“Citizenship or domicile—or, 15 by analogy, incorporation or principal place of business for corporations—also indicates general 16 submission to a State’s powers.”
How later courts described this case
- “Citizenship or domicile—or, 15 by analogy, incorporation or principal place of business for corporations—also indicates general 16 submission to a State’s powers.”
- stating that 11 leave to amend is to be “granted with extreme liberality.”
- holding that the plaintiff “bears the burden of establishing 10 the district court’s personal jurisdiction over the Defendants”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
Case No.: 2:22-cv-07607-MEMF (PDx)
11 MICHAEL SHEETS,
12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF MICHAEL
SHEETS’S MOTION FOR DEFAULT
13 v. JUDGMENT [ECF NO. 22]
14
ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE
15
NORTHROP GRUMMAN SPACE &
16 MISSION SYSTEMS CORP. SALARIED
PENSION PLAN, et al.,
17
Defendants.
18
19
20 Before the Court is the Motion for Default Judgment filed by Plaintiff Michael Sheets. ECF
21 No. 22. For the reasons stated herein, the Court DENIES the Motion for Default Judgment.
22 I. Factual Background1
23 Plaintiff Michael Sheets (“Sheets”) is resident of Castle Rock, Colorado. Declaration of
24 Michael Sheets, ECF No. 22-7 (“Sheets Decl.”) ¶ 1. Defendant Northrop Grumman Corporation
25
(“Northrop Grumman”) is a corporation headquartered in Falls Church, Virginia. Compl. at 3.2 The
26
27 1 Unless otherwise indicated, the following facts are derived from the Complaint. ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”).
2 The paragraph numbers in the Complaint appear to reset after paragraph number 37. See Compl. at 10. To
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1 Administrative Committee of the Northrop Grumman Space & Mission Systems Corporation
2 Salaried Pension Plan (the “Committee”) is the pension benefits dispensing arm of Northrop
3 Grumman (collectively, the “Northrop Grumman Defendants”). Id. at 3.
4 Sheets is a former employee of TRW, Inc. (“TRW”), where he was employed from 1974 to
5 1979. Id. at 1; Sheets Decl. ¶¶ 2–3. As a result of his employment at TRW, Sheets acquired a vested
6 pension benefit with the corporation. Id. Sheets later transitioned to the Boeing Company
7 (“Boeing”), where he remained for twenty-eight years. Compl. at 1. TRW was acquired by Northrop
8 Grumman some time after Sheets left TRW. Id. Through the course of the acquisition, Northrop
9 Grumman assumed all liabilities for TRW’s pension benefits. Id.
10 After working for several years, Sheets began to look towards retirement. Id. He contacted a
11 representative from the Committee, who informed him that his pension benefit would be determined
12 by the “average annual salary of his five highest grossing years.” Id. He was further informed that if
13 he were found to have worked for Northrop Grumman, any salary that he earned during the course of
14 his tenure would be “bridged”; meaning that his salary at Northrop Grumman would contribute to
15 the average and ultimately result in a higher monthly payout. Id. at 1, 4.
16 As a result of these representations, in 2007, Sheets elected to leave Boeing for Northrop
17 Grumman at its office located in Redondo Beach, California. Id. at 5. Sheets’s key motivation for the
18 transition was to receive a higher pension benefit. Id. at 1, 5. The promise of the “bridging” of
19 benefits is the sole reason why Sheets elected to leave Boeing. Id. at 6. During the course of the
20 Northrop Grumman hiring process, company representatives provided the same guidance: that
21 Sheets’s pension benefit would increase as a result of his subsequent time with Northrop Grumman.
22 Id. When Sheets began working at Northrop Grumman in 2008, he received written confirmation of
23 the same. Id. at 5.
24 At the start of his tenure at Northrop Grumman, Sheets, relying on advice provided by the
25 Committee and Northrop Grumman itself, accepted a lumpsum buyout of the pension benefits he
26 had accrued from Boeing. Id. Sheets transferred this payment into an individual retirement account
27 (“IRA”). Id.
