“allegations in a complaint or counterclaim 12 may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient 13 allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to 14 defend itself effectively”
How later courts described this case
- “allegations in a complaint or counterclaim 12 may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient 13 allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to 14 defend itself effectively”
- “There must be a ‘direct 9 causal link’ between the policy or custom and the injury, and [plaintiff] must be able 10 to demonstrate that the injury resulted from a ‘permanent and well settled 11 practice.’”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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12 JOHN ROBERT SILVIS,
No. 5:23-cv-00670-JFW-AJR
13 Plaintiff,
v. ORDER DISMISSING SECOND
14
AMENDED COMPLAINT WITH
COUNTY OF RIVERSIDE,
15 LEAVE TO AMEND
Defendant.
16
17
18 For the reasons discussed below, the Second Amended Complaint is
19 dismissed with leave to amend. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B), 1915A(b)(2).
20
21 I.
22 BACKGROUND
23
24 On April 13, 2023, John Robert Silvis (“Plaintiff”), a pro se civil detainee
25 incarcerated at the Coalinga State Hospital, filed a Civil Rights Complaint pursuant
26 to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Complaint”). (Dkt. 1.) Plaintiff’s claims arise out of his
27 former place of confinement, the Riverside County Jail – Robert Presley Detention
28 Center (“RPDC”), from November 2020 through May 2021. The original
1 Complaint named only the County of Riverside as a Defendant. (Id. at ¶ 7.) On
2 September 7, 2023, the Court issued an order dismissing the Complaint with leave
3 to amend. (Dkt. 9.)
4 On October 10, 2023, Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”).
5 (Dkt. 12.) The FAC again named only the County of Riverside as a Defendant. (Id.
6 at ¶¶ 6-7.) On October 23, 2023, the Court issued an order dismissing the FAC with
7 leave to amend. (Dkt. 13.)
8 On November 3, 2023, Plaintiff filed the operative Second Amended
9 Complaint (“SAC”; Dkt. 14), accompanied by an attached declaration of Plaintiff
10 (“Declaration”; Dkt. 15.)1 The SAC again names Defendant County of Riverside,
11 and also adds Defendant Sheriff Chad Bianco, both sued in their official capacities
12 only (collectively “Defendants”). (Dkt. 14 at ¶¶ 7-8.)
13
14 II.
15 SUMMARY OF PLAINTIFF’S SECOND AMENDED COMPLAINT
16
17 The factual allegations of the SAC appear substantively identical to those in
18 the original Complaint and the FAC. Plaintiff alleges that he has been held as a civil
19 detainee since 2020. (Id. at ¶¶ 6, 9.) The SAC lists a number of alleged conditions
20 of confinement at RPDC, which Plaintiff claims violated his constitutional right to
21 due process. (Id. at ¶¶ 29-30.)
22 On November 24, 2020, Plaintiff was transported by the Riverside County
23 Sheriff’s Deputies to RPDC pending civil proceedings under California Welfare and
24 Institutions Code sections 6600, et seq. (Id. at ¶¶ 6, 9.) Under California’s Sexually
25 Violent Predators (“SVP”) Act, California Welfare and Institutions Code sections
26
27 1 Plaintiff’s Declaration consists of a summary of twenty (20) administrative
grievances that he filed while he was at RPDC during the relevant period from
28
November 2020 to May 2021. (See Dkt. 15.)
1 6600, et seq., “persons serving prison sentences may be referred for possible civil
2 commitment at the conclusion of their terms on grounds that they are SVPs.”
3 People v. Shazier, 60 Cal. 4th 109, 125-26 (2014) (citation omitted). The Act
4 provides that, after a finding of probable cause following a hearing, the individual is
5 entitled to jury trial on the issue whether the individual likely will engage in
6 sexually violent behavior if released. Id.; see Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code §§ 6602-660.
7 A person found to be an SVP is committed for appropriate treatment and
8 confinement in a secure facility designated by the Director of State Hospitals located
9 on the grounds of an institution under the jurisdiction of the California Department
10 of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 6604.
11 Upon arrival at RPDC, Plaintiff had to wear red top and yellow bottoms that
12 clearly designated Plaintiff as a civil detainee being held under the SVPA. (Id. at ¶
13 11.) Based on the Sheriff’s Department policy, this designation placed Plaintiff’s
14 “life in danger.” (Id. at ¶¶ 11, 14.) Plaintiff was verbally harassed and assaulted by
15 other inmates. (Id. at 14.)
16 During the entire period he was at RPDC, Plaintiff was housed on the 7th
17 Floor in the “Isolation Cell.” (Id. at ¶ 12.) The isolation cells are for disciplinary
18 reasons or for high-risk inmates. (Id. at ¶ 13.) The conditions in the isolation cells
19 were “the most restrictive” in the county jail. (Id.)
