The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
NORTHEASTERN DIVISION
BRITTANY WATKINS, )
)
Plaintiff, )
) Civil Action Number
v.
)
5:21-cv-01049-AKK
)
LLOYD AUSTIN, SECRETARY
)
OF DEFENSE,
)
)
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Brittany Watkins alleges that the Department of Defense Missile Defense
Agency, her former employer, retaliated against her for engaging in protected
activities and discriminated against her on the basis of pregnancy, disability, and
race in violation of Title VII, the Family and Medical Leave Act, the Rehabilitation
Act, and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. Her complaint includes nine distinct
claims against the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary has moved to dismiss all but
one of Watkins’s claims, arguing that these claims are either time-barred, not subject
to the court’s jurisdiction, or fail to state a plausible basis for relief. For the reasons
below, the Secretary’s motion, which is fully briefed, see docs. 19, 22, 23,1 is due to
1 Watkins filed a surreply to the motion. Although surreplies are generally disfavored, see First
Specialty Ins. Corp. v. 633 Partners, Ltd., 300 F. App’x 777, 788 (11th Cir. 2008), the court has
read and considered Watkins’s surreply in rendering its opinion.
be denied as to Watkins’s pregnancy and disability discrimination claims for
allegedly discriminatory conduct occurring after April 27, 2019, but is due to be
granted in all other respects.
I.
The DoD hired Watkins as an operations research analyst at the Missile
Defense Agency in September 2017 in a three-year Missile Defense Career
Development Program. Doc. 12-1 at 3-4.2 MDA hired approximately 100 MDCDPs
in the same class as Watkins, and the program required Watkins to rotate through
various organizations within MDA and complete certain training. Id.
Watkins pleads that she encountered various forms of mistreatment at MDA.
See generally id. Related to her pregnancy, Watkins alleges that she needed access
to lactation facilities when she started working at MDA. Id. at 5. Watkins, however,
was unable to access a lactation room during an all-day introductory training. Id.
Moreover, Hetal Patel, Watkins’s direct supervisor, told Watkins that she should
only use lactation facilities during her two fifteen-minute breaks and her thirty-
minute lunch break. Id. at 5-6. Patel also told Watkins to schedule her visits to the
lactation rooms on a shared calendar. Id. at 6. Perhaps because of the shared
calendar, Watkins occasionally had to do work while in the lactation room, unlike
2 The court treats Watkins’s factual allegations as true for the purposes of analyzing the Secretary’s
partial motion to dismiss. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007).
other nursing mothers at MDA who used lactation facilities whenever they needed
instead of only on their breaks or lunch period. Id. at 6-7.
Patel also denied Watkins’s request to work an Alternate Work Schedule, an
arrangement that allows MDA employees to have one fixed off day per bi-weekly
pay period. Id. at 7. Although Patel cited Watkins’s less than one-year tenure at
MDA as the reason, other MDCDPs in Watkins’s class were allowed to work an
AWS. Id. And Patel also did not offer Watkins the option of “flexitour,” an
arrangement that would have allowed Watkins to establish her own fixed work
schedule. Id.
In addition, Patel rejected Watkins’s request to travel to other MDA sites,
telling Watkins that only more senior employees could do so. Id. at 8. Other
MDCDPs, however, traveled to these sites for up to three weeks at a time. Id. Patel
and David Biron, another of Watkins’s supervisors, also told Watkins that she could
not participate in other trainings or would receive no compensation for her time if
she did. Id. at 8-9. Other similarly-situated employees attended these trainings
during working hours. Id. And Patel denied Watkins’s request to use fitness leave
time to exercise, citing Watkins’s trips to the lactation facilities as the justification.
Id. at 9.
