Jeffery Haynes, Jr. v. James Volpelletto

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 23-11063

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

JEFFERY LORENZO HAYNES, JR.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

JAMES VOLPELLETTO,

Sergeant, Martin Correctional Institution,

in individual capacity,

BRIAN BABCOCK,

JAMES FOSTER,

Officers, Martin Correctional Institution,

in individual capacities,

CHESTER MERRILL,

Sergeant, Martin Correctional Institution,

in individual capacity,

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2 Opinion of the Court 23-11063

CAMERON SHORT,

Officer, Martin Correctional Institution,

in individual capacity, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees,

LAN PORTEUS,

Officer, Martin Correctional Institution,

in individual capacity,

Defendant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 2:22-cv-14006-WPD

____________________

Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and GRANT, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Jeffery Haynes, Jr., a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se,

brought excessive force claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against sev-

eral corrections officers at the prison where he was incarcerated.

The district court, applying Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372 (2007),

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23-11063 Opinion of the Court 3

rejected Haynes’s version of the confrontation with the officers and

then granted summary judgment to the officers.

On appeal, Haynes challenges the district court’s orders

(1) declining to appoint counsel, (2) denying a motion to compel

discovery responses, and (3) granting summary judgment to the of-

ficers. We see no abuse of discretion in the district court’s orders

denying the motions to appoint counsel and to compel. We con-

clude that the district court erred in granting summary judgment

to officer Marie Avant because according to Haynes’s declaration,

which is not blatantly contradicted by any video evidence, she

punched him without any provocation. But as to the other officers,

Haynes’s version of events is blatantly contradicted by the prison’s

surveillance videos. We conclude that the district court did not err

when it granted summary judgment to the other officers. Accord-

ingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Haynes was convicted in Florida state court of drug traffick-

ing offenses and received a 15-year sentence. He entered the cus-

tody of the Florida Department of Corrections in January 2018.

The next month, he was transferred to the Martin Correctional In-

stitution (“MCI”) to serve his sentence.

On the evening of May 17, 2018, officers at MCI tackled and

restrained Haynes and sprayed him with a chemical agent. In the

section that follows, we review the parties’ factual dispute about

what happened during the incident and then the procedural history

of this lawsuit.

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4 Opinion of the Court 23-11063

A. The May 17 Incident

Haynes and the officers offer dramatically different accounts

of what happened on May 17. We begin by recounting Haynes’s

version of the events and then review the officers’ version. We then

discuss what is shown in the prison’s surveillance videos.

1. Haynes’s Version

According to Haynes, on the evening of May 17, he was

physically attacked by prison officers for no reason. The attack oc-

curred shortly after officer Junior Garlobo gave Haynes permission

to go to another dormitory, known as the C-Dormitory. When

Haynes walked up to that building, he encountered officer Marie

Avant. She approached Haynes very closely and asked, “why do

you act like you know me?” Doc. 115 at 3. 1 Haynes responded, “get

out [of] my face.” Id. Avant then said, “I’m going to have you

killed” and punched Haynes. Id. After throwing the punch, Avant

went inside the C-Dormitory and called for assistance from other

officers.

Soon, a group of officers attacked Haynes. Garlobo ran up

to him and, without giving any warning, sprayed a chemical agent

directly into Haynes’s face. Officer Cameron Short slammed

Haynes to the ground and handcuffed him. Although Haynes was

subdued and handcuffed, Garlobo and Short, along with officers

Brian Babcock, James Foster, Chester Merrill, Ian Porteus, and

James Volpelletto, took turns kicking him, striking him in the head

1 “Doc.” numbers refer to the district court’s docket entries.

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with their radios, and hitting him with closed fists. Another officer,

Albert Scarpati, watched the attack but did nothing to intervene.

After the attack, Haynes was brought into a dormitory,

placed in a segregated confinement cell, and allowed to shower. As

a result of the beating, one of Haynes’s eyes was swollen shut, and

one of his front teeth was knocked out. Yet he was denied any med-

ical treatment. After waiting in the cell for approximately four

hours, he was taken to the Charlotte Correctional Institution. The

next morning, he was finally taken to a hospital.

