Petition for Writ of Certiorari — Norman Eugene Reed, Petitioner v. United States

NO. ______

__________________________________________________

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

__________ TERM, 20__

__________________________________________________

Norman Eugene Reed - Petitioner,

vs.

United States of America - Respondent.

__________________________________________________

On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the

United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

__________________________________________________

PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI

__________________________________________________

Heather Quick

Assistant Federal Public Defender

222 Third Avenue SE, Suite 290

Cedar Rapids, IA 52401

TELEPHONE: 319-363-9540

FAX: 319-363-9542

ATTORNEY FOR PETITIONER

QUESTION PRESENTED

(1)

Whether this Court should revisit its broad nondelegation doctrine

precedent and, in doing so, overrule Gundy and hold that 34 U.S.C. § 20913(d) is an

unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority to the Executive Branch?

PARTIES TO THE PROCEEDINGS

The caption contains the names of all parties to the proceedings.

DIRECTLY RELATED PROCEEDINGS

United States v. Reed, 4:17-cr-00126 (S.D. Iowa) (criminal proceedings),

judgment entered March 22, 2018.

United States v. Reed, 18-1698 (8th Cir.) (direct criminal appeal), judgment

entered November 8, 2019.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

QUESTION PRESENTED ............................................................................................ ii

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ......................................................................................... iv

OPINION BELOW......................................................................................................... 1

JURISDICTION............................................................................................................. 2

CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS INVOLVED........................ 2

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ....................................................................................... 5

REASONS FOR GRANTING THE WRIT .................................................................... 9

CONCLUSION............................................................................................................. 20

INDEX TO APPENDICES

APPENDIX A:

Judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of Iowa, 4:17-cr-00126 March 22, 2018 ........................... 1

APPENDIX B:

Opinion of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, 18-1698

November 8, 2019 .......................................................................... 8

APPENDIX C:

Judgment of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, 18-1698

November 8, 2019 ........................................................................ 10

iii

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Federal Cases

Carr v. United States, 560 U.S. 438, 466 (2010) ........................................ 12-13, 16-18

Class v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 798 (2018) .............................................................. 8

Ex Parte United States, 287 U.S. 241, 251 (1932) ....................................................... 9

Gundy v. United States, 139 S.Ct. 2116 (2019) .............................................. ii, 6, 8-19

J.W. Hampton Jr., & Co. v. United States, 276 U.S. 394, 409 (1928) ........................ 9

INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 951 (1983) .................................................................... 9

Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 371-372 (1989) .......................................... 9

Nichols v. United States, 136 S.Ct. 1113, 1118-19 (2016) ........................................ 17

Paul v. United States, 140 S.Ct. 342 (2019) ............................................................... 10

Reynolds v. United States, 565 U.S. 432 (2012)..................................................... 16-17

United States v. Aguilera-Rios, 769 F.3d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 2014) .............................. 8

United States v. Lohse, 797 F.3d 515, 523-24 (8th Cir. 2015) ...................................... 8

United States v. Reed, 784 F. App’x 467 (8th Cir. 2019) .......................................... 1, 8

United States v. Rickett, 535 F. App’x 668 (10th Cir. 2013) ........................................ 8

United States v. Shreveport Grain & Elevator Co., 287 U.S. 77, 85 (1932) .............. 10

U.S. Telecom Ass’n v. FCC, 855 F.3d 381, 417 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ................................ 14

Wayman v. Southard, 23 U.S. 1, 43 (1825) ................................................................ 10

Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns, 531 U.S. 457, 475 (2001) ..................................... 10

Federal Statutes

18 U.S.C. §1254(1) ........................................................................................................ 2

18 U.S.C. § 2241 ............................................................................................................. 3

18 U.S.C. § 2250 ................................................................................................ 2-5, 7, 12

34 U.S.C. § 20901 ................................................................................................ 5, 16-17