Around a year after she started at MDA, Watkins’s assignment placed her
under Biron’s supervision. Id. at 10. Watkins’s experience did not improve. For
example, when she asked Biron if he would honor Patel’s word that Watkins could
work an AWS after one year, Biron denied this request even though every other
civilian employee under his direction, except for Watkins and “Ms. Jefferson,” had
an AWS. Id. Biron also denied Watkins’s request to work over forty hours per week
to “bank time” for an upcoming maternity leave, an arrangement Biron provided to
Jefferson. Id. at 10-11. Watkins raised the AWS and bank time issues again
unsuccessfully when she had difficulty scheduling doctor’s appointments outside of
core working hours despite working a flexitour schedule. Id. at 11-12. And Biron,
like Patel, denied Watkins fitness leave. Id. at 10.
Soon after the denials of these requests, Watkins suffered from a pregnancy-
related complication that required a visit to the emergency room. Id. at 13. After a
follow-up visit with her personal doctor, Watkins provided documentation stating
that she needed bi-weekly ultrasounds due to this serious medical issue. Id. Watkins
suffered two more medical episodes, and she complained to her doctor about her
stress at work. Id. Based on her doctor’s suggestion that she reduce work-related
stress, Watkins asked Patel if she could work an AWS to accommodate her
additional doctor’s appointments and reduce overall stress. Id. Patel denied this
request and told Watkins instead to act like one of Watkins’s coworkers who “was
doing extremely well and had children.” Id. at 13-14.
Tragically, one week later, Watkins lost her child shortly after delivery by
emergency C-section. Id. at 16. Watkins took twelve weeks of unpaid FMLA leave.
Id.3 Yet Watkins claims her supervisors expected her to complete her annual
performance appraisal without pay, even though other similarly-situated MDA
employees received pay to complete their performance reviews. Id.
Watkins received diagnoses for medical conditions during her FMLA leave
that required her to ask for accommodations. In particular, she asked for a sit-stand
desk after a diagnosis of chronic migraines, chronic back pain, and multiple disc
degeneration. Id. Patel denied the request, even though at least one other MDA
employee received this accommodation for a medical condition. Id. Also, a
postpartum depression diagnosis and a doctor’s recommendation that Watkins work
from home for several weeks led Watkins to submit a request to either telework or
work an AWS after she completed her FMLA leave. Id. at 17. Patel failed to forward
Watkins’s request to the disability program manager. Id.
Shortly after she returned from her FMLA leave, Watkins received a rating of
unsatisfactory on her annual performance appraisal. Id. at 18. The appraisal
penalized Watkins for failing to complete some work assignments during her FMLA
3 Watkins pleads that Patel never told her she could take up to twelve weeks unpaid medical leave
under the FMLA. Doc. 12-1 at 15. Instead, Patel told Watkins six weeks, plus an additional two
weeks if Watkins delivered via C-section. Id. Patel later added that Watkins was unlikely to
receive advanced sick leave because Watkins was “already in the hole.” Id.
leave. Id. That same day, Watkins emailed MDA staff about filing an EEO
complaint. Id. Watkins also informed Patel directly that she intended to file an EEO
complaint. Id. at 19. Approximately three weeks after her conversation with Patel,
Watkins filed an informal EEO complaint. Id. at 20. And shortly thereafter, Patel
met with Watkins, announced to others in the meeting that Watkins had filed an EEO
complaint, and gave Watkins a notice of termination letter. Id.
After her discharge, Watkins filed an internal grievance related to her annual
performance appraisal, which MDA denied. Id. Watkins also subsequently filed her
formal EEO complaint, alleging retaliation for previous EEO activity and
discrimination on the basis of her Caucasian race, color, American national origin,
sex, disability, and pregnancy. See doc. 14-2.4 The DoD denied Watkins’s claims,
in part, because of Watkins’s failure to respond to the investigator’s request for
information. See doc. 14-3. This lawsuit followed.
II.
A pleading must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing
that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Rule 8 does not require
plaintiffs to plead “detailed factual allegations” fully outlining the merits of their
4 In addition to the various requests Patel and Biron denied, Watkins also alleges Patel made
racially discriminatory comments. Allegedly, Patel told Watkins, in reference to an election,
“you’re a white female, so you might not care about this, but us minority females really care about
a female in office.” Doc. 12-1 at 9. Patel also made remarks about Watkins’s weight and
appearance, and once told Watkins that she was “just having a blonde moment.” Id. at 9, 12, 15.
case. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). But to survive a motion
to dismiss, a complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to
state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
678 (2009) (internal citations omitted). A complaint states a facially plausible claim
“when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged,” id, and “[t]his
standard ‘calls for enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will
reveal evidence’ of the claim,” Jackson v. JPay, Inc., 851 F. App’x 171, 172 (11th
Cir. 2021) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).