2. The Officers’ Version

Several of the officers—Babcock, Foster, Garlobo, Short,

and Volpelletto—gave written statements about the May 17 inci-

dent. The officers reported that the incident began at 6:40 p.m.

when they received a call for assistance from another officer. 2 Gar-

lobo, the first officer to respond, approached Haynes and directed

him “to submit to restraints.” Doc. 83-2 at 2. But Haynes refused

to comply. He balled up his fists and swung at Garlobo, saying

“Fuck [y]ou.” Id. Garlobo sprayed a chemical agent but missed

Haynes, who ran away.

Other officers tried to stop Haynes. Volpelletto grabbed him

and tried to take him to the ground. But Haynes bit Volpelletto in

the arm and poked him in the eye. Babcock then tackled Haynes,

who continued to fight. Garlobo and Short sprayed a chemical

2 None of the officers identified who made the initial call for assistance or ex-

plained why assistance was needed.

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agent at Haynes. Haynes then grabbed Babcock’s penis. Merrill and

Foster arrived on the scene and sprayed chemical agents at Haynes

as well. The officers were then able to restrain Haynes.

The officers tried to escort Haynes to a nearby building, the

D-Dormitory, but he refused to walk. They placed him in a wheel-

chair and pushed him to the dormitory. Once in the dormitory,

Haynes received a cool water shower and was taken to a secure

cell.

On the day of the incident, Garlobo, Short, Volpelletto, Bab-

cock, and Foster prepared written reports describing what had oc-

curred. Scarpati, the shift supervisor, reviewed their reports. He

added a note that “[a]ll of the associated” surveillance video footage

had been “burned to DVD for review.” Doc. 83-23 at 2.

3. The Surveillance Videos

Surveillance cameras at MCI captured some of the incident.

Two video cameras, which were mounted in the prison’s yard, cap-

tured an incident that occurred at the same time and in the same

place where Haynes said Garlobo and the other officers attacked

him. The videos show Haynes running across the prison yard and

fleeing several officers. After brief pursuit, an officer tackled

Haynes. Several other officers then brought him to the ground.

Other surveillance cameras captured what later happened

inside the D-Dormitory. Haynes was transported into the building

in a wheelchair. Two officers lifted him out of the wheelchair and

attempted to guide him to a nearby cell. He almost immediately

fell to the ground. Officers lifted Haynes back to his feet and walked

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him into a cell. He remained in the cell for approximately fifteen

minutes.

Haynes was then taken from the cell and escorted down a

hallway and into a room where he remained for approximately

three minutes. There is no video recording of what occurred inside

the room. Haynes, who was wearing leg restraints, was then es-

corted back to the area outside a holding cell.

Outside the holding cell, officers had Haynes kneel to the

ground so that they could take off his leg restraints. Because

Haynes would not allow the officers to take off the leg restraints,

they forced him to lie down on his stomach. After an officer re-

moved the leg restraints, Haynes stood up and was taken inside a

cell.

B. Procedural Background

Haynes, proceeding pro se, sued the officers involved in the

incident under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming that the officers used ex-

cessive force during the incident in the prison yard. He alleged that

each officer either participated in the beating or failed to intervene

to stop it.

Shortly after filing his complaint, Haynes requested that the

district court appoint counsel to represent him. The court denied

his request.

Later, Haynes filed a motion requesting that the court open

a federal investigation into the officers because they committed a

crime when they attacked him. The district court denied the

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motion, explaining it was without authority to grant the requested

relief because “[t]he decision of whether to investigate, arrest, or

prosecute government officers or officials is within the discretion

of the United States Attorney.” Doc. 64 at 1 (internal quotation

marks omitted).

Officers Avant, Babcock, Foster, Garlobo, Merrill, Scarpati,

and Volpelletto moved for summary judgment, 3 arguing that there

was no constitutional violation. To support their motion, the offic-

ers submitted various records, including the written reports from

Babcock, Foster, Garlobo, Short, and Volpelletto about the inci-

dent, as well as the surveillance videos and Haynes’s medical rec-

ords.

