Id. at 218.
Prystash v. Stephens, No. CV H-05-1546, 2016 WL 1069680, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 17, 2016), aff’d sub nom.
Prystash v. Davis, 854 F.3d 830 (5th Cir. 2017).
18
For instance, Gipp provided unobjected-to testimony that Prystash “was the middleman to find someone
that would kill Farah.” Tr. Vol. 27 at 41.
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trials.
He has not, however, shown that she lied at his trial, much less that the State
manufactured her testimony. For instance, even if Gipp did not use the word “middleman” in
Fratta’s first trial or Prystash’s trial, her testimony in those cases amply described his role in the
murder scheme in a manner which would have supported the use of that term. Fratta’s argument
that trial counsel should have challenged Gipp’s statements as false is without basis when
considering the whole of her testimony in this and other cases.
State habeas counsel did not miss obvious arguments relating to other areas of Gipp’s
testimony. Respondent persuasively argues that, while some of Prystash’s statements may have
been hearsay, Gipp’s knowledge of them and ability to ascertain that the men had carried out the
plot were admissible. Gipp knew Prystash’s vehicle and could provide testimony about it,
including the inference that Prystash used it in carrying out the murder because it matched the
description of the getaway vehicle. While the note was not admissible on some grounds, the text
written thereon was a recorded recollection which Gipp could have read. Any Strickland claim
based on the note, however, would ultimately be unsuccessful because information about the gun
also came before the jury through other sources, including the victim’s father.
While Fratta has shown that an attorney may have made the indicated additional
objections, he has not shown that the “State crafted” any “false, incriminating testimony” upon
which a reasonable attorney could have made a meritorious objection. Instrument No. 51 at 70.
Recognizing other dynamic efforts trial counsel made to limit or exclude Gipp’s testimony, a
reasonable habeas attorney could chose not to raise the instant Strickland claim. Moreover, it is
not reasonable probably that the habeas court would grant relief on that proposed claim,
particularly in light of the Court of Criminal Appeals’ resolution of challenges to Gipp’s
testimony on direct appeal. Given the lack of substantive factual underpinnings, and in light of
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the fact that Fratta has not made any convincing argument that actual prejudice flowed from the
alleged errors, Fratta has not shown that state habeas counsel’s representation provides cause to
allow federal review, nor that a meritorious ineffective-assistance-of-trial counsel claim exists.
4.
Claim Seven
In claim seven, Fratta complains that trial counsel should have prevented the introduction
of Prystash’s hearsay testimony through Gipp. Fratta argues that trial counsel should have
argued that Prystash’s hearsay statements could be categorized as testimonial, and thus
excludable, because Gipp “was probing Prystash for information that police and prosecutors
could use against Prystash and Fratta,” and because Prysatsh’s statements were neither credible
nor reliable. Instrument No. 51 at 88-90. On its face, this argument seems to have some
currency as this Court and the Fifth Circuit concluded in the first federal habeas action that “the
Confrontation Clause was violated when Prystash’s statements to Gipp were admitted at Fratta’s
trial.” Fratta v. Quarterman, 536 F.3d 485, 507 (5th Cir. 2008). The Fifth Circuit, however,
refused to render an opinion about using Gipp’s statements in any retrial, other than to observe
that, unlike in the first proceeding, Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) would govern
their admissibility. Fratta, 536 F.3d at 507 n.15.19
19
Specifically, the Fifth Circuit stated:
We note that should the State seek to re-try Fratta, the question of the
admissibility of the custodial confessions and Prystash’s statements to Gipp will
not be governed by the reliability framework established in Roberts. Instead, the
Confrontation Clause analysis will focus on whether these statements are
“testimonial.” See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 61-62, 124 S.Ct. 1354; Davis v.
Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 823-24, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006).
Since neither party has argued that the statements should or should not be
considered “testimonial,” or even argued that this question has any relevance to
Fratta’s habeas petition, cf. Jackson v. McKee, 525 F.3d 430, 437-38 (6th
Cir.2008), we of course offer no opinion on this issue.
Fratta, 536 F.3d at 507 n.15.
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Fratta’s appellate counsel raised a detailed and comprehensive attack on Gipp’s recitation
of Prystash’s statements. In a manner similar to the arguments in claim seven, appellate counsel
asserted that the hearsay statements “were testimonial in nature” because Prystash “reasonably
knew that he was making incriminatory admissions that could be used to prosecute him for
capital murder” and “[t]his incriminatory information was being collected and preserved by
Mary Gipp which could be used to prosecute Prystash and which could serve as her ‘get out of
jail free card.’” Fratta’s Appellate Brief at 44-45. Appellate counsel also argued that the hearsay
statements were not admissible because “some of the statements which the trial court permitted
were non-inculpatory, some of the statements involved blame-shifting, and the remainder . . . do
not possess particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.”
Fratta’s Appellate Brief at 54.
Appellate counsel filed the appellate brief well before state habeas counsel submitted the habeas
application on June 20, 2011. State habeas counsel would not be ineffective for not duplicating
appellate counsel’s efforts by casting the Confrontation Clause claims as Strickland arguments.
The Court of Criminal Appeals found that Crawford did not bar Gipp’s recitation of
Prystash’s statements. Given the Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision on appellate review,
Prystash’s complaint that trial counsel should have objected to Gipp’s testimony is not
substantial, habeas counsel was not ineffective for not advancing it, and it is not reasonably
likely that the state habeas court would have granted relief on this claim.
5.
Claim Eight
Emphasizing Gipp’s role as a crucial witness for the State, Fratta’s eighth claim argues
that “[t]rial counsel was therefore obligated to attack the validity of Gipp’s testimony, including
investigating evidence that Gipp was harassed and physically abused by Deputies and Detectives
until she gave a statement and produced physical evidence critical to the State’s case.”
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Instrument No. 51 at 98. In arguing that Gipp only talked to the police out of duress, Fratta relies
on complaints made by his co-defendants,20 citations to a television program, and police reports
of Gipp’s immunity deal. Fratta, however, does not provide any direct statement from Gipp
verifying any physical abuse or similar overreaching by police officers. For the most part,
Fratta’s argument only rests on the supposition that the police improperly influenced Gipp’s
testimony when they attempted to “gratuitously disrupt [Gipp’s] life as [they] pleased.”
Instrument No. 51 at 98. Fratta’s claim that state habeas counsel should have raised a Strickland
claim on the handling of Gipp’s testimony is hollow without substantiation that police
misconduct caused her to provide information.
Still, Fratta argues that trial counsel’s performance was deficient because of not crossexamining Gipp about “threats to prosecute Gipp for capital murder if she did not turn State’s
witness,” “invasions and gratuitous destruction of Gipp’s property,” “unannounced and
unmemorialized interrogations of Gipp at her home and at police stations, and. threats to
prosecute Gipp’s brother, Keith.” Instrument No. 51 at 100-01. Also, Fratta argues that trial
counsel should have investigated and questioned Gipp about her immunity deal and how “one or
more Sheriff’s deputy [sic] had disclosed that Gipp had been struck or otherwise assaulted or
20
Even though his subsequent briefing discusses the police officers’ interaction with Guidry and Prystash,
Fratta’s eighth claim faults counsel for not ‘investigat[ing] the conditions under which Gipp was interrogated.”
Instrument No. 51 at 96. Fratta only seems to discuss his co-defendants to establish “[a] pattern of witness abuse,”
not serve as an independent basis for a Strickland claim. If Fratta intended his Strickland arguments to cover trial
counsel’s investigation into Fratta’s co-defendants, he has not shown deficient performance or actual prejudice by
any prior attorney in that regard. Also, even though the heading for Fratta’s eighth claim only identifies a Strickland
claim based on the failure to “investigate the conditions under which Gipp was interrogated and fail[ure] to cross
examine Gipp about the duress under which she agreed to provide state’s evidence,” Instrument No. 51 at 96,
Fratta’s briefing goes on to allege that the State did not disclose, and counsel failed to ask about, the full extent of
her immunity deal with the State. The Court’s review does not disclose that he has met Strickland performance or
prejudice, at either the trial or habeas level, with regard to those allegations if he intends them to constitute a ground
for relief.
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threatened by one or more of the detectives or deputies who interviewed Gipp.” Instrument No.
51 at 101.
“Because decisions regarding cross-examination are strategic, they usually will not
support an ineffective assistance claim.” United States v. Bernard, 762 F.3d 467, 472 (5th Cir.
2014) (citation omitted). Here, in particular, Fratta’s briefing leaves the incorrect impression that
trial counsel made no effort to flesh out the circumstances surrounding Gipp’s statements to the
police.
The State questioned Gipp extensively, but the prosecutor did not discuss Gipp’s
interaction with the police before being subpoenaed to testify before a grand jury. Trial counsel,
however, extensively questioned Gipp about how she came to provide the police information,
resulting in information similar to that alleged in Fratta’s Strickland claim.
In her direct
testimony, Gipp had already said that the State was going to “charge [her] with capital murder.”
Tr. Vol. 27 at 85. Trial counsel elicited testimony that the police searched Gipp’s apartment, that
they had opened all her Christmas presents, and that “several detectives . . . came [to her
apartment] several times.” Tr. Vol. 27 at 148.21 While Fratta’s arguments essentially assume
that trial counsel should have asked Gipp if she was “harassed,” trial counsel actually asked that
question, to which Gipp responded: “I wouldn’t call it harassment.” Tr. Vol. 27 at 149. Trial
counsel also asked Gipp about her immunity agreement with the police. Tr. Vol. 27 at 158-59,
165.