III.
Watkins’s claims fall into four main categories: (A) pregnancy—
discrimination claims based on alleged disparate treatment (Count 1), a failure to
accommodate (Count 2), and discriminatory discharge (Count 8); (B) retaliation—a
standalone claim (Count 3)5 and a claim under the FMLA (Count 6)6; (C)
disability—discrimination claims based on alleged disparate treatment (Count 4), a
failure to accommodate (Count 5), and discriminatory discharge (Count 7); and (D)
race—discrimination claims based on alleged disparate treatment and discriminatory
5 The Secretary has not moved to dismissed Count 3. See doc. 14.
6 Count 6 also includes a claim under the FMLA alleging interference with Watkins’s ability to
exercise her FMLA rights.
discharge (Count 9). See doc. 12-1. The court will address each category of claim
in turn.
A.
Watkins pleads pregnancy discrimination in Counts 1, 2, and 8. Allegedly,
MDA violated Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, by (1) treating her
differently than other similarly-situated non-pregnant employees, (2) failing to
accommodate medical and scheduling needs related to her pregnancy while regularly
accommodating other employees with non-pregnancy-related medical or limiting
conditions, and (3) discharging her. Doc. 12-1 at 21-28, 40-41. The Secretary argues
that these claims are procedurally barred or do not state a valid claim for relief. Doc.
14 at 7-13.
1.
Title VII prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of sex, and “[t]he
Pregnancy Discrimination Act amended Title VII to provide that discrimination on
the basis of sex includes discrimination ‘on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth or
related medical conditions.’” Holland v. Gee, 677 F.3d 1047, 1054 (11th Cir. 2012)
(citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(k)). A plaintiff can prevail on a pregnancy discrimination
claim by showing “that her pregnancy ‘was a motivating factor’ for an employment
decision.” Id. at 1055 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(m)). A plaintiff meets this
burden, and establishes a prima facie case of pregnancy discrimination, if she can
show that she was pregnant, qualified to perform her job, subjected to an adverse
employment action, and that the employer treated differently other similarly-situated
non-pregnant employees. Id. (citing Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079,
1086 (11th Cir. 2004)).
Prior to pursuing judicial relief under Title VII, “federal employees are
required to initiate administrative review of any alleged discriminatory or retaliatory
conduct with the appropriate agency within 45 days of the alleged discriminatory
act.” Shiver v. Chertoff, 549 F.3d 1342, 1344 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing 42 U.S.C. §
2000e–16(b); 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1)). An employee can extend this window
by showing, inter alia, that she “was not notified of the time limits and was not
otherwise aware of them,” did not have actual or constructive knowledge of the
discriminatory act, or was prevented from contacting an EEO counselor within 45
days by circumstances outside her control. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(2). But where
a plaintiff failed to initiate contact with the EEOC regarding her claims within 45
days of an allegedly discriminatory act, and pleads nothing in her complaint
regarding equitable tolling, her claims regarding that act are barred for a failure to
exhaust administrative remedies. See Basel v. Sec’y of Def., 507 F. App’x 873, 875-
77 (11th Cir. 2013); Robinson v. Jojanns, 147 F. App’x 922, 924 n.2 (11th Cir.
2005).
2.
Watkins says that she first inquired about filing an EEO complaint on June
11, 2019. Docs. 12-1 at 2, 18; 19 at 3. Therefore, in light of her failure to plead any
basis for extension of the 45-day time limit, any claims based on allegedly
discriminatory acts preceding April 27, 2019, are barred. Indeed, Watkins concedes
this point in her surreply, asserting that her claims for relief are limited to allegedly
discriminatory conduct occurring after the April 27 cutoff date, including, most
notably, her July 2019 discharge. See docs. 12-1 at 21-28, 40-41; 23-1 at 2. For the
sake of clarity, however, the court states – as seemingly acknowledged by both
parties – that Watkins is not entitled to relief as to Counts 1, 2, or 8 for any allegedly
discriminatory conduct occurring before April 27, 2019.