In the summary judgment motion, the officers acknowl-

edged that the parties told two different stories about the incident

on May 17. They argued that the district court should not rely on

Haynes’s version of the incident because the surveillance videos

“clearly contradict[ed]” it. Doc. 84 at 7. They said that the videos

showed that they used force and the chemical spray on Haynes

3 Although the complaint also named Porteous and Short as defendants, nei-

ther of these defendants was served. The district court ultimately dismissed

the claims against Porteous. The district court never entered an order dismiss-

ing the claims against Short; however, we conclude that it has nonetheless

entered a final appealable order. See Insinga v. LaBella, 817 F.2d 1469, 1470 (11th

Cir. 1987) (explaining that when “an action is dismissed as to all defendants

who have been served and only unserved defendants remain, the district

court’s judgment may be considered a final appealable order”). On appeal,

Haynes does not challenge the disposition of the claims against Porteous or

Short.

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23-11063 Opinion of the Court 9

only after he refused to submit to restraints and attacked the offic-

ers. They maintained that there was no constitutional violation be-

cause they used “limited force . . . to restore discipline” and

“ceased” using force once Haynes stopped resisting. Id. at 5. And

absent any use of excessive force, the officers argued, no officer

committed a constitutional violation by failing to intervene.

Haynes opposed the summary judgment motion. He sub-

mitted declarations setting forth his account of the incident. He as-

serted that the videos submitted by the officers were “falsif[ied].”

Doc. 113 at 7. According to Haynes, the only legitimate surveil-

lance videos submitted by the officers were the ones from the D-

Dormitory. He argued that the evidence viewed in the light most

favorable to him showed that the officers used excessive force.

Along with responding to the summary judgment motion, Haynes

renewed his request that the court appoint him counsel.

Around the time that he responded to the summary judg-

ment motion, Haynes filed a motion to compel, arguing that the

officers had not provided sufficient responses to his discovery re-

quests because, among other things, they had not produced the rel-

evant surveillance videos. Notably, Haynes filed this motion after

the court’s deadline for the parties to complete discovery. The dis-

trict court denied the motion.

The district court granted summary judgment to the offic-

ers. It explained that the videos from the prison yard showed that

Haynes “was in full flight from pursuing officers when he was tack-

led to the ground” and that he continued to struggle against the

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officers after he was tackled. Doc. 141 at 10. Because the surveil-

lance videos “completely refuted” his account of the attack, the dis-

trict court did not credit his version of events. Id. And because the

videos showed that the officers used force to “restore order rather

than to cause harm,” the court concluded that there was no consti-

tutional violation and granted summary judgment to the officers.

Id. at 12. In its order, the district court also denied as moot Haynes’s

renewed request for appointment of counsel. The district court

then closed the case.

This is Haynes’s appeal.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Several standards of review apply to this appeal.

We review the district court’s denial of a motion to appoint

counsel for an abuse of discretion. Killian v. Holt, 166 F.3d 1156,

1157 (11th Cir. 1999).

We review the district court’s denial of a motion to compel

discovery for an abuse of discretion. Holloman v. Mail-Well Corp.,

443 F.3d 832, 837 (11th Cir. 2006).

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary

judgment. Smelter v. S. Home Care Servs., Inc., 904 F.3d 1276, 1284

(11th Cir. 2018). At the summary judgment stage, we “constru[e]

the facts and draw[] all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-

moving party.” Id. Summary judgment is appropriate if the record

gives rise to “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

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56(a). A genuine dispute of material fact exists when “the evidence

is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-

moving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248

(1986).

We liberally construe the pleadings of a pro se litigant. Camp-

bell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168 (11th Cir. 2014).

III. DISCUSSION

Haynes raises three arguments on appeal, challenging the

district court’s decisions (1) refusing to appoint counsel, (2) denying

his motion to compel, and (3) granting summary judgment. We

address each issue in turn.

A. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in De-

clining to Appoint Counsel.

