Amicus Curiae Brief — Thomas E. Dobbs, State Health Officer of the Mississippi Department of Health, et al., Petitioners v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, et al.
Supreme Court briefSep 20, 2021
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No. 19-1392
In the
Supreme Court of the United States
THOMAS E. DOBBS, STATE HEALTH OFFICER OF
THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, et al.,
Petitioners,
v.
JACKSON WOMEN’S HEALTH ORGANIZATION, et al.,
Respondents.
On Writ of Certiorari to the United States
Court of A ppeals for the Fifth Circuit
AMICI CURIAE BRIEF OF 547 DEANS,
CHAIRS, SCHOLARS AND PUBLIC HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS, THE AMERICAN PUBLIC
HEALTH ASSOCIATION, THE GUTTMACHER
INSTITUTE, AND THE CENTER FOR U.S.
POLICY, IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS
Edward T. Waters
Counsel of Record
Phillip A. Escoriaza
Rosie Dawn Griffin
Feldesman Tucker Leifer
Fidell LLP
1129 20th Street, N.W.,
Fourth Floor
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 466-8960
ewaters@ftlf.com
Counsel for Amici Curiae
307296
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
TABLE OF APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
I.
Abortion Is An Essential Component Of
The Full Continuum Of Reproductive
Health Care A nd A Basic Means Of
Avoiding The Adverse Health Effects Of
Unintended Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
A. Abortion Plays an Essential Role in
Women’s Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
B. Abortion Access is Related to Healthy
Pregnancy and Childbirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ii
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Page
II. Children Of Women Who Experience
Unintended Pregnancies Face Greater
Risks To Life And Health, Including PreTerm Birth, Low Birthweight, And Impaired
Child Development And Well-Being . . . . . . . . . 16
A. Unintended Pregnancy is More Likely
to Result in Pre-Term Birth, Low
Birthweight, and Impaired Development . . 16
B. Children of Women Who Experience
Un i n t e n d e d P r e g n a n c i e s A r e
More Li kely t o Su f fer Adverse
Child Experiences With Lifelong
Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.
Unintended Pregnancy Resulting
in Birth is Associated with Violence
Against Women and Lifelong
Consequences for Children . . . . . . . . . 20
2. Unintended Pregnancy and Birth is
Associated with Greater Parental
Mental Health Challenges and
Lifelong Consequences for Children . 21
3.
Unintended Pregnancy and Birth
is Associated with Elevated Rates
of Death, Divorce, or Separation
and Lifelong Consequences for
Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
iii
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Page
III. Mississippi And Thirteen Other States
With Extensive Abortion Restrictions
Invest The Least In The Health And WellBeing Of Women And Children And Show
The Worst Health Outcomes For Mothers,
Infants And Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
A. Certain States, Including Mississippi,
Lead the Nation in the Number
of Abortion Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B. Measures of Health and Health
Investment in Mississippi and Other
High-Restriction States Reveal Deeply
Deficient Safety Net Investments and
Poor Health Outcomes Among Women,
Children, and Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.
M at er n a l a nd Ch i ld He a lt h
Indicators in Mississippi and the
Other High-Restriction States
Reveal Poorer Public Health
Outcomes Compared to States with
Greater Abortion Access . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2. Safety Net Investment is Inadequate
in Mississippi and the Other HighRestriction States and Lower
than that in States with Greater
Abortion Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
iv
TABLE OF APPENDICES
Page
Listing of Individual Amici Curiae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1a
Table 1: States Ranked by Performance on Key
Indicators of Women’s Health, Maternal
Health, and the Health of Infants and Children:
50 States and the District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . 74a
Table 2: State Policies Related to Key Investments
in Health and Health Care Services for Women
of Childbearing Age, Women Who are Pregnant,
Infants, Children, and Families: 50 States and
the District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82a
Table 3: State Rankings Among States Adopting
Seven or More Abortion Restrictions, Including a
Ban at a Specific Gestational Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94a
Table 4: State Policies Among States Adopting
Seven or More Abortion Restrictions, Including
a Ban at a Specific Gestational Age . . . . . . . . . . . . 98a
v
TABLE OF CITED AUTHORITIES
Page
Cases
June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo,
140 S. Ct. 2103 (2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v.
Casey,
505 U.S. 833 (1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt,
136 S. Ct. 2292, as revised (June 27, 2016) . . . . . . 9, 25
Statutes & Rules
42 U.S.C. § 601 et seq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(i)(IV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(i)(VIII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(ii)(IX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(ii)(XXI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(B)(ii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(l)(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
42 U.S.C. § 1396a(l)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
vi
Cited Authorities
Page
42 U.S.C. § 1396a et seq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
42 U.S.C. § 1397 et seq. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,
Pub. L. 111–48 (Mar. 23, 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
U.S. Sup. Ct. R. 37.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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Characteristics Between 2008, 2012 and
2014, 97 Contraception 14 (2017), https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.contraception.2017.10.003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
M ississippi Dept. of Health, Miss. Maternal
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https://perma.cc/H362-RN2Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
N at l . A ca d . of S ci enc e s , E ngi n eer i ng &
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Rachel K. Jones, Reported Contraceptive Use
in the Month of Becoming Pregnant Among
U.S. Abortion Patients in 2000 and 2019,
97 Contraception 309 (2018), https://www.
guttmacher.org/article/2018/01/reportedcont racept ive -use -month-becom i ngpregnant-among-us-abortion-patients-2000 . . . . . . . 7
Russell S. Kirby & Sarah Verbiest, Kotch’s Maternal
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B. E con . R esea rch (2020), https://w w w.
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/2135738 . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ted Joyce , Rob er t K a e st ner & S a nder s
Korenman, The Stability of Pregnancy
Intentions and Pregnancy-Related Maternal
Behaviors, 4 M aterna l & C hild H ea lth
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Ushma D. Upadhyay, M. Antonia Biggs & Diana
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1
INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE 1
The 547 individual Amici are Deans, Chairs, Scholars,
and Public Health Professionals appearing in their
individual capacities. They include many of the nation’s
leading academic scholars and research experts in public
health, reproductive health, and health policies that affect
the nation’s most vulnerable, at-risk populations. Their
collective expertise focuses on low-income people, including
women, children, and families who experience heightened
health threats and systemic barriers to essential health
care services, including to reproductive health care. Amici
include many public health professionals who work directly
with medically underserved communities and have frontline and first-hand experience with the risks and barriers
these populations confront daily. The full list of individual
Amici Curiae Deans, Chairs, Scholars, and Public Health
Professionals is printed in an appendix to this brief.
The American Public Health Association (“APHA”) is
an organization of nearly 25,000 public health professionals
and a nearly 150-year perspective that champions the
health of all people and all communities, strengthens
the profession of public health, shares research and
information, promotes best practices, and advocates for
public health issues and policies grounded in scientific
research. APHA has long recognized that access to the
full range of reproductive health services, including
1. Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 37.6, Amici certify that
no party or counsel for a party authored this brief in whole or in
part, and no party other than Amici or their counsel contributed
money intended to fund the preparation or submission of the brief.
The parties respectively filed blanket written consent to the filing
of amicus curiae briefs, in support of either party or neither party.
2
abortion, is a fundamental right integral to the health and
well-being of individual women and to the broader public
health. APHA opposes restrictions that (1) deny, delay, and
impede access to abortion services, therefore increasing
women’s risk of injury or death, and (2) coerce women to
carry unintended pregnancies to term.
The Guttmacher Institute is a leading research and
policy organization committed to advancing sexual and
reproductive health and rights worldwide. The Institute
generates data and analysis to defend and advance people’s
ability to access the full range of sexual and reproductive
health care—including safe, legal, and affordable
abortion—with a particular focus on addressing historical
and ongoing oppressions due to race, gender, sexuality,
income, age, or immigration status. Guttmacher produces
high quality data that inform evidence-based policies and
demonstrate the harms caused by ideologically-motivated
abortion restrictions and the clear violation of basic human
rights such restrictions represent.
The Center for U.S. Policy (“CUSP”) is a nonpartisan,
not-for-profit research and education organization
dedicated to enhancing the health, safety, and economic
opportunity of all Americans. CUSP’s work is premised
on and promotes the values of freedom, responsibility,
and compassion. CUSP’s priorities include protecting
the rights of health care providers to exercise their
professional discretion in treating patients and opposing
governmental interference in health care decision making.
3
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
I.
The ability to safely and legally terminate a pregnancy
is both an individual constitutional right and a public
health concern. Abortion is an essential component of
reproductive health. Despite major advances in birth
control, nearly half of women2 who experience unintended
pregnancies (including both mistimed and unwanted
pregnancies) were attempting to prevent pregnancy
with contraception. Compared to those that are planned,
unintended—and particularly unwanted—pregnancies
carry far greater health risks.
A ny ba n on pre -v iabi l ity abor t ion — such a s
Mississippi’s, which bans nearly all abortions greater
than fifteen weeks into pregnancy and provides no
exceptions for rape or incest—carries major public
health implications because it forces women to carry
pregnancies to term under adverse circumstances marked
by substantially greater risks to their health and that of
their families. Of particular concern to Amici, any ban
will disproportionately affect young women, women of
color, and low-income women who live in families and
2. Although this brief refers to women throughout, Amici
recognize that the public health interest lies in protecting all people
who may become pregnant; Amici accordingly underscore the major
risks a ban would impose on people who, although born female,
identify as non-binary or male. Indeed, the rate of sexual assault
against transgender men is shockingly high. See Natl. Ctr. for
Transgender Equality, 2015 US Transgender Survey Executive
Summary (2016) at 13, https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/
docs/usts/USTS-Executive-Summary-Dec17.pdf.
4
communities already vulnerable to elevated health and
social risks and reduced access to necessary health care.
II.
The public health risks of forcing women to carry
unintended, and especially unwanted, pregnancies to
term, wash over families. Elevated risks to life, health,
and well-being include maternal mortality, prematurity,
infant mortality, developmental difficulties, and increased
likelihood of exposure to significant traumas, whose
lifelong, adverse physical and mental health effects trigger
intergenerational harm.
III.
A wealth of evidence demonstrates a central paradox:
fourteen of the states with the nation’s most restrictive
abortion laws, including Mississippi, invest the least in
policies and programs of proven importance and value
to the health and well-being of women, children, and
families. Mothers, infants, and children in these fourteen
states also experience the worst health outcomes, as
revealed by key indicators of maternal and child health.
Indeed, one leading study of state-level population health
ranks Mississippi last in the nation on a composite score
consisting of measures that include infant mortality,
preventable deaths, and children without age-appropriate
medical and dental preventive health care visits in the
past year.
ARGUMENT
Mississippi’s unconstitutional pre-viability abortion
ban threatens the public health in Mississippi and beyond.
5
Mississippi seeks to force women3 to forgo a recognized
and fundamental constitutional right to control their own
health and to make for themselves and their families—in
consultation with their chosen health professional—the
most intimate and personal choices free from state
interference. Cf. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa.
v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 846–47 (1992). The near total ban
Mississippi seeks to impose before viability contravenes
settled constitutional law and disregards the significant
burdens and multiple public health risks this ban creates.
Amici urge this Court to affirm the Fifth Circuit’s
rejection of Mississippi’s law as unconstitutional.
I.
Abortion Is An Essential Component Of The Full
Continuum Of Reproductive Health Care And
A Basic Means Of Avoiding The Adverse Health
Effects Of Unintended Pregnancy
Abortion access is an essential component of
reproductive health care critical to public health. A core
principle of public health is that maternal and child
health are closely associated with women’s ability to
plan their pregnancies. See M arch of Dimes, Planning
Your Pregnancy (2017), https://www.marchofdimes.org/
pregnancy/ planning-your-pregnancy.aspx. Yet in 2011,
forty-five percent of U.S. pregnancies (2.8 million out of
6.1 million) were unintended, meaning they were either
mistimed—occurring when a woman did not, at that time,
desire to be pregnant—or unwanted— occurring when a
woman did not, at that time, or at any future point, desire
to be pregnant. Guttmacher I nstitute, Unintended
Pregnancy in the United States (2019), https://www.
3. See n.2, supra regarding Amici’s use of the term “women.”
6
guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/unintended-pregnancy-unitedstates; Lawrence B. Finer & Mia R. Zolna, Declines in
Unintended Pregnancy in the United States 2008–2011,
374 New Eng. J. Med. 843, 843 (2016), https://www.nejm.
org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmsa1506575.
Forcing women to carry unintended, and especially
unwanted, pregnancies to term negatively affects health.
Without the option of abortion, women lose the ability to
plan their lives and to maximize opportunities for better
health for themselves and their families.
Steadily over the decades, the proportion of women
seeking abortion has declined as availability and use
of the most effective forms of contraception has risen.
See Finer & Zolna, supra; Amy M. Branum & Jo Jones,
Trends in Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Use
Among U.S. Women Aged 15–44, 188 Natl. Ctr . for
Health Stat. Data Brief (2015), https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/25714042/; see also Megan L. Kavanaugh &
Jenna Jerman, Contraceptive Method Use in the United
States: Trends and Characteristics Between 2008, 2012
and 2014, 97 Contraception 14, 17 (2017), https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.contraception.2017.10.003.4 Still, fifty-one
percent of women who terminated their pregnancies
4. Poor women and women of color have less access to the most
effective family planning methods. Leah Henke et al., Barriers to
Obtaining Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Among LowIncome Women, 135 Ob. & Gyn. 94S (2020), https://doi.org/10.1097/01.
aog.0000664132.19131.2f; Kywanna Alfred & Katherine M. Holmes,
The Intersection of Race and Class and the Use of Long Acting
Reversible Contraception (LARC) a Quantitative Analysis, 133 Ob.
& Gyn. 10S (2019), https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000559350.66295.
a3.
7
had used contraceptives during the month in which they
conceived. Rachel K. Jones, Reported Contraceptive Use
in the Month of Becoming Pregnant Among U.S. Abortion
Patients in 2000 and 2019, 97 Contraception 309, 310
(2018), https://w w w.guttmacher.org/article/2018/01/
reported-contraceptive-use-month-becoming-pregnantamong-us-abortion-patients-2000. For this and other
reasons, safe, legal abortion is a vital component of the
reproductive health continuum.
Poverty, youth, and minority racial status, each
standing alone, increases the risk of unintended pregnancy.
Guttmacher Institute, Unintended Pregnancy in the
United States, supra. Low-income women, i.e. those
with incomes below 200 percent of the federal poverty
level (“FPL”), 5 experience unintended pregnancy rates
significantly higher than those who are not low-income;
among women living below FPL, the unintended
pregnancy rate is five times higher than that experienced
by higher-income women. Finer & Zolna, supra, at 846.