3.
As to the post-April 27 period, Watkins has stated valid claims for relief under
Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. Specifically, in support of her
disparate treatment claim, Count 1, and her failure to accommodate claim, Count 2,
Watkins has alleged that while on unpaid FMLA leave for pregnancy-related reasons
between April 27 and June 4, 2019, MDA denied her requests to telework or work
an AWS and required her to complete her performance appraisal. See doc. 12-1 at
21-28. Watkins also alleges that MDA treated more favorably several other
employees with non-pregnancy-related medical conditions or scheduling needs by
granting them accommodations. Id. Additionally, as to her discriminatory discharge
claim, Count 8, Watkins has alleged sufficient circumstantial evidence to allow the
reasonable inference that her pregnancy and related medical conditions, viewed in
context of the alleged “pattern or practice” of discrimination, were a motivating
factor in her discharge. Id. at 21-28, 40-41. Accordingly, Watkins has made a prima
facie showing of pregnancy discrimination sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.
See Young v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 135 S. Ct. 1338, 1354 (2015); Holland, 677
F.3d at 1054-55.
B.
Watkins alleges retaliation claims under the FMLA in Count 6. In response
to the motion to dismiss, Watkins concedes that “the state of the law as it now exists
under 11th Circuit precedent” forecloses a private right of action and indeed deprives
this court of jurisdiction to even consider her FMLA claims due to the government’s
sovereign immunity. See doc. 19 at 14. Undeterred, however, Watkins asks the
court to intervene, arguing that the 2016 National Defense Authorization Act “threw
a monkey wrench” into Congress’s FMLA enforcement scheme. Id. at 14-15.
Watkins says that under the old regime, government employees with more than a
year of service, like her, could enforce their FMLA rights through an appeal to the
Merit Systems Protection Board, while those with less than one year could enforce
their FMLA rights in federal court. Id. Allegedly, the 2016 Act left employees who
had completed twelve months of service but were still on probationary status, like
Watkins, unable to enforce their FMLA rights through either the MSPB or the courts.
Id. To address this lack of remedy, Watkins asks the court to either exercise
jurisdiction over her FMLA claims via a writ of mandamus, id. at 16-18 (citing 28
U.S.C. § 1361), or “fashion a new remedy” to correct Congress’s “scrivener’s error,”
id. at 18-20.
As the Supreme Court has noted, it is “a monstrous absurdity in a well
organized government” that “the laws furnish no remedy for the violation of a vested
legal right.” Kendall v. U.S. ex rel. Stokes, 37 U.S. 524, 624 (1838); Marbury v.
Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 163 (1803). But even if Watkins has identified a right without
a remedy, the court lacks jurisdiction over her FMLA claims. See Armstrong v.
United States, No. 21-10200, 2021 WL 6101492, at *1 (11th Cir. Dec. 21, 2021).
Therefore, the court declines Watkins’s request to exercise jurisdiction to create a
new remedy. And since mandamus is a “drastic” remedy “only to be invoked in
extraordinary situations,” In re BellSouth Corp., 334 F.3d 941, 953 (11th Cir. 2003)
(citing Will v. United States, 389 U.S. 90, 96 (1967)), that request is also denied
where, as here, the court is without jurisdiction to even consider Watkins’s FMLA
claims. Accordingly, Watkins’s FMLA claims are due to be dismissed.
C.
Watkins pleads in Counts 4, 5, and 7 that she suffered from several disabilities,
including some related to her pregnancy, and that the Secretary discriminated against
her on the basis of these disabilities, in violation of the Rehabilitation Act. Doc. 12-
1 at 30-40. Allegedly, unlike her non-pregnant co-workers, Watkins’s supervisor
denied her request to telework or work an AWS, required her to complete
assignments while on unpaid FMLA leave, denied her a sit-stand desk, and gave her
an unsatisfactory evaluation and ultimately discharged her for failing to complete
assignments while on FMLA leave. Id. The Secretary, in response, argues that
Watkins has failed to adequately allege a disability. Docs. 14 at 10-12; 22 at 4-5.
1.
The Rehabilitation Act prohibits federal agencies from discriminating against
employees on the basis of their disability. Mullins v. Crowell, 228 F.3d 1305, 1313
(11th Cir. 2000). Rehabilitation Act claims are governed by the same standards as
claims under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Cash v. Smith, 231 F.3d 1301,
1305 (11th Cir. 2000). To establish a prima facie case of discrimination, a plaintiff
must show “(1) a disability, (2) that she was otherwise qualified to perform the job,
and (3) that she was discriminated against based upon the disability.” Cleveland v.
Home Shopping Network, Inc., 369 F.3d 1189, 1193 (11th Cir. 2004). Relevant here,
a disability is defined as “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits
one of more of the major life activities of an individual,” such as “caring for oneself,
performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing,
lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking,
communicating, and working.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102. Pregnancy itself is not generally
considered a disability, but “a pregnancy-related impairment may be considered a
disability[] if it substantially limits a major life activity.” Jeudy v. Att’y Gen., Dep’t
of Just., 482 F. App’x 517, 520 (11th Cir. 2012) (citing 29 C.F.R. pt. 1630, App. §
1630.2(h)).
2.
Watkins claims that she suffered from disabilities in the form of postpartum
depression, recovery from her C-section, chronic migraines, chronic back pain, disc
degeneration, and a need to reduce stress from work, and that “each of these
conditions substantially limit[ed] a major life activity.” Doc. 12-1 at 30-31, 35.
Although the Secretary is correct that Watkins’s complaint “fails to include any
allegations of specific limitations her alleged conditions caused,” doc. 14 at 12,7
Watkins has, at this stage, alleged sufficient factual content to allow the court to
7 Watkins, in response, directs the court to paragraphs 85 and 86 of her complaint, in which she
alleges that Patel’s denial of her AWS request “reduced her ability to maintain focus and
productivity in her work, caused lack of sleep, . . . poor appetite, . . . low productivity, the inability
to care for herself, . . . and the inability to lift more than twenty-five pounds” from January to
March 2019. Doc. 19 at 12-13 (citing doc. 12-1 at 14). But these alleged limitations occurred
prior to her post-pregnancy medical diagnoses, and are therefore irrelevant to the disabilities that
form the basis for Watkins’s Rehabilitation Act claims.
draw the reasonable inference that these alleged disabilities substantially limited at
least one of the major life activities listed in 42 U.S.C. § 12102. For example,
Watkins’s postpartum depression and chronic migraines may, as Watkins contends,
have affected her ability to concentrate, care for herself, and continue in-person
work. And Watkins’s recovery from her emergency C-section, along with her disc
degeneration and back pain, may have limited her ability to stand, sit, lift, and work
in the office without accommodations. Whether Watkins can ultimately prove her
claims is a matter for the Secretary to investigate through discovery. And, of course,
the Secretary is free to challenge Watkins’s claims at summary judgment if the facts
uncovered fail to establish a substantial limitation of a major life activity. But, for
now, Watkins has sufficiently pleaded a disability under the Rehabilitation Act, and
the Secretary’s motion to dismiss is due to be denied.
D.
Finally, in Count 9, Watkins pleads a race discrimination claim. Doc. 12-1 at
41-42. In support of this claim, Watkins, who is Caucasian, relies on statements
made by Patel, who is of Asian descent, that Watkins (1) might not understand
minority women’s desire to see women in elected office, (2) should try to act more
like another female employee, who was of Asian descent and also had children, and
(3) was having a “blonde moment.” Id. Allegedly, these statements illustrate Patel’s
“discriminatory animus against white females.” Id.
1.