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1 However, soon after arriving at Northrop Grumman, Sheets cross-checked the employee
2 benefits information on the Northrop Grumman benefits website (“Benefits Website”). Id. The
3 website did not reflect the bridging scheme. Id. at 5–6. Sheets contacted the Northrop Grumman
4 Human Resources Department to inquire about the discrepancy. Id. at 5. He was informed that his
5 benefits would indeed bridge due to his previous tenure with TRW. Id. at 6. Sheets continued to
6 monitor the Benefits Website over the next five years. Id. at 7. The Benefits Website reflected that
7 his monthly pension benefits regularly increased over time. Id.
8 Sheets provided this information to his financial advisor, who—using the information
9 provided by Northrop Grumman, Plan representatives, and the Benefits Website—determined that
10 Sheets would be able to retire in 2013. Id. at 7.
11 As a result, Sheets retired from Northrop Grumman in late 2013. Id. In 2014, pursuant to the
12 Plan, Sheets began receiving pension benefits in the amount of $1,054.29 per month. Id. This
13 amount included the pension increase as a result of Sheets’s subsequent employment at Northrop
14 Grumman. Id.
15 However, in September 2021, after consistently receiving benefits for eight years, Sheets
16 received a letter from Northrop Grumman stating that an internal audit determined that Sheets’s
17 previous benefit allowance had been in error. Id. at 7. Rather than be entitled to $1,054.29 monthly,
18 Sheets should have only received $484.13. Id. As a result, the letter stated that Sheets must pay
19 $52,299.28 in overpayment. Id. at 7. The letter further stated that Sheets was not entitled to a
20 bridging of his benefits. Id.
21 Sheets prepared a memorandum (“Memo”) to the Northrop Grumman Human Resources
22 Director which “explained that [Sheets] would not have started working for [Northrop Grumman]
23 but for the Committee’s and [Northrop Grumman’s] representations that his time would “bridge”
24 and that his original TRW pension would grow significantly.” Id. The Memo also explained that
25 Sheets’s own calculations reflected that Sheets had been underpaid by $281.16 a month. Id. The
26 Committee treated the Memo as a claim letter and reversed course. Id. at 8. In a March 21, 2022
27 letter (“March 21 Letter”), the Committee communicated that Sheets was no longer responsible for
28 the alleged overpayment, but insisted that the Plan did not entitle Sheets to bridging under its terms.
1 Id. at 8. The letter did not address Sheets’s argument that he had been underpaid. Id. The March 21
2 Letter stated, in relevant part
3
Periodically we audit payments to ensure the proper amounts are being paid.
4 When your account was reviewed, it was determined that the payments issued to
you from May 1, 2014, through October 1, 2021, were overstated. The NGBC sent
5 you a notice to this effect on September 15, 2021 (Exhibit A). The notice stated
effective November 1, 2021, you would no longer receive the $1,063.79 monthly
6 annuity. Instead, you would receive your monthly annuity of $484.13 under the
100% Joint and Survivor form of payment. In addition, the notice stated the
7
recalculation of your benefit resulted in an overpayment of $52,299.28, which must
8 be returned to the Plan.
Your monthly NG Space & Mission System Heritage (Part A) Benefit of
9 $58.29 was frozen when you terminated on June 1, 1979. When you rehired on
February 4, 2008, you began accruing benefits under the Cash Balance (Part D)
10 Benefit. Due to an administrative error, your Part A Benefit erroneously included
earnings earned after you rehired in 2008, which was also being counted under the
11
Cash Balance (Part D) Benefit. See Exhibit B for corrected calculation detail.
12 Since you were not eligible to accrue Part A Benefits following your rehire
in February 2008, your benefit under this source was overstated by $574.91 per
13 month since May 1, 2014. Your total monthly benefit as of your original benefit
commencement date should have been $479.38 and not $1,054.2 9 prior to Cost-of
14 living Adjustments (COLA). The table below shows the amounts owed vs. the
amounts paid for both the Part A and Part D benefits.