The racial demography of poverty in the United States
means that low-income women are also disproportionately
women of color. Women who fall into one or more of these
often-overlapping categories are uniquely vulnerable
to deep poverty, health risk exposure, and health care
exclusion and discrimination. See generally, Agency for
H ealthcare Research & Quality, Minority Health:
Recent Findings (2013), https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/
default/files/wysiwyg/research/findings/factsheets/
5. The federal poverty level in the 48 contiguous states and
the District of Columbia stands at $12,880 in 2021 for individuals
and at $17,420 for a family of 2. See U.S. Dept. of Health & Human
Servs., Annual Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines, 86 Fed.
Reg. 7733 (Feb. 1, 2021).
8
minority/minorfind/minorfind.pdf. These women and their
families would bear the brunt of an abortion ban.
Women recognize the vital importance of planned
pregnancy. Those who seek pre-viability 6 abortion
overwhelmingly do so because they decide that abortion
is the best choice for their health and well-being and that
of their families, including children already in their care.
See Lawrence B. Finer et al., Reasons U.S. Women Have
Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitative, 37 Persp. on
Sexual & Reprod. Health 110, 112 (2005), https://www.
guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2005/reasons-us-womenhave-abortions-quantitative-and-qualitative-perspectives;
see also Maggie Kirkman et al., Reasons Women Give
for Abortion: A Review of the Literature, 12 A rchives of
Women’s Mental Health 365 (2009), https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/19517213/; M. Antonia Biggs, Heather Gould
& Diana Greene Foster, Understanding why women
seek abortions in the U.S., 13 BMC Women’s Health
7 (2013) https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/
articles/10.1186/1472-6874-13-29) (finding nearly thirty
percent of women cite needing to care for other children
as a primary reason for seeking abortion).
Unintended, and especially unwanted, pregnancies
carry major short- and long-term health risks. The fallout
from preventing women from terminating unintended
pregnancies washes over women and their families,
including the children they already have; indeed, nearly
sixty percent of women seeking abortion already have
6. Pre-viability abortion is generally understood to mean
termination of pregnancy at a point at which survival outside the
uterus is impossible or extremely unlikely.
9
children. Jenna Jerman, Rachel K. Jones & Tsuyoshi
Onda, Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients in 2014
and Changes Since 2008, Guttmacher Institute (2016),
https://www.guttmacher.org/report/characteristics-usabortion-patients-2014. Conversely, the ability to plan a
pregnancy allows women to optimize their own health
outcomes and those of their families.
A.
Abortion Plays an Essential Role in Women’s
Health
Abortion, especially pre-viability, is among the
safest medical procedures. See Natl. Acad. of Sciences,
Engineering & M edicine , The Safety and Quality
of Abortion Care in the United States (2018), https://
www.nap.edu/catalog/24950/the-safety-and-quality-ofabortion-care-in-the-united-states. Legal abortion is
markedly safer than childbirth: nationally, health risks
associated with childbirth are fourteen times greater than
risks associated with abortion. Elizabeth G. Raymond
& David A. Grimes, The Comparative Safety of Legal
Induced Abortion and Childbirth in the United States,
119 O b. & Gyn. 215, 216 (2012), https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/22270271/; accord Whole Women’s Health
v. Hellerstedt, 136 S. Ct. 2292, 2315, as revised (June
27, 2016); see also Centers for Disease C ontrol &
Prevention, Abortion Surveillance (2018), https://perma.
cc/X2KW-MDSA (reporting 0.44 deaths per 100,000
legally induced abortions in the United States from
2013–2017). Particularly of note, risks are substantially
greater in Mississippi, where it is approximately seventyfive times more dangerous for women to carry a pregnancy
to term than to have an abortion. See Mississippi Dept. of
Health, Miss. Maternal Mortality Report 2013–2016 5,
10
25 (2021), https://perma.cc/H362-RN2Q (reporting 33.2
pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births).
Bir ths involving unintended preg nancies are
associated with a host of adverse health and social
outcomes for women, and ultimately, their families.
Women who carry unintended, and especially unwanted,
pregnancies to term are more likely to experience a wide
range of adverse health outcomes including depression,
poor birth outcomes, interpersonal violence, and
psychological distress. Compared to those able to obtain
abortions, women who are denied abortions are also
subsequently more likely to live in poverty, more likely to
lack financial supports critical to better health outcomes,
such as housing and nutrition, and more likely to raise
their children alone. See Diana Cheng et al., Unintended
Pregnancy and Associated Maternal Preconception,
Prenatal and Postpartum Behaviors, 79 Contraception
194, 195 (2009), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19185672/;
Mary M. Goodwin et al., Pregnancy intendedness and
physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: findings
from the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system,
1996–1997, 4 M aternal & Child Health J. 85–92 (2000),
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10994576/; Caitlin Gerdts
et al., Side effects, physical health consequences, and
mortality associated with abortion and birth after an
unwanted pregnancy, 26 Women’s Health Issues 55–59
(2015), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26576470/; Sara
Roberts et al., Risk of violence from the man involved
in the pregnancy after receiving or being denied an
abortion, 12 BMC Med. 144 (2014), https://bmcmedicine.
biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-014-0144-z;
Katherine Barton et al., Unplanned pregnancy and
subsequent psychological distress in partnered women:
11
a cross-sectional study of the role of relationship quality
and wider social support, 17 BMC Pregnancy Childbirth
44 (2017), https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.
com/articles/10.1186/s12884-017-1223-x; Diana Green
Foster et al., Socioeconomic outcomes of women who
receive and women who are denied wanted abortions, 108
A m. J. Pub. Health 407–13 (2018), https://doi.org/10.2105/
ajph.2017.304247.
Conversely, the ability to plan pregnancy and
childbirth is positively associated with health and wellbeing. Women able to obtain an abortion they seek
are subsequently more likely to have and achieve an
aspirational life plan compared to women who sought
abortion but were turned away. Ushma D. Upadhyay,
M. Antonia Biggs & Diana Greene Foster, The effect of
abortion on having and achieving aspirational oneyear plans, 15 BMC Women’s Health 6 (2015), https://
bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/
s12905-015-0259-1. They are also significantly more likely
to complete a postsecondary degree. Lauren J. Ralph et
al., A Prospective Cohort Study of the Effect of Receiving
versus Being Denied an Abortion on Educational
Attainment, 29 Women’s Health Issues 459 (2019), https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2019.09.004; https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/31708341/.
Such women also report lower stress levels and
better financial well-being in the years after obtaining
an abortion. Laura F. Harris et al., Perceived stress and
emotional social support among women who are denied
or receive abortions in the United States: a prospective
cohort study, 14 BMC Women’s Health 1–11 (2014), https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080695/; Sarah
12
Miller, Laura R. Wherry & Diana Greene Foster, The
Economic Consequences of Being Denied an Abortion,
Natl. B. Econ. Research (2020) at 3, https://www.nber.
org/system/files/working_papers/w26662/w26662.pdf
(abortion denial increases amount of debt thirty days or
more past due by seventy-eight percent and increases
negative public records, such as bankruptcies and
evictions, by eighty-one percent); see also Diana Greene
Foster et al., Comparison of Health, Development,
Maternal Bonding, and Poverty Among Children Born
After Denial of Abortion vs After Pregnancies Subsequent
to an Abortion, 172 JAMA Pediatrics 1053, 1058 (2018),
https://jamanetwork.com /journals/jamapediatrics/
fullarticle/2698454 (finding women denied abortions
significantly less likely to be employed full time, with no
analytic group differences in receipt of public assistance).
B. Abor tion Access is Related to Healthy
Pregnancy and Childbirth
Several important influences on maternal and child
health flow from ensuring that women are able to plan a
birth. First, planning a birth means being able to enter
pregnancy in the best health possible. See Centers for
Disease Control & Prevention (hereinafter “CDC”),
Planning for Pregnancy (2020), https://www.cdc.gov/
preconception/planning.html (noting pre-conception
care optimizes overall health and allows for physical
and behavioral risk mitigation). Where pregnancy is
unintended, women lack early opportunities to make
lifestyle changes before becoming pregnant and giving
birth. Women who experience an unintended pregnancy
may have lived their lives in all the normal ways people do
when pregnancy is not planned. They may drink alcohol,
13
smoke, or manage a health condition with medication
that is contraindicated in pregnancy. See Kay Johnson
et al., Preconception Care to Improve Pregnancy
Outcomes: Clinical Practice Guidelines, 55 Morbidity
& Mortality Wkly. Rev. 1–23 (2006), https://www.cdc.
gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5506a1.htm; Kathleen
Green-Raleigh et al., Pregnancy planning status and
health behaviors among nonpregnant women in a
California managed health care organization, 37 Persp.
on Sexual & Reprod. health 179, 181 (2005), https://www.
guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2005/pregnancy-planningstatus-and-health-behaviors-among-nonpregnant-women;
see also Lisbet S. Lundsberg, Meredith J. Pensak &
Aileen M. Gariepy, Is Periconceptional Substance Use
Associated with Unintended Pregnancy?, 1 Women ’s
Health Rep. 17, 19–20 (2020), https://www.liebertpub.com/
doi/10.1089/whr.2019.0006; Ted Joyce, Robert Kaestner
& Sanders Korenman, The Stability of Pregnancy
Intentions and Pregnancy-Related Maternal Behaviors,
4 M aternal & Child Health J. 171–78 (2020), https://
w w w.researchgate.net/publication /12229447_The_
Stability _of_Pregnancy _Intentions_and_PregnancyRelated_Maternal_Behaviors; Cheng et al., Unintended
Pregnancy, supra.
Second, when pregnancy is planned, comprehensive
prenatal care—access to which is a major determinant
of women’s and infants’ health— is especially likely to
begin early. CDC, Timing and Adequacy of Prenatal
Care in the United States, 2016 (2018), https://www.cdc.
gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_03.pdf. Women with
unintended, and particularly unwanted, pregnancies
are far less likely to receive adequate and timely
prenatal care, which subsequently places them and
14
their infants at greater risk for poor health outcomes.
See Kathryn Kost, David J. Landry & Jacqueline E.
Darroch, The Effects of Pregnancy Planning Status on
Birth Outcomes and Infant Care, 30 Persp. On Sexual
& Reprod. Health 223, 223 (1998), https://pubmed.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/9782045/ (noting women with unintended
pregnancies less likely to recognize pregnancies within
first six weeks of conception and significantly less likely
than those who planned pregnancies to receive care
in first eight weeks). Extensive research documents
the link between unintended pregnancy and late entry
into prenatal care, inadequate prenatal care, and poor
maternal and infant health outcomes. See generally,
Institute of Medicine, The Best Intentions: Unintended
Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families
(1995), https://doi.org/10.17226/4903. Indeed, nearly all
peer-reviewed studies find a strong relationship between
unintended pregnancy and late entry into prenatal care,
and an even stronger relationship among women with
unwanted pregnancies. Id. at 66; see also Cheng et al.,
Unintended Pregnancy, supra at 196 (finding mothers
with unwanted pregnancies less likely to receive prenatal
care during the first trimester, compared to women with
intended pregnancies); Kathryn Kost & Laura Lindberg,
Pregnancy Intentions, Maternal Behaviors, and Infant
Health: Investigating Relationships with New Measures
and Propensity Score Analysis, 52 Demography 83, 89
(2015), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524014-0359-9 (assessing U.S. National Survey of Family
Growth 2015 data and finding fewer unwanted births
received early prenatal care, as compared to wanted
births).
15
The imperative of abortion access to maternal health
takes on added urgency where maternal mortality is
concerned. Unintended pregnancy carries an increased
risk of maternal death. Amirhossein Moaddab et al.,
Health Care Disparity and Pregnancy-Related Mortality
in the United States, 2005–2014, 131 Ob. & Gyn. 707,
709–10 (2018), https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/
Fulltext/2018/04000/Health_Care_Disparity _and_
Pregnancy_Related.15.aspx?sessionEnd=true. This risk
is compounded for women of color: pregnancy-related
mortality rates for black women are over three times
higher than for white women; rates for Native American
and Alaska Native women are over two times higher
compared to rates for white women. Samantha Artiga et
al., Racial Disparities in Maternal and Infant Health: An
Overview, K aiser Family Foundation (2020), https://www.
kff.org/report-section/racial-disparities-in-maternal-andinfant-health-an-overview-issue-brief/.
Restrictive abortion policies are likewise linked
to maternal death. States whose composite abortion
restriction scores (an 8 -factor test developed by
researchers) were the highest also showed a seven
percent increase in total maternal mortality. Dovile
Vilda et al., State Abortion Policies and Maternal
Death in the United States, 2015–2018, A m . J. P ub .
H ealth e1, e5 (2021), https://ajph.aphapublications.
org/doi /abs/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306396 (examining
maternal mortality in context of current abortion
regulations). Put simply, women living in states with
the most restrictive abortion policies—and thus the
least abortion access—were found to be more likely to
die while pregnant or shortly thereafter than women
living in states with less restrictive abortion policies,
16
regardless of state-to-state differences in poverty, race/
ethnicity, and education. Id.
II. Children Of Women Who Experience Unintended
Pregnancies Face Greater Risks To Life And Health,
Including Pre-Term Birth, Low Birthweight, And
Impaired Child Development And Well-Being
Unintended pregnancies resulting in a live birth entail
higher risks to children’s life and health than planned
pregnancies, underscoring the individual and public health
importance of planned pregnancy and birth. These risks
include pre-term births, low birthweight, and impaired
development and well-being.
A.
Unintended Pregnancy is More Likely to
Result in Pre-Term Birth, Low Birthweight,
and Impaired Development
Unintended, and especially unwanted, pregnancy is
strongly associated with preterm birth and low birthweight,
linked outcomes7 that together are leading causes of child
health problems and infant mortality. See Prakesh S.
Shah et al., Intention to Become Pregnant and Low Birth
Weight and Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review, 15
M aternal & Child Health J. 205, 209 (2011), https://
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20012348/ (finding significantly
greater odds of prematurity associated with unintended
7. The highest contributing factor for low birthweight is
preterm birth. Committee on Understanding Premature Birth &
A ssuring Healthy Outcomes, Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences,
and Prevention 120–21 (Richard E. Behrman & Adrienne Stith
Butler eds., 2007).
17
pregnancies); Institute of Medicine, Preventing Low
Birthweight (1985), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK214468/ (finding most infant deaths a consequence
of low birthweight). Regardless of age, race, education,
and income, unwanted pregnancy is significantly more
likely to result in pre-term birth and low birthweight.
Kost & Lindberg, supra, at 100–01; Jennifer A. Hall
et al., Pregnancy Intention and Pregnancy Outcome:
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, 21 M aternal &
Child Health J. 670, 678 (2017), https://link.springer.com/
article/10.1007/s10995-016-2237-0.