A plaintiff can establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination under Title
VII by showing “(1) that she belongs to a protected class, (2) that she was subjected
to an adverse employment action, (3) that she was qualified to perform the job in
question, and (4) that her employer treated “similarly situated” employees outside
her class more favorably.” Lewis v. City of Union City, Georgia, 918 F.3d 1213,
1220-21 (11th Cir. 2019). Here, however, Watkins’s complaint references the race
of other MDA employees only once: “Patel then added that Watkins should be ‘more
like Qiong’ (Asian, Female) ‘because she was doing extremely well and had
children.’” Doc. 12-1 at 14. Watkins provides no other information about this
woman’s title, her responsibilities, her seniority, or her performance, and she fails to
allege any other facts to suggest that she is similarly situated to Qiong. Moreover,
Watkins does not allege that Patel treated Qiong more favorably than Watkins in any
way. Thus, Watkins has failed to plead a claim via an alleged difference in treatment
with a comparator.
2.
Absent evidence of a comparator, a plaintiff can establish a race
discrimination claim by either alleging direct evidence of discriminatory intent or
“demonstrat[ing] a ‘convincing mosaic’ of circumstantial evidence that warrants an
inference of intentional discrimination.” Lewis, 918 F.3d at 1220 n.6. “A
‘convincing mosaic’ may be shown by evidence that demonstrates, among other
things, (1) suspicious timing, ambiguous statements, and other bits and pieces from
which an inference of discriminatory intent might be drawn, (2) systematically better
treatment of similarly situated employees, and (3) that the employer's justification is
pretextual.” Lewis v. City of Union City, Georgia, 934 F.3d 1169, 1185 (11th Cir.
2019) (internal citation omitted).
Watkins argues that she had pleaded this “convincing mosaic” of
discriminatory intent through Patel’s comment about Qiong, her statement that
Watkins was “having a blonde moment,” and her remark to Watkins that “[y]ou’re
a white female, so you might not care about this, but us minority females really care
about a female in office.” Id. at 13-14. There are several problems with this
reasoning. To begin, Patel’s suggestion that Watkins “be more like Qiong because
she was doing extremely well and had children,” does not provide circumstantial
evidence of racial discriminatory intent. In fact, Patel’s reference to Qiong’s
children suggests a comparison of the two women based on their status as mothers,
rather than their race. Furthermore, Watkins does not plead that Patel’s “minority
females” and “blonde moment” comments were directly related to any adverse
action taken against Watkins, and these two possibly distasteful comments alone do
not create a “convincing mosaic from which an inference of discriminatory intent
might be drawn.” Lewis, 934 F.3d at 1185. And finally, Watkins’s conclusory
allegations that “Asian employees and other minorities were treated differently than
Watkins as they were afforded AWS, telework, fitness leave, training, uninterrupted
FMLA leave, and not terminated for no reason” does not establish that Watkins “was
terminated because of her race.” Doc. 12-1 at 41. Watkins offers no factual content
to support these allegations that would allow an inference of race discrimination.
For example, the complaint does not identify the minority employees, their tenure
with MDA – i.e., whether they were MDCDPs like Watkins or regular employees –
and if Patel made or was involved in decisions related to their employment.
To close, Watkins “need not prove [her] case on the pleadings.” Speaker v.
United States HHS CDC & Prevention, 623 F.3d 1371, 1386 (11th Cir. 2010. But
to survive a motion to dismiss, Watkins must “provide ‘enough factual matter (taken
as true) to suggest’ intentional race discrimination.” Davis v. Coca-Cola Bottling
Co. Consol., 516 F.3d 955, 974 (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
Watkins has failed to allege sufficient facts to “allow[] the court to draw the
reasonable inference” that she faced disparate treatment because of her race.
Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678. Therefore, her race discrimination claim is due to be
dismissed.
IV.
Accordingly, the Secretary’s partial motion to dismiss, doc. 14, is due to be
granted as to Counts 6 and 9 of Watkins’s amended complaint and denied as to
Counts 1, 2, 4,5, 7, and 8. A separate order effectuating this opinion follows.
DONE the 3rd day of February, 2022.
ABDUL K. KALLON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
19