Stafford v. Sunland Distribution of Florida, Inc.

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

DALE STAFFORD, et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

v. ) Case No. 1:19-cv-921-RAH-SRW

) [WO]

SUNLAND DISTRIBUTION OF )

FLORIDA, INC., et al., )

)

Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

This matter concerns a motor vehicle accident that occurred on May 7, 2019,

at 1:30 a.m. when a vehicle driven by Plaintiff Dale Stafford hit the trailer of a

tractor-trailer driven by Defendant Ladeitriech Sailor. (Doc. 2-2 at 2.) The parties

each have filed summary judgment motions against the other, seeking to narrow the

claims for trial. (Doc. 45, Doc. 48.) For the following reasons, the summary

judgment motions are both due to be denied.

I. JURISDICTION AND VENUE

The Court exercises subject matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant 28

U.S.C. § 1332. The parties contest neither personal jurisdiction nor venue, and the

Court finds adequate grounds alleged to support both.

II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On May 7, 2019, during his second week of employment with Sunland

Distribution of Florida, Sailor drove a loaded tractor-trailer to a Sysco distribution

facility in Geneva, Alabama. (Doc. 50-1 at 10, 11, 18; Doc. 71-1 at 4, 13.) He missed

his turn into the facility. (Doc. 50-1 at 15; Doc. 71-1 at 4.) Therefore, after traveling

west down Highway 52 for some distance, he decided to turn around on Highway

52, a two-lane roadway, using a series of back and forth maneuvers across the

roadway and into an intersecting dirt road. (Doc. 50-1 at 12–14, 16, 18.) Sailor

decided to turn around via this method instead of finding a location to forward-turn

his truck or find a way to double-back to the gate.

Sailor’s chosen method resulted in his 53-foot long trailer crossing over and

blocking both lanes of Highway 52. (Doc. 71-1 at 4.) While doing so, his tractor was

still pointed west—his original direction of traffic—and his lights pointed westward

into the face of drivers moving east. (Doc. 50-4 at 40, 41; Doc. 71-1 at 4, 12.)

Because it was 1:30 a.m., the area was dark and not well-lit. (Doc. 50-1 at 11, 14;

Doc. 50-4 at 38.) Sailor’s trailer, however, did have lights and reflective tape. (Doc.

50-1 at 18; Doc. 50-3 at 3; Doc. 50-4 at 40, 41; Doc. 71-5; Doc. 71-6.)

At the same time, Dale Stafford was traveling east on Highway 52 on his way

to work. (Doc. 50-4 at 29; Doc. 71-1 at 4.) As he approached Sailor’s location,

Stafford could see Sailor’s headlights in the other lane pointing toward him, but

Stafford could not see the trailer across his traffic lane due to the glare from Sailor’s

lights. (Doc. 50-1 at 15-16; Doc. 50-4 at 40.) A collision ensued, and Stafford was

injured, although the severity of the injury is disputed. (Doc. 2-2 at 3; Doc. 44 at 3.)

Sailor was issued a citation for improper backing in violation of Ala. Code §

32-5A-51(a) (1980), which provides that a driver of a vehicle “shall not back the

same unless such movement can be made with safety and without interfering with

other traffic.” Sailor later pled guilty to the charge and paid the accompanying fine.

(Doc. 50-1 at 17.) According to the investigating officer who issued the citation to

Sailor, it was “very unsafe” for Sailor to try and perform a three-point turn maneuver

on a 24-foot wide public highway with a tractor-trailer at night because, at some

point, there will be other traffic. (Doc. 71-1 at 11–13.) Instead, according to the

officer, Sailor should have continued down the road and found an area where he

could turn around. (Doc. 71-1 at 11–13.)

III. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is appropriate

“if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

The party asking for summary judgment “always bears the initial responsibility of

informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions

of ‘the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,

together with the affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a

genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The movant can meet this

burden by presenting evidence showing there is no dispute of material fact or by

showing the non-moving party has failed to present evidence supporting some

element of its case on which it bears the ultimate burden of proof. Id. at 322–23; see

also Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1115–16 (11th Cir. 1993) (“For

issues, however, on which the non-movant would bear the burden of proof at trial,

... ‘[t]he moving party may simply show[ ]—that is, point[ ] out to the district court—

that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.’”)

(quoting United States v. Four Parcels of Real Prop., 941 F.2d 1428, 1437–38 (11th

Cir. 1991) (en banc)).

Once the moving party has met its burden, the non-movant must “go beyond

the pleadings” and show that there is a genuine issue for trial. Celotex, 477 U.S. at

324; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1) (“A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is

genuinely disputed must support the assertion by (A) citing to particular parts of

materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored

information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for

purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials;

or (B) showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a

genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to

support the fact.”). To avoid summary judgment, the nonmoving party “must do

more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material

facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986).

A plaintiff must present evidence demonstrating that he can establish the essential

elements of his claim. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. A court ruling on a motion for

summary judgment must draw all justifiable inferences from the evidence in the non-

moving party’s favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).