Preterm birth and low birthweight can cause lifelong
health and developmental challenges. Babies born too
early (especially before thirty-two weeks) have higher
rates of death, chronic illness, and developmental disability
than their later-born counterparts, and are more likely
to experience breathing problems, chronic lung disease,
cardiovascular disorders, feeding difficulties, intestinal
injury, cerebral palsy, intellectual and developmental
disabilities, vision problems, hearing problems, and
a compromised immune system. See CDC, Preterm
Birth (2020), http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/
maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm; M a rch of
Dimes, Long-Term Health Effects of Premature Birth
(2019), https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/
long-term-health-effects-of-premature-birth.aspx; see
generally C ommittee on Understanding P remature
Birth, supra n.7, at ch. 10. Low birthweight increases
children’s risk for neurodevelopmental issues and
congenital anomalies and elevates lifelong health risks.
See generally Institute of Medicine, Preventing Low
Birthweight, supra. Inadequate prenatal care, also
linked to unintended pregnancy, increases these risks.
18
Hall et al., supra, at 700. Moreover, children born from
unplanned pregnancies—either mistimed or unwanted—
are more likely to exhibit higher levels of fearfulness,
less opportunity for skill development, and lower levels
of positive affect before two years of age. See Institute
of M edicine , The Best Intentions, supra, at 72–74;
Nazli Baydar, Consequences for Children of Their Birth
Planning Status, 27 Family P lanning P ersp. 228–45
(1995), https://www.jstor.org/stable/2136174.
Births from unwanted pregnancies also negatively
impact the development of earlier-born children. From
six months to four-and-a-half years after their mothers
sought but were unable to obtain abortions, earlier-born
children of women denied abortions had lower mean
child development scores than children of women who
received a wanted abortion. See Diana Greene Foster
et al., Effects of Carrying an Unwanted Pregnancy to
Term on Women’s Existing Children, 205 J. Pediatrics
183, 185 (2019), https://www.jpeds.com/action/showPdf?p
ii=S0022-3476%2818%2931297-6.
B. C h i ld r e n of Wome n W ho Ex p e r ie nc e
Unintended Pregnancies Are More Likely
to Suffer Adverse Child Experiences With
Lifelong Consequences
Children born of unintended pregnancies, and their
siblings, are more likely to be exposed to adverse child
experiences (“ACEs”), i.e. “potentially traumatic events
that occur in childhood (0–17 years).” CDC, Preventing
Adverse Childhood Experiences (2021), https://www.
cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html. ACEs
range from a child’s experience of parental separation
19
to violence, abuse, neglect, 8 and other traumas. See
Data Resource Ctr. for Child & A dolescent Health,
2018–2019 National Survey of Children’s Health (2021)
(data query: Indicator 6.13, Has this Child Experienced
One or More Adverse Childhood Experiences from
the List of 9 ACEs?), https://www.childhealthdata.org/
browse/survey/results?q=4783&r=1&g=606. 9 ACEs
cause toxic stress with potentially serious physical and
mental health consequences that accompany children into
8. A child from a family with two unplanned births is 2.8 times
more likely to have been abused than is a child from a family with no
unplanned births; one from a family with three unplanned births is 4.6
times more likely to have been abused. Susan J. Zuravin, Unplanned
Childbearing and Family Size: Their Relationship to Child Neglect
and Abuse, 23 Family Planning Persp. 155, 159 (1991), https://www.
jstor.org/stable/2135738; see also Institute of Medicine, The Best
Intentions, supra; see also Baydar, supra, at 232; Kai Guterman,
Unintended Pregnancy as a Predictor of Child Maltreatment, 48
Child A buse & Neglect 160, 167 (2015), https://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213415001945?casa_token=vb-9lm
5FPJ8AAAAA:ncCXeNO6WTPPsQbSwKBBYcDkOVHKkE34H1I
5dcUI4f9-26GQIpeb0C3nKBSE5TTCvmtJybfH (finding unintended
pregnancy associated with psychological aggression and neglect, as
well as significantly less positive relationships between mothers and
their preschool children).
9. The ACEs recognized in the foundational survey are: (1) it
has “somewhat often” or “very often” been very hard to cover basics
(like food or housing) on the family’s income; (2) a parent or guardian
was divorced or separated; (3) a parent or guardian died; (4) a parent
or guardian served time in jail; (5) the child saw or heard parents or
adults slap, hit, kick, or punch one another in the home; (6) the child
was a victim of violence or witnessed neighborhood violence; (7) the
child lived with someone who was mentally ill, suicidal, or severely
depressed; (8) the child lived with someone who had a problem with
alcohol or drugs; (9) the child was treated or judged unfairly due to
race/ethnicity.
20
adulthood. CDC, Adverse Childhood Experiences (2020),
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html
(ACEs “have a tremendous impact on future violence
victimization and perpetration, and lifelong health and
opportunity”).
1.
Unintended Pregnancy Resulting in
Birth is Associated with Violence Against
Women and Lifelong Consequences for
Children
Unintended pregnancy carries higher risks of
domestic violence. David M. Fergusson et al., Factors
Associated with Reports of Wife Assault in New Zealand, 48
J. Marriage & Fam. 407, 411–12 (1986), https://www.jstor.org/
stable/352408 (finding, within six years following birth,
women whose pregnancies were unintended experienced
a 13.4 percent rate of physical violence, nearly three times
the 5.4 percent rate for women whose pregnancies were
planned); Julie A. Gazmararian et al., The Relationship
Between Pregnancy Intendedness and Physical Violence
in Mothers of Newborns, 85 Ob. & Gyn. 1031, 1033–35
(1995), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7770250/ (finding
higher rates of physical violence against women with
unintended pregnancies, based on four-state study of data
gathered from women three to six months after delivery).
Between 5.6 and 10.7 percent of women whose pregnancies
were unintended reported physical abuse; the rate for
women who had planned their pregnancies was between
3.8 and 6.9 percent. Gazmararian et al., supra.
Domestic violence is toxic and traumatizing for children.
CDC, Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences, supra.
Children of women who experience domestic violence
21
have increased risks of emotional, physical, and sexual
abuse, of developing emotional and behavioral problems,
and of increased exposure to other adversities. See
generally, Stephanie Holt et al., The Impact Of Exposure
To Domestic Violence On Children And Young People:
A Review Of The Literature, 32 Child A buse & Neglect
797 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004.10
2.
Unintended Pregnancy and Birth is
A s so ciat e d w ith Great er Pa rent a l
Mental Health Challenges and Lifelong
Consequences for Children
The mental health of parents is critical to the health
of their children. Compared to women with planned
pregnancies, mothers experiencing unintended pregnancy
and birth were more likely to report postpartum
depression, as well as poorer mental health later in life.
Cheng et al., supra, at 196–97; Institute of Medicine,
The Best Intentions, supra, at 75; Pamela Herd et al.,
The Implications of Unintended Pregnancies for Mental
Health in Later Life, 106 A m. J. Pub. Health 421, 422
(2016), https://w w w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC4815713/pdf/AJPH.2015.302973.pdf; Jessica Houston
Su, Pregnancy Intentions and Parents’ Psychological
Well-Being, 74 J. M arriage & Fam. 1182, 1190–93 (2012),
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.17413737.2012.01006.x. Maternal depression limits the ability
to nurture and is associated with long-term socialemotional, mental health, and behavioral problems in
children. Sarah K.G. Jensen & Theresa S. Betancourt,
10. See also Guterman, supra n.8, at 167 (finding association
between unintended pregnancies and fathers’ physical aggression).
22
Recognizing the Complexity of Psychosocial Factors
Associated With Children’s Development—The Case of
Maternal Depression, 4 JAMA Network Open 1 (2021),
doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22310. A childhood
marked by a parent’s mental health struggles is linked
to increased risk of mental illness, behavioral difficulties,
and substance use in adulthood. CDC, Preventing Adverse
Childhood Experiences, supra.
Overall, denying women the ability to plan their
pregnancies negatively impacts their children, who
are more likely to live in poverty and have a parent in
emotional distress as result of the denial of the abortion.
See Foster et al., Effects of Carrying an Unwanted
Pregnancy to Term, supra; Foster et al., Comparison of
Health, Development, supra, at 1054.
3.
Unintended Pregnancy and Birth is
Associated with Elevated Rates of Death,
Divorce, or Separation and Lifelong
Consequences for Children
The loss of a parent or guardian through death,
divorce, or separation is an ACE with potentially lifelong
negative consequences for children. As noted supra,
women with unintended pregnancies are at a higher
risk for maternal death than women able to plan their
pregnancies and birth. Moaddab et al., supra, at 709–10.
Additionally, marriages that follow an unintended
pregnancy have a higher chance of failure, regardless of
whether the marriage is a first, second, or subsequent
marriage. Institute of Medicine, The Best Intentions,
supra, at 74.
23
III. Mississippi And Thirteen Other States With
Extensive Abortion Restrictions Invest The Least
In The Health And Well-Being Of Women And
Children And Show The Worst Health Outcomes
For Mothers, Infants And Children
A state-by-state11 review of abortion restrictions,
objective and widely-accepted measures of women’s and
children’s health outcomes, and state investments in
maternal and child health underscores a central paradox:
among the fifty states and the District of Columbia, (1)
Mississippi and other states with the most restrictive
abortion policies invest the least in the well-being of
women, children, and families; and (2) mothers, infants,
and children in these high-restriction, low-investment
states have the worst health outcomes. See App. Table
1 (ranking states from one to fifty-one on five distinct
maternal and child health indicators, where ranking first
for a particular measure indicates the state’s outcomes
for that measure are better than all other states); Table 2
(indicating the extent of each state’s policies related to nine
basic investments in maternal and child health programs);
Table 3 (ranking fourteen states imposing seven or more
abortion restrictions, including a gestational ban, in terms
of their performance on five maternal and child health
outcomes in Table 1); and Table 4 (ranking fourteen states
imposing seven or more abortion restrictions, including
a gestational ban, on their policies related to nine basic
investments in maternal and child health programs).
11. For purposes of this review, the District of Columbia was
treated as a state, resulting in data and findings pertaining to 51
“states.”
24
Further, the unintended pregnancy rate is highest
among the states with the most restrictive abortion
policies. Eleven out of the fourteen high-restriction states
whose results appear on Tables 3 and 4 report unintended
pregnancy rates at or above the U.S. average. See App.
Tables 3, 4; see generally Kathryn Kost, Unintended
Pregnancy Rates at the State Level: Estimates for
2010 and Trends Since 2002, Guttmacher Institute
(2015), https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/
report_pdf/stateup10.pdf.12 Among all states tracking
and reporting relevant data, Mississippi had the lowest
rate of planned pregnancy (thirty-five percent). Kost,
Unintended Pregnancy Rates, supra, at 7, 8, Table 1;
see also United Health Foundation, America’s Health
Rankings: Unintended Pregnancy (2021), https://www.
americashealthrankings.org/explore/health-of-womenand-children/measure/unintended_pregnancy/state/U.S
(ranking Mississippi, based on 2018 CDC data, as the least
healthy state in terms of the percentage of women with a
recent live birth who experienced unwanted or mistimed
pregnancies).
Taken together, the evidence overwhelmingly shows
that compelling women to carry unintended—and
especially unwanted—pregnancies to term is detrimental
to the health of women, children, and families. The evidence
also shows that Mississippi and other states with the
Nation’s most restrictive abortion policies simultaneously
fail to invest in the very women, children, and families
most heavily affected by unintended pregnancies.
12. Not all states report unintended pregnancies. Among the
fourteen high-restriction states, two do not report figures and one
has a rate below the national average. Id.
25
A.
Certain States, Including Mississippi, Lead the
Nation in the Number of Abortion Restrictions
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation and the
Guttmacher Institute, among the fifty states and the
District of Columbia, Mississippi and thirteen other states
impose the most restrictive abortion policies as measured
by: (1) counseling requirements; (2) waiting periods;
(3) ultrasound requirements; (4) parental notification
and consent requirements; (5) gestational limits; (6)
restrictions on insurance coverage for abortion; and (7)
regulation of facilities and clinicians providing abortions.13
See App. Tables 3, 4. Although many of these restrictions
are common across states, only fourteen states have
simultaneously pursued all seven categories of limitations.
In addition to Mississippi, they are: Alabama, Arkansas,
Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota,
and Texas. Id.
The seven restrictions in Mississippi and thirteen other
high-restriction states create obstacles to care that simply
do not exist for other medical procedures that, like abortion,
are safe and common. Cf. Whole Woman’s Health, 136 S. Ct.
at 2315 (noting mortality rate for colonoscopies ten times
higher than that for abortion, liposuction twenty-eight times
higher); June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo, 140 S. Ct.
2103, 2124 (2020). These restrictions reflect an ideologicallydriven strategy to make abortion access practically and
13. Restrictiveness rankings are based on Kaiser Family
Foundation data focused on state-level policies. K aiser Family
Foundation, State Health Facts, Women’s Health: Women’s Health
Indicators: Abortion Statistics and Policies (2021), https://www.kff.
org/state-category/womens-health/abortion-statistics-and-policies/.
26
financially burdensome, if not impossible, regardless of the
detrimental impact to public health. For example, gestational
age bans, like Mississippi’s, effectively preclude abortion
entirely within a state’s borders, while mandatory waiting
periods trigger costly and time-consuming travel obligations,
restrictions on health care providers and practice settings
limit available providers, and restrictions on insurance
coverage—including for Medicaid beneficiaries—increase
out-of-pocket costs, often prohibitively. Ideologically-driven
and medically unsupported efforts to hinder women’s
access to comprehensive reproductive healthcare also
increasingly include restrictions on the use of medication
abortions—accomplished through the FDA-approved use
of the drugs mifepristone and misoprostol—as they become
more common. Rachel K. Jones & Jenna Jerman, Abortion
Incidence and Service Availability in the United States,
2017, 49 Persp. on Sexual & Reprod. Health 17, 18 (2017),
https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-incidenceservice-availability-us-2017.14
B. Measures of Health and Health Investment in
Mississippi and Other High-Restriction States
Reveal Deeply Deficient Safety Net Investments
and Poor Health Outcomes Among Women,
Children, and Families
Objective measures of public health and health
investment reveal that Mississippi and its companion
high-restriction states stand at the bottom of all states
in terms of basic investment in maternal and child health
programs and services, underscoring the disregard for
public health inherent in its abortion ban.
14. Data related to restrictions on medication abortions is not
currently adequately comprehensive for inclusion in the analysis
undertaken herein.
27
Population health and health investment measures
utilized in public health policy and practice fall into
two categories: public health indicators and safetynet measures. These measures are considered leading
methods for assessing health risks among women,
mothers, infants, and children, as well as the strength of
social and health investment. See generally, Russell S.