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Id. at 8–9.
16
The March 21 Letter also stated that Northrop Grumman had incorrectly applied the Cost of
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Living Adjustment (“COLA”) and, as a result, Sheets should not have become eligible for the
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adjustment until January 1, 2017. Id. at 9.
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Sheets updated the Memo upon receipt of the March 21 Letter and—along with a
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comprehensive letter and a “variety of documents, includi ng a copy of the emails to and from
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[Northrop Grumman’s Human Resources Department representatives] that confirmed the bridging of
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Sheets’s pension benefits” —submitted an appeal of the March 21 Letter (the “Appeal”). Id. at 9. As
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part of the Appeal, Sheets made it explicit that he would not have left his position at Boeing for
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Northrop Grumman but for the representations that his pension benefits would bridge. Id. at 9–10.
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Sheets further noted that at no point prior to joining Northrop Grumman had he been provided with
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the opportunity to review the Plan documents that indicated that he may not be eligible for the
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bridging benefits. Id. at 10.
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1 The Committee denied the Appeal via a letter dated July 21, 2022 (the “Denial”), insisting
2 that the Plan’s plain language indicated that the original assessment was correct. Id. at 10. The
3 Denial also indicated that Sheets had completed the administrative process and was now entitled to
4 sue under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. (“ERISA”) Id. at
5 11.
6 The instant ERISA action is the result of these events.
7 II. Procedural History
8 Sheets filed the Complaint on October 18, 2022 alleging six causes of action: (1) recovery of
9 benefits, attorneys’ fees and pre-judgment and post-judgment interest; (2) breach of fiduciary duty,
10 equitable relief (including waiver, estoppel and surcharge), declaratory relief, and attorneys’ fees and
11 prejudgment interest under an ERISA Plan, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3)(B), (g)(1); (3) statutory fees for
12 failure to provide a copy of the administrative file; (4) negligent misrepresentation; (5) fraudulent
13 misrepresentations; and (6) unjust enrichment. See generally Compl. Sheets appropriately filed
14 proofs of service on both defendants. See ECF Nos. 15, 16. After each defendant failed to respond,
15 Sheets filed Requests for the Clerk to enter default judgment on each defendant. See ECF Nos. 17,
16 19. Each request was granted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a). ECF Nos. 18, 20.
17 On February 7, 2023, Sheets filed the instant Application for Default Judgment against all
18 defendants. ECF No. 22 (“Application” or “App.”). On March 31, 2023, the Court deemed this
19 matter appropriate for resolution without oral argument and vacated the hearing. ECF No. 26; see
20 also C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15.
21 III. Applicable Law
22 A. Default Judgment
23 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b) authorizes a district court to grant default judgment
24 after the Clerk of the Court enters default under Rule 55(a). FED. R. CIV. P. 55(b). Local Rule 55-1
25 requires the party seeking default judgment to file a declaration establishing: (1) when and against
26 what party the default was entered; (2) the pleading on which default was entered; (3) whether the
27 defaulting party is an infant or incompetent person, and if so, whether that person is represented by a
28 general guardian, committee, conservator, or other like fiduciary who has appeared; (4) that the
1 Servicemembers Civil Relief Act does not apply; and (5) that the defaulting party was properly
2 served with notice. C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-1.
3 Once default has been entered, the well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint, except
4 those concerning damages, are deemed admitted by the non-responding party. See FED. R. CIV. P.
5 8(b)(6); TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987). However, default
6 judgment is not automatic upon the Clerk’s entry of default; rather, it is left to the sound discretion
7 of the court. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092–93 (9th Cir. 1980). When deciding whether to
8 enter default judgment, courts consider seven factors, commonly known as the Eitel factors:
9 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff; (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive
claim; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; (4) the sum of money at stake in the action;
10 (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was
due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of
11 Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits.
12
Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986).
13
“Well-pleaded allegations” require “sufficient factual matter . . . to ‘state a claim for relief
14
that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.