Haynes first challenges the district court’s decision not to ap-

point counsel. “Appointment of counsel in civil cases is a privilege

justified only by exceptional circumstances, not a constitutional

right.” Rodriguez v. Burnside, 38 F.4th 1324, 1335 (11th Cir. 2022)

(internal quotation marks omitted). Here, we cannot say that the

district court abused its discretion when it concluded that this case

did not present exceptional circumstances requiring the appoint-

ment of counsel.

B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Deny-

ing the Motion Seeking Additional Discovery.

Haynes also argues that the district court erred when it de-

nied his motion to compel and should have allowed him to conduct

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discovery about past complaints against the officers. The district

court did not abuse its discretion, however, because Haynes’s mo-

tion to compel was filed after the deadline for the parties to com-

plete discovery. See Avirgan v. Hull, 932 F.2d 1572, 1580–81 (11th

Cir. 1991) (recognizing that a district court may set limits on the

time period for discovery).

C. The District Court Erred in Granting Summary Judgment

to Avant But Did Not Err in Granting Summary Judg-

ment to the Other Officers.

We now turn to Haynes’s challenge to the district court’s

order granting summary judgment. In this section, we begin by

identifying the operative facts. We then address why, given these

facts, all the officers except for Avant are entitled to qualified im-

munity.

1. The Operative Facts

To determine the operative facts, we begin by discussing the

United States Supreme Court’s decision in Scott, which addressed

how we determine the operative facts for purposes of ruling on a

summary judgment motion in a case involving video evidence. See

550 U.S. at 380–81.

In Scott, a driver led police on a high-speed chase. Id. at 374–

75. To end the chase, an officer hit the driver’s car from behind,

which caused the driver to lose control and crash the car. Id. at 375.

The crash left the driver severely injured. Id. He sued, alleging that

the officer who hit his car used excessive force. Id. at 375–76. In

support of his claim, the driver asserted that, throughout the chase,

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he remained in control of his car, slowed for turns and intersec-

tions, and used his turn signals. Id. at 379. He also claimed that he

had not run anyone off the road and was not a threat to pedestrians

or other motorists. Id.

In considering whether the officer was entitled to summary

judgment, the Supreme Court did not rely on the driver’s version

of the facts. Id. at 379–80. It determined that it could not credit the

driver’s account because a video of the chase “so utterly discred-

ited” his version of the events that “no reasonable jury could have

believed him.” Id. at 380. The Court explained that “[w]hen oppos-

ing parties tell two different stories, one of which is blatantly con-

tradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it,

a court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of

ruling on a motion for summary judgment.” Id. In crediting the

video over the driver’s account, the Court noted that there was no

“allegation[] or indication[] that this video[] was doctored or al-

tered in any way” or “that what it depicts differed from what actu-

ally happened.” Id. at 378.

Under Scott, when the record “so utterly discredit[s] the

party’s story that no reasonable jury could have believed that

party,” we must disregard that portion of the nonmoving party’s

version of events at the summary judgment stage. Brooks v. Miller,

78 F.4th 1267, 1278 (11th Cir. 2023) (alteration adopted) (internal

quotation marks omitted); Pourmoghani-Esfahani v. Gee, 625 F.3d

1313, 1315 (11th Cir. 2015) (noting that video footage in case was

“often not obviously contradictory” to the plaintiff’s account and

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14 Opinion of the Court 23-11063

crediting plaintiff’s version “where no obviously contradictory

video evidence [was] available”). But if the “recording renders a

party’s story merely unlikely yet does not necessarily contradict it,

the default rule kicks in: we must accept the party’s version for pur-

poses of considering the motion for summary judgment.” Brooks,

78 F.4th at 1278.

Based on Scott, we conclude that the material facts for pur-

poses of summary judgment are as follows:

On May 17, Haynes received permission from Garlobo to

visit the C-Dormitory. Outside that building, he encountered

Avant who “encroached [his] personal space” and asked, “Why do

you act like you know me?” Doc. 115 at 3. Haynes responded, “Get

out [of] my face.” Id. At that point, Avant said, “I’m going to have

you killed,” and she punched Haynes. Id. Avant then went into the

C-Dormitory to request assistance from other officers.

