“[T]he binding authority principle applies only to appellate decisions, and not to trial court 28 decisions . . . .”
How later courts described this case
- “[T]he binding authority principle applies only to appellate decisions, and not to trial court 28 decisions . . . .”
- finding that defendant had “committed an 25 intentional act” by “allegedly infringing” on plaintiff’s copyright-protected materials.
- awarding the maximum amount of $150,000 per work where only two infringed works were at issue
- applying the “purposeful direction” analysis to a copyright infringement claim
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case 2:20-cv-03129-MEMF-GJS Document 236 Filed 11/18/22 Page 1 of 25 Page ID
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LINK 226 & 227
1
2 JS-6, O
3
4
5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
6 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
7
Case No.: 2:20-cv-03129-MEMF (GJSx)
8 COLUMBIA PICTURES INDUSTRIES, INC.,
et al.,
9 ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’
Plaintiffs, MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT
10 AGAINST DEFENDANTS RICHARD
v. HORSTEN, ANNA GALINDO, MARTHA
11 GALINDO, OSVALDO GALINDO, RAUL
ORELLANA, AND FIRESTREAM LLC [ECF
12
ALEJANDRO GALINDO, et al., NO. 227] AND GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’
13 REQUESTS FOR RELIEF PURSUANT TO
Defendants. PLAINTIFFS’ SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF IN
14 SUPPORT OF MOTION FOR
TERMINATING SANCTIONS AND ENTRY
15 OF JUDGMENT AGAINST DEFENDANT
ALEJANDRO GALINDO [ECF NO. 226]
16
17
18
19
20 Before the Court is the Motion for Default Judgment filed by Plaintiffs Columbia Pictures,
21 Industries, Inc.; Amazon Content Services, LLC; Disney Enterprises, Inc.; Paramount Pictures
22 Corporation; Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.; Universal City Studios Productions LLLP; Universal
23 Television LLC; and Universal Content Productions LLC. ECF No. 227. Also before the Court is
24 Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Brief in Support of their Motion for Terminating Sanctions and Entry of
25 Judgment against Defendant Alejandro Galindo. ECF No. 226. For the reasons stated herein, the
26 Court hereby GRANTS the Motion for Default Judgment and GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Request for
27 judgment against Alejandro Galindo.
28
1
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1 I. Factual Background1
2 This case involves large-scale copyright infringement through an unlicensed internet
3 streaming2 service. Plaintiffs Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. (“Columbia”); Amazon Content
4 Services, LLC (“Amazon”); Disney Enterprises, Inc. (“Disney”); Paramount Pictures Corporation
5 (“Paramount”); Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. (“Warner Bros.”); Universal City Studios
6 Productions LLLP (“Universal City”); and Universal Content Productions LLC (“Universal
7 Content”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), either directly or through affiliates, “produce and distribute a
8 significant portion of the world’s most popular television programs and motion pictures.” SAC ¶ 31.
9 Plaintiffs own or hold “the exclusive U.S. rights . . . to reproduce, distribute, and publicly perform
10 countless works, including by means of streaming those works over the Internet to the public.” Id. ¶
11 32.
12 Defendants Richard Horsten (a/k/a “Rik de Groot”) (“Horsten”), Alejandro (“Alex”)
13 Galindo, Anna Galindo, Martha Galindo, Osvaldo Galindo, Raul Orellana (a/k/a “Touchstone”)
14 (“Orellana”), and Firestream LLC (“Firestream”) (collectively, the “Nitro Defendants”) owned and
15 operated Nitro TV, an unlicensed Internet Protocol television service (“IPTV”). Id. ¶¶ 1, 34.
16 A. Nitro TV Platforms
17 Nitro TV is a collection of web-based and application-based streaming platforms for use on
18 mobile phones and smart TVs (collectively, the “Nitro TV Platforms”). Id. ¶ 2. For $20 per month,
19 the Nitro Defendants offered Nitro TV subscription packages consisting of thousands of live and
20 title-curated television channels available twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, in the United
21 States and abroad. Id. ¶¶ 1–3, 42. Beginning in or around May 2017, Nitro Defendants marketed,
22 promoted, and sold Nitro TV subscriptions through NitroIPTV.com. Id. ¶ 41. Alex Galindo
23 registered the domain name NitroIPTV.com with Domain.com LLC in December 2016. Id. In April
24 2017, Horsten, under the alias Rik de Groot, registered the domain names for TekkHosting.com,
25
26
1 Unless otherwise stated, the following factual background is derived from the Second Amended Complaint.
27 ECF No. 113 (“SAC”).
2 A “stream” is “digital data (such as audio or video material) that is continuously delivered one packet at a
28 time and is usually intended for immediate processing or playback.” Stream, Webster’s Dictionary,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stream (last visited Nov. 8, 2022).
2
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1 Lalaluhosting.com, and Nitro.ltd with Namecheap, Inc. Id. All three sites are connected to the Nitro
2 TV Platforms.
3 Subscribers can obtain access to Nitro TV in two ways: (1) by purchasing a subscription
4 through the Nitro TV website or another website maintained by the Nitro Defendants or (2)
5 purchasing a subscription through a Nitro TV reseller. Id. ¶ 41. Many of the channels include
6 popular television programs and movies such as The Office, Spider-Man: Homecoming, Toy Story 3,
7 Star Trek Beyond, and Joker, and include works whose copyrights Plaintiffs own or exclusively
8 control (“Copyrighted Works” or the “Works”). Id. ¶ 1. The channels also include live, California-
9 based television networks such as Los Angeles ABC, CBS, CW, NBC, and FOX affiliates. Id. ¶ 50.
10 Nitro TV also includes a “Catch Up” feature3 which allows a subscriber to access “television
11 programming from the prior two days,” id. ¶ 51, and “24/7, title-curated channels,” which “are
12 devoted to a single television series, motion picture, or franchise.” Id. ¶ 52.
13 During the many years the Nitro Defendants operated Nitro TV, they infringed upon, at a
14 minimum, 1,897 Copyrighted Works. See SAC, Ex. A. The Nitro Defendants’ infringement was
15 willful—they actively selected the programming they sold and streamed illegally on Nitro TV,
16 notified Nitro TV subscribers when channels containing the Copyrighted Works became available,
17 solicited feedback from subscribers regarding preferred television programs, and added television
18 shows in response to such feedback. Id. ¶ 3. The Nitro Defendants also took steps to actively
19 advertise Nitro TV, such as on YouTube channels and through Facebook. See id. ¶¶ 28, 35–37.
20 However, at no point did the Nitro Defendants seek to register a Digital Millennium Copyright Act
21 (“DMCA”) agent for any Nitro TV website they operated. Id. ¶ 4. Instead, the Nitro Defendants took
22 steps to operate anonymously and “hide their tracks,” such as concealing registrant information on
23
24
25
26
27 3 The SAC describes the “Catch Up” features as follows: “For example, a Nitro TV subscriber using this
feature on a Monday would be shown a guide of what aired on Sunday and Saturday, and may select and
28 watch a program that was telecast at a specific time on a specific channel . . . during the prior two days.” Id. ¶
51.
3
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1 the primary Nitro TV website from public access and advising subscribers to use a Virtual Private
2 Network (“VPN”).4 Id. ¶¶ 4, 39, 41.
3 B. Nitro TV Reseller Network
4 In addition to selling subscription packages directly to users, the Nitro Defendants also
5 developed a robust “reseller network” by which resellers market and sell the Nitro TV Platforms to
6 subscribers all over the world. Id. ¶¶ 5, 54. Nitro TV resellers purchase reseller credits hosted on
7 nitroiptv.com or other websites hosted by the Nitro Defendants. Id. ¶ 41. Profits and payments
8 generated from the reseller network are managed by Anna Galindo, Martha Galindo, and Osvaldo
9 Galindo who “hold and operate critical payment processor and bank accounts through which
10 millions of dollars’ worth of Nitro TV reseller credits and subscriptions have been sold.” Id. ¶¶ 6, 40.
11 Anna Galindo, Martha Galindo, and Osvaldo Galindo also used these accounts to pay Horsten,
12 Orellana, and Firestream for their work in connection with the “promotion, sales, and operation of
13 Nitro TV.” Id. ¶ 40
14 II. Procedural Background
15 On April 3, 2020, Plaintiffs filed their initial complaint against Alex Galindo and Does 1–20
16 for direct and secondary copyright infringement associated with Nitro TV. ECF No. 1. Soon after,
17 Plaintiffs sought—and were awarded— a preliminary injunction to enjoin Alex Galindo’s copyright
18 infringement, including his ongoing operation of Nitro TV. ECF Nos. 12 (“Motion for Preliminary
19 Injunction”); 34 (“Order Granting Preliminary Injunction”).
20 On May 4, 2020, Plaintiffs filed an application for entry of default against Alex Galindo.
21 ECF No. 31. The Clerk of Court entered default on May 5, 2020. ECF No. 32. However, on May 19,
22
23
24
25 4 A VPN is a “a private computer network that functions over a public network.” VPN, Merriam-Webster,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/VPN (last accessed Nov. 10, 2022); see also United States v.
26 Fisher, No. 217CR00073APGGWF, 2019 WL 3310508, at *3 (D. Nev. Mar. 28, 2019), report and
recommendation adopted as modified, No. 217CR00073APGGWF, 2019 WL 2419456 (D. Nev. June 10,
27 2019) (“A person using a VPN to communicate on the internet can obscure his or her true IP address and
identity because the communication appears to originate from the VPN’s IP address, rather than the user’s
28 actual IP address.”).
4
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1 2020, pursuant the parties’ stipulation, ECF No. 36, the Court set aside the entry of default. ECF No.
2 37. Discovery commenced soon after. See Civil Trial Order, ECF No. 43.
3 However, Alex Galindo refused to cooperate in discovery and did not produce any
4 documents. See ECF Nos. 53, 57. On August 19, 2020, Plaintiffs, suspecting that Alex Galindo had
5 engaged in spoliation of evidence, filed a discovery motion requesting an order requiring, among
6 other things, the preservation and production of relevant evidence and responses to interrogatories.
7 ECF No. 57. Magistrate Judge Gail Standish granted the motion and ordered Alex Galindo to
8 propound the requested discovery. See Report & Recommendation on Plaintiffs’ Motion for
9 Sanctions Against Alejandro Galindo, ECF No. 209 (“R&R”) at 9–10, report and recommendation
10 adopted ECF No. 222. Again, Alex Galindo failed to produce the ordered discovery. 5 R&R at 11–
11 12. As a result, Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Terminating Sanctions against Alex Galindo. ECF No.
12 112. Judge Standish issued a Report and Recommendation granting the Motion for Terminating
13 Sanctions and granting Entry of Judgment on June 30, 2022. See R&R. On August 15, 2022, this
14 Court adopted the R&R and ordered Plaintiffs to submit supplemental briefing on the issue of
15 statutory damages and the amount of damages sought by Plaintiffs.6 ECF No. 222. Plaintiffs filed the
16 requested brief on October 3, 2022. ECF No. 226 (“Supplemental Brief”).
17 On August 27, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint adding Horsten as a
18 defendant. ECF No. 63. On March 23, 2021, Plaintiffs filed the operative SAC adding Defendants
19 Anna Galindo, Osvaldo Galindo, Raul Orellana, Firestream, and Martha Galindo.7 ECF No. 112.
20 Plaintiffs allege three causes of action pursuant to the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 101, et seq.: (1)
21 direct copyright infringement against Defendants Alex Galindo, Anna Galindo, Martha Galindo,
22 Osvaldo Galindo, and Horsten; (2) secondary copyright infringement against all Nitro Defendants;
23 and (3) intentional inducement of infringement against all Nitro Defendants. See SAC ¶¶ 64–91.
24 Alex Galindo filed an answer on April 13, 2021. ECF No. 126. Despite properly effecting service on
25
26
5 A detailed summary of Alex Galindo’s discovery violations may be found in the R&R.
27
6 The Court addresses Plaintiffs’ statutory damage supplemental briefing in a separate order.
7 Because Alex, Anna, Martha, and Osvaldo share the same last name, the Court refers to all four defendants
28
by their first and last names.
5
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1 each remaining defendant, see ECF Nos. 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 190, the remaining defendants
2 (collectively, the “Defaulted Defendants”) failed to appear in this action.8 Plaintiffs filed Requests
3 for the Clerk to enter default judgment on each remaining defendant. ECF Nos. 140, 141, 142, 143,
4 148, 191. Each request was granted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(a). ECF Nos.
5 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 192. Plaintiffs filed the instant Motion for Default Judgment on October 3,
6 2022. ECF No. 227 (“Motion” or “Mot.”). Plaintiffs served the Motion and notice of the Motion
7 hearing on all Nitro Defendants and filed proof of service with the Court. See ECF Nos. 229, 235.
8 The Court heard oral argument on November 17, 2022. None of the Nitro Defendants appeared at
9 the hearing.
10
MOTION FOR DEFAULT JUDGMENT
11
By their Motion for Default Judgment, Plaintiffs seek default judgment against the Defaulted
12
Defendants and statutory damages in the same amount as sought against Alex Galindo.
13
III. Applicable Law
14
A. Motion for Default Judgment
15
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b) authorizes a district court to grant default judgment
16
after the Clerk of the Court enters default under Rule 55(a). FED. R. CIV. P. 55(b). Local Rule 55-1
17
requires the party seeking default judgment to file a declaration establishing: (1) when and against
18
what party the default was entered; (2) the pleading on which default was entered; (3) whether the
19
defaulting party is an infant or incompetent person, and if so, whether that person is represented by a
20
general guardian, committee, conservator, or other like fiduciary who has appeared; (4) that the
21
Servicemembers Civil Relief Act does not apply; and (5) that the defaulting party was properly
22
served with notice. C.D. Cal. L.R. 55-1.
23
Once default has been entered, the well-pled factual allegations in the complaint, except
24
those concerning damages, are deemed admitted by the non-responding party. See FED. R. CIV. P.
25
26
27
8 It should be noted that Anna Galindo, prior to being named as a defendant in this case, filed a non-party
28 motion to quash a subpoena for Woodforest National Bank. ECF No. 85. Anna Galindo did not appear in this
action upon receipt of the SAC and related summons.
6
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1 8(b)(6); TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917–18 (9th Cir. 1987). However, default
2 judgment is not automatic upon the Clerk’s entry of default; rather, it is left to the sound discretion
3 of the court. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092–93 (9th Cir. 1980). When deciding whether to
4 enter default judgment, courts consider seven factors, commonly known as the Eitel factors:
5 (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff; (2) the merits of plaintiff’s substantive
claim; (3) the sufficiency of the complaint; (4) the sum of money at stake in the action;
6 (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was
due to excusable neglect; and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of
7 Civil Procedure favoring decisions on the merits.
8
Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471–72 (9th Cir. 1986).
9
“Well-pleaded allegations” require “sufficient factual matter . . . to ‘state a claim for relief
10
that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.
11
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). It requires “more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has
12
acted unlawfully” but does not require “detailed factual allegations.” Id. Instead, the plaintiff need
13
only show more than “threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action.” Id. “Determining
14
whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief is ‘a context-specific task that requires the
15
reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.’” Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 838
16
F.3d 958, 963 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).
17
B. Personal Jurisdiction
18
When granting a motion for default judgment pursuant to Federal Rule for Civil Procedure
19
55, the Ninth Circuit requires that the district court “determine whether it has the power, i.e., the
20
jurisdiction, to enter the judgment in the first place.” In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999).
21
The purpose of this requirement is to prevent the district court from “entering a default judgment that
22
can later be successfully attacked as void.” Id. As such, the district court must consider whether the
23
defendant is subject to personal jurisdiction in this forum. See Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor
24
Co., 374 F.3d 797, 801 (9th Cir. 2004). And though the district court has an obligation to determine
25
whether jurisdiction is proper, see id., it is the plaintiff’s obligation to establish that the Court has
26
personal jurisdiction over a defendant. See Mattel, Inc. v. Greiner & Hausser GmbH, 354 F.3d 857,
27
862 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that the plaintiff “bears the burden of establishing the district court’s
28
7
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1 personal jurisdiction over the Defendants”); FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(1) (“A pleading that states a claim
2 for relief must contain [. . .] a short and plain statement of the grounds for the court’s
3 jurisdiction . . . .”).
4 IV. Discussion
5 A. The Court has personal jurisdiction over the Nitro Defendants.
6 “For a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, that defendant
7 must have at least minimum contacts with the relevant forum such that the exercise of jurisdiction
8 does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at
9 801 (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (internal quotation marks
10 omitted)). Under the minimum contacts test, jurisdiction can be either general or specific. Id.
11 Courts view copyright infringement as a tort claim and thus apply the “purposeful direction”
12 minimum contacts test. See Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Technologies, Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1228
13 (9th Cir. 2011) (applying the “purposeful direction” analysis to a copyright infringement claim).
14 Purposeful direction is analyzed under the Calder “effects” test, which requires the defendant to
15 have “(1) committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) causing harm that
16 the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state.” Id. (citing Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S.
17 783, 789–90 (1984)). The test is composed of three elements: “the defendant allegedly must have (1)
18 committed an intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) causing harm that the
19 defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the forum state.” Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1228 (citing
20 Brayton Purcell LLP v. Recordon & Recordon, 606 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 2010), abrogation
21 recognized by Axiom Foods, Inc. v. Acerchem Int’l, Inc., 874 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir. 2017)).
22 The Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied each element of the Calder effects test. The first
23 factor—intentional act—is satisfied as copyright infringement is generally considered to be an
24 intentional act. See, e.g., Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d at 1229 (finding that defendant had “committed an
25 intentional act” by “allegedly infringing” on plaintiff’s copyright-protected materials.).
26 Next, the second factor—whether the Nitro Defendants’ conduct was “expressly aimed” at
27 California—is satisfied, as Plaintiffs have alleged that the Nitro Defendants marketed Nitro TV
28 subscriptions in California and hosted California-specific programming on the Platform.
8
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1 Specifically, the SAC alleges that the Nitro Defendants “have marketed and sold Nitro TV
2 subscriptions to end users in California as well as TekkHosting Nitro Reseller Credits (which are
3 exchanged for Nitro TV subscriber credentials) to resellers in California [and] do business with
4 California-based companies,” and that the alleged copyright infringement “caused harm to Plaintiffs
5 in California.” SAC ¶¶ 9–12. The SAC also alleges that the Nitro TV Platforms contain “a collection
6 of [California-specific] broadcast television networks” such as “Los Angeles ABC, CBS, CW, NBC
7 and FOX” affiliates. Id. ¶ 50; see also Mavrix Photo, 647 F.3d 1230 (finding that defendant
8 expressly aimed its business activity to the forum state because the defendant’s website contained
9 advertisements targeting California residents, indicating “that [defendant] kn[ew]—either actively or
10 constructively—about its California user base, and that it exploit[ed] that base for commercial
11 gain”).
12 The third and final element—foreseeability of harm—is also satisfied. The Ninth Circuit has
13 held that “a corporation can suffer [jurisdictionally sufficient] economic harm both where the bad
14 acts occurred and where the corporation has its principal place of business.” Dole Food Co., Inc. v.
15 Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1113 (9th Cir. 2002). Plaintiffs argue that “Defendants reasonably expected or
16 should have reasonably expected their acts to cause harm in California because Plaintiffs either
17 maintain headquarters or offices in California, and it is the location of a significant portion of
18 Plaintiffs’ production and distribution operations.” SAC ¶ 12; see also id. ¶¶ 14–21 (listing
19 Plaintiffs’ headquarters and principal places of business). As seven of the eight plaintiffs are
20 headquartered and have their principal place of business in California, the Court finds that it was
21 foreseeable that Plaintiffs would have suffered harm in the forum state. Dole Food Co., 303 F.3d at
22 1114 (“[W]hen a forum in which a plaintiff corporation has its principal place of business is in the
23 same forum toward which defendants expressly aim their acts, the ‘effects’ test permits that forum to
24 exercise personal jurisdiction.”).
25 The remaining plaintiff, Amazon, is described as “incorporated under the laws of the State of
26 Delaware with its principal place of business in Seattle, Washington.” SAC ¶ 15. This, however,
27 does not negatively impact a finding of foreseeability of harm. Indeed, in Mavrix Photo, Inc. v.
28 Brand Technologies, Inc., the Ninth Circuit held that “jurisdictionally significant harm” extends to a
9
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1 defendant’s actions that “destroy[] . . . California-based value.” 647 F.3d at 1231–32. The plaintiff in
2 Mavrix Photo was a Florida corporation with its principal place of business in Miami. Id. at 1221.
3 Regardless, the Ninth Circuit found that as the defendant republished photos under plaintiff’s
4 exclusive ownership, “it was foreseeable that . . . economic loss would be inflicted not only in
5 Florida . . . but also in California [as a] substantial part of the photos’ value was based on the fact
6 that a significant number of Californians would have bought publications . . . in order to see the
7 photos.” Id. at 1231–32. Similar reasoning applies here. Plaintiffs contend that Amazon “owns or
8 controls the copyrights or exclusive rights in the content that it or its affiliates produce or distribute.”
9 SAC ¶ 15. As was found in Mavrix Photo, the Court finds that it was foreseeable that Amazon
10 would suffer economic loss in California as “a significant number of Californians would have
11 bought” Amazon’s content but-for the Nitro Defendants’ conduct.
12 Accordingly, the Court finds that it has personal jurisdiction over the Nitro Defendants.
13 B. Plaintiffs have satisfied the procedural requirements of Local Rule 55-1.
14 The Clerk of the Court entered default against the Defaulted Defendants on May 6, 2021,
15 May 14, 2021, and November 15, 2021. ECF Nos. 144 (Entry of Default Against Raul Orellana);
16 145 (Entry of Default Against Firestream LLC); 146 (Entry of Default Against Anna Galindo); 147
17 (Entry of Default Against Osvaldo Galindo); 149 (Entry of Default Against Richard Horsten); 192
18 (Entry of Default Against Martha Galindo). The Defaulted Defendants have not responded to the
19 Complaint or otherwise defended the action. Pursuant to Local Rule 55-1, the Motion states that the
20 Defaulted Defendants are not minors, infants, or otherwise incompetent persons, nor subject to the
21 Servicemembers Civil Relief Act. Mot. at 6. Finally, Plaintiffs served the Defaulted Defendants with
22 a copy of this Motion. Proof of Service, ECF No. 229; Declaration of Julie A. Shepard, ECF No.
23 227-1 (“Shepard Decl.”) ¶ 2. As such, the Court finds Waters has complied with the procedural
24 requirements of Local Rule 55-1.
25 C. The Eitel factors weigh in favor of granting default judgment.
26 i. Plaintiffs would suffer prejudice without a default judgment.
27 The first Eitel factor requires the Court to consider the harm to a plaintiff in the absence of
28 default judgment. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471. Plaintiffs argue that by failing to appear in this action,
10
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1 the Defaulted Defendants have likely “left [Plaintiffs] . . . without any recourse or any ability to
2 recoup damages absent entry of a default judgment.” Mot. at 7. Moreover, given the nature and
3 extent of the evasive conduct previously employed by the Nitro Defendants, see infra Section
4 IV.C.ii.2.ii.1, it is likely that without further Court action, the Nitro Defendants may continue the
5 infringing conduct. And while Plaintiffs acknowledge that Alex Galindo has appeared in this action
6 and that they have obtained terminating sanctions against him, see ECF No. 222, it appears that
7 Plaintiffs believe that these sanctions will be insufficient to provide Plaintiffs with adequate relief.
8 See id. 7–8. The Defaulted Defendants failed to appear to contest this allegation.
9 Taking the well-pled factual allegations as true—as this Court must, given that the Clerk has
10 entered default—Plaintiffs will be prejudiced if the Court does not grant default judgment.
11 Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor weighs in favor of granting default judgment.
12 ii. The Court finds Plaintiffs’ SAC sufficient and the claims alleged therein
meritorious.9
13
14 The second and third Eitel factors consider the substantive merits and sufficiency of the
15 complaint. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471. Notwithstanding the entry of default, the Court must still
16 determine whether the facts alleged give rise to a legitimate cause of action because “claims [that]
17 are legally insufficient . . . are not established by default.” Cripps v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 980 F.2d
18 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 1992). Plaintiffs maintain that they have sufficiently pleaded the Copyright Act
19 claims set forth in the SAC. Mot. at 8.
20 To establish a claim for direct copyright infringement, Plaintiffs must establish (1) ownership
21 of a valid copyright of the allegedly infringed materials, and (2) “demonstrate that the alleged
22 infringers violate at least one exclusive right granted to copyright holders 17 U.S.C. § 106.” A&M
23 Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir. 2001). Upon review of the Motion and
24 the SAC, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied both requirements.
25
26
9 Plaintiffs cite to a number of district court cases to support their arguments. However, the Court reminds
27 Plaintiffs that trial court decisions are not binding on this Court. See Hart v. Massanari, 266 F.3d 1155, 1174
(9th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he binding authority principle applies only to appellate decisions, and not to trial court
28 decisions . . . .”).
11
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1
1. Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded evidence of ownership of a valid copyright.
2 First, Plaintiffs have presented detailed evidence indicating that they own and control all
3 1,897 Copyrighted Works. To bring a copyright suit, a plaintiff must show that she has registered the
4 works at issue with the U.S. Copyright Office. See 17 U.S.C. § 411(a); Fourth Est. Pub. Benefit
5 Corp. v. WallStreet.com, LLC, 139 S. Ct. 881, 886 (2019) (citing 17 U.S.C. § 411(a)). “A copyright
6 registration is ‘prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright and the facts stated in the
7 certificate.’” United Fabrics Int’l, Inc. v. C&J Wear, Inc., 630 F.3d 1255, 1257 (9th Cir. 2011)
8 (quoting 17 U.S.C. § 410(c)).
9 Plaintiffs have provided a “representative list of titles, along with their [federal] registration
10 numbers, as to which [the Nitro] Defendants have directly and secondarily infringed.” SAC ¶ 22; id.,
11 Ex. A. Therefore, Plaintiffs are the presumed owners of the Copyrighted Works, and this first
12 element is met.
13
2. Plaintiffs have sufficiently demonstrated that the Defaulted Defendants violated at
14 least one exclusive right granted to copyright holders.
15 Plaintiffs proceed under two theories in support of the second element—whether the
16 Defaulted Defendants violated at least one exclusive right granted to copyright holders. A&M
17 Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1013. First, that Horsten, in collaboration with Alex Galindo, directly
18 infringed on “Plaintiffs’ exclusive rights to publicly perform their works and reproduce their works.”
19 Mot. at 9. Second, that all Nitro Defendants are liable under both theories of secondary liability—
20 contributory infringement and inducement. Id. at 12. The Court evaluates both theories in turn.
21 i. Plaintiffs have established that Horsten and Galindo directly
infringed on Plaintiffs’ exclusive rights to publicly perform and
22 reproduce the Works.10
23
Section 106 of the Copyright Act enumerates the specific rights exclusive to copyright
24
owners. Among these rights is the right “to perform the copyrighted work publicly.” 17 U.S.C. §
25
26
10 Although at various points in discussing direct infringement Plaintiffs refer to “the Defendants,” the Court
27
understands that Plaintiffs are contending that only Defendants Horsten and Galindo are liable for direct
infringement, and the other Nitro Defendants are only secondarily liable—for contributory infringement and
28
inducement.
12
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1 106(4). (“[I]n the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and
2 motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly.”). While the
3 law indicates that there are two ways to “perform a work publicly,”11 Plaintiffs proceed under the
4 second definition, that is, “to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the
5 work . . . to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the public
6 capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in the separate places
7 and at the same time or at different times.” 17 U.S.C. § 101. Streaming a copyrighted work over the
8 Internet qualifies as public performance. See, e.g., William F. Patry, PATRY ON COPYRIGHT § 14:2
9 (Sept. 2022) (“Transmission of a copy of a work stored on a computer server to members of the
10 public is a public display, even if to only one person, because people in different locations can also
11 receive it.”); Am. Broad. Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc., 573 U.S. 431, 445–48 (2014) (finding that a
12 provider that “streams . . . programs over the Internet to . . . subscribers” qualifies as a public
13 performance under the meaning of the statute).
14 Plaintiffs allege that Horsten and Galindo “continuously transmitted [without Plaintiffs’
15 authorization] Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted Works [by] provid[ing] subscribers with access to thousands
16 of live and title-curated television channels—containing countless Copyrighted Works—that were
17 streamed twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.” Mot. at 10; see also SAC ¶¶ 2–5, 34. As the
18 law indicates that streaming falls under the purview of public performance, the Court finds that
19 Plaintiffs have sufficiently established that Horsten and Galindo publicly performed the Copyrighted
20 Works without authorization.
21 Plaintiffs further contend that Horsten and Galindo violated Plaintiffs’ “exclusive right to
22 reproduce their Works.” Mot. at 10. The Copyright Act reserves the right to “reproduce the
23 copyrighted work in copies” to the holder of the copyright. See 17 U.S.C. § 106; see also 2 Melville
24 B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT § 8.02 (2022) (“Nimmer”) (“The
25 reproduction right consists of the exclusive right to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or
26
27
11 The statute also defines public performance of a work as “to perform or display it at a place open to the
28 public or at any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family and its
social acquaintances is gathered.” 17 U.S.C. § 101.
13
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1 phonorecords.” (quotation marks omitted)). Under the DMCA, a copy is defined as a “material
2 object[] . . . in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed, and from which
3 the work can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of
4 a machine or device.” 17 U.S.C. § 101. To qualify as a copy under the Copyright Act, the “allegedly
5 infringing work must be fixed in some tangible form, from which the work can be perceived,
6 reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device.” Sega
7 Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510, 1519 (9th Cir. 1992) (quotation marks omitted)
8 (citing 17 U.S.C. § 101). Plaintiffs highlight two instances of unauthorized reproduction of their
9 Works: (1) Nitro TV’s “Catch-Up” feature, which “allowed subscribers to watch television programs
10 from the prior two days,” Mot. at 10; SAC ¶ 51, and (2) Nitro TV’s “24/7 channels” which
11 “continuously streamed episodes of a single television series, single movie, or collection of movies
12 at all times of the day and night, seven days a week.” Id. at 11; SAC ¶¶ 52–53. Both features,
13 Plaintiffs argue, require making copies of or otherwise reproducing the relevant television programs
14 and movies. See Mot. at 10–11; SAC ¶¶ 51–53. As previously stated, at no point did Plaintiffs give
15 Horsten or Galindo authorization to reproduce their Copyrighted Works. See Section III.C.ii.2.i.
16 Thus, the Court—taking all allegations as true—finds that Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded a
17 direct infringement copyright claim against Horsten and Galindo.
18
ii. Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that the Defaulted Defendants
19 secondarily infringed Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted Works.
20
Plaintiffs next argue that the Defaulted Defendants are liable under two theories of secondary
21
liability: contributory infringement and inducement. Mot at 12. Plaintiffs allege that the Nitro
22
Defendants, through Nitro TV, “provided subscribers with access to thousands of live and title-
23
curated television channels—containing countless Copyrighted Works . . . .” Id. at 10.
24
1. Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged contributory
25 infringement.
26
“[I]n general, contributory liability is based on the defendant’s failure to stop its own actions
27
which facilitate third-party infringement . . . .” Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146,
28
1175 (9th Cir. 2007). A defendant is a contributory infringer if “it has knowledge of a third party’s
14
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1 infringing activity, and (2) induces, causes, or materially contributes to the infringing conduct.”
2 Perfect 10, Inc. v. Visa Intern. Serv. Ass’n, 494 F.3d 788, 795 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Ellison v.
3 Robertson, 357 F.3d 1072, 1076 (9th Cir. 2004)). “Liability for contributory copyright infringement
4 attaches if the [defendants] (1) knew of the direct infringement; and (2) they either induced, caused,
5 or materially contributed to the infringing conduct.” Luvdarts, LLC v. AT&T Mobility, LLC, 710
6 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing A&M Records, 239 F.3d at 1019). In the context of the
7 Internet, contributory liability occurs “when the defendant engages in personal conduct that
8 encourages or assists the infringement.” Visa Intern. Serv. Ass’n, 494 F.3d at 795.
9 The Court begins with the first element of “knowledge.” Plaintiffs allege that “Defendants
10 knew that Nitro TV was used to infringe Plaintiffs’ Copyrighted Works [as] Defendants specifically
11 curated the programming and channels available on Nitro TV, even asking subscribers for feedback
12 on additional shows to include.” Mot. at 12 (citing SAC ¶¶ 37–38). The SAC also alleges that the
13 Nitro Defendants “used the Nitro TV Facebook Group as a vehicle to advise . . . subscribers how to
14 hide infringing activity,” including providing instructions on how to use a VPN. SAC ¶ 39. Plaintiffs
15 further contend that the Nitro Defendants’ decision to “anonymize the operation of Nitro TV” after
16 learning of a similar lawsuit against a “similarly-infringing” streaming service implies that the Nitro
17 TV Defendants had knowledge of the infringing activity. Mot. at 12 (citing SAC ¶ 3).
18 While the Ninth Circuit requires “more than a generalized knowledge . . . of the possibility of
19 infringement,” there is an inconsistency in this circuit’s case law regarding the requisite
20 “knowledge” standard in the context of contributory infringement. See Erickson Prods., Inc. v. Kast,
21 921 F.3d 822, 832 (9th Cir. 2019) (summarizing the inconsistency). In Louis Vuitton Malletier, S.A.
22 v. Akanoc Solutions, Inc., the Ninth Circuit held that “know or have reason to know” is the
23 appropriate “knowledge” standard. 658 F.3d 936, 943 (9th Cir. 2011). Two years later, however, in
24 Luvdarts, LLC v. AT&T Mobility, LLC, the Ninth Circuit held that “knowledge” is defined only as
25 “actual knowledge of specific acts of infringement” and “[w]illful blindness of specific facts.” 710
26 F.3d at 1072–73.
27 Even with this inconsistency in mind, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied the
28 standard. The instant case is akin to Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Fung, where the Ninth
15
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1 Circuit found that a detailed accounting of the defendant “actively encouraging infringement, by
2 urging his users to both upload and download particular copyrighted works, providing assistance to
3 those seeking to watch copyrighted films, and helping his users burn copyrighted material on to
4 DVDs” was sufficient to meet the first prong of the contributory infringement analysis. 710 F.3d
5 1020, 1043 (9th Cir. 2013). Here, the SAC provides a detailed summary of the Nitro Defendants
6 “actively encouraging infringement” by soliciting download suggestions and providing subscribers
7 with guidance on how to best subvert detection while viewing the Works. These facts—taken as
8 true—imply that the Nitro Defendants were aware that Nitro TV contained unlicensed works and
9 took steps to both encourage third-party infringement of the material and aid in the concealment of
10 the infringement itself. Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied the first element of
11 contributory infringement.
12 The Court next considers the second element—whether the Nitro Defendants “either induced,
13 caused, or materially contributed to the infringing conduct.” Luvdarts, LLC, 710 F.3d at 1072. As
14 stated by Plaintiffs, a “material contribution” may be established where the defendant “substantially
15 assists . . . a worldwide audience of users to access infringing materials.” Perfect 10, Inc., 508 F.3d
16 at 1172; Mot. at 13. Plaintiffs lodge two allegations in support of this factor. First, Plaintiffs allege
17 that the Nitro Defendants “have done precisely this by architecting and operating . . . Nitro TV [and]
18 by designing and managing the distribution channels that provide access to Nitro TV, all with the
19 goal of growing [Nitro TV’s] subscriber base . . . to be as large as possible.” Mot. at 13; SAC ¶¶ 55–
20 57. Second, Plaintiffs allege that Anna Galindo, Martha Galindo, and Osvaldo Galindo operated and
21 facilitated the payment processor and bank accounts used to sell and process Nitro TV subscriptions
22 and reseller credits and pay Horsten and Orellana for their work operating, promoting, and marketing
23 the Nitro TV Platform. See Mot. at 13; SAC ¶¶ 2, 5, 6, 40, 54–58. Evaluating the allegations in the
24 SAC, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have sufficiently shown that the Defaulted Defendants facilitated
25 and were otherwise actively involved in the infringing conduct. Indeed, the SAC indicates that but
26 for the Defaulted Defendants’ conduct, subscribers would not have been able to access the Works.
27 See Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc., 76 F.3d 259, 264 (9th Cir. 1996) (finding that defendant
28 had materially contributed because “it would be difficult for the infringing activity to take place in
16
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1 the massive quantities alleged without the . . . services provided by the [defendant]. These services
2 include, inter alia, the provision of space, utilities, parking, advertising, plumbing, and customers.”).
3 Upon full review of the SAC’s allegations, the Court finds that the Defaulted Defendants can
4 be held contributorily liable for the subscribers’ direct infringement of the Works. Indeed, the
5 allegations in the SAC imply that the Defaulted Defendants “could be held contributorily liable if
6 [they] had knowledge that [the infringing Works] were available using the [Platform], could take
7 simple measures to prevent further damage to [the Plaintiff’s copyrighted works, and failed to take
8 such steps.” Perfect 10, Inc., 508 F.3d at 1172. In sum, the Court finds Plaintiffs’ contributory
9 infringement claim sufficiently pleaded for the purposes of this Motion.
10
2. Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded inducement.
11
Plaintiffs also allege secondary liability under the theory of inducement. Mot. at 13; SAC ¶¶
12
83–88. A plaintiff proceeding under the theory of inducement must establish four elements: “(1) the
13
distribution of a device or product, (2) acts of infringement, (3) an object of promoting its use to
14
infringe copyright, and (4) causation.” Fung, 710 F.3d at 1032 (citing Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
15
Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 936–37 (2005)). The Court finds that Plaintiffs have
16
satisfied all four elements.
17
As to the first two elements—“the distribution of a device or product” and “acts of
18
infringement”—as previously established, the Defaulted Defendants directly infringed on the
19
Copyrighted Works by and through streaming the Copyrighted Works through the Platform and by
20
granting subscribers and the reseller network access to the Platform. See Mot. at 14. This satisfies
21
the first two elements.
22
The third element—whether the Defaulted Defendants acted with “an object of promoting its
23
use to infringe copyright”—is also satisfied. This element is premised on a “clear expression or other
24
affirmative steps taken to foster infringement.” Grokster, 545 U.S. at 937. This element requires a
25
“high degree of proof of the improper object,” and the improper object being “plain and . . .
26
affirmatively communicated through words or actions.” Fung, 710 F.3d at 1034 (citing Grokster,
27
545 U.S. at 937). While “[t]he classic instance of inducement is by advertisement or solicitation that
28
17
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1 broadcasts a message designed to stimulate others to commit violations,” the Supreme Court has also
2 found sufficient proof of inducement where defendants engaged in communications that, while not
3 directly promoting infringing uses, “provided information affirmatively supporting such uses.”
4 Grokster, 545 U.S. at 937.
5 Here, Plaintiffs provide evidence of advertisements and communications “affirmatively
6 supporting” infringement. The SAC alleges that the Defaulted Defendants, along with Alex Galindo,
7 advertised the Platform through the use of the Hosting Sites, YouTube advertisements, and through
8 the use of resellers. See SAC ¶¶ 35, 36, 41, 56, 58, 62. The Defaulted Defendants also “utilized
9 social media, including the Nitro TV Facebook group, to advise subscribers on how to hide their true
10 locations from detection while using Nitro TV,” id. ¶ 39, and likely “designed to stimulate others to
11 commit [copyright] violations.” Fung, 710 F.3d at 1036 (citing Grokster, 545 U.S. at 937)
12 (alterations in original). This evidence is more than sufficient to satisfy the third element. See id.
13 Finally, the Court finds that the fourth element of causation is clearly met. Causation is
14 established “if [a defendant] provides a service that could be used to infringe copyrights, with the
15 manifested intent that the service actually be used in that manner.” Id. at 1037. Here, Plaintiffs argue
16 that “Defendants have made clear their unlawful intent that the Nitro TV enterprise be used to
17 facilitate infringement” because the Nitro Defendants took steps to actively “curat[e]” and promote
18 the infringing Works on the Platform and “developed an extensive web of resellers to market Nitro
19 TV and expand its subscriber base.” Mot. at 14 (citing SAC ¶¶ 28–29, 35–39, 54). Further, because
20 the Nitro Defendants provided subscribers with tips on how to use a VPN to best view the infringing
21 works on the Platform, see SAC ¶ 39, the SAC’s allegations indicate that the Nitro Defendants
22 intended for subscribers to use the Platform with the express purpose of viewing the infringing
23 content. Accordingly, the Court finds that the causation element is met.
24 As the allegations in the SAC satisfy all four elements of inducement, the Court finds that
25 Plaintiffs have sufficiently pleaded this claim.
26
27 / / /
28 / / /
18
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1 Plaintiffs’ claims for both direct and secondary copyright infringement are sufficiently
2 pleaded. As such, the Court finds that these two Eitel factors—merits of the claim and sufficiency of
3 the complaint— point towards granting default judgment.
4 iii. The sum of money at stake is reasonable.
5 In evaluating this factor, the Court must balance the amount of money at stake in relation to
6 the seriousness of Defendants’ conduct. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72.
7 1. Plaintiffs are entitled to the maximum statutory award for
willful infringement for a reasonable subset of the infringed
8 Works.
9 Pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504, Plaintiffs seek statutory damages in the amount of $51.6
10 million. See Mot. at 16; SAC ¶¶ 70, 80, 89.
11 Plaintiffs argue that they are entitled to an award of $150,000 on each infringed Work
12 because the Nitro Defendants engaged in willful and egregious conduct, but are seeking this award
13 only on a subset of Works. Supplemental Brief at 18. The Copyright Act provides for an award of
14 enhanced statutory damages upon a finding of willful infringement. Specifically, it provides that
15 “[i]n a case where the copyright owner sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that
16 infringement was committed willfully, the court in its discretion may increase the award of statutory
17 damages to a sum of not more than $150,000.” 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(2). Moreover, “[a] plaintiff may
18 elect statutory damages regardless of the adequacy of the evidence offered as to his actual damages
19 or the amount of the defendant’s profits.” Columbia Pictures Television v. Krypton Broad. of
20 Birmingham, Inc., 259 F.3d 1186, 1195 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
21 Nimmer § 14.04[A]). “The court has wide discretion in determining the amount of statutory damages
22 to be awarded, constrained only by the specified maxima and minima.” Harris v. Emus Records
23 Corp., 734 F.2d 1329, 1335 (9th Cir. 1984). “In measuring the damages, the court is . . . guided by
24 what is just in the particular case, considering the nature of the copyright, the circumstances of the
25 infringement and the like . . . .” Peer Int’l Corp. v. Pausa Records, Inc., 909 F.2d 1332, 1336 (9th
26 Cir. 1990) (quoting F.W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, 344 U.S. 228, 232 (1952)).
27 The Court, exercising its discretion—finds that Plaintiffs are entitled to the full statutory
28 award amount on each Work in the subset of infringed Works. Specifically, the nature and scope of
19
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1 Alex Galindo and the Defaulted Defendants’ conduct indicate that the Nitro Defendants willfully
2 engaged in egregious Copyright infringement. See Mot. at 15–17; Supplemental Brief at 20–22. The
3 Nitro Defendants’ conduct and the conduct’s impact are wide-ranging. Nitro TV’s very existence
4 “creates the impression that [the Nitro Defendants and reseller network] are providing a legitimate,
5 licensed service” which “undermine[s] [and stunts the growth of] the market” for Plaintiffs’
6 “legitimate offerings.” Declaration of Sean Jaquez, ECF No. 15 (“Jaquez Decl.”) ¶¶ 31–32. Indeed,
7 Plaintiffs’ business model, as well as the entertainment industry itself, hinges on copyright owners’
8 ability to control the distribution and use of their copyrighted works. See id. ¶¶ 4–11. The Nitro
9 Defendants’ infringement compromises this business model by depriving Plaintiffs of their ability to
10 “control the distribution and use of [their] Works”; “threatens [Plaintiffs’] relationships with [their]
11 legitimate licenses and . . . digital distribution business”; “encourage[s] the growth of the illicit
12 market for infringing content”; and exposes Plaintiffs to continued risk of piracy. Id. ¶¶ 12–38.
13 Moreover, Alex Galindo engaged in spoliation and blocked Plaintiffs from conducting meaningful
14 discovery to determine the full scope of the Nitro Defendants’ infringement and Nitro TV-related
15 profits or determine the extent of Plaintiffs’ financial loss. See R&R at 4–8. The Nitro Defendants
16 should not be rewarded for or given the benefit of the doubt due to their wrongful conduct. Given the
17 extent of the Nitro Defendants’ willful conduct, the Court finds an award of the maximum $150,000
18 per Work reasonable.
19 2. Plaintiffs’ requested award of $51.6 million is reasonable.
20 Plaintiffs indicate that the Nitro Defendants infringed upon at least 1,872 Works. See SAC,
21 Ex. A; see also Declaration of Julie A. Shepard, ECF No. 226-1, Exs. A–G (listing 689 separate
22 Copyrighted Works); Declaration of Kevin Shuai, ECF No. 226-2, Ex. 1 (providing hundreds of
23 copyright registration certificates for Copyrighted Works owned by Paramount Pictures);
24 Declaration of Gary Lim, ECF No. 226-3, Exs. 1–2 (providing hundreds of copyright registrations
25 for Copyrighted Works owned by the Walt Disney Company). An award of $150,000 on each of the
26 1,872 Works would amount to statutory damages in excess of $280 million. However, rather than
27 request $150,000 per each Work, Plaintiffs request that all Nitro Defendants be held jointly and
28 severally liable for statutory damages in the amount of $51.6 million—an amount derived from
20
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1 awarding the statutory maximum on a selection of just 344 Works.12 Supplemental Brief at 20; see
2 Mot. at 16–25. This requested amount is consistent with statutory awards granted by courts in this
3 district.13 Thus, given the circumstances of the alleged infringement, the Court finds this request
4 reasonable and awards $51.6 million or $150,000 per work on 344 Works.14
5 3. Plaintiffs are entitled to post-judgment interest.
6 “[P]ost-judgment interest is determined by federal law.” Northrop Corp. v. Triad Int’l Mktg.,
7 S.A., 842 F.2d 1154, 1155 (9th Cir. 1988). 28 U.S.C. § 1961 provides that “[i]nterest shall be
8 allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in a district court.” 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a).
9 Post-judgment interest is calculated “from the date of the entry of the judgment, at a rate equal to the
10 weekly average 1-year constant maturity Treasury yield, as published by the Board of Governors of
11 the Federal Reserve System, for the calendar week preceding the date of the judgment.” Id.
12 Here, Plaintiffs seek post-judgment interest as provided under 28 U.S.C. § 1961. Mot. at 23.
13 The record provides no countervailing evidence setting post judgment interest at a different amount.
14 Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs are entitled to the amount permitted by Section
15 1961(c).
16
17 / / /
18 / / /
19
20 12 Plaintiffs base the $51.6 million award amount on applying the maximum statutory award amount on 344
Works. See Supplemental Brief at 20; Mot. at 16. It should be noted that the Motion lists 342 Works rather
21 than 344. See Mot. at 16. During oral argument, however, Plaintiffs’ counsel clarified that 342 is a
typographical error.
22
13 Courts have reduced the requested award amount where defendants have similarly displayed “egregious”
23 behavior when “the number of copyrighted works at issue would amount to an excessively large award.”
Warner Bros. Ent’t, Inc. v. Tusa, No. 2:21-cv-05456-VAP-ASx, 2021 WL 6104399, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 25,
24 2021). See also China Cent. Television v. Create New Tech. (HK) Ltd., No. 15-01869, 2015 WL 12732432, at
*17–18 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 7, 2015) (reducing plaintiffs’ requested award amount from $300,900,000 to
25 $30,000,000 where 2,006 infringed works were at issue). C.f. Peer Int’l Corp., 909 F.2d at 1337 (awarding
the then-maximum award amount of $50,000 per work on only eighty violations); Warner Bros Ent’t Inc. v.
26 Caridi, 346 F. Supp. 2d 1068, 1074 (C.D. Cal. 2004) (awarding the maximum amount of $150,000 per work
where only two infringed works were at issue).
27
14 The $51.6 million award amount may also be arrived at by awarding damages in the amount of $27,200 per
work on each of the indicated 1,872 Copyrighted Works, which the Court finds to be reasonable in light of the
28
relevant minimums and maximums and all of the facts of the case.
21
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1 i. There is little possibility of dispute.
2 The fifth Eitel factor requires the Court to consider the possibility of dispute about material
3 facts in the case. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471–72. This Eitel factor generally weighs in favor of
4 default judgment where a complaint is well-pleaded and the defendants make no effort to respond.
5 The Defaulted Defendants have not responded to this action. And though Alex Galindo did
6 appear in this case, there is no indication from the SAC nor the Motion that there are any facts in
7 dispute. Upon entry of default, all well-pleaded facts in the complaint are taken as true, except those
8 relating to damages. TeleVideo Sys., Inc., 826 F.2d at 917–18. Considering the low likelihood of
9 disputed facts, the Court finds this factor to weigh in favor of default judgment.
10 ii. The Court is unable to conclude whether there is excusable
neglect.
11
12 The sixth Eitel factor considers the possibility that the default resulted from excusable
13 neglect. See Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1472.
14 Here, Plaintiffs allege that they have properly served the Defaulted Defendants with the
15 Complaint, summons, and this motion for default judgment. See supra Section II.B, Mot. at 18.
16 Absent any further information, the Court is unable to conclude whether the Defaulted Defendants’
17 failure to respond is due to excusable neglect.
18
iii. Policy favoring resolution on the merits weighs against
19 granting default judgment.
20
The Ninth Circuit’s “starting point is the general rule that default judgments are ordinarily
21
disfavored. Cases should be decided upon their merits whenever reasonably possible.” Eitel, 782
22
F.2d at 1472. Therefore, the policy favoring resolution on the merits weighs against granting default
23
judgment.
24
Taken as a whole, the Court finds that the Eitel factors weigh towards granting default
25
judgment against the Defaulted Defendants.
26
27
/ / /
28
/ / /
22
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1 V. Remedies
2 A. The Court grants the request for permanent injunction.
3 Having found in favor of granting default judgment, the Court next considers whether it
4 should award Plaintiffs a permanent injunction against the Defaulted Defendants. The Copyright Act
5 allows courts to grant permanent injunctions “to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright.” 17
6 U.S.C. § 502(a). Plaintiffs seek a permanent injunction
7
enjoining Defendants and their officers, agents, servants, employees, attorneys, and
8 all persons acting in active concert or participation with them, from publicly
performing, reproducing, distributing or otherwise infringing in any manner
9 (including without limitation by materially contributing to or intentionally inducing
the infringement of) any right under copyright in any of the Copyrighted Works,
10 including without limitation by publicly performing or reproducing those Works,
or by distributing any software of proving any service or device that does or
11
facilitates any of the foregoing acts.
12
SAC at Prayer ¶ 1.
13
Plaintiffs also seek to “impound[] hardware in Defendants’ possession, custody, or control,
14
and any and all documents or other records in Defendants’ possession, custody, or control relating to
15
Defendants’ direct and secondary infringement of the Copyrighted Works.” Id.
16
A party seeking a permanent injunction must show: “(1) that it has suffered an irreparable
17
injury; (2) that remedies available at law, such as monetary damages, are inadequate to compensate
18
for that injury; (3) that, considering the balance of the hardships between the plaintiff and defendant,
19
a remedy in equity is warranted; and (4) that the public interest would not be disserved by a
20
permanent injunction.” La Quinta Worldwide LLC v. Q.R.T.M., S.A. de C.V., 762 F.3d 867, 879 (9th
21
Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). The decision to grant or deny permanent injunctive relief is an act of
22
equitable discretion by the district court. eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., 547 U.S. 388, 391
23
(2006).
24
The Court finds that Plaintiffs have satisfied all four required elements. First, as previously
25
discussed, Plaintiffs have shown that they are entitled to judgment on their Copyright claims. Indeed,
26
the allegations set forth in the SAC imply that any continuing infringement of Plaintiffs’ exclusive
27
rights over their Copyrighted Works will likely cause harm to Plaintiffs’ business model, reputation
28
and standing in the marketplace and undermine the value of the Works. See Mot. at 23–24. Second,
23
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1 monetary damages will fail to provide Plaintiffs with full compensation for the Nitro Defendants’
2 infringement. Indeed, as Plaintiffs point out, the Nitro Defendants have either failed to appear in this
3 action or have engaged in spoilation of evidence, making it nearly impossible for Plaintiffs to grasp
4 the full scope of the Nitro Defendants’ infringement. See id. at 24. It is thus nearly impossible for
5 Plaintiffs to request monetary damages that will provide full compensation for the harm caused.
6 Third, the balance of hardships tips in Plaintiffs’ favor. Again, the Court has found Plaintiffs’ claims
7 meritorious. There is no evidence that any defendant will suffer any hardship upon entry of a
8 permanent injunction. Instead, the evidence in the SAC and record indicates that the Nitro
9 Defendants will likely attempt to continue their infringing acts or further stonewall Plaintiffs’—or
10 any other harmed party’s—attempts to receive adequate relief. See Supplemental Brief at 24–25; see
11 generally R&R. Finally, as to public interest, the Supreme Court has held that copyright protections
12 give creators the incentive to share their creations with the public. See Sony Corp. of Am. v.
13 Universal City Studios, Inc., 3464 U.S. 417, 429 (1984) (holding, on a motion for an injunction, that
14 the goal of granting copyright protection to an author or artist is to “motivate the creative activity of
15 authors and inventors by the provision of a special reward, and to allow the public access to the
16 products of their genius after the limited period of exclusive control has expired.”).
17 Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs are entitled to a permanent injunction.
18
PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR TERMINATING SANCTIONS
19 AND ENTRY OF JUDGMENT
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By their Motion for Terminating Sanctions and Entry of Judgment, Plaintiffs seek
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terminating sanctions against Alex Galindo and statutory damages against Alex Galindo in the same
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amount as sought against the Defaulted Defendants.
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Plaintiffs, in support of their Motion for Terminating Sanctions and Entry of Judgment
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against Alex Galindo, have provided supplemental briefing in support of their requests for entry of
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the following relief: (1) “imposition of the maximum statutory damages per each Copyrighted Work
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infringed”; (2) “an award of $51.6 million in statutory damages”; and (3) requests for entry of a
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permanent injunction and post-judgment interest. See Supplemental Brief at 9–25.
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ase 2:20-cv-03129-MEMF-GJS Document 236 Filed 11/18/22 Page 25o0f25 PageID
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1 Finally, Plaintiffs also request that the Court award $51.6 million in statutory damages,
2 | permanent injunction and post-judgment interest. Supplemental Brief at 18—25. Plaintiffs’ arguments
3 | as to these requests are similar—if not identical—to their requests for the same relief as to the
4 || Defaulted Defendants. Accordingly, the Court grants the requested awards on the same bases as
5 | those previously discussed. See supra Motion for Default Judgment, Section IV.C.iii. 1-2; id. V.A.
6 CONCLUSION
7 For the reasons stated herein, the Court hereby GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for Default
8 || Judgment as to the Defaulted Defendants and GRANTS Plaintiffs’ requested entry of judgment as to
9 || Alex Galindo. The Court ORDERS as follows:
10 1) Plaintiffs are entitled to statutory damages in the amount of $51.6 million for which all
1] Nitro Defendants shall be held jointly and severally liable;
12 2) Plaintiffs are entitled to a permanent injunction;
13 3) Plaintiffs are entitled to post-judgment interest.
14 | A Judgment order will follow.
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16 | ISSO ORDERED.
17 □
18 Dated: November 18, 2022
19 MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG
20 United States District Judge
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