20 Plaintiff’s repeated requests to be transferred to the Larry Smith Correctional
21 Facility where SVP detainees have better conditions were all denied. (Id. at ¶¶ 15,
22 17.) “The Defendant” has no justification to house Plaintiff in these “punitive”
23 housing conditions. (Id. at ¶ 26.)
24 While Plaintiff was housed in the Isolation Cell and treated as an “Ad-Seg
25 inmate,” Plaintiff was denied consistent phone access, canteen items, dayroom
26 access, outdoor recreation, hot water, religious services, educational services,
27 newspaper, and regular access to clean clothes, showers, and television. (Id. at ¶¶
28 13, 19, 21-24.)
1 Plaintiff was “cross-chained” on four or five different occasions during the
2 transportation for court appearances. (Id. at ¶ 25.) Plaintiff’s criminal detainee
3 counterparts were not subject to these restraints. (Id.) Plaintiff filed grievances but
4 they were denied. (Id. at ¶ 28; Dkt. 15.)
5 Plaintiff seeks compensatory damages of $30,000, appointment of counsel,
6 and any other relief the Court deems appropriate. (Dkt. 14 at 8.)
7
8 III.
9 DISCUSSION
10
11 A. Plaintiff Fails to State a Monell Claim Against Defendants.
12 The Court must construe Plaintiff’s official capacity claims against Defendant
13 Sheriff Chad Bianco as a claim against the County of Riverside. As the Court
14 previously advised, Plaintiff may not sue the County of Riverside, the Riverside
15 County Sheriff’s Department, Sheriff Chad Bianco, or the RPDC for alleged
16 constitutional violations on a theory of respondeat superior, which is not a theory of
17 liability cognizable under 42 U.S.C. section 1983. See Connick v. Thompson, 563
18 U.S. 51, 60 1359 (2011); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 676 (2009); Polk Cnty. v.
19 Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981). This means that the County of Riverside cannot
20 be sued simply because employees of the County violated Plaintiff’s constitutional
21 rights. Instead, the County may be held liable only if the alleged wrongdoing was
22 committed pursuant to a municipal policy, custom, or usage. See Bd. of Cnty.
23 Comm’r of Bryan Cnty., Okla. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 402-04 (1997); Monell v.
24 N.Y. Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Serv., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978) (“Monell”); see also
25 Horton by Horton v. Cty. of Santa Monica, 915 F.3d 592, 603-04 (9th Cir. 2019)
26 (“[M]unicipalites may be liable under § 1983 for constitutional injuries pursuant to .
27 . . a pervasive practice or custom.”). A plaintiff seeking to impose liability on a
28 municipality under Monell must allege facts showing that: (1) the constitutional
1 violation was the result of a governmental policy or a longstanding practice or
2 custom; (2) the individual who committed the constitutional violation was an
3 official with final policy-making authority; or (3) an official with final policy-
4 making authority ratified the unconstitutional act. Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d
5 1342, 1346-47 (9th Cir. 1992).
6 Here, Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations that the County of Riverside
7 purportedly are responsible for the individual deputies’ alleged wrongdoing are
8 insufficient. Meehan v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 856 F.2d 102, 106-07 (9th Cir. 1988)
9 (“A governmental entity cannot be held liable under section 1983 solely because it
10 has a tortfeasor in its employ . . .”); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Starr v. Baca,
11 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011) (“allegations in a complaint or counterclaim
12 may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient
13 allegations of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to
14 defend itself effectively”). In the SAC, Plaintiff appears to rely on an older Ninth
15 Circuit case in Jones v. Blanas, 393 F.3d 918 (9th Cir. 2004), stating that Plaintiff
16 was treated “below the standards” established under Jones for conditions of
17 confinement for civil detainees and that the Sheriff’s Department and its deputies’
18 conduct conformed to official custom and practice” suffices to plead a Monell
19 claim. (Dkt. 14 at ¶ 29.) Such statements are no longer good law after Iqbal. See
20 AE ex rel. Hernandez v. Cnty. of Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012)
21 (pleading standards set forth in Starr govern municipal liability claims); Lopez v.
22 Cnty. of Los Angeles, 2015 WL 3913263, at *6-7 (C.D. Cal. Jun. 25, 2015)
23 (concluding that after Iqbal, prior Ninth Circuit standard allowing bare allegations of
24 Monell liability is no longer viable; collecting cases).
25 Additionally, liability under Monell may not be predicated on “isolated or
26 sporadic incidents,” but “must be founded upon practices of sufficient duration,
27 frequency and consistency that the conduct has become a traditional method of
28 carrying out policy.” Gant v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 772 F.3d 608, 618 (9th Cir.