For this portion of the incident, we credit Haynes’s declara-

tion describing his interaction with Avant. Notably, the officers

have not introduced any evidence disputing Haynes’s account.

They have not, for example, introduced any statement from Avant

denying that she threatened Haynes or punched him. Instead, all

the officers’ statements addressed what happened after Haynes in-

teracted with Avant. And, the prison yard surveillance videos do

not call into question Haynes’s statement that Avant punched him

because they captured only what happened after other officers be-

gan to chase him. We thus conclude that Scott is inapplicable be-

cause the videos do not “blatantly contradict[]” Haynes’s testimony

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that Avant punched him for no reason. 550 U.S. at 380; see also

Ramirez v. Martinez, 716 F.3d 369, 374 (5th Cir. 2013) (concluding

that video did not blatantly contradict plaintiff’s version of events

when the recording started after the incident between the plaintiff

and the officer had begun).

The incident continued when Garlobo and other officers ap-

peared on the scene. These officers pursued Haynes, who fled from

them and ignored their commands. To subdue Haynes, officers

tackled him, brought him to the ground, and sprayed a chemical

agent.

For this portion of the incident, we do not credit Haynes’s

testimony that these officers, without any provocation, kicked him,

hit him, and used pepper spray. This portion of Haynes’s version

of the incident is “so utterly discredited” by the surveillance videos

from the prison yard that no reasonable jury could believe this as-

pect of his testimony. See Scott, 550 U.S. at 380. The videos show

that, contrary to Haynes’s version of events, officers pursued him

only after he ran away and used force only after he was resisting.

Haynes nevertheless argues that we should not rely on the

surveillance videos because, as he said in his declaration, they were

falsified. But, as the officers’ reports reflect, on the night of the in-

cident Scarpati preserved the relevant surveillance videos and

stored them on a DVD. Haynes alleged no facts to support his as-

sertion that the videos were falsified. His conclusory assertion that

they were is insufficient to create a genuine dispute of fact about

whether the videos captured the incident when officers tackled and

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restrained him. See Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n, 497 U.S. 871, 888

(1990) (refusing at the summary judgment stage to credit “conclu-

sory allegations” in an affidavit); McKenny v. United States, 973 F.3d

1291, 1303 (11th Cir. 2020) (“[C]onclusory affidavits lack probative

value.”).

2. All the Officers Except for Avant Are Entitled to Qual-

ified Immunity.

With this understanding of the relevant facts, we now con-

sider whether the officers are entitled to qualified immunity.

“Qualified immunity shields public officials from liability for civil

damages when their conduct does not violate a constitutional right

that was clearly established at the time of the challenged action.”

Echols v. Lawton, 913 F.3d 1313, 1319 (11th Cir. 2019) (internal quo-

tation marks omitted). The rationale behind the doctrine is the bal-

ancing of “two important public interests: the need to hold public

officials accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and

the need to shield officials from harassment, distraction, and liabil-

ity when they perform their duties reasonably.” Davis v. Waller,

44 F.4th 1305, 1312 (11th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks omit-

ted). Under the balance that qualified immunity strikes, “all but the

plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law” en-

joy its protection. Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986).

To receive qualified immunity, an officer “bears the initial

burden to prove that he acted within his discretionary authority.”

Dukes v. Deaton, 852 F.3d 1035, 1041 (11th Cir. 2017). The plaintiff

then bears the burden of proving that the officer “violated a

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constitutional right” and “the right was clearly established at the

time of the violation.” Barnes v. Zaccari, 669 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th

Cir. 2012). Here, Haynes does not dispute that the officers were

engaged in discretionary functions, meaning he bore the burden of

proving that they were not entitled to qualified immunity.