Kirby & Sarah Verbiest, Kotch’s Maternal and Child
Health: Programs , Problems and Policy in Public
Health (4th ed. 2021).
Widely accepted public health indicators regarding
pregnancy, childbirth, deaths in infancy, and the wellbeing of children include: early entry into prenatal care,
(care in the first trimester of pregnancy); infant mortality
(infant death occurring before the first birthday); low
birthweight (weight at birth of less than 5.5 pounds);
poverty rate among children under five (children who live in
families with incomes below FPL); and adverse childhood
experiences, (defined in supra section II(B)). CDC, Entry
into Prenatal Care—United States, 1989–1997 (2000) at
393–98, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/
mm4918a1.htm; CDC, Infant Mortality (2021), https://
www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/
infantmortality.htm; Natl . Cancer I nstitute , Natl .
I nstitutes of H ealth , Dictionary of Cancer Terms
(2021), https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/
cancer-terms/def/low-birth-weight; U.S. Dept. of Health
& Human Servs., Annual Update of the HHS Poverty
Guidelines, supra n.5.
Health safety-net measures consist of policies that
extend health, health care, nutritional, and basic support
services to the most vulnerable women, children, and
28
families. Noteworthy policies promote access to preconception and early and comprehensive perinatal health
care, as well as offer nutritional support during pregnancy,
infancy, and early childhood, and financial support for
families with infants and young children. See generally
Select Panel for the P romotion of Child H ealth,
Better Health for Our Children: A National Strategy,
Report to the United States Congress and the Secretary of
Health & Human Servs. (1981), https://catalog.hathitrust.
org/Record/000200804 (discussing health investments
in children); see also CDC, Health, United States 6–7,
11–13 (2019), https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/index.htm
(discussing national and state-level women’s health and
well-being measures before and during pregnancy, and
measures for infants and children).
Government safety net investment is commonly
analyzed with reference to state Medicaid coverage
policies for children and working-age adults;15 financial
assistance during pregnancy, infancy and childhood under
states’ Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
15. Medicaid and its supplemental companion, the Children’s
Health Insurance Program (“CHIP”), codified respectively at
42 U.S.C. §§ 1396a et seq. and 1397 et seq., insured 81.7 million
adults and children as of March 2021. See Bradley Corallo & Robin
Rudowitz, Analysis of Recent National Trends in Medicaid and
CHIP Enrollment, K aiser Family Foundation (2021), https://www.
kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/analysis-of-recent-nationaltrends-in-medicaid-and-chip-enrollment/; see also Julia Paradise,
Barbara Lyons & Diane Rowland, Medicaid at 50, K aiser Family
Foundation (2015), https://www.kff.org/report-section/medicaidat-50-low-income-pregnant-women-children-and-families-andchildless-adults/ (Medicaid insures forty-six percent of all U.S.
births and covers seventy-seven percent of children in poverty under
eighteen).
29
programs;16 and assistance furnished to women, infants
and young children under the Special Supplemental
Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC).17 These basic supports take on special importance
for women who experience unintended pregnancy
who, as noted supra, are collectively more likely to be
young, poor, financially and socially disadvantaged, and
disproportionately women and children of color who labor
under added historical burdens of racial segregation,
discrimination, and exclusion.
1.
Maternal and Child Health Indicators
in Mississippi and the Other HighRestriction States Reveal Poorer Public
Health Outcomes Compared to States with
Greater Abortion Access
The fourteen high-restriction states show consistently
poor performance on maternal and child health indicators.
Among the fourteen states with the highest number of
16. Federal TANF grants to states extend basic financial
assistance and supportive services to families with children. 42
U.S.C. § 601 et seq. State TANF spending and the level of assistance
families receive is discretionary. See, e.g., Center on Budget &
Policy Priorities, Policy Basics: Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (2021), https://www.cbpp.org/research/family-incomesupport/temporary-assistance-for-needy-families.
17. Federal WIC grants to states cover supplemental foods,
nutrition education, and health care referrals for low-income
pregnant, breast-feeding, and postpartum women, as well as atrisk infants and children. WIC serves fifty-three percent of all
infants born in the U.S. Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture (hereinafter “FNS”),WIC at a Glance (2013), https://
www.fns.usda.gov/wic/about-wic-glance.
30
abortion restrictions, nine (64.3 percent) rank in the lower
half of states in terms of early entry into prenatal care;
ten (71.4 percent) rank in the lower half of all states in
terms of infant mortality; and eight (57.1 percent) rank in
the lower half of states in terms of low birthweight. With
respect to young children in poverty, ten of the fourteen
states (71.4 percent) show childhood poverty rates higher
than twenty-five other states, two—Louisiana and
Mississippi—rank 50th and 51st respectively. Considering
ACEs, eleven of fourteen states rank in the lower half of
all states (78.6 percent) in terms of the number of at-risk
children. See App. Table 3.
Even as Mississippi seeks to ban abortion previability, its residents experience some of the nation’s most
elevated reproductive health risks. Further, Mississippi’s
health care system is grievously unprepared to deal with
the cascading effects of unintended pregnancy. Mississippi
ranked last in the Commonwealth Fund’s 2020 Composite
Score for Health System Performance in the United
States, including ranking as worst performing for, among
other measures: infant mortality; mortality amenable to
health care or preventable deaths; and children without
age-appropriate medical and dental preventive care visits
in the past year. Commonwealth Fund, 2020 Scorecard
on State Health System Performance, Mississippi (2020),
https://2020scorecard.commonwealthfund.org/files/
Mississippi.pdf.
31
2.
Safety Net Investment is Inadequate in
Mississippi and the Other High-Restriction
States and Lower than that in States with
Greater Abortion Access
States w ith the g reatest number of abor tion
restrictions—including a gestational ban on abortion like
Mississippi’s— show the lowest overall investment rates
in women, children, and families, even when it comes to
medical care itself. This lack of investment puts the lie to
abortion bans justified by a claimed interest in the wellbeing of women, children, and families.
The most restrictive abortion states include half of
the twelve states that have not adopted the Medicaid
program expansion authorized in the Patient Protection
and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), Pub. L. 111–48 (Mar.
23, 2010). Medicaid participating states must provide
coverage, from the point at which pregnancy is established
through the last day of the month in which the 60 th
postpartum day occurs, to all pregnant women whose
household income does not exceed 138 percent of FPL
($30,305 for a family of 3 in the 48 contiguous United
States and the District of Columbia in 2021). See 42 U.S.C.
§§ 1396a(a)(10)(A)(i)(IV), (l)(1)–(2). States may, at their
option, extend Medicaid and CHIP to additional pregnant/
postpartum women and children deemed eligible based
on their household incomes. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)
(10)(A)(ii)(IX). States may also expand eligibility for a
narrow benefit package of family planning and “family
planning related” services. See 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)
(A)(ii)(XXI), (B)(ii). This option offers limited coverage,
but is significantly less protective of overall health than
full Medicaid coverage in states that have expanded
32
Medicaid under the ACA, per 42 U.S.C. § 1396a(a)(10)(A)(i)
(VIII). For poor women of childbearing age—historically
excluded from Medicaid unless pregnant, disabled, or
raising children in deep poverty—the ACA expansion
represents a vital pathway to comprehensive coverage
of health care needs prior to, throughout, and well after
pregnancy. K aiser Family Foundation, Medicaid’s Role
for Women 2–5 (2019), https://files.kff.org/attachment/
Fact-Sheet-Medicaids-Role-for-Women. Mississippi has
not expanded Medicaid, thereby choosing to forgo these
crucial health supports.
In Mississippi and the thirteen other high-restriction
states, women of reproductive age—if not already
pregnant, disabled or a parent—may at best qualify for
limited family planning benefits. Within the six nonexpansion states, four (including Mississippi) set the
Medicaid eligibility rate for parents at less than forty
percent FPL. Three of these four states (including
Mississippi) limit Medicaid eligibility for parents to
twenty-five percent FPL or less, meaning that parents
do not qualify for Medicaid in these states if their annual
income exceeds—at most— $5,490 for a family of three
in 2021.
Medicaid in these high-restriction states is of limited
reach even for pregnant women. Across all states, the
median income eligibility level for pregnant women is 200
percent FPL; among the fourteen high-restriction states,
six—including Mississippi—fall below the median. Even
among highly restrictive abortion states with limited
investment policies, Mississippi is routinely at or near
the bottom in terms of Medicaid availability for young,
impoverished women, who, as noted supra, are most likely
to experience unintended pregnancy.
33
Moreover, the fourteen high-restriction states
similarly restrict financial and nutrition assistance to
women, children, and families. The national median
monthly TANF payment for a family of three is $492. See
App. Table 4. Among the fourteen high-restriction states,
twelve, including Mississippi, fall below this standard. Id.
Nationally, 21.7 percent of poor infants receive TANF
benefits. Among the most restrictive states, all but Ohio
fall below this national average; Mississippi holds the
penultimate rank, providing TANF assistance only to 8.6
percent of infants living in the state’s poorest households.
Id.
Of the 6.87 million served by WIC each month in FY
2018, children represented approximately three-quarters
of all participants. FNS, WIC Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQs) (2019), https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/frequentlyasked-questions. Infants consistently have the highest
participation rate. FNS, WIC Eligibility and Coverage
Rates (2018), https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/eligibilityand-coverage-rates-2018. WIC-eligible women and
children must be high risk, either due to “medically-based
risks” (e.g. anemia, maternal age, history of pregnancy
complications, or poor pregnancy outcomes) or “diet-based
risks” linked to inadequate dietary patterns. FNS, WIC
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), supra. Financial
eligibility is set at 185 percent of FPL. Id. States have
considerable flexibility to simplify WIC enrollment and
can liberalize the financial eligibility methodologies they
use to help boost participation. Committee on Natl. Stat.,
Natl. Research Council, Estimating Eligibility and
Participation for the WIC Program: Phase I Report, 15–18
(2001), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223572/.
Because families can establish WIC eligibility by showing
34
Medicaid participation, Medicaid eligibility factors also
influence WIC participation. Steven Carlson et al., WIC
Participation and Costs are Stable, Center on Budget
& Policy Priorities (2017), at 12, https://www.cbpp.org/
research/food-assistance/wic-participation-and-costsare-stable.
The national average WIC participation standard for
eligible women stands at sixty-nine percent. Among the
fourteen states that most restrict abortion access, eight
fall below this standard. See App. Table 4.
The high-restriction, low-investment states’ purported
concern for the well-being of women and children is belied
by the degree to which they have rejected investment in
the very programs designed to protect women, children,
and families. In Mississippi, the substantial harms to
public health flowing from the state’s violation of women’s
constitutional right to abortion access are compounded by
inadequate health care and social welfare systems that
fail women, children and families.
CONCLUSION
Objective evidence overwhelmingly points to abortion
access as a necessary tool in promoting health and in
mitigating health threats to women and families inherent
in unintended, and particularly unwanted, pregnancies.
Women depend on abortion access as an essential health
safeguard; evidence shows women seeking abortion do so
in great part for their health and well-being and that of
their families.
Mississippi and thirteen other states that have
pursued the most far-reaching and intrusive abortion
35
policies also demonstrate a consistent and marked failure
to invest in maternal and child health, a reality that
stands in stark contrast to any claim that a pre-viability
abortion ban demonstrates respect for life. A review of
key population health indicators underscores the fact
that mothers and children in these states experience the
worst health outcomes and must face pregnancy, birth,
and childhood with the greatest deficit of health, health
care, and social supports.
For the foregoing reasons, Amici respectfully urge
the Court to affirm the decision below.
September 20, 2021
Respectfully submitted,
Edward T. Waters
Counsel of Record
Phillip A. Escoriaza
Rosie Dawn Griffin
Feldesman Tucker Leifer
Fidell LLP
1129 20th Street, N.W.,
Fourth Floor
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 466-8960
ewaters@ftlf.com
Counsel for Amici Curiae
APPENDIX
1a
LISTINGAppendix
OF INDIVIDUAL
AMICI CURIAE WITH TABLES
Deans and Associate Deans
1.
Nerys Benfield, MD, MPH, Senior Associate Dean
of Diversity and Inclusion, Director, Division of Family Planning and the Fellowship in Family Planning,
Director, Social Obstetrics and Gynecology Program,
Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine – Montefiore Medical Center
2.
Harris A. Berman, MD, FACP, Dean Emeritus, Tufts
University School of Medicine
3.
Sandy Dorcelus, DO, FACOG, Assistant Dean of Diversity and Inclusion, NYU Long Island School of
Medicine, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Health
Long Island
4.
Ayman El-Mohandes, MBBCh, MD, MPH, Dean,
CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health
Policy
5.
Jill C. Engle, JD, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Penn State Law, The Pennsylvania State University
6.
Susan L. Ettner, PhD, Associate Dean, U.C.L.A.
Graduate Division, Professor, David Geffen School of
Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and
Health Services Research, University of California,
Los Angeles
2a
Appendix
7.
Linda P. Fried, MD, MPH, Dean and DeLamar
Professor of Public Health, Senior Vice President,
Columbia University Medical Center, Professor of
Epidemiology and Medicine, Columbia University
Mailman School of Public Health
8.
Sandro Galea, MD, DrPH, Dean, Robert A. Knox
Professor, School of Public Health, Boston University
9.
Anne Garrison, MD, Interim Associate Dean for
Student Affairs, Assistant Dean for Professional Development, Associate Director, Division of General
OBGYN, Assistant Professor of OBGYN, University
of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial
Medical Center
10. S. Marie Harvey, DrPH, MPH, OSU Distinguished
Professor of Public Health, Associate Dean for Research, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University
11. Cheryl Healton, DrPH, Dean, NYU School of Global
Public Health
12. Jane Hyatt Thorpe, JD, Sr. Associate Dean for Academic, Student and Faculty Affairs, Professor of
Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute
School of Public Health, The George Washington
University
13. Adnan Hyder, MD, MPH, PhD, Senior Associate
Dean for Research, Professor of Global Health,
3a
Appendix
Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George
Washington University
14. Michael J. Klag, MD, MPH, Dean Emeritus, Second
Century Distinguished Professor, Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health
15. Thomas A. LaVeist, PhD, Dean and Professor, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical
Medicine
16. Aviva Lee-Parritz, MD, Chief, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical Center,
Chair and Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assistant Dean of Faculty Practice, Boston
University School of Medicine
17. Michael C. Lu, MD, MS, MPH, Dean, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkley
18. Ellen J. MacKenzie, PhD, Dean, Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School
of Public Health
19. Leila J. Rupp, PhD, Interim Anne and Michael
Towbes Graduate Dean, Distinguished Professor
of Feminist Studies, University of California, Santa
Barbara
20. Mark A. Schuster, MD, PhD, Founding Dean and
CEO; Professor, Health Systems Science, Kaiser
Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine
4a
Appendix
21. Tetine Sentell, PhD, Interim Dean, Professor of Public Health, Thompson School of Social Work and Public Health, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa
22. Alfred Sommer, MD, Dean Emeritus, Professor,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
23. Sten H. Vermund, MD, PhD, Dean and Anna M.R.
Lauder Professor of Public Health; Professor of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University
24. Sara E. Wilensky, JD, PhD, Assistant Dean for Undergraduate Education, Director, Undergraduate
Program in Public Health, Special Services Faculty for Undergraduate Education, Milken Institute
School of Public Health, The George Washington
University
25. Heather M. Young, PhD, RN, FAAN, Professor and
Dean Emerita, Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis
Chairs
1.