1 2014). Again, the SAC does not contain sufficient plausible factual allegations to
2 plead a cognizable Monell claim against the County under these standards.
3 Moreover, and as the Court advised, while Plaintiff’s allegations that the
4 deputies imposed harsher conditions on SVPA detainees than their criminal
5 counterparts suggest presumptively punitive conditions of confinement, these
6 allegations do not permit the Court to draw the reasonable inference that the County
7 has a “permanent and well settled” custom of committing the illegal acts alleged.
8 Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1070 (9th Cir. 2006) (“There must be a ‘direct
9 causal link’ between the policy or custom and the injury, and [plaintiff] must be able
10 to demonstrate that the injury resulted from a ‘permanent and well settled
11 practice.’”). Likewise, Plaintiff’s repetitive assertion that the same issues and
12 “pattern” have been raised in other lawsuits by similarly situated plaintiffs does not
13 adequately identify the specific policy statements or regulations of the County that
14 caused the alleged constitutional injuries (Dkt. 14 at ¶¶ 5, 10). See Monell, 436 U.S.
15 at 691.
16 In the event Plaintiff might purport to sue Defendant Sheriff Chad Bianco for
17 damages in his individual capacity, the pleaded allegations in the SAC would also
18 be insufficient. Plaintiff may not sue Sheriff Chad Bianco or any supervisor
19 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. section 1983 on a theory that the supervisor is liable for the
20 acts of his or her subordinates. See Polk Cnty., 454 U.S. at 325. A supervisor “is
21 only liable for his or her own misconduct,” and is not “accountable for the misdeeds
22 of [his or her] agents.” Iqbal , 556 U.S. at 667. Mere knowledge of a subordinate’s
23 alleged misconduct is insufficient. Id. A supervisor may be held liable in his or her
24 individual capacity “for [his or her] own culpable action or inaction in the training,
25 supervision or control of [his or her] subordinates.” Watkins v. City. of Oakland,
26 Cal., 145 F.3d 1087, 1093 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Larez v. City of Los Angeles,
27 946 F.2d 630, 646 (9th Cir. 1991)). To state a cognizable section 1983 claim, “[a]
28 plaintiff must allege facts, not simply conclusions, that show that an individual was
1 personally involved in the deprivation of his civil rights.” Barren v. Harrington, 152
2 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998). The SAC asserts no facts showing Sheriff Chad
3 Bianco’s personal involvement in any constitutional deprivation Plaintiff may have
4 suffered, or the requisite causal connection for liability in his individual capacity.
5 Accordingly, as reasoned above, Plaintiff fails to state a valid Monell claim
6 against the County, and the SAC must be dismissed, with leave to amend.
7
8 B. The SAC Violates Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8.
9 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a complaint must contain “‘a short
10 and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in
11 order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds
12 upon which it rests.’” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007).
13 “Each allegation must be simple, concise, and direct.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1). A
14 complaint violates Rule 8 if a defendant would have difficulty responding to the
15 complaint. Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047,
16 1059 (9th Cir. 2011). Conclusory allegations are insufficient. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
17 686.
18 Here, once again, Plaintiff’s pleaded allegations in the SAC, which are nearly
19 identical to those in the original Complaint and FAC, fail to comply with Rule 8.
20 The SAC recites instances of alleged wrongdoing without indicating which
21 individual, if any, purportedly was responsible. For example, Plaintiff uses the term
22 “the Defendant” and “the Deputies” without specifying to which deputies or
23 defendant he refers and makes general conclusory allegations of alleged wrongdoing
24 unsupported by specific factual allegations. A complaint is subject to dismissal for
25 failure to state a claim if “one cannot determine from the complaint who is being
26 sued, for what relief, and on what theory.” McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1178
27 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Cafasso, U.S. ex rel., 637 F.3d at 1059; see, eg., Steinley v.
28 Health Net, Inc., 2018 WL 6985318, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 4, 2018) (“Generally,
1 ‘[u]ndifferentiated pleading against multiple defendants is improper’ because it fails
2 to give each defendant notice of the specific allegations and claims that pertain to
3 it.”) (citation omitted); E.D.C. Tech., Inc. v. Seidel, 2016 WL 4549132, at *9 (N.D.
4 Cal. Sept. 1, 2016) (“Courts consistently conclude that undifferentiated pleading
5 against multiple defendants is improper”) (citations, internal brackets and quotations
6 omitted). Accordingly, the SAC is dismissed with leave to amend.
7
C. Plaintiff’s Challenges to the Conditions of Confinement Are Insufficient.
8
The Fourteenth Amendment applies to the conditions of confinement for civil
9
detainees, such as SVP detainees, and requires the government to “do more than
10
provide the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities” for such detainees.