The Eighth Amendment “prohibits the unnecessary and

wanton infliction of pain.” Thomas v. Bryant, 614 F.3d 1288, 1303

(11th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). In the custo-

dial setting, an Eighth Amendment violation occurs when officers

use excessive force. Id. at 1303–04. In this setting, force is deemed

legitimate, as opposed to excessive, if it is “applied in a good-faith

effort to maintain or restore discipline” and not “maliciously and

sadistically to cause harm.” Wilkins v. Gaddy, 559 U.S. 34, 37 (2010)

(internal quotation marks omitted). To determine whether an of-

ficer used excessive force, we consider five factors:

(1) the extent of injury; (2) the need for application of

force; (3) the relationship between that need and the

amount of force used; (4) any efforts made to temper

the severity of a forceful response; and (5) the extent

of the threat to the safety of staff and inmates, as rea-

sonably perceived by the responsible officials on the

basis of facts known to them.

Williams v. Radford, 64 F.4th 1185, 1196–97 (11th Cir. 2023).

Based on these factors, “inferences may be drawn as to

whether the use of force could plausibly have been thought neces-

sary, or instead evinced such wantonness with respect to the

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unjustified infliction of harm as is tantamount to a knowing will-

ingness that it occur.” Skrtich v. Thornton, 280 F.3d 1295, 1300–01

(11th Cir. 2002), overruled on other grounds by Pearson v. Callahan, 555

U.S. 223 (2009). We thus have recognized that “correctional offic-

ers in a prison setting can use pepper-spray or a takedown to sub-

due an inmate as long as a valid penological reason supports the

use of such force.” Sconiers v. Lockhart, 946 F.3d 1256, 1264 (11th

Cir. 2020). “Unless it appears that the evidence, viewed in the light

most favorable to the plaintiff, will support a reliable inference of

wantonness in the infliction of pain . . . , the case should not go to

the jury.” Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 322 (1986).

Additionally, an “officer who is present at the scene and who

fails to take reasonable steps to protect the victim of another of-

ficer’s use of excessive force can be held personally liable for his

nonfeasance.” Skritch, 280 F.3d at 1301.

We conclude that Avant is not entitled to qualified immun-

ity at the summary judgment stage. As we explained above, the ev-

idence, when viewed in the light most favorable to Haynes, shows

that Avant punched him when he did nothing to provoke her. This

evidence is sufficient to support an inference that she gratuitously

used force in violation of Haynes’s constitutional rights. See Sears v.

Roberts, 922 F.3d 1199, 1209 (11th Cir. 2019); see also Skritch,

280 F.3d at 1301–02 (concluding that officers used excessive force

when they kicked, punched, and beat prisoner who was not resist-

ing). And it was clearly established at the time that “the unjustified

use of excessive force by a prison guard against an inmate” violated

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the Eighth Amendment. Davis v. Locke, 936 F.2d 1208, 1213 (11th

Cir. 1991).

But we conclude that the remaining officers—Babcock, Fos-

ter, Garlobo, Merrill, Scarpati, and Volpelletto—are entitled to

qualified immunity. As we explained above, the surveillance videos

blatantly contradict Haynes’s version of the incident in the prison

yard; they show that Babcock, Foster, Garlobo, Merrill, and Vol-

pelletto applied force to restrain Haynes only after he defied the

officers’ commands and actively resisted their attempts to subdue

him. In these circumstances, we conclude that these officers’ lim-

ited use of force was reasonable. See Sconiers, 946 F.3d at 1265; see

also Danley v. Allen, 540 F.3d 1298, 1307 (11th Cir. 2008) (“readily”

concluding that the use of pepper spray following a prisoner’s fail-

ure to obey an officer’s order was constitutional), overruled in part

on other grounds as recognized by Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 709

(11th Cir. 2010). And because the use of force was reasonable,

Haynes’s failure-to-intervene claim against Scarpati also fails. See

Skritch, 280 F.3d at 1301 (recognizing that for an officer to be liable

for failing to intervene he must be present during “another officer’s

use of excessive force”).

IV.

For the above reasons, we affirm the district court’s orders

related to appointment of counsel and compelling discovery. We

affirm the order granting summary judgment to Babcock, Garlobo,

Merrill, Scarpati, and Volpelletto and reverse the order granting

summary judgment to Avant.

USCA11 Case: 23-11063 Document: 26-1 Date Filed: 05/01/2024 Page: 20 of 20

20 Opinion of the Court 23-11063

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.