After the non-moving party has responded to the motion for summary judgment, the

court must grant summary judgment if there is no genuine issue of material fact—

the moving party is then entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a).

IV. ANALYSIS

In their Amended Complaint, the Staffords bring claims of negligence and

wantonness arising from the accident. (Doc. 2-2.) They seek summary judgment in

their favor on the claim of negligence, asserting the undisputed facts of the accident,

accompanied by Sailor’s violation of Ala. Code § 32-5A-51(a) constitute negligence

per se. (Doc. 45.) The Defendants dispute this assertion and contend that they are

entitled to summary judgment on the claim of wantonness. (Doc. 48.)

A. The Staffords’ Summary Judgment Motion

As it concerns the Staffords’ motion, it is due to be denied. Putting aside

whether the Staffords have adequately pled a claim of negligence per se, they have

not shown why they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law under such a theory.

A party can establish negligence per se via a statutory violation by proving

the following four elements: “(1) the party charged with negligent conduct [has]

violated the statute; (2) the statute was enacted to protect a class of persons which

includes the litigant seeking to assert the statute; (3) the injury was of a type

contemplated by the statute; and (4) the statutory violation proximately caused the

injury.” Edwards v. United States, 552 F. Supp. 635, 638 (M.D. Ala. 1982)

(Thompson, J.) (quoting Fox v. Bartholf, 374 So. 2d 294, 295–96 (Ala. 1979)).

“Generally, violation of a traffic ordinance or rule of the road constitutes negligence

per se.” Carroll v. Deaton, Inc., 555 So. 2d 140, 140 (Ala. 1989) (emphasis added).

However, violations of some traffic ordinances or rules only serve as prima

facie evidence of negligence. See Consolidated Freightways, Inc. v. Pacheco-

Rivera, 524 So. 2d 346, 349–50 (Ala. 1988). For example, “where the applicable

Rule of the Road requires a judgment to be made on the part of the driver, the

reasonable man standard applies and a violation of the statute is not negligence per

se.” Zatarain v. Swift Transp., Inc., 776 F. Supp. 2d 1282, 1290 (M.D. Ala. 2011)

(quoting Consolidated Freightways, Inc., 524 So. 2d at 350).

Dispositive here as applicable to the negligence per se theory is that the statute

cited by the Staffords, Ala. Code § 32-5A-51(a), “requires a judgement to be made

on the part of the driver.” That judgment is reflected in the plain language of the

statute, which prohibits backing up on a public roadway “unless such movement can

be made with safety and without interference with other traffic.” Ala. Code § 32-

5A-51(a). Since violation of the statute at issue here requires judgment on the part

of Sailor, a violation of the statute is not negligence per se. Instead, it serves as prima

facie evidence of negligence. Accordingly, the Staffords’ summary judgment motion

(Doc. 45) is due to be denied.

B. Defendants’ Summary Judgment Motion

As it concerns the Defendants’ summary judgment motion regarding the

wantonness claim, this motion is also due to be denied.

Under Alabama law, “wantonness is the doing of some act or the omission to

do some act with reckless indifference that such act or omission will likely or

probably result in injury.” IMAC Energy, Inc. v. Tittle, 590 So. 2d 163, 168 (Ala.

1991); accord Blizzard v. Food Giant Supermarkets, Inc., 196 F. Supp. 2d 1202,

1208 (M.D. Ala. 2002) (Albritton, C.J.) (citations omitted); see also Ala. Code § 6-

11-20(b)(3)(1987) (defining wantonness as “[c]onduct which is carried on with a

reckless or conscious disregard of the rights or safety of others”). While one need

not prove intentional conduct to prove wantonness, wantonness requires evidence of

a reckless or conscious disregard of the rights and safety of others. See Wal-Mart

Stores, Inc. v. Thompson, 726 So. 2d 651, 653 (Ala. 1998). Wantonness may arise

when one knows that persons, though not seen, are likely to be in a position of

danger, and with conscious disregard of known conditions of danger and in violation

of law brings on disaster. See Smith v. Bradford, 512 So. 2d 50, 52 (Ala. 1987).

Though wantonness requires a conscious or an intentional act, “the actor's

knowledge may be proved by showing circumstances from which the fact of

knowledge is a reasonable inference; it need not be proved by direct evidence.”

Hicks v. Dunn, 819 So. 2d 22, 23 (Ala. 2001) (quoting Scott v. Villegas, 723 So. 2d

642, 643 (Ala. 1998)). “[I]t is not essential to prove that the defendant entertained a

specific design or intent to injure the plaintiff.” Alfa Mut. Ins. Co. v. Roush, 723 So.

2d 1250, 1256 (Ala. 1998).