Jeffrey S. Akman, MD, Walter A. Bloedorn Professor of Administrative Medicine and Interim Chair,
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George
Washington University
2.
Amy (Meg) Autry, MD, Professor, Vice Chair of GME
and CME, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology,
and Reproductive Sciences, University of California,
San Francisco
5a
Appendix
3.
Sarah Baird, PhD, Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of
Public Health, The George Washington University
4.
Carrie N. Baker, JD, PhD, Sylvia Dlugasch Bauman
Chair of American Studies, Professor, Program for
the Study of Women and Gender, Smith College
5.
Robert L. Barbieri, MD, Chief of Obstetrics, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital
6.
Julia Zoe Beckerman, JD, MPH, Teaching Associate Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Health
Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of
Public Health, The George Washington University
7.
Janice Bowie, PhD, MPH, Bloomberg Centennial
Professor, Chair, Schoolwide DrPH Program, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
8.
Alison Brysk, PhD, Chair, Global Studies Department, Mellichamp Professor of Global Governance,
University of California, Santa Barbara
9.
Serdar Bulun, MD, John J. Sciarra Professor, Chair,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg
School of Medicine at Northwestern University
10. Jillian Catalanotti, MD, MPH, FACP, Associate Professor of Medicine & of Health Policy and Management, Vice Chair for Academic Affairs, Department
of Medicine, Director, Division of General Internal
Medicine, The George Washington University
6a
Appendix
11. Aaron B. Caughey, MD, PhD, Professor and Chair,
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Associate
Dean for Women’s Health Research & Policy, Oregon
Health & Science University
12. David D. Celentano, ScD, MHS, Dr. Charles Armstrong Chair in Epidemiology, Professor and Chair,
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
13. Parul Christian, DrPH, MSc, Professor, Director
and Associate Chair, Department of International
Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health
14. Natalia Deeb-Sossa, Interim Chair and Associate
Professor, Chicana/o Studies Department, University of California, Davis
15. Christine Dehlendorf, MD, MAS, Professor, Vice
Chair for Research, Family & Community Medicine,
Director, Person-Centered Reproductive Health
Program, Department of Family & Community Medicine, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, and Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University
of California, San Francisco
16. Eve Espey, MD, MPH, Distinguished Professor and
Chair, Department of OB-GYN, University of New
Mexico
17. Scott Evans, PhD, Founding Chair and Professor,
Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Di-
7a
Appendix
rector of Biostatistics Center, Milken Institute School
of Public Health, The George Washington University
18. Ethan D. Fried, MD, MACP, Associate Chair for Education, Residency Program Director, Department
of Internal Medicine, Professor of Medicine, Zucker
School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
19. Nancy D. Gaba MD, FACOG, Oscar I. and Mildred
S. Dodek and Joan B. and Oscar I. Dodek, Jr. Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The George Washington University School of
Medicine and Health Sciences
20. Gelila Goba, MD, MPH, FCOG, Associate Professor
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois
21. Barbara Goff, MD, Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of Washington, Surgeon-in-Chief, University of Washington Medical Center
22. Atul Jain, MD, MS, Associate Dean, Mayo Clinic
School of Continuous Professional Development,
Vice-Chair, Division of General Internal Medicine,
Associate Program Director, Mayo Internal Medicine Residency, Assistant Professor of Medicine,
Mayo College of Medicine
23. Hadine Joffe, MD, MSc, Executive Director, Mary
Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health and
Gender Biology, Paula A. Johnson Associate Professor of Psychiatry in the Field of Women’s Health,
Harvard Medical School, Vice Chair for Research,
8a
Appendix
Department of Psychiatry Brigham and Women’s
Hospital
24. Leslie M. Kantor, PhD, MPH, Professor and Chair,
Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Director, Urban Public Health Concentration, Director,
Maternal Child Health Certificate, Rutgers School
of Public Health
25. Caitlin Kennedy, MPH, PhD, Associate Professor,
Director, Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Associate Chair, Department of International
Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health
26. Sally J. Kenney, PhD, Newcomb College Endowed
Chair, Executive Director, Newcomb Institute, Professor of Political Science, Tulane University
27. Susan Lane, MD, FACP, Internal Medicine Residency Program Director, Professor of Medicine, Vice
Chair of Education, Stony Brook Medicine
28. Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD, Hersey Professor of the
Theory and Practice of Medicine, Harvard Medical
School, Chairman of the Department of Medicine and
Physician-in-Chief, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
29. Manya Magnus, PhD, MPH, Professor & Interim
Chair, Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
9a
Appendix
30. Lisa A. Martin, PhD, Interim Department Chair,
Health and Human Services, Associate Professor of
Women’s and Gender Studies, Associate Professor of
Health and Human Services, University of Michigan,
Dearborn
31. Karen McDonnell, PhD, Associate Professor and
Vice Chair, Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health,
The George Washington University
32. Terry McGovern, JD, Professor and Chair, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health,
Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
33. Tiffany A. Moore Simas, MD, MPH, MEd, FACOG,
Chair, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Population & Quantitative
Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Health
34. Jack Needleman, PhD, FAAN, Fred W. and Pamela
K. Wasserman Professor and Chair, Department of
Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of
Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
35. Nawal M. Nour, MD, MPH, Chair, Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kate Macy Ladd Professorship, Harvard Medical School
36. Laury Oaks, PhD, Professor and Chair, Department
of Feminist Studies, University of California, Santa
Barbara
10a
Appendix
37. Tony Ogburn, MD, Professor and Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTRGV School
of Medicine
38. Anne R. Pebley, PhD, Distinguished Professor and
Fred H. Bixby Chair, Chair, Bixby Center on Population and Reproductive Health, Fielding School of
Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
39. Jeffrey F. Peipert, MD, PhD, Clarence E. Ehrlich
Professor and Chair, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology
40. Ndola Prata, MD, MSc, Fred H. Bixby Endowed
Chair in Population and Family Planning, Professor,
Maternal and Child Health, Director, Innovations for
Youth, School of Public Health, Director, Center of
Expertise in Women’s Health, Gender and Empowerment, Global Health Institute, University of California, Berkley
41. Eva K. Pressman, MD, Henry A. Thiede Professor
and Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of
Rochester
42. Gwendolyn P. Quinn, PhD, Livia Wan, MD Endowed
Chair, Vice-Chair of Research, Professor, Departments of OB-GYN, Population Health, Division of
Medical Ethics, New York University, Grossman
School of Medicine
43. Laurel W. Rice, MD, Ben Miller Peckham, MD, PhD,
Chair in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chair and Pro-
11a
Appendix
fessor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine
and Public Health
44. Heather Z. Sankey, MD, MEd, FACOG, CPE, Ronald T. Burkman Endowed Chair of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Baystate Health, Professor and Chair,
University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate
45. Becky Slifkin, PhD, Professor and Associate Chair,
Department of Health Policy and Management,
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
46. Leslee L. Subak, MD, Katharine Dexter McCormick
and Stanley McCormick Memorial Professor, Chair,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Professor, by Courtesy, Department of Urology, Stanford
University School of Medicine
47. James M. Tielsch, PhD, MA, Professor and Chair, Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School
of Public Health, The George Washington University
48. Alan G. Wasserman, MD, Eugene Meyer Professor
of Medicine, Chair, Department of Medicine, President, Medical Faculty Associates, The George Washington University
49. Morris Weinberger, PhD, Vergil N. Slee Distinguished Professor of Healthcare Quality Management, Chair, Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
12a
Appendix
50. Nikki B. Zite, MD, MPH, Professor, Vice Chair of
Education and Advocacy, Department of OB/GYN,
University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine
Scholars and Public Health Professionals
1.
Alice Abernathy, MD, National Clinician Scholars
Program, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology,
Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
2.
Jamie R. Abrams, JD, LLM, Professor of Law, University of Louisville Brandeis School of Law
3.
Paula J. Adams Hillard, MD, Professor, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University
School of Medicine
4.
Amy E. Alterman, MPH, Teaching Fellow, UCLA
5.
Anna Altshuler, MD, MPH, Obstetrician/Gynecologist, Researcher, Medical Director, Sutter Health,
California Pacific Medical Center, Mission Bernal
Women’s Clinic
6.
Georgina F. Amaral, MD, MSL, Interim Medical Director, OB/GYN, Planned Parenthood Southeast
7.
Jocelyn C. Anderson, PhD, RN, SANE-A, Assistant
Professor, College of Nursing, Penn State University
8.
Katherine Andrinopoulos, PhD, Associate Professor,
Director of Doctoral Program, Department of Inter-
13a
Appendix
national Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
9.
George J. Annas, Director, Center for Health Law,
Ethics & Human Rights, Boston University School
of Public Health
10. Robert M. Arnold, MD, Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Chief,
Section of Palliative Care and Medical Ethics, Director, Institute for Doctor-Patient Communication,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
11. Marice Ashe, JD, MPH, Lecturer, Public Health Law,
Berkeley Law, University of California at Berkeley
12. Alev J. Atalay, MD, Instructor of Medicine, Harvard
Medical School; Director of Ambulatory Education,
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
13. Laura Attanasio, PhD, Assistant Professor, School
of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of
Massachusetts Amherst
14. Carrie Atzinger, MS, LGC, CGC, Co-Director, Associate Professor, University of Cincinnati Genetic
Counseling Graduate Program
15. Jennifer Balkus, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor,
University of Washington School of Public Health
16. Deborah Bartz, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School
14a
Appendix
17. Lisa Bayer, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of OB/GYN, Medical Director, Center for Women’s Health, Department of OB/GYN, Associate Fellowship Director, Complex Family Planning, Clinical
Lead, Section of Family Planning, Oregon Health &
Sciences University
18. Jessica Beaman, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco
19. Candice Belanoff, ScD, MPH, Clinical Associate Professor, Boston University School of Public Health
20. David L. Bell, MD, MPH Professor, Department of
Pediatrics, Department of Population and Family
Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
21. Suzanne Bell, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Bill
& Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Department of Population, Family,
and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
22. Michael A. Belmonte, MD, Complex Family Planning
Fellow, University of Colorado
23. Karen Benjamin Guzzo, PhD, Director, Center for
Family & Demographic Research, Professor, Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University
24. Lyndsey Benson, MD, MS, Assistant Professor, Division of Complex Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington
15a
Appendix
25. Chiara Bercu, MPA, Senior Project Manager, Ibis
Reproductive Health
26. Michelle Berlin, MD, MPH, Professor, Oregon
Health & Sciences University Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Portland State University
School of Public Health (Emerita), Director, Oregon
Health & Sciences University Center for Women’s
Health (former)
27. Rebecca Berman, MD, FACP, Internal Medicine
Residency Program Director, Professor of Medicine,
University of California, San Francisco
28. Caitlin Bernard, MD, MSCI, Assistant Clinical Professor, Indiana University of Medicine, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology
29. Lisa Berry, MS, Licensed Genetic Counselor, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
30. Donald M. Berwick, MD, MPP, Lecturer, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School
31. Jonathan Berz, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine
32. Santi KM Bhagat, MD, MPH, Founder and President, Physician-Parent Caregivers
33. Gauri Bhattacharya, PhD/DSW, MSW, MA, LCSW,
ACSW, Former Interim Associate Dean and Full
Professor, Jackson State University, School of Social
Work
16a
Appendix
34. Barbara B. Biesecker, PhD, MS, CGC, Distinguished
Fellow, Health Behavior, Genomics, Ethics and
Translation Program, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and
Translation Division, RTI International
35. Laura Bishop, MD, Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine & Pediatrics Residency Program,
Associate Professor, Departments of Medicine & Pediatrics, University of Louisville
36. Karin J. Blakemore, MD, Professor, Gynecology and
Obstetrics, Director, Prenatal Diagnostic Center,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
37. Janice Blanchard, MD, PhD, Professor, Chief, Health
Policy Section, Department of Emergency Medicine,
The George Washington University
38. Benjamin Blatt, MD, CHSE, Professor of Medicine,
The George Washington University School of Medicine
39. Lynn Blewett, PhD, MA, Professor, Division of
Health Policy and Management, School of Public
Health, University of Minnesota
40. Robert Wm. Blum, MD, MPH, PhD, Principal Investigator, Global Early Adolescent Study, Professor,
Department of Population, Family and Reproductive
Health, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health
41. Rachel Bonnema, MD, MS, FACP., Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern
17a
Appendix
42. Margaret Boozer, MD, MPH, Associate Professor,
Director of Family Planning, Department of OB/
GYN, University of Alabama at Birmingham
43. Christy Boraas, MD, MPH, FACOG, Assistant Professor, Department of OB/GYN/Women’s Health,
University of Minnesota Medical School
44. Eileen Boris, PhD, MA, Hull Professor and Distinguished Professor of Feminist Studies, Distinguished
Professor of History, Black Studies, and Global Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara
45. Liz Borkowski, MPH, Senior Research Scientist,
Managing Director, Jacobs Institute of Women’s
Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The
George Washington University
46. Ann Borzecki, MD, Research Associate Professor,
Department of Health Law, Policy & Management,
Boston University School of Public Health
47. Kari P. Braaten, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of
Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology,
Harvard Medical School
48. Erin Brantley, PhD, MPH, Senior Research Associate, Deputy Director, Center for Health Policy Research, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The
George Washington University
18a
Appendix
49. Carole H. Browner, PhD, MPH, Distinguished Research Professor, Center for Culture and Health, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior,
Department of Anthropology, Department of Gender
Studies, University of California, Los Angeles
50. Alson Burke, MD, Assistant Professor, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington
51. Scott Burris, JD, Professor and Director, Center
for Public Health Law Research, Temple University
Beasley School of Law
52. Candace W. Burton, PhD, RN, AFN-BC, AGN-BC,
FNAP, Associate Professor, Sue & Bill Gross School
of Nursing, Director, UCI Forensic Nurse Examiner
Education Program, University of California, Irvine
53. Maureen Byrnes, Teaching Instructor, Department
of Health Policy and Management, The George
Washington University
54. Ealena Callender, MD, FACOG, OB/GYN, Milken
Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
55. Katheen Carey, PhD, Professor, Department of
Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health
56. Maria Casoni, MPH, Senior Research Associate, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken
19a
Appendix
Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
57. Diana Cassady, DrPH, Professor, Public Health Sciences Department, Chair, Graduate Group in Public
Health Sciences, University of California, Davis
58. Paula Castaño, MD, MPH, Associate Professor in
OB/GYN, Columbia University
59. Kathy L. Cerminara, JD, JSD, LLM, Professor of
Law, Shepard Broad College of Law, NSU Florida
60. Rachel Strom Chambers, MPH, Assistant Scientist,
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
61. MaryAnn W. Champion, EdD, MS, CGC, Clinical
Professor, Licensed, Certified Genetic Counselor, Director, MS Program in Human Genetics & Genetic
Counseling, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine
62. Aileen Chang, MD, MSPH, Associate Professor of
Medicine, The George Washington University School
of Medicine and Health Sciences
63. Brittany M. Charlton, ScD, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School and Harvard T.H. Chan School
of Public Health
64. Wendy Chavkin, MD, MPH, Professor of Population and Family Health and Obstetrics-Gynecology
(Emerita), Heilbrunn Department of Population and
20a
Appendix
Family Health and Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Mailman School of Public Health and College
of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University
65. Reeti Chawla, MD, Attending Physician, Division of
Pediatric Endocrinology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital
66. Angela Y. Chen MD, MPH, FACOG, Family Planning Chief of Service & Fellowship Director, Associate Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles
67. Kimberly Chernoby, MD, JD, Clinical Instructor of
Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
68. Jennifer Chin, MD, Complex Family Planning Fellow, University of Washington
69. Emmeline Chuang, PhD, Associate Professor of
Health Policy and Management, University of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health
70. Brietta Clark, JD, Associate Dean for Faculty and
Professor of Law, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
71. Jack A. Clark, PhD, Professor, Health Law, Policy
and Management, Boston University School of Public Health
72. Susan D. Cochran, PhD, MS, Professor of Epidemiology and Statistics, Fielding School of Public Health,
21a
Appendix
University of California, Los Angeles
73. Alan B. Cohen, ScD, Research Professor, Markets,
Public Policy, and Law, Boston University Questrom
School of Business
74. Jessica Cohen, PhD, Associate Professor of Global
Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
75. Megan Cohen, MD, Complex Family Planning Fellow, Instructor, Department of OB/GYN, Oregon
Health & Science University
76. Megan B. Cole, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management,
Co-Director, BU Medicaid Policy Lab, Boston University School of Public Health
77. H. Guy Collier, JD, Professor of Practice, University
of Kansas Law School
78. Julia F. Costich, JD, PhD, Peter P. Bosomworth Professor of Health Services Research, Department of
Health Management and Policy, Associate Director,
Ky. Injury Prevention and Research Center, UK College of Public Health
79. Kristine B. Courtney, MS, CGC, Certified Genetic
Counselor, MFM Consultants of Dallas
80. Allison Cowett, MD, MPH, Medical Director, Family
Planning Associates Medical Group, Health Systems
Clinician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
22a
Appendix
Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine
81. Mitchell Creinin, MD, Professor, Director of Family
Planning, Director, Complex Family Planning Fellowship, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of California Davis Health
82. Mary Crossley, JD, Professor of Law, University of
Pittsburgh School of Law
83. Yvette Cuca, PhD, MPH, MIA, Specialist, Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University
of California, San Francisco
84. Kelly Culwell, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Officer, Afaxys, Inc, Volunteer Clinical Faculty, University of
California, San Diego
85. Carrie Cwiak, MD, MPH, Chief, Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Emory University Hospital Midtown,
Director, Family Planning Division and Fellowship,
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory
University School of Medicine
86. Clare Daniel, PhD, Administrative Assistant Professor, Assistant Director of Community Engagement,
Newcomb Institute, Tulane University
87. Philip Darney, MD, MSc, Distinguished Professor,
Emeritus, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology,
Reproductive Sciences and Health Policy, Director,
Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco
23a
Appendix
88. Anne Davis, MD, Wyest-Ayerst Professor of Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
89. Julianna Deardorff, PhD, Associate Professor, Community Health Sciences Division, School of Public
Health, University of California Berkeley
90. Ana Delgado, CNM, MS, Clinical Professor, UCSF
Department of OB/GYN, University of California,
San Francisco
91. Maria Deloria Knoll, PhD, Senior Scientist, Director,
Epidemiology, International Vaccine Access Center,
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health
92. Jennifer Denbow, JD, MPH, Assistant Professor of
Political Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
93. Colleen Denny, MD FACOG, Medical Director, Ambulatory Women’s Health Services, Bellevue Hospital, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU School of Medicine
94. Teresa DePiñeres, MD, MPH, Independent Consultant, Initiatives in Reproductive Health
95. Divya Dethier, MD, Complex Family Planning Fellow, University of Hawaii
96. Kelly K. Dineen, JD, PhD, Associate Professor of
Law, Director, Health Law Program, Creighton University School of Law
24a
Appendix
97. Alesha Doan, PhD, Professor, School of Public Affairs & Administration, Professor, Department of
Women, Gender & Sexuality Studies, University of
Kansas
98. Laura E. Dodge, ScD, MPH, Director of the Division of Research, Assistant Professor, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health
99. Amy Donahue, MLIS, MGCS, CGC, Certified Genetic Counselor, Associate Professor/Director of Student & Curriculum Inclusion, MS in Genetic Counseling Program, Froedtert & The Medical College of
Wisconsin
100. Karen Donelan, ScD, Stuart H. Altman Professor of
US Health Policy, Heller School of Social Policy &
Management, Brandeis University
101. Greer Donley, JD, Assistant Professor of Law, University of Pittsburgh Law School
102. Jessica K. Douglas, LMSW Associate in the Practice
of C.L. Bockwitz, LPC
103. Monica Dragoman, MD, MPH, Program Director,
Complex Family Planning Fellowship, Department
of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science,
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
25a
Appendix
104. Eleanor Drey, MD, EdM, Acting Chief, ZSFG OBGYN Division, Medical Director, Z.S.F.G. Women’s
Options Center, Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology
and Reproductive Sciences, University of California,
San Francisco
105. Stephanie Dukhovny, MD, Associate Professor, Director, The Fetal Therapy Program at OHSU Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology - Maternal Fetal Medicine Oregon
Health & Science University
106. Denise M. Dupras, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of
Medicine, Consultant, Primary Care Internal Medicine, Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
107. Anna Durbin, MD, Professor, International Health,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
108. Caryn Dutton, MD, Medical Director, Gynecology
Practice, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
109. Meghan Eagen-Torkko, PhD, CNM, ARNP, FACNM,
Associate Professor & Director of Nursing, School of
Nursing & Health Studies, University of Washington
110. Sarah Rae Easter, MD, Director of Obstetric Critical Care, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical
School
111. Jeffrey L. Ecker, MD, Joe V. Meigs Professor of Ob-
26a
Appendix
stetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Chief, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital
112. Cara L. Eckhardt, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor,
OHSU-PSU School of Public Health
113. Nicole Economou, MD, MPH, Assistant Clinical Professor, UC Davis Health
114. Alison Edelman, MD, MPH, Professor, OB/GYN, Director, Oregon Fellowship in Complex Family Planning, Director, Section of Family Planning, Oregon
Health & Science University
115. Shoshanna Ehrlich, JD, Professor, Women’s, Gender,
and Sexuality Studies, UMass Boston
116. David L. Einsenberg, MD, MPH, FACOG, Associate
Professor, Division of Family Planning, Department
of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University
in St. Louis School of Medicine
117. Alison M. El Ayadi, ScD, MPH, Associate Professor,
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
118. Erica Eliason, PhD, Postdoctoral Research Fellow,
Brown University School of Public Health
119. Olivia Ellison, MPH, CHES, Rutgers University,
Health Program Analyst, Los Angeles County, Department of Public Health
27a
Appendix
120. Clese Erikson, MPAff, Deputy Director, Health
Workforce Research Center, Fitzhugh Mullan Institute for Health Workforce Equity, Department
of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute
School of Public Health, The George Washington
University
121. Laura Erskine, PhD, Professor and Director, MPH
Program, Co-Director, UCLA Center for Healthcare
Management, Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
122. Melissa Goldin Evans, PhD, MPH, Postdoctoral Fellow, Tulane University School of Public Health &
Tropical Medicine
123. Daniel S. Goldberg, JD, PhD, Core Faculty, Center
for Bioethics and Humanities, Associate Professor,
Department of Family Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
124. Katherine Farris, MD, Chief Medical Officer, Planned
Parenthood South Atlantic
125. Linda C. Fentiman, JD, LLM, Professor of Law
Emerita, Elisabeth Haub School of Law, Pace University
126. Kendra Fershee, JD, Professor, Creighton University School of Law
127. Robert I. Field, JD, PhD, MPH, Professor of Law
and Professor of Health Management and Policy,
28a
Appendix
Director, Joint JD/MPH Program, Thomas R. Kline
School of Law and Dornsife School of Public Health,
Drexel University
128. Jonah Fleisher, MD, MPH, FACOG, Assistant Professor Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director,
University of Illinois at Chicago
129. Chandra L. Ford, PhD, MPH, MLIS, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences,
Founding Director, Center for the Study of Racism,
Social Justice & Health, Jonathan & Karin Fielding
School of Public Health, University of California,
Los Angeles
130. Jacqueline Fox, JD, LLM, Professor, School of Law,
University of South Carolina
131. Sally Frank, JD, MA, Professor of Law, Drake University
132. David M. Frankford, JD, Professor of Law, Rutgers
University School of Law
133. Beth Fredrick, Senior Associate, Population, Family
and Reproductive Health Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
134. Lynn P. Freedman, JD, MPH, Professor of Population and Family Health at CUIMC, Director, Averting Maternal Death and Disability Program, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
29a
Appendix
135. Ann Frisse, MD, Complex Family Planning Fellow,
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Mount Sinai
136. Bianca K. Frogner, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Director, Center for
Health Workforce Studies, School of Medicine, University of Washington
137. Erin C. Fuse Brown, JD, MPH, Catherine C. Henson
Professor, Associate Professor of Law, Director, Center for Law, Health & Society, Georgia State University College of Law
138. Lance Gable, JD, MPH, Professor of Law, Wayne
State University Law School
139. Ishani Ganguli, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of
Medicine, Harvard Medical School
140. Lorena Garcia, MPH, DrPH, Professor, Director,
Undergraduate Education, Department of Public
Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, UC Davis
School of Medicine
141. Aileen Gariepy, MD, MPH, MHS, Associate Professor, Associate Chief, Section of Family Planning, Director, Yale Fellowship in Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive
Sciences, Yale School of Medicine
142. Gail Gazelle, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine,
Harvard Medical School
30a
Appendix
143. Christina Geddes, Research Assistant, Guttmacher
Institute
144. Stacie Geller, PhD, G William Arends Professor of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Professor, Division of
Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Director, Center for Research on Women and
Gender, College of Medicine, University of Illinois,
Chicago
145. Sherril B. Gelmon, DrPH, Professor of Public
Health, Director, PhD in Health Systems and Policy
Program, Oregon Health & Science University –
Portland State University School of Public Health,
Portland State University
146. Elizabeth Geltman, JD, LLM, Associate Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management,
CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health
Policy, Lecturer, Johns Hopkins University, Chair,
APHA Law Section
147. Alison Gemmill, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor,
Department of Population, Family and Reproductive
Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health
148. Adrienne R. Ghorashi, JD, Program Manager, Center for Public Health Law Research, Temple University, Beasley School of Law
149. S. Monty Ghosh, BSc., MBT, MSc., MD, FRCPC,
DM-EMDM ISAM(C) CSAM, Internal Medicine,
31a
Appendix
Disaster Medicine, and Addiction Medicine, Assistant Professor, Departments of General Internal
Medicine and Neurology, The University of Alberta,
Clinical Assistant Professor, Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, The University of Calgary
150. Duff Gillespie, PhD, Professor, Bill & Melinda Gates
Institute for Population and Reproductive Health,
Department of Population, Family and Reproductive
Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health
151. Leonard H. Glantz, JD, Emeritus Professor, Health
Law, Policy and Management, Boston University
School of Public Health
152. Emily M. Godfrey, MD, MPH, FAAFP, Associate
Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Research
Section, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Division of Family Planning, University of Washington
153. Sophie Godley, DrPH, Clinical Assistant Professor,
Boston University School of Public Health
154. Micaela Godzich, MD, Associate Clinical Professor,
Department of Family and Community Medicine,
UC Davis School of Medicine
155. Heather Gold, MD, Family Planning Fellow, OBGYN,
Emory University
156. Alisa B. Goldberg, MD, MPH, Associate Professor
of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology,
32a
Appendix
Harvard Medical School; Director, Division of Family Planning, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
157. Randy Goldberg, MD, MPH, FACP, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, New York Medical College
158. Noreen J. Goldman, DSc, MSc, MA, Hughes-Rogers
Professor of Demography and Public Affairs, Princeton University
159. Melissa M. Goldstein, JD, Associate Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken
Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
160. Lisa M. Goldthwaite, MD, MPH, Clinical Assistant
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford
University School of Medicine
161. Cynthia Golembeski, MPH, Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation Health Policy Research Scholar, Rutgers
University/The New School
162. Alexandra M. Goodwin, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, N.Y.U. Department of General Internal Medicine/Bellevue Hospital
163. Susan Dorr Goold, MD, MHSA, MA, FACP, Professor of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Professor of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
164. Pamina M. Gorbach, MHS, DrPH, Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public
33a
Appendix
Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles
165. Sara H. Gordon, PhD, MS, Assistant Professor,
Health Law, Policy, and Management, Co-Director,
BU Medicaid Policy Lab, Boston University School
of Public Health
166. Lawrence Gostin, JD, LLD, University Professor,
Georgetown Law
167. Misasha Suzuki Graham, JD, Social Justice Speaker
and Consultant
168. Kathryn J. Gray, MD, PhD, Attending Physician,
Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital
169. Pratima Gupta, MD, MPH, Assistant Staff Physician, University of San Diego School of Medicine
170. Bernard Guyer, MD, MPH, Zanvyl Krieger Professor of Children’s Health, Emeritus, Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health
171. Christine L. Hackman, PhD, MCHES, Associate
Professor, Kinesiology & Public Health, California
Polytechnic State University
172. Jill Hagey, MD, MPH, Complex Family Planning
Fellow, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of Chapel Hill, North Carolina
34a
Appendix
173. Christine Hake, MS, LCGC, Genetic Counselor, TriState Perinatology, The Women’s Hospital
174. Rebecca W. Hall, JD, Managing Director, Law &
Health Care Program, University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law
175. Cassing Hammond, MD, Director, Section and Fellowship in Complex Family Planning, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern
Feinberg School of Medicine
176. Arden Handler, DrPH, Professor, Community Health
Sciences, Director, Center of Excellence in Maternal
and Child Health, University of Illinois School of
Public Health
177. Morgan Handley, JD, Research Scientist, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
178. Rachel R. Hardeman, PhD, MPH, Blue Cross Endowed Professor of Health and Racial Equity,
Founding Director, Center for Antiracism Research
for Health Equity, Division of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota School of Public
Health
179. Melanie Hardy, MS, MS, CGC, Licensed, Certified
Genetic Counselor, Director, JScreen Genetic Counseling, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University
35a
Appendix
180. Tabetha R. Harken, MD, MPH, Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division Director of Family Planning, University of California, Irvine
181. Amy R. Harrington, MD, Associate Professor, Obstetrics & Gynecology, URMC Family Planning, Residency Program Director, Obstetrics & Gynecology,
University of Rochester Medical Center
182. Steven A. Harvey, PhD, Associate Professor, Social
and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department
of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public Health
183. Mark Hathaway, MD, MPH, Medical Director, Sr.
Technical Advisor for Reproductive Health and Family Planning, Adjunct Assistant Professor in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University
184. Daniel R. Hawkins, Senior Vice President for Public Policy (ret.), National Association of Community
Health Centers
185. Elizabeth Hazel, PhD, Assistant Scientist, International Health Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
186. Amanda Heffernan, MSN, CNM, Instructor, Seattle
University College of Nursing
187. Janet Heinrich, DrPH, RN, FAAN, Research Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The
George Washington University
36a
Appendix
188. Lori Heise, PhD, Professor, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
189. Yaniv Heled, JSD, Professor of Law, Co-Director,
Center for Intellectual Property, Center for Law,
Health & Society, Georgia State University College
of Law
190. Jillian T. Henderson, PhD, MPH, Investigator, Kaiser Permanente, Northwest, Center for Health Research, KP Evidence-Based Practice Center
191. Catherine Hennessey, MD, Family Planning Fellow,
University of Chicago
192. Luciana E. Herbert, PhD, Assistant Professor, Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Department of Medical
Education and Clinical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University
193. Laura Hercher, MS, CGC, Director of Student Research, Sarah Lawrence College Joan H. Marks
Graduate Program in Human Genetics
194. Laura Hermer, JD, LLM, Professor of Law, Mitchell
Hamline School of Law
195. Stephanie Herold, MPH, Data Analyst, Advancing
New Standards in Reproductive Health, University
of California, San Francisco
37a
Appendix
196. Alyssa R. Hersh, MD, MPH, Resident Physician,
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon
Health & Science University
197. Jennifer Hickey, JD, Postdoctoral Fellow, Vulnerability and the Human Condition Initiative, Emory University School of Law
198. Stacy Higgins, MD, Professor of Medicine, Emory
University School of Medicine
199. Vivian Ho, PhD, Director, Center for Health and Biosciences, Baker Institute, Professor, Department of
Economics, Professor, Baylor College of Medicine,
Rice University Department of Economics
200. Tricia A. Hoefling, JD, Adjunct Professor, Georgetown Law
201. Diane E. Hoffmann, JD, Jacob A. France Professor
of Health Law, Director, Law & Health Care Program, University of Maryland Carey School of Law
202. E. Alison Holman, PhD, FNP., Associate Professor,
Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of
California, Irvine
203. Kelsey Holt, ScD, MA, Assistant Professor, Department of Family & Community Medicine, School of
Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
204. Katherine Horton, RN, MPH, JD, Research Professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The
George Washington University
38a
Appendix
205. April Hovav, PhD, Post-Doctoral Scholar, Urban &
Environmental Policy Department, Occidental College
206. Nicole Huberfeld, JD, Edward R. Utley Professor
of Health Law, Boston University School of Public
Health, Professor of Law, Boston University School
of Law
207. Margy Hutchison, CNM, Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
208. Rachel Bender Ignacio, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
Department of Medicine, University of Washington
209. Lisa C. Ikemoto, JD, LLM, Martin Luther King, Jr.
Professor, University of California, Davis School of
Law
210. Sara Imershein, MD, MPH, FACOG, Clinical Professor OB-GYN, The George Washington University
School of Medicine and Health Sciences
211. Luu Ireland, MD, MPH, FACOG, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OB/GYN Director
of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, MA-ACOG Legislative Chair, UMass Memorial Medical Center
212. Adam Jacobs, MD, Medical Director, Division of
Family Planning Mount Sinai Health System, Medical Director Family Planning, Bronxcare Medical
Center, Associate Professor, OB/GYN, Pediatrics,
39a
Appendix
and Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine,
Mount Sinai
213. David Jacobson, MD, FACP, Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Clinical Associate Professor (Affiliated),
Stanford University School of Medicine, Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine
214. Peter D. Jacobson, JD, MPH, Professor Emeritus
of Health Law and Policy, University of Michigan
School of Public Health
215. Ruvani Jayaweera, PhD, MPH, Senior Associate Research Scientist, Ibis Reproductive Health
216. Sheara Jennings, PhD, MSW, Associate Professor
and Humana Endowed Chair in Social Determinants
of Health, Faculty Advisor—Association of Black
Social Workers, GCSW-UH Chapter, University of
Houston Graduate College of Social Work
217. Dana M. Johnson, MPAff, Lyndon B. Johnson School
of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin
218. Kay A. Johnson, MPH, EdM, President, Johnson
Group Consulting, Inc.
219. Timothy R.B. Johnson, MD, FACOG, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Professor of Women’s Studies, Founder, Michigan Medicine
Women’s Health Program, University of Michigan
40a
Appendix
220. Jon Kingsdale, PhD, Associate Professor of the
Practice, Health Law, Policy & Management, Boston
University School of Public Health
221. Heidi E. Jones, PhD, MPH, Director, Doctoral Program in Epidemiology, Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, CUNY School
of Public Health
222. Timothy S. Jost, JD, Emeritus Professor, Washington and Lee University School of Law
223. Chava Kahn, MD, MPH, Interim Director of Surgical Services, Planned Parenthood of Maryland
224. James G. Kahn, MD, MPH, Professor of Health
Policy, Epidemiology, and Global Health, Phillip R.
Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University
of California, San Francisco
225. Jennifer Kaiser, MD, Assistant Professor, OBGYN,
University of Utah
226. Sapna Kalsy, MD, MPH, Physician, Planned Parenthood Southwest Ohio
227. Deborah Kamali, MD, Associate Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco Women’s Health
228. Bliss Kaneshiro, MD, MPH, Professor, University of
Hawaii Johns A. Burns School of Medicine
229. Farzana Kapadia, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor of
Epidemiology & Population Health, Deputy Editor,
41a
Appendix
AJPH, New York University School of Global Public
Health
230. Sherrie H. Kaplan, PhD, MPH, Professor of Medicine and Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, Assistant Vice Chancellor, Healthcare, Evaluation and
Measurement, University of California Irvine School
of Medicine
231. Beth Y. Karlan, MD, Vice Chair, Women’s Health
Research, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Director, Cancer Population Genetics,
Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles
232. Jennifer Karlin, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor &
Associate Director, Predoctoral Education Program,
Department of Family & Community Medicine, UC
Davis Health System
233. Ruth A. Karron, MD, Professor, International Health,
Director, Center for Immunization Research, Director, Johns Hopkins Vaccine Initiative, Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health
234. Jodie G. Katon, PhD, MS, Assistant Research Professor, Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington
235. Ingrid Katz, MD, MHS., Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
42a
Appendix
236. Joanne Katz, ScD, Professor, Global Disease Epidemiology and Control Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health
237. Judith R. Katzburg, PhD, MPH, RN, Health Services Researcher, Past Chair, Maternal & Child Health
Section, American Public Health Association
238. Georgia Kayser, PhD, Assistant Professor, Division
of Global Health, Family Medicine and Public Health,
The School of Medicine, University of California, San
Diego
239. Nancy L. Keating, MD, MPH, Professor of Health
Care Policy and Medicine, Harvard Medical School
240. Lynn Kersey, MA, MPH., CLE, Executive Director,
Maternal and Child Health Access
241. Stacie Kershner, JD, Associate Director, Center for
Law, Health & Society, Georgia State University College of Law
242. Thomas Kibby, MD, MPH, Program Director, Preventive Medicine Residency, Washington University
School of Medicine
243. Marielle R. Kirstein, Senior Research Assistant,
Guttmacher Institute
244. Patricia Kissinger, PhD, MPH, BSN, Professor of
Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public
Health and Tropical Medicine
43a
Appendix
245. Jennifer Ko, Project Director, Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health, Bixby Center for
Global Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco
246. Jennifer Koch, MD, FACP, Professor of Medicine,
Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency,
University of Louisville
247. Melissa Kottke, MD, MPH, MBA, Associate Professor, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine
248. Nancy Krieger, PhD, Professor of Social Epidemiology, American Cancer Society Clinical Research
Professor, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
249. Claudia Kroker-Bode, MD, PhD, FACP, Director, Internal Medicine Residency Florida State University,
Professor, Clinical Sciences Florida State University
College of Medicine
250. Randall Kuhn, PhD, MA, Associate Professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, University
of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public
Health
251. Elizabeth Kukura, JD, LLM, MSc, Assistant Professor of Law, Thomas R. Kline School of Law, Drexel
University
252. Taylor M. Kupneski, MS, CGC Genetics Counselor,
LabCorp Women’s Health and Genetics
44a
Appendix
253. Andrea Z. LaCroix, PhD, Professor and Chief of
Epidemiology, Director, Women’s Health Center of
Excellence, Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego
254. Emily Lancaster, MS, CGC, Licensed Certified
Counselor, Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
255. Renée M. Landers, JD, Professor of Law and Faculty Director, Health and Biomedical Law Concentration, Suffolk University Law School
256. Roxanne M. Landis, JD, MPH, Director of Policy,
Ryan Residency Training Program, Bixby Center for
Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
257. Bruce E. Landon, MD, MBA, MSc, Professor of
Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Professor of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center
258. Uta Landy, PhD, Senior Advisor, University of California, San Francisco, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
259. Valerie J. Lang, MD, MHPE, Associate Professor of
Medicine, Senior Associate Division Chief, Hospital
Medicine Division, Director, Faculty Development,
Associate Director, University of Rochester School
of Medicine & Dentistry
45a
Appendix
260. Ana Langer, MD, Professor of the Practice of Public
Health, Coordinator of the Dean’s Special Initiative
on Women and Health, Department of Global Health
and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public
Health
261. Paula Lantz, PhD, James B. Hudak Professor of
Health Policy, Professor of Public Policy, Gerald R.
Ford School of Public Policy, Professor of Health
Management and Policy, School of Public Health,
University of Michigan
262. Peter LaPuma, PhD, CIH, PE, Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,
Miken Institute School of Public Health, The George
Washington University
263. Karen E. Lasser, MD, MPH, Professor of Medicine,
Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of
Medicine
264. Kacia Lee, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine,
University of Minnesota Medical School
265. Arleen A. Leibowitz, PhD, Professor Emeritus and
Research Professor, UCLA Luskin School of Public
Affairs
266. Katie Leonard, FNP-BC, Nurse Practitioner, Adolescent Medicine, BC4U Family Planning, University of Colorado School of Medicine
267. Elli Leontsini, MD, MPH, Associate Scientist, Social
and Behavioral Interventions, Department of Inter-
46a
Appendix
national Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health
268. Julea Leshar McGhee, MD, MPH, Clinical Assistant
Professor of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences,
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
269. Jeffrey Levi, PhD, Professor of Health Policy and
Management, Milken Institute School of Public
Health, The George Washington University
270. Adam Levy, MD, Associate Professor, OB/GYN,
Ryan Program Director, UNLV School of Medicine
271. Amy B. Lewin, PsyD, Associate Professor, Family
Science, University of Maryland School of Public
Health
272. Demar F. Lewis IV, MPP, RWJF Health Policy Research Scholar, Yale University
273. Annie Lewis-O’Connor, PhD, NP, MPH, Instructor in
Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Founder and Director, C.A.R.E. Clinic-Brigham and Women’s Hospital
274. Abigail Liberty, MD, MSPH, Complex Family Planning Fellow, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology,
Oregon Health & Science University
275. Jessica Liddell, PhD, MSW, MPH, Assistant Professor, School of Social Work, University of Montana
276. Marsha Lillie-Blanton, DrPH, Associate Research
Professor, Department of Health Policy and Manage-
47a
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ment, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The
George Washington
277. Elie Losleben, MPH, Co-Founder, Code Innovation
LLC
278. Julie Loza, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community
Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
279. Frey Lund Sonenstein, PhD, Professor Emerita,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
280. Katherine Lupton, MD, FACP, Associate Professor
of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine
281. Lauren Maclvor Thompson, PhD, Faculty Research
Fellow, Center for Law, Health, Society, Georgia
State University College of Law, Assistant Professor
of History and Interdisciplinary Studies, Kennesaw
State University
282. Paris Maloof-Bury, MSN, CNM, RNC-OB, IBCLC,
President, California Nurse-Midwives Association
283. Laura Mamo, PhD, Health Equity Institute Professor of Health Education, San Francisco State University
284. Maya Manian, JD, Visiting Professor American University Washington College of Law
48a
Appendix
285. Constance Mao, MD, Associate Professor Emeritus,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington Harborview Medical Center
286. Wendy K. Mariner, JD, LLM, MPH, Professor
Emerita, Health Law, Ethics, and Human Rights,
Boston University School of Public Health
287. Nicholas Mark, MA, Institute for Education Sciences – Predoctoral Interdisciplinary Training Fellow,
New York University
288. Melissa L. McCarthy, ScD, MS, Professor of Health
Policy and Emergency Medicine, Milken Institute
School of Public Health, The George Washington
University
289. Lois McCloskey, DrPH, MPH, Associate Professor,
Director, Center of Excellence in Maternal and Child
Health, Department of Community Health Sciences,
Boston University School of Public Health
290. K. John McConnell, PhD, Director, Center for Health
Systems Effectiveness, Professor, Department of
Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University
291. Sabrina McCormick, PhD, Associate Professor,
Department of Environmental and Occupational
Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health,
The George Washington University
292. Molly McNulty, JD, Assistant Professor of Public
Health Law & Policy, University of Rochester
49a
Appendix
293. Darcy M. Meals, JD, Assistant Director, Center for
Access to Justice, Georgia State University College
of Law
294. Karen Meckstroth, MD, MPH, Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive
Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
295. Joy Melnikow, MD, MPH, Professor, Department of
Family and Community Medicine, Director, Center
for Healthcare Policy and Research, University of
California, Davis
296. Terrie Mendelson, MD, FACP, Director, Graduate
Medical Education, Designated Institutional Official for ACGME, Dignity Health St. Mary’s Medical
Center San Francisco, Chair, Common Spirit Health
GME Leadership Council, Associate Professor of
Medicine, UCSF
297. Ruth B. Merkatz, PhD, RN, FAAN, Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Senior Clinical Scientist, Center for Biomedical
Research, Population Council
298. Sarah Merriam, MD, MS, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System
299. David Michaels, PhD, MPH, Professor, Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken
Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
50a
Appendix
300. Lisa Mihaly, FNP-BC, RN, Assistant Clinical Professor, Family Nurse Practitioner Program, Department of Family Health Care Nursing, School of
Nursing, University of California, San Francisco
301. Velvet G. Miller, PhD, FAAN, Adjunct Assistant Professor Ret., Obstetrics and Gynecology Department,
Indiana University School of Medicine
302. Howard Minkoff, MD, Distinguished Professor Obstetrics and Gynecology, SUNY Downstate and Maimonides Medical Center
303. Ana Mónica Yepes-Ríos, MD, FACP, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western University
304. Jim Montoya, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, Emergency
Physician, Chief, Department of Emergency Medicine, Sutter Medical Center Sacramento
305. Michelle Moore, MS, CGC, Senior Lab Genetic Counselor, Sanford Imagenetics
306. Caroline Moreau, MD, PhD, Associate Professor,
Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns
Hopkins School of Public Health
307. Kathleen Morrell, MD, MPH, Director of Family Planning Division, Residency Program Director,
Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology
51a
Appendix
308. Meghan D. Morris, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor,
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School
of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
309. Rebecca Morris, MPP, Research Associate, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University
310. Elizabeth A. Mosley, PhD, MPH, Clinical Assistant
Professor, Georgia State University
311. Ulrike Muench, PhD, RN, FAAN, Assistant Professor, Co-Director Health Policy Specialty, Department
of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing,
Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies,
University of California, San Francisco
312. Caitlin Murphy, MPA-PNP, Senior Research Associate, Department of Health Policy and Management,
Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George
Washington University
313. Jennifer Musick, MPH, Professor, Health Education
Department, Long Beach City College
314. Ashley Navarro, MD, MPH, Complex Family Planning Fellow and OBGYN, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
315. Sara Newmann, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
52a
Appendix
316. Mark Nichter, PhD, MPH, Regents Professor
Emeritus, School of Anthropology, College of Public
Health, University of Arizona
317. Oroma Nwanodi, MD, DHSc, FACOG, Section Councilor, APHA SRH Section and Governing Councilor,
APHA FN Section, Obstetric Hospitalist, Mednax/
Magella Medical Group
318. Alec B. O’Connor, MD, MPH, William Morgan Professor of Medicine, Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Rochester School of
Medicine
319. Damara Ortiz, MD, FAAP, FACMGG, Assistant
Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Lysosomal Storage Disorders Program, Program Director, Medical
Genetics Residency, Medical Director, Genetic Counselor Training Program, Medical Genetics/PKU Department, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
320. Laura Ozark, MD, FACP, Clinical Associate Professor, Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine
Residency, Loyola University Medical Center
321. Lydia E.W. Pace, MD, MPH, Associate Physician,
Division of Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Director of Women’s Health Policy and
Advocacy, Connors Center for Women’s Health and
Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical
School
53a
Appendix
322. Robert Pargament, MD, FACP, General Internist,
Internal Medicine Residency Program Director,
WellSpan York Hospital
323. Ina Park, MD, MS, Associate Professor, Department
of Family and Community Medicine, University of
California San Francisco School of Medicine
324. Wendy E. Parmet, JD, Matthews Distinguished University Professor of Law and Director, Center for
Health Policy and Law, Professor of Public Policy
and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University School
of Public Policy and Urban Affairs
325. Ashlesha Patel, MD, MPH, MsHQS, System Chair
of Family Planning Services, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cook County Health, Professor,
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg
School of Medicine, Northwestern University
326. Rajita Patil, MD, FACOG, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California,
Los Angeles.