34 U.S.C. § 20911 ..................................................................................................... 5, 16

34 U.S.C. § 20913 ................................................................................. ii, 2, 5-6, 9-16, 19

34 U.S.C. § 20914 ........................................................................................................... 5

34 U.S.C. § 20915 ................................................................................................... 17, 18

34 U.S.C. § 20916 ........................................................................................................... 5

iv

34 U.S.C. § 20918 ........................................................................................................... 5

Other

U.S. Const. art. I, § 1 ............................................................................................... 2, 9

28 C.F.R. § 72.3 .......................................................................................................... 3, 6

Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, Pub. L. No. 109-248, Tit. L, 120 Stat.

587 (2006) ...................................................................................................................... 5

Applicability of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, 72 F.3d. Reg.

8894 (Feb. 28, 2007) ...................................................................................................... 6

H.R. 4472, 109th Cong. § 111(3) (as passed by House Mar. 8, 2006) ........................ 18

Our Anchor for 225 Years and Counting: The Enduring Significance of the Precise

Text of the Constitution, 89 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1907, 1931 (2014) ......................... 14

S. 1086, 109th Cong § 104(a)(8) (as passed by Senate, May 4, 2006) ........................ 18

v

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

____________ TERM, 20___

__________________________________________________

Norman Eugene Reed - Petitioner,

vs.

United States of America - Respondent.

__________________________________________________

On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the

United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

__________________________________________________

PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI

__________________________________________________

The petitioner, Norman Reed, through counsel, respectfully prays that a writ

of certiorari issue to review the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for

the Eighth Circuit in case No. 18-1698, entered on November 8, 2019.

OPINION BELOW

On November 8, 2019, a panel of the Court of Appeals entered its opinion

affirming the judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District

of Iowa. The decision is unpublished and available at 784 F. App’x 467.

1

JURISDICTION

The Court of Appeals entered its judgment on November 8, 2019. Jurisdiction

of this Court is invoked under 28 U.S.C. § 1254(1).

CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS INVOLVED

Article I, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides:

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a

Congress of the United States.

18 U.S.C. § 2250 provides in relevant part:

(a) In general.--Whoever—

(1) is required to register under the Sex Offender Registration and

Notification Act;

(2)(A) is a sex offender as defined for the purposes of the Sex

Offender Registration and Notification Act by reason of a

conviction under Federal law (including the Uniform Code of

Military Justice), the law of the District of Columbia, Indian

tribal law, or the law of any territory or possession of the United

States; or

(B) travels in interstate or foreign commerce, or enters or leaves,

or resides in, Indian country; and

(3) knowingly fails to register or update a registration as required

by the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act;

shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 10 years, or

both.

34 U.S.C. § 20913 provides in relevant part:

(a) In general

A sex offender shall register, and keep the registration current, in

each jurisdiction where the offender resides, where the offender is an

2

employee, and where the offender is a student. For initial

registration purposes only, a sex offender shall also register in the

jurisdiction in which convicted if such jurisdiction is different from

the jurisdiction of residence.

(b) Initial registration

The sex offender shall initially register—

(1) before completing a sentence of imprisonment with respect to

the offense giving rise to the registration requirement; or

(2) not later than 3 business days after being sentenced for that

offense, if the sex offender is not sentenced to a term of

imprisonment.

...

(d) Initial registration of sex offenders unable to comply with subsection

(b)

The Attorney General shall have the authority to specify the

applicability of the requirements of this subchapter to sex

offenders convicted before the enactment of this chapter or its

implementation in a particular jurisdiction, and to prescribe rules

for the registration of any such sex offenders and for other

categories of sex offenders who are unable to comply with

subsection (b).

28 C.F.R. § 72.3 provides:

The requirements of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act

apply to all sex offenders, including sex offenders convicted of the offense

for which registration is required prior to the enactment of that Act.