15
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). It requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has
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acted unlawfully” but does not require “detailed factual allegations.” Id. Instead, the plaintiff need
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only show more than “threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action.” Id. “Determining
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whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief is ‘a context-specific task that requires the
19
reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.’” Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 838
20
F.3d 958, 963 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 6 79).
21
B. Evaluation of subject matter jurisdiction
22
Courts sitting within the Ninth Circuit have an obligation on a Motion for Default Judgment
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to confirm that the court has subject matter jurisdiction over the instant case. In re Tuli, 172 F.3d
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707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999). There are two ways in which a case may be heard in federal court: 1)
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federal question jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1331, or 2) diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
26
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1 C. Evaluation of personal jurisdiction
2 “When entry of judgment is sought against a party who has failed to plead or otherwise
3 defend, a district court has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject
4 matter and the parties.” Tuli, 172 F.3d at 712 (emphasis added). This prevents the district court from
5 “entering a default judgment that can later be successfully attacked as void.” Id. And although the
6 district court has an obligation to determine whether jurisdiction is proper, see Schwarzenegger v.
7 Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 801 (9th Cir. 2004), it is the plaintiff’s obligation to establish
8 that the Court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant. See Mattel, Inc. v. Greiner & Hausser
9 GmbH, 354 F.3d 857, 862 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that the plaintiff “bears the burden of establishing
10 the district court’s personal jurisdiction over the Defendants”); FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(1) (“A pleading
11 that states a claim for relief must contain [. . .] a short and plain statement of the grounds for the
12 court’s jurisdiction . . . .”).
13 “For a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, that defendant
14 must have at least ‘minimum contacts’ with the relevant forum such that the exercise of jurisdiction
15 ‘does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d
16 at 801 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (internal quotation marks
17 omitted)). Under the minimum contacts test, jurisdiction can be either general or specific. Id.
18 IV. Discussion
19 A. The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this action.
20 The Court first considers whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over this action. Upon
21 evaluation of the claims, it is clear that federal question jurisdiction applies. This action is brought
22 pursuant to sections 502(e)–(f) of ERISA. The additional state law claims are subject to
23 supplemental jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1367, as they are derived from Sheets’s ERISA claim.
24 The Court thus has subject matter jurisdiction over this action.
25 B. Sheets has failed to establish that this Court has personal jurisdiction over the
Northrop Grumman Defendants.
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The Court next considers whether it has personal jurisdiction over the Northrop Grumman
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Defendants. Corporations are subject to general jurisdiction “only where continuous corporate
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1 operations within a state [are] thought so substantial and of such a nature as to justify suit against
2 [the defendant] on causes of action arising from dealings entirely distinct from those activities.”
3 Tuazon v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 433 F.3d 1163, 1169 (9th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks
4 omitted) (emphasis added) (citing Int’l Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at 318). Thus, “[t]he standard for general
5 jurisdiction is high; contacts with a state must ‘approximate physical presence,’” such that the
6 “defendant must not only step through the door, it must also [sit] down and [make] itself at home.”
7 Id. (citing Glencore Grain Rotterdam B.V. v. Shivnath Rai Harnarain Co., 284 F.3d 1114, 1125 (9th
8 Cir. 2002)); see also Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1224 (“To determine whether a nonresident
9 defendant’s contacts are sufficiently substantial, continuous, and systematic, we consider their
10 ‘[l]ongevity, continuity, volume, economic impact, physical presence, and integration into the state’s
11 regulatory or economic markets.’” (citing Tuazon, 433 F.3d at 1172)). A defendant corporation is
12 subject to general jurisdiction in the forum state if it is adjudged to be domiciled in that forum. See J.
13 McIntyre Mach., Ltd. V. Nicastro, 564 U.S. 873, 880 (2011). A corporation is deemed domiciled
14 where it is incorporated or has its principal place of business. See id. (“Citizenship or domicile—or,
15 by analogy, incorporation or principal place of business for corporations—also indicates general
16 submission to a State’s powers.”).