Alleged threats to Gipp’s brother and physical violence against Gipp were the only two
areas arguably not covered by trial counsel’s questioning. Fratta, however, has not provided any
21
Trial counsel had already told jurors in opening arguments that the police “were talking to Mary Gipp
routinely. They were going over to her house and interviewing her routinely over and over again.” Tr. Vol. 22 at 45.
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evidence to substantiate those allegations, much less to show that they caused Gipp to give the
police false information.
“Speculating about the effect of tinkering with the cross-examination questions is exactly
the sort of hindsight that Strickland warns against.” Castillo v. Stephens, 640 F. App’x 283, 292
(5th Cir. 2016). A reasonable habeas attorney could chose not to advance Fratta’s eighth claim
that is only weakly supported by unverified information. This Court has reviewed the vigorous
and extensive cross-examination by trial counsel and independently concludes that Fratta’s
ineffective assistance claim satisfies neither prong of Strickland analysis. Fratta has not shown a
reasonable probability of a different result had habeas counsel raised the claim (or if trial counsel
had engaged in the suggested cross-examination).
6.
Claim Nine
Fratta claims that Gipp’s testimony through the trials and retrials of himself and his codefendants was “rife with serious contradictions and omissions.” Instrument No. 51 at 111.
Fratta claims that trial counsel should have probed Gipp on cross-examination about prior
inconsistencies during the various times she told her story in police statements, trial proceedings,
and investigative interviews. Fratta emphasizes the following differences in her testimony:
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Gipp provided different accounts in Guidry’s 2007 trial and a 1996
interview with an investigator about whether Prystash and Guidry
were together after the murder
Gipp described the weapon and having “wooden” grips in a police
statement but testified that the grips were black in Guidry’s retrial
Gipp told the police in her statement that she came home at 4:30 p.m.
but testified in Guidry’s 2007 trial that she returned at 5:30 p.m.
In her police statement, Gipp said that she either saw Prystash throw
away the gun casings or he said he threw them away. At Guidry’s
2007 trial, she testified that she saw Prystash throw them away.
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Gipp testified once that, when she returned home before the murder,
she asked Guidry where Prystash was, but in another trial testified that
Guidry had asked her that question, and in another trial did not
mention the question at all.
Gipp said in Guidry’s 2007 trial that she told police when they first
spoke with her that she was willing to testify before a grand jury, but
did not provide that testimony in other trials.22
The trial testimony provided the jurors some information about inconsistencies in Gipp’s
testimony. For example, when Gipp testified that the gun grip was wood, the prosecutor began
to ask what color she told the police that the gun was. Tr. Vol. 27 at 70. Trial counsel, however,
quickly objected. Tr. Vol. 27 at 70. Gipp then testified that she had previously described the
gun as silver. Tr. Vol. 27 at 70-71.
Trial counsel’s cross-examination discussed the different
guns Gipp saw, including her description of one as “black.” Tr. Vol. 27 at 166-67. At Fratta’s
trial, Gipp expressed some uncertainness about what time she arrived home and did not give a
confident answer. Tr. Vol. 27 at 45, 127-28.
Trial counsel extensively cross-examined Gipp on other matters and highlighted other
inconsistencies and weaknesses in her testimony. Trial counsel’s closing argument sharply
criticized Gipp, portraying her as a self-interested liar whose shifting testimony was not reliable.
Tr. Vol. 30 at 105-07. While Fratta has identified some additional areas in which Gipp’s
testimony varied over the decades since the murder, he has not identified any line of questioning
which a reasonable attorney would have unquestionably pursued. After reviewing these alleged
inconsistencies, the Court concludes that most of these inconsistencies concern minor details and
are insufficient to overcome the presumption of effective representation. At best, many of the
discrepancies are relatively insignificant, if they constitute discrepancies at all. Given trial
22
Fratta lists the alleged inconsistencies in a manner fundamentally identically to a similar claim in Guidry’s
most recent federal petition.
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counsel’s vigorous cross-examination, the relatively minor inconsistencies, and the fact that
rational jurors may attribute differences in testimony to the mere passage of time,23 Fratta has not
met the Strickland standard for trial or habeas counsel with respect to the cross-examination of
Gipp.
7.
Claim Ten
Fratta argues that habeas counsel should have raised a claim faulting trial counsel for not
impeaching Prystash’s statements to Gipp. In his federal habeas challenging, Prystash claimed
to suffer from mental illness and fetal alcohol syndrome. Also, Prystash had a criminal record.