11
Jones, 393 F.3d at 931 (internal quotation omitted). “[D]ue process requires that the
12
nature and duration of commitment bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for
13
which the individual is committed.” Id. (quoting Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715,
14
15 738 (1972)). This requirement means that a civil detainee cannot be subjected to
16 conditions that amount to punishment. King v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 885 F.3d 548,
17 556-57 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing Jones, 393 F.3d at 932). “[W]hen a SVP detainee is
18 confined in conditions identical to, similar to, or more restrictive than those in which
19 his criminal counterparts are held, we presume that the detainee is being subjected to
20 ‘punishment.’” Id. (citing Sharp v. Weston, 233 F.3d 1166, 1172-73 (9th Cir.
21 2000)). Additionally, “when an individual awaiting SVPA adjudication is detained
22 under conditions more restrictive than those the individual would face following
23 SVPA commitment, we presume the treatment is punitive.” Id. at 933.
24 Here, the SAC itself does not clearly assert a Fourteenth Amendment claim
25 challenging Plaintiff’s conditions of confinement, but the factual allegations in the
26 body of the SAC appear to be substantively identical to Plaintiff’s Fourteenth
27 Amendment claim contained in the original Complaint and the FAC. Thus, Plaintiff
28 appears to be attempting to amend his previous pleadings to remove the Fourteenth
1 Amendment claim contained in those previous pleadings. The Court advises
2 Plaintiff that whether his intention is to proceed with or without a Fourteenth
3 Amendment claim, Plaintiff must state clearly and concisely the grounds upon
4 which his Third Amended Complaint rests, if any.
5 In any event, to the extent Plaintiff contends in the SAC that his Fourteenth
6 Amendment due process rights were violated based on being placed in a non-SVP
7 designated cell during his time at RPDC, once again, any such claim is insufficient.
8 As set forth above, Plaintiff alleges that he was subjected to conditions of
9 confinement that were more restrictive than other SVP detainees and criminal
10 inmates. Plaintiff allegedly was denied canteen items, showers, hot water, clean
11 clothes, tv access, dayroom access, outdoor recreation, religious and educational
12 services, newspaper access, and telephone access. Plaintiff, once again, does not
13 allege any specific facts with respect to these alleged conditions, however.
14 Plaintiff’s entitlement to relief requires more than the “labels and conclusions” set
15 forth above. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. Plaintiff fails to name a single defendant
16 or allege with any degree of specificity the actionable conduct of each defendant as
17 it relates to any of these deprivations.
18 Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff is asserting a Fourteenth Amendment due
19 process claim based on the conditions of his confinement, this claim is insufficient
20 and the SAC is dismissed with leave to amend.
21
22 IV.
23 ORDER
24
25 The Second Amended Complaint is dismissed with leave to amend. On or
26 before December 22, 2023, Plaintiff shall file a Third Amended Complaint
27 (“TAC”) that attempts to remedy the identified defects. If Plaintiff chooses to file a
28 TAC, it should bear the docket number assigned to this case (5:23-cv-00670-JFW-
1 || AJR), be labeled “Third Amended Complaint,” and be complete and of itself
2 || without reference in any manner to the previous two complaints or any other
3 || documents (except any documents that Plaintiff chooses to attach to the TAC as
4 || exhibits).
5 Plaintiff is explicitly cautioned that failure to timely file a TAC, or failure to
6 || correct the deficiencies described above, may result in a recommendation that this
7 || action be dismissed with prejudice for failure to prosecute and/or obey Court orders
8 || pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b).
9 Plaintiff is further advised that if he no longer wishes to pursue this action or
10 || any particular defendant, he may voluntarily dismiss the action or certain defendants
11 || by filing a Notice of Dismissal in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12 || 41(a)d1). A form Notice of Dismissal is attached for Plaintiff's convenience. If
13 || Plaintiff utilizes the Notice of Dismissal, he is instructed to clearly state whether he
14 || 1s dismissing the entire action or only certain claims or certain defendants.
15 Plaintiff's request for the appointment of counsel (“Request”) is once again
16 || denied without prejudice. The Request, identical to the requests made in the
17 || original Complaint and FAC, reflects that Plaintiff has demonstrated sufficient
18 || ability to proceed pro se. The present action is not complex. See Wilborn v.
19 || Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986); Zamora v. Smith, 2008 WL
20 || 467690 (9th Cir. Feb. 20, 2008).
21
22 || ITIS SO ORDERED.
23
24 || Dated: November 22, 2023
25 \oek RA. ~
6 HQN. A. JOEL RICHLIN
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
27 || Attachment:
28 CV-09, Notice of Dismissal Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure □□ □□□ or (c).
10