327. Benjamin Patterson Brown, MD, MS, Assistant Professor, Clinician Educator, Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Alpert Medical School of Brown
University
328. Melissa E. Paulen, MD, MPH, Staff Physician,
Planned Parenthood Great Northwest, Hawaii, Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky
54a
Appendix
329. Marit Pearlman Shapiro, MD, MPH, Complex Family Planning Fellow, University of Hawai’i
330. Sayida Peprah, PsyD, Licensed Clinical Psychologist
and Maternal Mental Health Consultant, Rancho
Cucamonga, California
331. James M. Perrin, MD, Professor of Pediatrics,
Harvard Medical School, John C. Robinson Distinguished Chair in Pediatrics, MassGeneral Hospital
for Children
332. Rachel Perry, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine
333. Mark A. Peterson, MD, Professor of Public Policy,
Political Science, and Law, University of California
Los Angeles, Luskin School of Public Affairs
334. Jennifer Piatt, JD, Research Scholar, Center for
Public Health Law and Policy, Sandra Day O’Connor
College of Law, Arizona State University
335. Rachel Pilliod, MD, Managing Director, Oregon
Perinatal Collaborative, Associate Program Director, Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellowship, Assistant
Professor, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health
& Science University
336. Christie Pitney, CNM, WHNP, Forward Midwifery,
Nursing, and Reproductive Health
337. Patricia Pittman, PhD, Professor of Health Policy
and Management, Director, Health Workforce Re-
55a
Appendix
search Center, Milken Institute School of Public
Health, The George Washington University
338. Jennifer L. Pomeranz, JD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Policy and Management, School of Global Health, New York University
339. Ninez A. Ponce, PhD, Director, UCLA Center for
Health Policy Research, Professor, Department of
Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding
School of Public Health
340. Sarah Prager, MD, MAS, Professor of Obstetrics and
Gynecology and Director of the Fellowship in Complex Family Planning, University of Washington
341. Linda Prine, MD, FAAFP, Professor of Family and
Community Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine
342. Sharon A. Rachel, MA, MPH, Associate Project Director, Satcher Health Leadership Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine
343. Anita Raj, PhD, MS, Tata Chancellor Professor of
Society and Health, Professor of Medicine, Professor of Education Studies, Director, Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San
Diego
344. Astha Ramaiya, DrPH, Research Associate, Global
Early Adolescent Study, Department of Population,
Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health
56a
Appendix
345. Aparna R. Ramanathan, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
University of Illinois at Chicago
346. Misha Rashkin, MS, CGC, Certified Genetic Counselor, Stanford Cancer Center
347. Elizabeth Reed, ScD, MPH, Associate Professor of
Global Health, Co-Director, SDSU-UCSD Global
Health Joint Doctoral Program, Division of Health
Promotion and Behavioral Science, Graduate School
of Public Health, San Diego State University
348. Susan D. Reed, MD, MPH, Professor and Vice Chair,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adjunct,
Department of Epidemiology, Program Director,
Women’s Reproductive Health Research Program,
University of Washington School of Medicine
349. Matthew Reeves, MD, MPH, FACOG, Executive Director, DuPont Clinic, Clinical Associate Professor of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine,
Adjunct Associate Professor of Population, Family,
and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
350. Marsha Regenstein, PhD, Professor, Department of
Health Policy and Management, The George Washington University
57a
Appendix
351. Jennifer Reich, PhD, Professor, University of Colorado Denver
352. Jessica Reid, MD, MCR, Assistant Professor, Oregon Health & Sciences University
353. Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD, MPH, Chief, Division of
Women’s Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
354. Thomas Rice, PhD, Professor, Department of Health
Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of
Public Health
355. Adam K. Richards MD, PhD, MPH, DTM&H, Associate Professor, Department of Global Health,
Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health
Science, The George Washington University
356. Janet Rich-Edwards, ScD, MPH, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Associate Professor in Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan
School of Public Health
357. Thomas C. Ricketts, PhD, MPH, Senior Policy Fellow, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, Professor of Health Policy and Management
and Social Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
358. Richard Riegelman, MD, MPH, PhD, Professor of
Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Founding Dean,
Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George
Washington University
58a
Appendix
359. Eve Rittenberg, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
360. Maria I. Rodriguez, MD, MPH, Associate Professor,
Obstetrics & Gynecology, Center for Health Systems
Effectiveness, Oregon Health & Science University
361. Deborah Rogow, MPH, Reproductive Health Policy
Analyst, Independent Consultant
362. Theresa Rohr-Kirchgraber, MD, FACP, FAMWA,
Professor of Clinical Medicine, Assistant Director of
Community & Population Health, AU/UGA Medical
Partnership, University of Georgia
363. Joanne Rosen, JD, MA, Senior Lecturer, Associate
Director, Center for Law and the Public’s Health,
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
364. Ellen Rosenbaum, MPH, Data Coordinator, Sexual
and Reproductive Health Services, Health Imperatives
365. Sara Rosenbaum, JD, Harold and Jane Hirsh Professor of Health Law and Policy, Department of Health
Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of
Public Health, The George Washington University
366. David Rosenbloom, PhD, Professor of Public Health,
Boston University School of Public Health
367. Rita Rossi-Foulkes, MD, FAAP, MS, FACP, Program
Director, University of Chicago Internal MedicinePediatrics Residency, Associate Professor of Inter-
59a
Appendix
nal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Chicago
Medicine
368. Brita Roy, MD, MPH, MHS, Assistant Professor of
Medicine, Director of Population Health, Yale University School of Medicine
369. Dorit Rubinstein Reiss, PhD, LLB, Professor Law,
UC Hastings College of the Law
370. Aliye Runyan, MD, OBGYN, Westchester Medical
Center, New York
371. Jennefer Russo, MD, MPH, Vice Chair of Clinical Affairs, Department of OBGYN, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Associate Clinical Professor, UCLA
372. Iris Ryn Olson, MPH, Center Manager, Center for
Women’s Health Research and Innovation, University of Pittsburgh
373. Tina K. Sacks, PhD, Assistant Professor, School of
Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley
374. Sally Safi, PhD, MSPH, Senior Technical Advisor
for Capacity Building, PMA-Ethiopia, Bill and Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Department of Population, Family, and
Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public
375. Katelynn G. Sagaser, MS, CGC, Assistant Professor,
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Certified
60a
Appendix
Genetic Counselor, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Prenatal Diagnosis & Treatment Center
376. William M. Sage, MD, JD, James R. Dougherty
Chair for Faculty Excellence, School of Law, Professor of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical
School, The University of Texas at Austin
377. Carolina Salmeron, MPH, Senior Project Director,
Texas Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
378. Gopal Sankaran, MD, DrPH, MNAMS, CHES, Professor of Public Health, Department of Health, College of Health Sciences, West Chester University
379. Ani B. Satz, JD, PhD, Professor of Law and Public
Health, Project Leader, Health Law, Policy & Ethics Project, Affiliated Professor of Business, Senior
Faculty Fellow, Center for Ethics, Faculty Fellow,
Emory Global Health Initiative, Emory University
School of Law
380. Nadia N. Sawicki, JD, M. Bioethics, Georgia Reithal
Professor of Law, Co-Director, Beazley Institute for
Health Law and Policy, Loyola University Chicago
School of Law
381. Robyn Schickler, MD, MSc, OB/GYN Physician,
Planned Parenthood of Southwest and Central Florida
382. Elizabeth Schroeder, MPH, Program Officer, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health,
61a
Appendix
Columbia University Mailman School of Public
Health
383. Eleanor Bimla Schwarz, MD, MS, FACP, Chief, Division of General Internal Medicine, Zuckerberg
San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center,
Professor of Medicine, University of California, San
Francisco School of Medicine
384. Jessica Sebastian, MS, CGC, Certified and Licensed
Genetic Counselor, III, UPMC Children’s Hospital
of Pittsburgh
385. Dominika Seidman, MD, MA, Assistant Professor,
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
386. Elissa Serapio, MD, MPH, Clinical Fellow, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine
387. Paul Shafer, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department
of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health
388. Brandi Shah, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Family
and Community Medicine, University of AlabamaBirmingham
389. Holly Shakya, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division Global Public Health,
University of California, San Diego
390. Anita Shankar, Associate Scientist, Johns Hopkins
University, Bloomberg School of Public Health
62a
Appendix
391. Lauren Shapiro, MD, Program Director Internal
Medicine Residency Program, Associate Professor
of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine
392. Peter Shin, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, The George
Washington University
393. Steven Shoptaw, PhD, Professor and Vice Chair for
Research, Department of Family Medicine, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California,
Los Angeles
394. Darby Sider, MD, FACP, FAAP, Vice-Chair of Internal Medicine, Program Director, Internal Medicine
Residency, Graduate Medical Education, Cleveland
Clinic Florida
395. Jessica Silbey, PhD, JD, Professor of Law and
Yanakakis Faculty Research Scholar, Boston University School of Law
396. Diana Silver, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor of
Global Public Health and Public Health Policy, CoDirector, Public Health Policy Lab, School of Global
Public Health, New York University
397. Jay Silverman, PhD, Professor of Medicine and
Global Public Health, University of California San
Diego School of Medicine
398. Diane Simeoni, MS, Certified Genetic Counselor, Envision Healthcare
63a
Appendix
399. Michael S. Sinha, MD, JD, MPH, Adjunct Faculty,
Northeastern University School of Law, Visiting
Scholar, NUSL Center for Health Policy and Law
400. Gretchen Sisson, PhD, Research Sociologist, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of California, San Francisco
401. Michelle Skaer Therrien, MPH, Global Project Director, Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health,
University of California San Francisco
402. Emily R. Smith, ScD, MPH, Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health & Exercise & Nutrition
Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health,
The George Washington University
403. Sarita Sonalkar, MD, MPH, Assistant Professor of
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Family Planning, University of Pennsylvania Health System
404. Stephanie Spaulding, MGC, LCGC, Genetic Counselor, Genetics Department, Kaiser Permanente
405. Sally Stearns, PhD, Professor, Department of Health
Policy and Management, The University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill
406. Joanne Stekler, MD, MPH, Associate Professor,
Division
of
Infectious
Diseases
Adjunct Associate Professor, Epidemiology and
Global Health, University of Washington
407. Blair Stevens, MS, CGC, Assistant Professor, Director, Prenatal Genetic Counseling Services, Depart-
64a
Appendix
ment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive
Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School
408. Melissa Stillman, MPH, Senior Research Associate,
Guttmacher Institute
409. Jamila K. Stockman, PhD, MPH, Vice Chief, Global
Public Health Section, Associate Professor, Director,
CFAR, Disparities Core, Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
410. Melissa Stockwell, MD, MPH, FAAP, Chief, Division
of Child and Adolescent Health, Director, Center
for Children’s Digital Health Research, Associate
Professor of Pediatrics and Population and Family
Health, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Department of Population and
Family Health, Mailman School of
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