In her police statement, Gipp told officers that Prystash claimed to have committed a different
murder. Fratta claims that trial counsel should have used Prystash’s alleged mental illness and
criminal background to impeach his account of participating in Farah’s murder.
Respondent contends that Fratta has not shown how state habeas counsel could have
proven that trial counsel should have impeached Prystash’s hearsay statements. Respondent
argues that Fratta relies on speculation (1) that any impeachment evidence existed and (2) that
such material would be admissible in his trial. Respondent, however, does not acknowledge that
the Texas Rules of Evidence 806 which states that “[w]hen a hearsay statement . . . has been
admitted in evidence, the credibility of the declarant may be attacked, and if attacked may be
supported by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if declarant had
testified as a witness.” The intent of Rule 806 is “to permit impeachment and rehabilitation by
any means that could be used if the declarant were a witness.” Bee v. State, 974 S.W.2d 184,
190 (Tex. App. -San Antonio 1998, no pet.).
23
Elsewhere in his petition Fratta states that, by the time of Fratta’s second trial, “[w]itnesses had aged and
memories were not fresh and vivid.” Instrument No. 51 at 120.
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Still, the Court finds that a reasonable attorney could strategically decide not to challenge
Prystash’s testimony on the grounds asserted in the habeas petition. Fratta admits that Prystash
only “may” suffer from schizophrenia and fetal alcohol syndrome. Instrument No. 51 at 118.
No evidence conclusively diagnosed Prystash with those conditions, but less in a manner which
would be admissible at Fratta’s trial.
Although Prystash previously told Gipp he had killed
before, his commission of other murders could as easily harm as help the defense, convincing
jurors of his culpability in killing Farah. At their core, none of the unverified impeachment
evidence unquestionably makes hearsay statements from Prystash less credible. Fratta has not
shown that habeas counsel provided deficient representation by not more aggressively attacking
Prystash’s credibility through a Strickland claim.
8.
Claim Eleven
Fratta complains that, because many years had passed since the murders, trial counsel
should have made efforts to “exclude and impeach the testimony of state witnesses Jimmy
Podhorsky, James Ray Thomas, Mike Eden and Other State’s Witnesses.” Instrument No. 51 at
120. Fratta does not provide any specifics about what testimony suffered from the passage of
time, but suggests that additional discovery and investigation would reveal that the witnesses
lacked personal knowledge at the time of trial. Fratta has not pointed to any challenge to the
testimony of witnesses that would have provided a viable basis for a Strickland claim on state
habeas review.24
24
Even if Fratta had provided information about in what areas recollections had degraded with time,
Respondent observes that “[t]hat trial counsel did not want to have these witnesses’ memories refreshed by the
prosecution with their former testimony was undoubtedly a valid strategic concern. Whatever gains might be made
in showing a witness’s memory had faded would have been undone by any of their former testimony coming into
evidence.” Instrument No. 67 at 68.
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Fratta makes more specific allegations against eyewitness testimony provided by Lauren
and Daren Hoelscher (who observed the gunman and the getaway car) and testimony provided
by Farah’s father, Lex Bacquer.25
Fratta challenges trial counsel’s questioning of the
Hoelschers’ because it did not address the fact that they had been hypnotized in an effort to add
detail to their eyewitness accounts. In Fratta’s first habeas proceedings, however, the state
habeas court found that “the hypnosis attempt was not successful” and “no new information had
been obtained.” State Habeas Record at 785. The state habeas court also found that “hypnosis
did not elicit any new information from the Hoelschers; that hypnosis did not produce an
identification of the shooter; and that the procedures used during the hypnosis are thus not
relevant.” State Habeas Record at 787. Given those findings, state habeas counsel could
reasonably decide not to challenge trial counsel’s failure to object to the Hoelshers’ testimony
because they had been hypnotized. Impeaching the Hoelshers would have helped the defense
little, because the hypnosis was not successful and did not alter their account of events.
Fratta also contends that state habeas counsel should have raised a claim relating to trial
counsel’s questioning of Bacquer. At trial, Bacquer testified that Farah had given him a gun
belonging to Fratta for safe-keeping after they separated. Tr. Vol. 29 at 133. At Fratta’s request,
Bacquer gave the gun back to Fratta the summer before Farah was murdered. Tr. Vol. 29 at 124.
In a lineup, Bacquer identified that gun as the one the police recovered from Guidry. Tr. Vol. 29
at 134. Fratta claims that Bacquer lacked the necessary forensic experience and expertise to
identify that unique weapon. Still, Bacquer was personally familiar with the weapon. Even if
counsel could call into question his ability to identify the weapon, the State presented records
from the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms showing that Fratta was the registered owner
25
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of the gun that was recovered from Guidry’s backpack. Tr. Vol. 28 at 65. Given that evidence, a
reasonable habeas attorney could understandably choose not to challenge trial counsel’s crossexamination of the victim’s father on that point, and no prejudice would result.
9.
Claim Twelve
In claim twelve Fratta complains that state habeas counsel should have raised a complaint
that the trial attorneys should have prevented jurors from hearing testimony about the sexually
deviant demands he made on Farah. Trial counsel made efforts to exclude that testimony. By
the time habeas counsel was preparing the habeas application, appellate counsel had already filed
a detailed challenge to the sexual-deviance testimony. The Court of Criminal Appeals, however,
found that the statements were relevant and admissible. Further, the Court of Criminal Appeals
recognized that trial counsel sought, and the trial court granted, an instruction informing jurors
that the “allegations were offered for the purpose of determining motive, and not for their truth.”
Fratta, 2011 WL 4582498, at *8. State habeas counsel cannot be held ineffective for failing to
raise a Strickland claim faulting trial counsel for not objecting to admissible evidence, and Fratta
does not convincingly show that basing any challenge to the evidence on different grounds than
that considered on appeal would have led to a different result. State habeas counsel did not
provide ineffective representation by raising a Stickland claim on that basis and Fratta has not
shown that habeas relief would have been granted had habeas counsel done so.
10.
Claim Thirteen
Fratta claims that state habeas counsel should have raised a Strickland claim because
“trial counsel failed to prevent the State from encouraging at least one accepted juror from
presupposing that the State had a stronger case than the case it was allowed to put on.”
Instrument No. 51 at 144. Fratta argues that the State used a hypothetical example during voir
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dire to illustrate that a defendant or his accomplices cannot be compelled to testify. Fratta argues
that the hypothetical “impress[ed] on jurors there was evidence proving Fratta guilty that the
State could not put on.” Instrument No. 51 at 144. Fratta also argues that “the juror could draw
inferences supportive of the State’s cases because co-defendants exercised their Fifth
Amendment rights.” Instrument No. 57 at 145. Fratta, however, only points to one prospective
juror to whom the State posed the indicated hypothetical, Tr. Vol. 13 at 198, and that prospective
juror did not serve at trial.
Given that only conjecture assumes what inferences the prospective juror may have
entertained, and the only prospective juror to whom the State posed the challenged question did
not serve at trial, Fratta has not shown that state habeas counsel failed to advance a claim that
had some merit.
11.
Claim Fourteen
The federal courts granted habeas relief from Fratta’s first conviction, in part, because of
constitutional error in the introduction of Guidry’s confession. The State made no effort to rely
on that confession in the second trial. Guidry’s involvement in the crime, however, was still a
central issue. Fratta complains that trial counsel did not sufficiently object when the State
connected Guidry to the murder through phone calls between Gipp’s cell phone and a pay phone
outside a grocery store.
After confessing to the crime in 1995, Guidry took the police to the grocery store
payphone he visited around the time of the murder. The State wanted to introduce into evidence
a photograph showing Guidry at the grocery store with police officers. Trial counsel made an
oral motion in limine to prevent the State from presenting evidence about Guidry’s presence at
the grocery store. Tr. Vol. 29 at 3. The trial court ruled that, while “there should be no mention
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or no suggestion in any way that Guidry said or did anything,” the State could present the
photographs which, in tandem with the phone records, suggested that Guidry had been at the
grocery store on the night of the murder. During the State’s closing argument, the defense
repeatedly objected whenever the prosecutor tried to say that Guidry “showed” the police
anything at the grocery store. Tr. Vol. 30 at 138-40. Fratta claims that the defense did not do
enough, but should have made due process objections that the State had manufactured evidence
by drawing a connection between Guidry’s 1995 visit to the grocery store and the phone records.
Trial counsel made efforts to limit the damaging effect of connecting Guidry, through
phone records, to the crimes.
Trial counsel repeatedly, and successfully, objected to the
prosecution’s discussion of Guidry “show[ing]” the police anything at the grocery store. The
Strickland inquiry eschews the distorting effect of hindsight that would suggest alternative
objections or strategies. Fratta has not shown that a reasonable habeas attorney would raise a
claim on the factual scenario in claim fourteen or that the claim is somewhat-meritorious.
Further, Fratta has not shown actual prejudice from either state habeas or trial counsel on this
claim.26 This claim is not available for plenary federal review.
12.
Claim Fifteen
Finally, Fratta faults state habeas counsel for not raising a Strickland claim based on the
prosecution’s discussion of extraneous facts. During the guilt/innocence phase, trial counsel
repeatedly, and sometimes successfully, objected that the prosecutor had intentionally interjected
extra-record facts into closing argument. Fratta now points to various points in which he wished
trial counsel would have objected, or made a stronger objection. Fratta specifically contends
26
Fratta has not shown that the prosecution violated the federal constitution through testimony that Guidry
accompanied the police to the payphone.
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that, in addition to the common-law basis for trial counsel’s objections, the defense would have
approached the bench to argue that the repeated references to matters outside the record violated
the federal due process clause.
Having considered each statement in context, and in light of the fact that the trial court
sustained many objections, the Court finds that a reasonable state habeas attorney could decide
not to advance such a Strickland claim. Fratta has not made a convincing argument that the trial
prosecutor committed a due process violation through closing summation, much less one that
would infect Fratta’s trial with unfairness. Trial counsel repeatedly and vigorously objected
during closing argument. Fratta has not shown that the newly minted objections would have
been any more successful than the efforts counsel made. Additionally, habeas counsel’s failure
to raise the indicated Strickland claim did not result in actual prejudice.
Fratta has not shown that trial or habeas counsel provided prejudicial ineffective
representation with regard to the alleged due process errors in the prosecution’s summation.
Fratta has also not shown that the state habeas courts would have granted relief had counsel
raised this claim.
13.
Actual Prejudice
In claim sixteen, Fratta claims that “trial counsel’s cumulative errors deprived Fratta of
his sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel.” Instrument No. 51 at 156. Fratta
begins his argument by asserting that “[w]hile each claim is sufficient to demonstrate [ineffective
assistance of counsel], the proper Strickland analysis requires reviewing courts to calculate the
cumulative impact of trial counsel’s errors. In this case, the cumulative impact clearly satisfies
Strickland v. Washington’s deficiency and prejudice prongs.” Instrument No. 51 at 156-57.
Fratta’s subsequent briefing, however, extensively discusses racial concerns in Texas’ historic
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method of selecting grand jurors.
Fratta has not raised any related Strickland claim nor
explained how the selection of grand jurors has any bearing on the cumulative effect of his
allegations of trial counsel’s errors.27
Fratta provides nothing more than conclusory statements about the combined effect of
trial counsel’s alleged errors. The Court has already found that state habeas counsel did not
provide ineffective representation by failing to raise each individual claim challenging trial
counsel’s representation. Fratta, therefore, has not provided anything to cumulate.
To the extent that Fratta has alleged error throughout counsel’s representation, “[t]he
Constitution demands reasonable competence, not perfect advocacy.” Castillo v. Stephens, 640
F. App’x 283, 292 (5th Cir. 2016). The Court has considered each of Fratta’s unexhausted
claims of ineffective representation. Taken the effect of all alleged errors as a whole, Fratta has
not shown actual prejudice from trial counsel’s alleged deficiencies. Fratta, therefore, has not
shown actual prejudice that would allow the Court to reach the merits of his underlying claims.
A procedural bar, therefore, forecloses federal review of the unexhausted issues.
D.
Alternate Review of Claims One and Two
Even though a procedural bar conclusively precludes federal relief on claims one and
two, the Court will alternatively review their merits. Both claim one and two depend on the
specific language which the State used to indict and convict Fratta. The indictment specifically
allowed for Fratta’s conviction if: (1) Fratta caused the death of Farah by shooting her with a
firearm and employed Prystash to commit the murder; (2) Fratta caused the death of Farah by
27
To the extent that Fratta intends to raise a claim relating to the grand jury system, state habeas counsel
raised a claim discussing the grand jury selection process. The state habeas court held that Fratta “fail[ed] to show
that his rights to equal protection were violated based on an alleged purposeful exclusion of certain identifiable
groups from serving on the grand jury as a result of the key man system.” State Habeas Record at 547. Fratta has not
shown that the state habeas court’s decision was unreasonable.
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shooting her with a firearm and employed Guidry to commit the murder; or (3) Fratta shot Farah
with a firearm during the commission of a burglary. Clerk’s Record at 2; Tr. Vol. 22 at 20-22.28
The State never alleged that Fratta himself killed Farah. To that end, the trial court instructed
jurors on what Fratta describes as “aiding and abetting instruction,” known in Texas as the law of
parties. Instrument No. 51 at 15. Specifically, the jury instructions stated:
A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of
another if acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense he
solicits encourages directs aids or attempts to aid the other person to commit the
offense. Mere presence alone will not constitute one a party to an offense.
Clerk’s Record at 559; TEX. PENAL CODE § 7.01 and 7.02.
In claim one, Fratta complains that the evidence was insufficient under Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979) to support his conviction under any of the theories listed in the
indictment. In claim two, Fratta complains that the jury instruction on Texas’ law of parties
constructively amended the indictment and violated the Fifth Amendment. The Court finds that,
if the merits were fully available, Fratta has not shown an entitlement to federal habeas relief on
claims one and two.
1.
Sufficiency of the Evidence (claim one)
The jury instructions in this case listed each of the three counts against Fratta in the
disjunctive, allowing jurors to decide his guilt under any of the theories. In an explanation
paragraph, the jury instructions told jurors how to apply Texas’ law of parties to the three counts:
28
The State also indicted Fratta for one other count, but the trial court granted the defense’s motion for an
instructed verdict on that issue. Tr. Vol. 29 at 167-73. Count three of the indictment allowed from Fratta’s
conviction if he caused the death of Farah by shooting her with a deadly weapon and he employed Guidry to commit
the murder for remuneration. Clerk’s Record at 2.
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Before you would be warranted in finding the defendant guilty of capital murder,
you must find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on the occasion
in question the defendant, Robert Alan Fratta, intentionally employed Joseph
Prystash and/or Howard Guidry to kill Farah Fratta; and the defendant Robert
Alan Fratta, paid or promised to pay Joseph Prystash and/or Howard Guidry to
kill Farah Fratta as alleged in the indictment; and Joseph Prystash and/or Howard
Guidry agreed to kill Farah Fratta pursuant to such employment by the defendant,
Robert Alan Fratta, and that Joseph Prystash and/or Howard Guidry did then and
there kill Farah Fratta by shooting Farah Fratta with a deadly weapon, namely, a
firearm pursuant to such agreement for remuneration by the defendant, Robert
Alan Fratta and that the defendant, with intent to promote or assist the
commission of the offense of murder of Farah Fratta, solicited, encouraged,
directed, aided or attempted to aid Joseph Andrew Prystash and/or Howard
Guidry in shooting Farah Fratta with the specific intention of thereby killing
Farah Fratta; or
You must find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt not only that on the
occasion in question the defendant was in the course of committing or attempting
to commit the felony offense of burglary of a building owned by Farah Fratta, as
alleged in this charge, but also that the defendant specifically intended to cause
the death of Farah Fratta, by shooting Farah Fratta, with a deadly weapon,
namely, a firearm; or you must find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant, Robert Alan Fratta, with the intent to promote or assist in the
commission of the offense of burglary of a building, if any, solicited, encouraged,
directed, aided or attempted to aid Joseph Andrew Prystash and/or Howard
Guidry in shooting Farah Fratta, if he did, with the intention of thereby killing
Farah Fratta. If you have a reasonable doubt as to the existence of any of the
foregoing elements, then you cannot convict the defendant of capital murder.
Clerk’s Record at 559-60.
The application paragraphs which followed in the jury charge described the predicates for
a capital conviction. Under Texas law, the application paragraph is the part of the charge that
“applies the pertinent penal law, abstract definitions, and general legal principles to the particular
facts and the indictment allegations.” Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 366-67 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012). The application paragraph “specifies the factual circumstances under which the jury
should convict or acquit,” and is the “heart and soul” of the court’s charge. Id. Fratta reviews
the evidence relating to each charge as specified in the application paragraph of the jury charge
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and argues: (1) no evidence suggested that Fratta himself or Prystash shot Farah as required by
the first count;29 (2) Fratta never spoke with Guidry or knew of any connection between Prystash
and Guidry so he could not have employed Guidry to commit the crime as required by the
second count;30 and (3) while the third count specifically incorporated the law of parties, no
evidence indicated that Fratta was personally involved in a burglary, that Prystash committed a
29
The application paragraph relating to the first count stated:
Now, if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that in Harris
County, Texas, on or about the 9th day of November, 1994, the defendant,
Robert Alan Fratta, did then and there unlawfully, intentionally, or knowingly
cause the death of Farah Fratta, by shooting Farah Fratta with a deadly weapon,
namely, a firearm, and the defendant did employ Joseph Prystash to commit the
murder for remuneration or the promise of remuneration, namely, a motor
vehicle; or if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that in
Harris County, Texas, on or about the 9th day of November, 1994, Joseph
Andrew Prystash did then and there unlawfully, intentionally, or knowingly
cause the death of Farah Fratta, by shooting Farah Fratta with a deadly weapon,
namely a firearm, and the defendant did employ Joseph Prystash to commit the
murder for remuneration or the promise of remuneration, namely, a motor
vehicle, and that the defendant, Robert Alan Fratta, with the intent to promote or
assist the commission of the offense, if any, solicited, encouraged, directed,
aided or attempted to aid Joseph Andrew Prystash to commit the offense, if he
did . . . .
Clerk’s Record at 560-61 (emphasis added).
30
The application paragraph relating to the second count stated:
or if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that in Harris
County, Texas, on or about the 9th day of November, 1994, the defendant,
Robert Alan Fratta, did then and there unlawfully, intentionally or knowingly
cause the death of Farah Fratta, by shooting Farah Fratta with a deadly weapon,
namely, a firearm, and that the defendant did employ Howard Guidry to commit
the murder for remuneration or the promise of remuneration, namely, money;
or if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that in Harris
County, Texas, on or about the 9th day of November, 1994, Howard Guidry did
then and there unlawfully, intentionally or knowingly cause the death of Farah
Fratta, by shooting Farah Fratta with a deadly weapon, namely, a firearm, and
the defendant did employ Howard Guidry to commit the murder for
remuneration or the promise of remuneration, namely, money, and that the
defendant, Robert Alan Fratta, with the intent to promote or assist the
commission of the offense, if any, solicited, encouraged, directed, aided or
attempted to aid Howard Guidry to commit the offense, if he did . . . .
Clerk’s Record at 561 (emphasis added).
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burglary, or that Fratta personally directed Guidry to commit a burglary. 31 In sum, Fratta argues
that insufficient evidence allowed for his conviction for capital murder as described in the
indictment, and reflected by the application paragraphs of the jury charge.
Under Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979), a reviewing court affirms a jury’s
conviction if, considering all of the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have returned a verdict unfavorable to the defendant. In assessing the
sufficiency of the evidence, “federal habeas courts should independently analyze the governing
statute, the indictment, and the jury charge to measure the constitutional sufficiency of the
evidence and determine what are the essential elements required by the Jackson sufficiency
inquiry.” Bledsue v. Johnson, 188 F.3d 250, 260 (5th Cir. 1999). The federal constitutional
issue in this case is “whether the evidence was constitutionally sufficient to convict [petitioner]
of the crime charged.” Id. at 262 (quoting Brown v. Collins, 937 F.2d 175, 181 (5th Cir. 1991)).
This demanding inquiry is highly deferential to, and resolves any conflicting evidence in favor
31
The application paragraph for the third count stated:
or if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that in Harris
County, Texas, on or about the 9th day of November, 1994, the defendant,
Robert Alan Fratta, did then and there unlawfully, while in the course of
committing or attempting to commit the burglary of a building owned by Farah
Fratta, intentionally cause the death of Farah Fratta by shooting Farah Fratta
with a deadly weapon, namely, a firearm; or if you find from the evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt that in Harris County, Texas, on or about the 9th day
of November, 1994, Joseph Andrew Prystash and/or Howard Guidry did then
and there unlawfully, while in the course of committing or attempting to commit
the burglary of a building owned by Farah Fratta, intentionally cause the death
of Farah Fratta by shooting Farah Fratta with a deadly weapon, namely, a
firearm, and that the defendant, Robert Alan Fratta, with the intent to promote
or assist the commission of the offense, if any, solicited, encouraged, directed,
aided or attempted to aid Joseph Andrew Prystash and/or Howard Guidry to
commit the offense, if he did, then you will find the defendant guilty of capital
murder, as charged in the indictment.
Clerk’s Record at 561-62 (emphasis added).
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of, the jury’s verdict. See United States v. Harris, 293 F.3d 863, 869 (5th Cir. 2002); United
States v. Duncan, 919 F.2d 981, 990 (5th Cir. 1990).
Here, the jury instructions provided numerous possible theories under which the jury
could convict Fratta. The prosecution estimated that there were “about 25” different ways in
which “the State can prove his guilt.” Tr. Vol. 30 at 39. The jury returned a general verdict,
meaning that the jury could have based Fratta’s conviction on any theory pleaded in the
indictment. Because the Supreme Court has determined that “there is no general requirement
that the jury reach agreement on the preliminary factual issues which underlie the verdict,”
Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 632 (1991), “[i]f the evidence was sufficient to support one
theory, the fact that the evidence was insufficient to support another of the theories does not
negate the verdict.” United States v. Garza-Robles, 627 F.3d 161, 166 (5th Cir. 2010).
The prosecution encouraged jurors to rely on the murder-in-the-course-of-a-burglary
theory:
What is the easiest way for you to get to your guilty verdict? Easiest way, really,
is on the burglary paragraphs. I mean, it’s really the quickest and most direct
because in that circumstance what you have to ask yourself is: Did Robert Fratta
aid or assist or promote or direct or encourage or solicit? And from the evidence
you know that he did.
Tr. Vol. 30 at 41. The burglary portion of the jury charge allowed for Fratta’s conviction if the
jury found that
Joseph Andrew Prystash and/or Howard Guidry did then and there unlawfully,
while in the course of committing or attempting to commit the burglary of a
building owned by Farah Fratta, intentionally cause the death of Farah Fratta by
shooting Farah Fratta with a deadly weapon, namely, a firearm, and that the
defendant, Robert Al
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