Example 1. A sex offender is federally convicted of aggravated sexual

abuse under 18 U.S.C. § 2241 in 1990 and is released following

imprisonment in 2007. The sex offender is subject to the requirements

of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act and could be held

criminally liable under 18 U.S.C. § 2250 for failing to register or keep

the registration current in any jurisdiction in which the sex offender

resides, is an employee, or is a student.

Example 2. A sex offender is convicted by a state jurisdiction in 1997 for

3

molesting a child and is released following imprisonment in 2000. The

sex offender initially registers as required but relocates to another state

in 2009 and fails to register in the new state of residence. The sex

offender has violated the requirement under the Sex Offender

Registration and Notification Act to register in any jurisdiction in which

he resides, and could be held criminally liable under 18 U.S.C. § 2250

for the violation because he traveled in interstate commerce.

4

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

A. Statutory and Legal Background

In 2006, Congress enacted the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act

("the Adam Walsh Act"), Pub. L. No. 109-248, Tit. L, 120 Stat. 587 (2006), to establish

a comprehensive national registration system for sex offenders. 34 U.S.C. § 20901, et

seq. The Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (“SORNA”) comprises a

significant portion of the Adam Walsh Act. See 34 U.S.C. §§ 20901-20929. SORNA

requires certain sex offenders to register in jurisdictions where they reside, work, or

attend school. 34 U.S.C. §§ 20911(5), 20913(a); see also 34 U.S.C. § 20911(1) (defining

a “sex offender” as “an individual who was convicted of a sex offense”). SORNA

requires these offenders to report periodically in person, and to provide additional

information, including school and employment locations, DNA, finger and palm

prints, vehicle descriptions, and Internet identifiers. 34 U.S.C. §§ 20914, 20916,

20918. SORNA also makes it a federal felony for a sex offender who is required to

register under SORNA to travel in interstate or foreign commerce and to thereafter

knowingly fail to register or update a sex-offender registration. 18 U.S.C. § 2250(a).

Congress did not decide when or how SORNA’s registration requirements, and

its related criminal penalties, apply to the more than 500,000 people convicted of a

5

sex offense before the law’s July 27, 2006 enactment.1 Instead, Congress delegated to

the Attorney General the power to decide SORNA’s retrospective application to these

pre- Act offenders. Section 20913(d) provides, intra alia: “The Attorney General shall

have the authority to specify the applicability of the requirements of this subchapter

to sex offenders convicted before the enactment of this chapter . . . and to prescribe

rules for the registration of any such sex offenders . . . .” 34 U.S.C. § 20913(d).2 It was

not until six months after SORNA’s enactment that the Attorney General issued

guidance on SORNA’s applicability to pre-Act offenders. This interim rule stated that

SORNA requires registration of “all sex offenders, including sex offenders convicted

of the offense for which registration is required prior to the enactment of the Act.” 28

C.F.R. § 72.3; Applicability of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, 72

F.3d. Reg. 8894 (Feb. 28, 2007).

B. Procedural History of Mr. Reed’s Case.

1

It is Mr. Reed’s position that Congress also did not decide whether SORNA’s registration

requirements, and its related criminal penalties, apply to pre-Act offenders. The petition addresses

this issue, as it has divided this Court and is in need of resolution.

2

The four-Justice plurality in Gundy concluded that this “rule has remained in force ever since.” 139

S.Ct. at 2128. Mr. Reed disputes that point in light of additional rules promulgated by subsequent

Attorneys General. See 139 S.Ct. at 2132 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting).

6

In 1990, pre-SORNA, Mr. Reed was convicted of forcible sex abuse and rape in

Utah state court. (PSR ¶ 9).3 Due to this conviction, Mr. Reed was required to register

as a sex offender. (PSR ¶ 9). Mr. Reed previously lived in Tennessee, but eventually

moved to Iowa. (PSR ¶¶ 10-14). He failed to register his then current address in Iowa.

(PSR ¶¶ 10-14).