In the context of automobile accidents, wantonness depends on the particular

facts presented in each case. Cheshire v. Putnam, 54 So. 3d 336, 342 (Ala. 2010)

(per curiam). And, under Alabama law, there is a rebuttable presumption that a driver

does not act wantonly in causing a car accident. See Thomas v. Heard, 256 So. 3d

644, 657–58 (Ala. 2017) (per curiam). That is because humans “act in their own self-

interest,” and thus, a driver has “no consciousness that an injury would likely occur

from his actions because presumably, he would not engage in activity that would

knowingly result in harm to himself.” Id. at 658.

However, where a driver’s actions are more dangerous to other parties than to

him, the presumption against self-destructive behavior—and therefore

wantonness—does not apply. See McCutchen v. Valley Home, Inc., 100 F. Supp. 3d

1235, 1240 (N.D. Ala. 2015) (finding that the fact that driver acknowledged that the

driver of an 18–wheeler is generally safer in a collision than the driver of the other

vehicle meant that the presumption against self-destructive behavior did not apply);

Griffin v. Modular Transp. Co., No. 2:12–CV–2378–WMA, 2014 WL 896627, at

*4 (N.D. Ala. Mar. 6, 2014) (determining that “[a] collision between a car and the

flatbed portion of a tractor trailer does not carry the same risk of injury to the trailer

driver as it does to the car driver,” and therefore that the presumption against self-

destructive behavior was inapplicable).

Moreover, even when the presumption against self-destructive behavior

applies, this presumption may be overcome by showing the driver’s judgment was

impaired or that the conduct at issue was so inherently reckless that a court might

otherwise attribute to the driver depravity consistent with disregard of instincts of

safety and self-preservation. “Inherently reckless behavior, for example, might be

driving in reverse on a major interstate; driving through an intersection at a very fast

speed after ignoring a stop sign; or abruptly moving from the right lane into the left

lane after seeing a video store on the left and deciding to stop and get a movie.” Craft

v. Triumph Logistics, Inc., 107 F. Supp. 3d at 1218, 1222 (M.D. Ala 2015) (cleaned

up). “In each of these instances, something more than mere inattention, that is, an

exacerbating circumstance, contributed to the accident.” Id.

The question for the Court, at this procedural stage and when viewing the facts

in the light most favorable to the Staffords, is whether there is evidence from which

a jury could reasonably find that Sailor acted in a wanton manner. The Court

concludes that there is.

In this regard, Sailor made a conscious and deliberate decision to attempt a

three-point turn type maneuver consisting of back and forth movements on a dark,

two-lane highway late at night with his 53-foot long tractor-trailer. In doing so, he

placed his trailer across the lane of oncoming traffic and accordingly in the right of

way for an extended duration of time in contravention of Ala. Code § 32-5A-51(a)—

a statutory violation for which he pled guilty. (Doc. 50-1 at 17.) Sailor’s actions

created a dangerous and hazardous situation for anyone driving down Highway 52

in that early morning hour. And more importantly, he chose this method instead of

using an alternative means, such as driving his tractor-trailer down the road to a point

where he could safely turn around. Even the investigating officer was critical of

Sailor’s actions as he cited Sailor for operating his vehicle in a “very unsafe” manner.

(Doc. 50-1 at 17; Doc. 71-1 at 11–13.)

While Defendants argue that Sailor’s actions, at worst, constituted mere

inadvertence, which it very well could have been, there are also facts in the record

suggesting Sailor’s actions could have been inherently reckless. Whether the actions

were inherently reckless is a fact-driven issue that is appropriate for consideration

by a jury and not for a dispositive motion ruling from this Court. See, e.g., Johnson

v. ABF Freight Sys., Inc., No. 2:18-cv-01835-MHH, 2021 WL 1320500, at *2–4

(N.D. Ala. Apr. 8, 2021) (denying summary judgment on wantonness claim in motor

vehicle accident case where truck driver created a hazardous situation with his

chosen method in attempting to make a turn); Shows v. Redline Trucking, LLC., No.

2:18-cv-01692-AKK, 2020 WL 2527105, at *3–4 (N.D. Ala. May 18, 2020) (finding

that plaintiff's contention that defendant stopped his trailer in a lane of travel during

a dark morning without illuminating any lights was sufficient to preclude summary

judgment on wantonness claim); McCutchen, 100 F. Supp. at 1240 (denying

summary judgment on a wantonness claim because a genuine dispute of material

fact existed as to whether driver of tractor-trailer turned his large tractor-trailer

around on the highway in conscious disregard of the alleged danger to traffic he was

creating); Monroe v. Brown, 307 F. Supp. 2d 1268, 1271–72 (M.D. Ala. 2004)

(admonishing that courts should be mindful of the Supreme Court of Alabama's

holding that wantonness should be submitted to the jury unless there is a “total lack”

of evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer wantonness). Thus,

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is due to be DENIED with respect to

the wantonness claim.

V. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, for good cause shown, it is hereby

ORDERED as follows:

(1) The Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 45) is DENIED;

and

(2) The Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 48) is DENIED.

DONE, on this the 14th day of December, 2021.

/s/ R. Austin Huffaker, Jr.

R. AUSTIN HUFFAKER, JR.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE