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The opinion
Case 2:19-cv-07990-DSF-GJS Document 149 Filed 03/09/22 Page 1 of 13 Page ID #:1458
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
LARISA LOVE KOPETS, et al., CV 19-7990 DSF (GJSx)
Plaintiffs,
Amended Findings of Fact and
v. Conclusions of Law After Court
Trial
LARA KAJAJIAN,
Defendant.
LARA KAJAJIAN,
Counterclaimant,
v.
LARISA LOVE KOPETS, et al.,
Counterdefendants.
This matter was tried to the Court on October 5, 2021. Having
heard and reviewed the evidence and having considered the parties’
post-trial submissions, and having observed the credibility of the
witnesses, the Court makes the following findings of fact and
conclusions of law.
Case 2:19-cv-07990-DSF-GJS Document 149 Filed 03/09/22 Page 2 of 13 Page ID #:1459
I. FINDINGS OF FACT1
A. Larisa Love Kopets
1. Plaintiff and Counterdefendant Larisa Love Kopets was
born in Ukraine under the name “Larisa Kopets” and emigrated to
the United States in 1996. Dkt. 69-1 at 3 (Stipulated Facts) ¶¶ 2-3.
2. Kopets became a citizen of the United States in June 2001.
Id. ¶ 4. Kopets’ Certificate of Citizenship lists her name as “Larisa
Kopets aka Larisa Love Kopets.” Id. ¶ 5. On October 11, 2017,
Kopets was issued a United States passport under the name “Larisa
Love Kopets.” Id. ¶ 7.
3. On February 2, 2010, Kopets was issued a cosmetology
license by the California Board of Barbering and Cosmetology under
the name “Larisa Love Kopets.” Id. ¶ 6.
4. Kopets has worked as a cosmetologist since February 2010.
Id. ¶ 8.
5. In 2012, Kopets “adopted ‘Larisa Love’ as her professional
name, used that name in the hair salon that employed her, and
created a social media persona as ‘Larisa Love’ via Facebook,
Instagram, and YouTube.” Id. ¶ 9.
6. Kopets has been known professionally in the hair styling
market as “Larisa Love” since 2012. Id. ¶ 10. By 2015, Kopets
became an “influencer” in the hair styling industry, and CosmoProf
Beauty hired Kopets as part of its “artistic creation team” from 2015
through 2017. Id. ¶ 11.
7. In January 2017, Kopets opened a hair salon in Studio
City, California named “Larisa Love Salon.” Id. ¶ 12. Larisa Love
Salon’s customers are “typically high-end consumers seeking expert
1 Any finding of fact deemed to be a conclusion of law is incorporated into the
conclusions of law. Any conclusion of law deemed to be a finding of fact is
incorporated into the findings of fact.
2
Case 2:19-cv-07990-DSF-GJS Document 149 Filed 03/09/22 Page 3 of 13 Page ID #:1460
hair care.” Id. Kopets provides hair styling services at her salon,
and also sells high-end hair products. Id. Those hair products are
available only to licensed salons and are branded with the
trademarks and trade dress of each of the products’ manufacturers.
Id.
8. In 2018, Zotos International, known as Joico, hired Kopets
as its brand ambassador. Id. ¶ 13. As a Joico brand ambassador,
Kopets promotes only Joico-branded products “using text,
photographs, and video she publishes on her website, Facebook, and
Instagram social media sites and text and photographs that are
published on Joico’s website.” Id. ¶¶ 14-15. Kopets creates
instructional videos showing her styling and coloring hair using
Joico products, and those videos are published on Joico’s YouTube
channel and other channels. Id. ¶ 15. Kopets also promotes Joico-
branded products in person at Joico-sponsored training sessions for
hair stylists, as well as at public beauty product conferences. Id.
9. Kopets is currently a Joico brand ambassador. Id. ¶ 13.
10. On December 5, 2016, Kopets established Larisa Love
Salon, LLC, a California limited liability company. Id. ¶ 16. Kopets
changed the name of the company to Larisa Love, LLC on January
8, 2019. Id. Kopets has been and is currently the company’s “sole
member and manager.” Id.
B. Lara Kajajian
11. Defendant and Counterclaimant Lara Kajajian resides in
Los Angeles, California and owns and operates a retail store named
“Larissa Love Cosmetics.” Dkt. 93 (Kajajian Decl.) ¶ 1.
12. While Kajajian was in college, she created an organic,
vegan line of bath products. Id. ¶ 4. In order to create the line of
products, she consulted with a scientist and investigated
ingredients, and it took approximately eight months to develop each
product. Id. ¶ 6. Kajajian has developed other products since then,
including shampoos and conditioners. Id. ¶ 7-8.
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13. In about 1997, Kajajian decided to brand her products with
the name “Larissa Love.” Id. § 9.
14. In 2010, Kajajian opened her shop in Los Angeles; she
moved the shop to Santa Monica, California in 2013. Id. § 14.
Kajajian is the sole owner of her retail shop. Id. 4 15.
15. Kajajian also owns the domain name
LarissaLoveCosmetics.com, at which she publishes a website for her
retail store and through which she offers products for sale. Id.
16. Both at her store and on her website, Kajajian sells
consumer products, some of which she brands with a design
trademark consisting of an incomplete heart with the letters "LL"
appearing within in a stylized font (the LL mark). Id. § 21. The
same packaging includes the words “Larissa Love” in a stylized font
(the Larissa Love Mark). Id.
17. Kajajian’s marks appear as follows:
Larissa Love
18. Kajajian was the fashion editor for FVM Global Magazine
from 2009 through 2014. Stipulated Facts | 18. As an editor for
FVM, Kajajian wrote articles, made the “Editor’s Picks,” traveled to
fashion shows, and conducted interviews. Id. § 19.
19. Kajajian presented as “Larissa Love’ as a featured
presenter at the 2013 Independent Spirit Awards, which were
televised in the United States. Id. §] 22. At the Independent Spirit
Awards, some of Kajajian’s Larissa Love-branded products were
featured in the gift lounge. Id. 4 238.
20. In 2015, Kajajian was featured as “Larissa Love” in the
magazine US Weekly. Id. 4 24.
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21. Some of Kajajian’s Larissa Love-branded products were
featured on the entertainment website RADAR Online for a Ukares
Foundation fundraiser, and Kajajian was featured in the fashion
magazine Gratzie China in 2017 as “Larissa Love.” Id. ¶¶ 25-26.
22. In 2017, Kajajian began working as a fashion editor for the
website Egoreview. Id. ¶ 27.
C. Fictitious Business Name Registrations
23. On August 19, 2008, Kajajian registered with the Los
Angeles County Clerk the fictitious business name “Larissa Love.”
Id. ¶ 29.
24. On October 17, 2018, Kopets registered with the Los
Angeles County Clerk the fictitious business name “Larisa Love
Salon.” Id. ¶ 29 (second)2.
25. On January 8, 2019, Kopets registered with the Los
Angeles County Clerk the fictitious business name “Larisa Love.”
Id. Both of Kopets’ registrations are current and active. Id.
26. On January 16, 2019, Kajajian registered with the Los
Angeles County Clerk the fictitious business names “Larissa Love
Cosmetics,” “Larissa Love Tea,” and “Larissa Love.” Id. ¶ 30. Those
registrations are current and active. Id.
D. Trademark Registrations
27. On December 23, 2016, Kopets filed a trademark
registration application with the United States Patent and
Trademark Office (USPTO) for the service mark “Larisa Love” (the
Larisa Love Mark). Id. ¶ 31. Kajajian did not submit a filing with
the USPTO to oppose this registration application. Id. ¶ 32. Kopets’
application matured into a registration on July 18, 2017 under
Registration No. 5,246,083 as used to brand “hair salon services.”
Id. ¶ 33. Kopets’ registration is current and active and became
2 There are two paragraphs numbered “29.”
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effective on its filing date of December 23, 2016. Id. Kopets
assigned her registration to Larisa Love, LLC. Id. ¶ 34.
28. On March 8, 2018, Kajajian filed a trademark registration
application with the USPTO for her LL mark. Id. ¶ 35. Kopets did
not submit a filing with the USPTO to oppose Kajajian’s registration
application. Id. ¶ 36. Kajajian’s application matured into a
registration on October 9, 2018 under Registration No. 5,580,613 as
used to brand “body lotion; body milk; body wash; cosmetics;
fragrances; perfumes, aromatherapy fragrance candles; candles.”
Id. ¶ 37. Kajajian’s registration is current and active and became
effective on its filing date of March 8, 2018. Id.
29. On May 10, 2018, Kajajian filed a trademark registration
application with the USPTO for her Larissa Love Mark. Id. ¶ 38.
Kajajian’s application matured into a registration on January 1,
2019 under Registration No. 5,642,318 and is registered for use on
“cosmetics; skin lotion; non-medicated exfoliating preparations for
skin; hand cream; perfume oil; bath gel; shower gels; shampoos; hair
conditioner; after shave lotions; nonmedicated bath salts, candles,
and teas.” Id. ¶ 39. The registration is current, active, and became
effective on its filing date of May 10, 2018. Id.
E. Legal Disputes Between Kopets and Kajajian
30. Kajajian was informed in 2017 that Kopets was operating a
hair salon under the name “Larisa Love Salon.” Id. ¶ 42.
31. In July 2017, Kopets participated in a CosmoProf beauty
products conference in which she was “presented as a CosmoProf
expert on hair coloring and was featured as a speaker on that topic.”
Id. ¶ 43. Kajajian participated in the same conference and
presented some of her Larissa Love products for sale. Id. ¶ 44.
32. On December 20, 2018, Kajajian’s counsel sent a letter to
Kopets alleging that Kopets’ use of “Larisa Love” in connection with
her hair styling services and Joico brand ambassador services was
likely to cause confusion with Kajajian’s use of “Larissa Love” in
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connection with the sale of her products. Id. ¶ 45. Kopets’ counsel
responded by letter on January 9, 2019, denying that Kopets’ use of
“Larisa Love” would cause any confusion in the marketplace.
Id. ¶ 46.
33. On May 6, 2019, Kajajian filed with the Trademark Trial
and Appeal Board (TTAB) a petition to cancel Kopets’ trademark
registration for “Larisa Love.” Id. ¶ 48.
34. On August 20, 2019, counsel for Kajajian sent a cease and
desist letter to counsel for Kopets, reasserting that Kopets’ use of
“Larisa Love” infringed Kajajian’s trademark rights to the Larissa
Love Mark. Id. ¶ 49.
35. “The only products Kajajian purports to offer for sale which
are relevant to and form the basis for her counterclaims are her
Larissa Love-branded hair products.” Id. ¶ 61.
II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
36. This Court has jurisdiction over the parties and the subject
matter of this litigation. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201, 1331, 1338; 15 U.S.C.
§§1051 et seq.
37. This district is the proper venue for this litigation because
a substantial amount of the events or occurrences took place in the
Central District of California.
38. Kajajian was required to establish, by a preponderance of
the evidence, every element of her claims for trademark
infringement. See In re Exxon Valdez, 270 F.3d 1215, 1232 (9th Cir.
2001) (“The standard of proof generally applied in federal civil cases
is preponderance of evidence”).
39. Kajajian has asserted counterclaims for common law
trademark infringement, trademark infringement under the
Lanham Act, and declaratory relief against Kopets and Larisa Love,
LLC based on Kopets’ sale, promotion, and marketing of shampoos
and conditioners as Joico’s brand ambassador.
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40. Kopets and Larisa Love, LLC have asserted a claim for
declaratory relief in the form of a declaration of non-infringement of
Kajajian’s Larissa Love Mark.
41. To prevail on her claims for trademark infringement,
Kajajian must show that (1) she has a valid, protectable trademark,
and (2) Plaintiffs’ use of the mark is likely to cause confusion.
Applied Info. Scis. Corp. v. eBAY, Inc., 511 F.3d 966, 969 (9th Cir.
2007) (citing Brookfield Commc’ns, Inc. v. W. Coast Ent. Corp., 174
F.3d 1036, 1053 (9th Cir. 1999)).
42. A claimant may establish the first requirement by showing
“(1) it has a federally registered mark in goods or services; (2) its
mark is descriptive but has acquired a secondary meaning in the
market; or (3) it has a suggestive mark, which is inherently
distinctive and protectable.” Applied Info., 511 F.3d at 970.
43. Kajajian bears the ultimate burden of showing her
trademark is valid and protectable. Yellow Cab Co. of Sacramento
v. Yellow Cab of Elk Grove, Inc., 419 F.3d 925, 927-28 (9th Cir.
2005).
44. Kajajian does not argue her mark has acquired secondary
meaning in the market or that it is a suggestive mark.
45. Federal registration of a trademark provides prima facie
evidence of the mark’s validity and entitles the holder to a “strong
presumption” that the mark is protectable. Zobmondo Ent., LLC v.
Falls Media, LLC, 602 F.3d 1108, 1113 (9th Cir. 2010).
46. Validity is a threshold issue. Tie Tech, Inc. v. Kinedyne
Corp., 296 F.3d 778, 783 (9th Cir. 2002). “[T]here can be no
infringement of an invalid mark.” Id.
47. If Kajajian establishes that her mark has been properly
registered, the burden shifts to Plaintiffs to show by a
preponderance of the evidence that the mark is not protectable. Id.
“Once the presumption of validity is overcome, however, the mark’s
registration is merely evidence ‘of registration,’ nothing more.” Id.
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48. Kajajian has a trademark registration for her Larissa Love
Mark under Registration No. 5,642,318, which became effective on
May 10, 2018 and is registered for use on “cosmetics; skin lotion;
non-medicated exfoliating preparations for skin; hand cream;
perfume oil; bath gel; shower gels; shampoos; hair conditioner; after
shave lotions; nonmedicated bath salts, candles, and teas.”
49. Kajajian has established that her Larissa Love Mark is
properly registered.
50. Plaintiffs contend, among other things, that Kajajian’s
Larissa Love Mark is not protectable because Kopets, not Kajajian,
has priority of use of the mark because of Kopets’ Larisa Love Mark.
51. “To acquire ownership of a trademark it is not enough to
have invented the mark first or even to have registered it first; the
party claiming ownership must have been the first to actually use
the mark in the sale of goods or services.” Rearden LLC v. Rearden
Commerce, Inc., 683 F.3d 1190, 1203 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation
omitted). “The party who first uses a mark in commerce is said to
have priority over other users.” Hana Fin., Inc. v. Hana Bank, 574
U.S. 418, 419 (2015). The Lanham Act makes clear that the “term
‘use in commerce’ means the bona fide use of a mark in the ordinary
course of trade, and not made merely to reserve a right in a mark.”
15 U.S.C. § 1127; Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 1051.
52. To demonstrate priority of use, Kajajian must prove she (1)
“actually adopted and used” the Larissa Love Mark in connection
with hair products prior to Kopets’ registration of the Larisa Love
Mark; and (2) used the Larissa Love Mark in a manner that was
“continuous and not interrupted.” Dep’t of Parks & Recreation for
State of Cal. v. Bazaar Del Mundo Inc., 448 F.3d 1118, 1125-26 (9th
Cir. 2006).
53. “While the first use need not be extensive, the use must be
bona fide and commercial in character” and “accompanied or
followed by activities which would tend to indicate a continuing
effort or intent to continue such use and place the product on the
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market on a commercial scale within a time demonstrated to be
reasonable in the particular trade.” Id. at 1126. Continuous use
means use “in a way sufficiently public to identify or distinguish the
marked goods in an appropriate segment of the public mind as those
of the adopter of the mark.” Brookfield, 174 F.3d at 1052
(simplified).
54. “To establish a protectible ownership interest in a common
law trademark, the owner must ‘establish not only that he or she
used the mark before the mark was registered, but also that such
use has continued to the present.’” Airs Aromatics, LLC v. Victoria’s
Secret Stores Brand Mgmt., Inc., 744 F.3d 595, 599 (9th Cir. 2014)
(citing Watec Co., Ltd. v. Liu, 403 F.3d 645, 654 (9th Cir. 2005)).
55. Kopets’ registration of the Larisa Love Mark became
effective on its filing date of December 23, 2016. Stipulated Facts
¶ 33. Therefore, the Court considers whether Kajajian has proven
Mark for hair products prior to December 23, 2016 and continuously
to the present.
56. Kajajian introduced both documentary and testimonial
evidence that purportedly establishes the use of her Larissa Love
Mark in commerce for hair products. She also provided a sample of
each bottle.
57. The documentary evidence submitted by Kajajian falls
short of establishing that she sold Larissa Love-branded hair
products continuously and without interruption prior to December
23, 2016, when Kopets’ registration of the Larisa Love Mark became
effective, much less through the present.
58. Kajajian submitted images of Larissa Love-branded
shampoo and conditioner bottles, but it is not evident from those
photographs that the products were for sale or otherwise “used in
commerce,” and there is no indication of when these bottles were
created. Exs. 111, 130.
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59. Kajajian also submitted screen captures from Instagram
depicting her products, none of which was dated and some of which
did not include hair products. Exs. 125 (advertisements for Kajajian
products, none of which are hair products), 129 (blurry printout of
Instagram page for Larissa Love Cosmetics with unidentifiable
products), 142 (Instagram post showing Larisa Love shampoo and
conditioner but no dates shown).
60. Kajajian also submitted images from magazines, none of
which mention her hair products. Exs. 150-154.
61. Further, Kajajian submitted a list of transactions for
Larissa Love Cosmetics and invoices for orders of bottles, but these
do not indicate sales of her Larissa Love-branded hair products, only
that Kajajian operates a business. Exs. 121 (list of transactions for
Larissa Love Cosmetics 144 (invoices from 2006 and 2007 for orders
of bottles unlike the bottles in which the shampoo and conditioner
are displayed).
62. Kajajian did not submit any sales receipts, inventory
information, or any other documentary evidence of even a single sale
of her Larissa Love-branded hair products. Kajajian also did not
submit documentary evidence that she even offered her branded hair
products for sale.
63. Kajajian submitted testimonials from Shelley Banton, and
Lee Evans. Banton’s testimonial states that she has “been buying
Larissalove products for the last 10 years” and “[h]er shampoo is the
best on the market.” Ex. 138. This does not indicate when she
bought Kajajian’s shampoo, or whether Kajajian offered it in
commerce “for the last 10 years.” Evans’ testimonial states that he
used to live near Kajajian’s store, and assisted Kajajian with her
website design in 2014. Ex. 145. Evans’ testimonial does not
discuss hair products, nor does it identify any other products offered
for sale on Kajajian’s website at the time he assisted with it.
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64. The declarations submitted by Kajajian also fall far short of
establishing continuous use of her Larissa Love Mark in commerce
for her hair products.
65. Kajajian stated in her written testimony that she opened
her first store in Brentwood in 2009, and “the shop primarily sold
bath and beauty supplies, as well as cosmetics, teas, candles, and
other goods.” Dkt. Kajajian Decl. ¶ 10. She does not state that she
sold hair products in her store in 2009.
66. Kajajian’s mother, Marguerite Kajajian, declared that in
1997, she and Kajajian “started offering for sale my daughter Lara’s
Larissa Love brand goods for sale – bath, beauty, and health type
products . . . as well as shampoos and conditioners . . . .” Dkt. 94 ¶ 3.
Marguerite Kajajian also stated that in 2008, Lara Kajajian “opened
up her first Larissa Love brand retail shop on San Vicente Blvd” in
Brentwood, where “we sold Larissa Love shampoos and
conditioners.” Id. ¶ 6.
67. Modisty Johnson declared that she has been buying
Kajajian’s Larissa Love products “for many years,” but did not state
for how long (though she states she has known Kajajian and her
products “since roughly 2011-13”). Dkt. 97 ¶¶ 3-4.
68. While this testimony provides some evidence that Kajajian
may have sold Larissa Love-branded hair products in her store as
early as 2008 or 2009, it does not establish by a preponderance of
the evidence that she continued to offer those products for sale after
that date. While Kajajian testified that she currently sells
shampoos and conditioners in her store, this is insufficient to
establish continuous use. Tr. 118:4-119:6.
69. Kopets’ transactional attorney, Anita Rivas, declared that
she searched Kajajian’s website on January 24, 2020, and searched
for the words “hair,” “conditioner,” and “shampoo,” and found no
results. Dkt. 101 ¶¶ 4-6.
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70. Additionally, Kopets’ former social media manager, Dylan
Herrington, testified that he went in person to Kajajian’s store on
approximately August 28, 2019 and did not see any hair products for
sale in the store. Tr 85:10-16, 86:19-25.
71. While the Court finds credible Kajajian’s testimony that
she has worked hard to develop her Larissa Love-branded products,
including hair products, it also finds Kajajian has not established by
a preponderance of the evidence that she placed her hair products in
commerce prior to December 2016 in a manner that was continuous
and uninterrupted.
72. Because Kajajian has not established priority of use of the
Larissa Love Mark on hair products, she does not have a protectable
mark with respect to hair products and cannot prevail on her
trademark infringement counterclaims or her counterclaim for
declaratory relief.
73. Additionally, because Kajajian does not have a protectable
ownership interest in the Larissa Love Mark as to hair products,
Plaintiffs are entitled to a declaration that they did not infringe
Kajajian’s trademark rights.
Ill. CONCLUSION
Judgment shall be entered in favor of Kopets and Larisa Love,
LLC and against Kajajian on each of Kajajian’s counterclaims, and in
favor of Kopets and Larisa Love, LLC on their sole claim for a
declaration of noninfringement.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Date: March 9, 2022 A. Jester
Dale 8. Fischer
United States District Judge
13