Mr. Reed was indicted in the Southern District of Iowa with failure to register

as a sex offender, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2250. (DCD 18). Eventually, Mr. Reed

pled guilty to the sole count.

A presentence investigation report (PSR) was created. The PSR calculated Mr.

Reed’s guideline range as 15 to 21 months of imprisonment, based upon a total offense

level of 13 and criminal history category II. (PSR ¶ 104). The parties did not dispute

the guidelines range calculation. The case proceeded to sentencing. Ultimately, the

court sentenced Mr. Reed to 18 months of imprisonment, to be followed by an 8-year

term of supervised release. (DCD 76).

Mr. Reed appealed to the Eighth Circuit, asserting for the first time on appeal

that his conviction violated the nondelegation doctrine. While Mr. Reed had not

raised this argument before, he noted that the U.S. Supreme Court had granted

3

In this brief, “PSR” refers to the presentence report, followed by the relevant paragraph number in

the report. “DCD” refers to the criminal docket in Southern District of Iowa Case No. 4:17-cr-00126,

and is followed by the docket entry number.

7

certiorari in Gundy well after he entered his guilty plea.4

While Mr. Reed’s appeal

was pending, this Court rejected the nondelegation doctrine challenge to SORNA in

a fractured opinion. Based upon this, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected

Mr. Reed’s challenge under plain-error review. United States v. Reed, 784 F. App’x

467 (8th Cir. 2019).

4

Although Mr. Reed pled guilty, this does not result in a waiver of the challenge to the

constitutionality of the statute of conviction. Class v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 798 (2018) (finding that

a guilty plea does not waive challenge to constitutionality of statute on appeal); see also United States

v. Rickett, 535 F. App’x 668 (10th Cir. 2013) (characterizing a SORNA non-delegation doctrine

challenge as a facial challenge).

Because Mr. Reed failed to file a pretrial motion to dismiss, he must also show good cause for

the failure to file pretrial. United States v. Lohse, 797 F.3d 515, 523-24 (8th Cir. 2015). Mr. Reed notes

that the U.S. Supreme Court granted the writ of certiorari in Gundy on March 5, 2018, well after he

pled guilty on November 6, 2017. (PSR ¶ 2). Such circumstances establish good cause for failure to

raise the issue, to allow for review under the plain-error standard. See United States v. Aguilera-Rios,

769 F.3d 626, 631 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding good cause and allowing the defendant to raise a new issue

in a supplemental brief after a relevant Supreme Court decision, because before the decision the

defendant had no reason to file a motion to dismiss, or to raise the argument on appeal, as the

controlling case law at the time “foreclosed the argument he now makes.”). Here, prior to this Court’s

grant of certiorari in Gundy, the argument was foreclosed by every Circuit. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. 212223.

8

REASONS FOR GRANTING THE WRIT

The question presented here is whether § 20913(d)’s delegation violates the

constitutional separation of powers, as embodied in the nondelegation doctrine.

The Constitution establishes a tripartite system of government that separates power

among the three federal branches. All legislative powers are vested in Congress. U.S.

Const. art. I, § 1. Laws must be made according to “a single, finely wrought and

exhaustively considered, procedure,” including bicameralism and presentment. INS

v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 951 (1983). In contrast, the Executive Branch enforces the

laws passed by Congress. Ex Parte United States, 287 U.S. 241, 251 (1932).

The nondelegation doctrine prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative

powers to the Executive. See, e.g., Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 371-372

(1989). “If Congress could pass off its legislative power to the executive branch, . . .the

entire structure of the Constitution would make no sense.” Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at

2134-35 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting) (cleaned up).

In reviewing nondelegation doctrine challenges, this Court currently employs

the “intelligible principle” test. Under this test, if “Congress shall lay down by

legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body [to whom power is

delegated] is directed to conform, such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation

of legislative power.” J.W. Hampton Jr., & Co. v. United States, 276 U.S. 394, 409

(1928). With respect to the Executive Branch, this test has required little more than

that Congress “fix[] a primary standard,” leaving the Executive “to fill up the details.”

9

United States v. Shreveport Grain & Elevator Co., 287 U.S. 77, 85 (1932). The doctrine

is at its least utility in areas of “less interest” and “relatively minor matters.”

Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns, 531 U.S. 457, 475 (2001); Wayman v. Southard, 23

U.S. 1, 43 (1825). And while this Court has sometimes commented that the doctrine

requires “substantial guidance,” Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns, 531 U.S. 457, 475

(2001), when delegations affect “important subjects,” Wayman, 23 U.S. at 43, at no

point during the last 84 years has this Court applied the doctrine to strike down a

legislative delegation as unconstitutional.

Last term, the four-Justice plurality in Gundy upheld § 20913(d)’s delegation

under the intelligible principle test. 139 S.Ct. at 2130. The three dissenters criticized

the intelligible principle test as a “mutated version” of prior precedent with “no basis

in the original meaning of the Constitution, in history, or even in the decision from

which it was plucked.” 139 S.Ct. at 2139 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). Justice Alito

signaled his willingness to reconsider the test. 139 S.Ct. at 2131 (Alito, J.,

concurring). Justice Kavanaugh took no part in Gundy because he was not yet on the

Court. But soon after, Justice Kavanaugh signaled his willingness to reevaluate the

Court’s nondelegation doctrine precedent. Paul v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 342 (2019)

(Kavanaugh, J., statement on the denial of the petition for writ of certiorari). In light

of this history, this Court, with a full Court, should review the nondelegation doctrine

in Mr. Reed’s case.

10

The four-Justice plurality in Gundy held two things: (1) Congress delegated to

the Executive Branch only when and how to implement SORNA against pre-Act

offenders, not whether to apply SORNA to pre-Act offenders, 139 S.Ct. at 2123-29;

and (2) this delegation passed constitutional muster under the intelligible principle

test, id. at 2129-30. Despite the plurality opinion, as the dissent noted, there is no

good reason to think that Gundy resolved either of these issues. 139 S.Ct. at 2131

15 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). In fact, the plurality opinion “resolves nothing.” Id. On

the first issue, four Justices concluded that § 20913(d) requires the Attorney General

to apply SORNA to all pre-Act offenders. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2123. According to these

four Justices, § 20913(d) only delegates to the Attorney General the task of applying

SORNA to these pre-Act offenders “as soon as feasible.” Id. The plurality concluded

that this delegation “falls well within constitutional bounds.” Id. at 2130.

The three-Justice dissent took the opposite view. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 214548. According to the dissent, § 20913(d) invests “the Attorney General with sole power

to decide whether and when to apply SORNA’s requirements to pre-Act offenders.”

Id. at 2148. The dissent concluded that this delegation was plainly unconstitutional

(“delegation running riot”). Id. at 2148.

Justice Alito concurred only in the judgment. Id. at 2130-31. Justice Alito’s

four-sentence concurrence focused solely on the nondelegation doctrine (and his

willingness to reconsider the intelligible principle test) and said nothing whatsoever

as to the scope of SORNA’s delegation to the Attorney General. Id.; see also id. at

11

2131 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting) (“Justice ALITO . . . does not join . . . the plurality’s...

statutory analysis”).

Justice Alito answered that question, however, in his dissent in Carr v. United

States, 560 U.S. 438 (2010). And his answer is on all fours with the three-Justice

dissent in Gundy. “Congress elected not to decide for itself whether [SORNA’s]

registration requirements—and thus § 2250(a)’s criminal penalties—would apply to

persons who had been convicted of qualifying sex offenses before SORNA took effect.

Instead, Congress delegated to the Attorney General the authority to decide that

question.” Carr, 560 U.S. at 466 (Alito, J., dissenting) (emphasis added). In reaching

this conclusion, Justice Alito studied at least six lower court decisions on this issue.

Id. at 466 n.6. Justice Alito found that the “clear negative implication of th[e]

delegation [was] that, without such a determination by the Attorney General, the Act

would not apply to those with pre-SORNA sex-offense convictions.” Id.

As it currently stands, four Justices believe that § 20913(d) does not delegate

to the Attorney General the power to apply (or not) SORNA to pre-Act offenders (just

when and how to do so feasibly), whereas four Justices believe that § 20913(d) in fact

delegates to the Attorney General the power to apply (or not) SORNA to pre-Act

offenders. Compare Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2123-219 (plurality), with Gundy, 139 S.Ct.

at 2145-48 (dissent) & Carr, 560 U.S. at 466 (Alito, J., dissenting). Only Justice

Kavanaugh can break this tie. This Court must revisit the issue in Gundy, with

Justice Kavanaugh participating.

12

Resolution is particularly important because the four-Justice plurality

acknowledged that, if § 20913(d) delegated to the Attorney General the power to

determine SORNA’s applicability to pre-Act Offenders (“to require them to register,

or not, as she sees fit, and to change her policy for any reason at any time”), as the

three Gundy dissenters and Justice Alito have concluded, then the Court “would face

a nondelegation question.” Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2123. In other words, if the delegation

includes whether to apply SORNA to pre-Act offenders, then it is likely that at least

seven Justices (the four in the plurality and the three in dissent) would find the

delegation unconstitutional.

The better reading of Justice Alito’s concurrence in Gundy, when combined

with his dissent in Carr, is that Justice Alito would find that this broader type of

delegation (delegating whether SORNA applies at all) passes constitutional muster

under the intelligible principle test (as currently understood). Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at

2131 (Alito, J., concurring). This is significant in two respects. First, it indicates just

how weak the intelligible principle test is (and the need to be rid of it). And second, it

confirms that Justice Alito’s concurrence should not be treated as a logical subset of

the plurality opinion. Whereas the plurality found a more limited delegation

constitutional under the intelligible principle test without questioning that test,

Justice Alito found an expansive delegation constitutional under the intelligible

principle test, yet indicated his willingness to abandon that test. There is no

consistency between the two. This Court was hopelessly fractured in Gundy.

13

The calculus is the same with respect to the constitutional nondelegation issue.

The four-Justice plurality did not indicate any concern with the nondelegation

doctrine’s intelligible principle test. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2130. But the three-Justice

dissent did, noting that the doctrine “has no basis in the original meaning of the

Constitution, in history, or even in the decision from which it was plucked.” Id. at

2139 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). The dissent also noted the doctrine’s abuse: “where

some have claimed to see intelligible principles many less discerning readers have

been able only to find gibberish.” Id. at 2140 (cleaned up). Justice Alito also indicated

his willingness to reconsider the intelligible principle test. 139 S.Ct. at 2131 (Alito,

J., concurring).

With a 4-to-4 Justice split on this exceptionally important issue, there is no

reason why a full 9-member Court should not reconsider Gundy. Like other

unconstitutional delegations, § 20913(d) does not provide a “clear congressional

authorization” to require registration of pre-Act offenders. See U.S. Telecom Ass’n v.

FCC, 855 F.3d 381, 417 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (Kavanaugh, J., dissenting from the denial

of rehearing en banc). If we expect Congress to speak clearly when delegating

“decisions of vast economic and political significance” to agencies, then so to when

Congress delegates authority to the Executive Branch to define the (civil and

criminal) reach of a national sex offender registry. See id. It is one thing for the

Executive to “act unilaterally to protect liberty.” Brett Kavanaugh, Our Anchor for

225 Years and Counting: The Enduring Significance of the Precise Text of the

14

Constitution, 89 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1907, 1931 (2014). “[B]ut with limited

exceptions, the President cannot act, except pursuant to statute, to infringe liberty

and imprison a citizen.” Id. Whether § 20913(d) is just such a statute is an issue that

this Court failed to resolve in Gundy. Therefore, this Court should grant this petition.

Review is also necessary because this issue is extremely important. There are

some 500,000 pre-Act offenders. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2131 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting).

Whether SORNA applies to a half-million people is obviously a question of

exceptional importance. We know this because of the grant of certiorari in Gundy

itself. This Court would not have granted certiorari in Gundy if the issue is

unimportant. Because the fractured decision in Gundy failed to resolve anything,

review is necessary again.

It is also critically important that this Court revisit the nondelegation

doctrine’s intelligible principle test. It is a test that was born from historical accident

and that “has no basis in the original meaning of the Constitution.” Gundy, 139 S.Ct.

at 2139 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). It is a test condemned by judges and scholars

“representing a wide and diverse range of views” “as resting on misunderstood

historical foundations” Id. at 2139-2140 (cleaned up). It is a test that “has been

abused to permit delegations of legislative power that on any other conceivable

account should be held unconstitutional.” Id. at 2140. It is a test that allows even the

broadest delegations –delegations to the executive to define the reach of a crime – to

pass constitutional muster. 139 S.Ct. at 2131 (Alito, J., dissenting). It is a test that

15

considers “small-bore” broad legislative delegations that affect the liberty of hundreds

of thousands of individuals. 139 S.Ct. at 2130. Its ineffectiveness is stratospheric.

This Court should grant this petition to reconsider, and ultimately overrule, the

intelligible principle test.

Further, the four-Justice analysis on the statutory interpretation must be

reversed. Section 20913(d) delegates to the Attorney General “the authority to specify

the applicability of the [registration] requirements . . . to sex offenders convicted

before the enactment of this chapter . . . and to prescribe rules for the registration of

any such sex offenders.” The Gundy plurality found that this language requires the

Attorney General to apply SORNA to all pre-Act offenders; the “Attorney General’s

discretion extends only to considering and addressing feasibility issues.” 139 S.Ct. at

2123-24. The plurality found that this Court had already effectively decided that

issue in Reynolds, 565 U.S. 432. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2124-26. The plurality further

relied on SORNA’s stated purpose (to establish a “comprehensive national” sex

offender registry), 34 U.S.C. § 20901, its past-tense definition of sex offender (“an

individual who was convicted of a sex offense”), 34 U.S.C. § 20911(1) (emphasis

added), and its legislative history. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2126-29. Finally, the fourJustice plurality concluded that no Attorney General had ever excluded pre-Act

offenders from SORNA’s reach. Id. at 2128 n.3.

The three-Justice dissent rightfully disagreed with all of this. 139 S.Ct. at

2145- 48 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). As has Justice Alito. Carr, 560 U.S. at 466 n.6. To

16

begin, Reynolds held that SORNA’s registration requirements “do not apply to preAct offenders until the Attorney General specifies that they do.” 565 U.S. at 435. That

holding must mean that it is the Attorney General who decides whether SORNA

applies to pre-Act offenders. “Reynolds plainly understood the statute itself as

investing the Attorney General with sole power to decide whether and when to apply

SORNA’s requirements to pre-Act offenders.” Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2148 (Gorsuch, J.,

dissenting).

SORNA’s purpose – to establish a comprehensive national registry, 34 U.S.C.