17 Here, the Complaint merely states that Northrop Grumman is headquartered in Falls Church,
18 Virginia. Compl. ¶ 7. It contains no allegations regarding the domicile of the Committee. See
19 generally Compl. There are no allegations indicating that either defendant may be domiciled in
20 California or otherwise has substantial, continuous, and systematic contacts with California.
21 Accordingly, the Court does not find that it has general jurisdiction over the Northrop Grumman
22 Defendants.
23 However, even if a defendant has not had continuous and systematic contacts with the state
24 sufficient to confer general jurisdiction, a court may exercise specific jurisdiction over the defendant.
25 Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2015). Specific jurisdiction exists where the claim for
26 relief arises directly from a defendant’s contacts with the forum state. AT&T Co. v. Compagnie
27 Bruxelles Lambert, 94 F.3d 586, 588 (9th Cir. 1996). For a court to exercise specific jurisdiction
28 over a defendant:
1 (1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or
2 consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform some
act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privileges of conducting
3 activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws; (2)
the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related
4 activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and
substantial justice, i.e. it must be reasonable.
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Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211.
6
Here, the allegations in the Complaint do not establish that the Court has personal
7
jurisdiction over the Northrop Grumman Defendants. First, the Complaint does not include a “short
8
and plain statement” outlining the grounds for the court’s jurisdiction. FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(1).
9
Instead, the Complaint contains a brief mention of this Court’s grounds for subject matter
10
jurisdiction, see Compl. ¶ 4, but does not contain a statement directly addressing whether the
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Northrop Grumman Defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction in this forum. The closest Sheets
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comes to such a statement is in paragraphs 5 through 7, where he states the following:
13
14 5. Venue lies in the Central District of California, because the actions giving
rise in this Complaint occurred in this district and [Northrop Grumman] performs
15 extensive business in the area.
6. Plaintiff is an individual who is currently a citizen of the State of
16 Colorado and a resident of Douglas County, Colorado. During many of the events
at issue in this Complaint, he was a resident of Los Angeles County, California.
17
[ . . . ]
18 7. [Northrop Grumman], at all times relevant, was a company with its
headquarters in Falls Church, Virginia.
19
Id. ¶¶ 5–7 (emphasis added).
20
Sprinkled throughout the Complaint are a handful of other allegations, connecting the events
21
of the case to Redondo Beach, California. See id. ¶¶ 19–20, 31 (discussing Sheets’s employment at
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the Redondo Beach office and his discussions with the Northrop Grumman human resources
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employees at the Redondo Beach office). The only other allegations indicating that Northrop
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Grumman may be linked to California are found in the Sheets Decl. ¶¶ 10, 17, which support the
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same facts as those raised in the Complaint. The Motion solely addresses subject matter jurisdiction
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and does not provide any additional clarity as to either defendant. Mot. at 9.
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1 Regardless, as the Complaint lacks the “short and plain statement” required by Rule 8(a)(1),
2 the Court finds that Sheets has not met his burden. See Mattel, Inc., 354 F.3d at 862. As a result, the
3 Court is unable to determine whether the Northrop Grumman Defendants are subject to personal
4 jurisdiction in this forum. As the Court may not grant a Motion for Default Judgment where it has
5 not been established that the defendants are subject to personal jurisdiction in this forum, the Court
6 hereby DENIES the instant Motion.
7 V. Conclusion
8 For the reasons stated above, the Motion for Default Judgment is DENIED without prejudice.
9 It appears that it may be possible for Sheets to amend the Complaint and address the defects
10 identified above. Brown v. Stored Value Cards, Inc., 953 F.3d 567, 574 (9th Cir. 2020) (stating that
11 leave to amend is to be “granted with extreme liberality.”). As such, Sheets is granted leave to
12 amend the Complaint in compliance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and submit a renewed
13 Motion for Default Judgment.
14
15 IT IS SO ORDERED.
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17 Dated: March 31, 2023 ___________________________________
18 MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG
19 United States District Judge
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