§ 20901 – does not mention feasibility and does not attempt to guide the Attorney

General’s discretion at all. Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2146 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). And

“comprehensive” does not mean “coverage to the maximum extent feasible.” Id. We

know this because SORNA exempts a wide cast of sex offenders from its registration

requirements. Id. at 2146 n.97 (citing, intra alia, 34 U.S.C. § 20915 (setting a less

than-life duration registration requirement for the majority of sex offenders)); Nichols

v. United States, 136 S.Ct. 1113, 1118-19 (2016) (rejecting Government’s argument

that SORNA’s purpose means it must be interpreted to cover offenders who move

abroad); Reynolds, 565 U.S. at 442 (rejecting Government’s argument that SORNA’s

purpose means the statute must be construed to cover pre-Act offenders of its own

force); Carr, 560 U.S. at 443, 454-57 (rejecting Government’s argument that SORNA’s

purpose requires construing its criminal provision to cover offenders who traveled

interstate before the Act’s effective date).

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SORNA’s definition of “sex offender” as an individual who “was convicted of a

sex offense” is also not enough to command the registration of all sex offenders, as

there are individuals who meet the definition of a “sex offender,” yet still are not

required to register under SORNA. See, e.g., 34 U.S.C. § 20915 (durational

requirements that permit the majority of sex offenders to time out of any registration

requirements); Gundy, 139 S.Ct. at 2147. At most, this definition confirms that

Congress wanted the Attorney General to have the option of covering pre-Act

offenders.

The plurality’s use of committee reports and statements by individual

legislators is also not persuasive evidence of the meaning of a statute. Gundy, 139

S.Ct. at 2147-48 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). “[E]ven taken on their own terms, these

statements do no more than confirm that some members of Congress hoped and

wished that the Attorney General would exercise his discretion to register at least

some pre-Act offenders.” Id. at 2148. The statutory history of SORNA actually

undermines the plurality’s opinion. While a House of Representatives bill would have

made the law applicable to pre-Act offenders, H.R. 4472, 109th Cong. § 111(3) (as

passed by House Mar. 8, 2006), a Senate bill left the retroactivity question to the

Attorney General, S. 1086, 109th Cong. § 104(a)(8) (as passed by Senate, May 4,

2006). Congress ultimately enacted a final version similar to the Senate bill. Carr,

560 U.S. at 466 (Alito, J., dissenting).

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SORNA’s history undermines the plurality’s view in another respect.

According to the Gundy plurality, the Attorney General’s initial interim rule applying

SORNA to pre-Act offenders was never altered by subsequent Attorneys General. 139

S.Ct. at 2128 n.3. As the dissent noted, however, “different Attorneys General have

exercised their discretion in different ways.” 139 S.Ct. at 2132. Attorney General

Mukasey, for instance, issued guidelines “directing States to register some but not all

past offenders.” Id. These differing guidelines confirm that § 20913(d) delegates to

the Attorney General whether (not just how and when) to apply SORNA to pre-Act

offenders.

In any event, as mentioned above, the Court is currently split 4-to-4 on this

issue. It should reconsider its decision Gundy, with Justice Kavanaugh participating,

to resolve the issue.

In conclusion, the question presented here has broad implications. As Justice

Gorsuch sounded in dissent, it is not “hard to imagine how the power at issue in this

case—the power of a prosecutor to require a group to register with the government

on pain of weighty criminal penalties—could be abused in other settings.” 139 S.Ct.

at 2144. To allow the nation's chief law enforcement officer to write the criminal laws

he is charged with enforcing—to ‘unite the legislative and executive powers in the

same person—would be to mark the end of any meaningful enforcement of our

separation of powers and invite the tyranny of the majority that follows when

lawmaking and law enforcement responsibilities are united in the same hands. Id. at

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2144-45 (cleaned up). Whatever else the nondelegation doctrine might protect

against, it must protect against this. Because the intelligible principle test falls short

even in this regard, this Court should revisit that test and replace it with a more

meaningful one.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Mr. Reed respectfully requests that the Petition for

Writ of Certiorari be granted.

RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED,

/s/Heather Quick

Heather Quick

Assistant Federal Public Defender

222 Third Avenue SE, Suite 290

Cedar Rapids, IA 52401

TELEPHONE: 319-363-9540

FAX: 319-363-9542

ATTORNEY FOR PETITIONER

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