The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
O.M.A. CONSTRUCTION, INC.,
No. 85203-5-I
Appellant,
DIVISION ONE
v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
WASHINGTON STATE
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND
INDUSTRIES,
Respondent.
DÍAZ, J. — OMA Construction, Inc. (OMA) is a civil contractor which employs
dump truck drivers to transport various materials to, from, and within construction
sites of large public works projects. Under the Industrial Insurance Act (IIA),
Washington classifies occupations or industries by their level of hazard for
purposes of setting premiums for workers’ compensation insurance. OMA appeals
the superior court’s order affirming the decision of the Board of Industrial Insurance
Appeals (Board), which found that OMA (1) misclassified its business as
performing excavation rather than truck driving, and (2) did so knowingly,
subjecting it to significant penalties. OMA also brings a due process challenge
against the Board’s processes. We affirm.
No. 85203-5-I/2
I. BACKGROUND
The following facts are undisputed: OMA is a contractor and subcontractor
for, among other things, public works construction projects. OMA’s employees
drive dump trucks, which carry various materials to, from and within construction
or reclamation sites. Approximately 70-75% of its employees’ driving is on or
within construction sites. Its drivers may drive 100-200 miles in one day within the
boundaries of a single large construction site. For example, OMA’s truck drivers
hauled dirt away from the SR-99 tunnel in Seattle; hauled material within and
around various highway and light rail tunnel construction sites; and hauled material
to and from a reclamation site in Maple Valley. Its truck drivers primarily stay in
the cab of the truck, and do not run excavation equipment.
In June 2015, the Department of Labor and Industries (Department) audited
OMA and found it had improperly classified its dump truck drivers as performing
“clerical” and “landscaping” work under the rating system for Washington workers’
compensation insurance. OMA asked the Department to reconsider, and OMA’s
president met with Department specialists. In various meetings, the Department
instructed OMA to select the “intrastate trucking” risk classification if its dump truck
drivers were driving, and to select the “excavation” risk classification if they were
excavating.
The Department audited OMA two more times. After the next (second)
audit, OMA unilaterally adjusted the industrial insurance premium it paid because
it believed it was overpaying its premium. Specifically, OMA believed it had fewer
actual losses than the Department calculated, and OMA could address the
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discrepancy by selecting a different (less expensive) risk classification.
In 2020, pursuant to its third audit, the Department found OMA
underreported the hours its employees worked and misclassified its business as
excavation rather than truck driving, ordering OMA to pay $380,000 in additional
premiums, $1.1 million in trebled penalties, and other fines, totaling approximately
$1.7 million (hereinafter, Order).
OMA appealed to the Board, which affirmed the Order after several days of
evidentiary hearings consisting of testimony from 14 witnesses. The Industrial
Appeals Judge (IAJ) found: (1) the “Department correctly classified OMA’s dump
truck drivers” under the intrastate trucking classification; (2) “OMA knowingly
underreported and misrepresented its hours, knowingly misclassified and
misrepresented their dump truck drivers as excavation workers to the Department”;
and (3) “failed to maintain and provide records for inspection as required.” 1 The
IAJ concluded OMA failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence the Order
was incorrect.
OMA filed a petition for judicial review in the King County Superior Court,
which also affirmed the Board. OMA sought reconsideration of the court’s
judgment and order, which the court denied. OMA now timely appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Overview of the IIA and Standard of Review
“The Industrial Insurance Act . . . was a ‘grand compromise’ that granted
1 OMA does not dispute in this appeal that it knowingly underreported its hours and
failed to maintain and provide records for inspection. Those facts are taken as
verities. Matter of Estate of Lint, 135 Wn.2d 518, 532-33, 957 P.2d 755 (1998).
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immunity to employers from civil suits initiated by their workers and provided
workers with ‘a swift, no-fault compensation system for injuries on the job.’” Dep’t
of Labor & Indus. v. Simmons, 28 Wn. App. 2d 609, 613, 537 P.3d 701 (2023)
(quoting Dep’t of Lab. and Indus. v. Lyons Enters., Inc., 185 Wn.2d 721, 733, 374
P.3d 1097 (2016)). “As part of this compromise, employers must maintain workers’
compensation coverage through the Department.” Id. (quoting RCW 51.16.060).
“The Department can audit employers and issue assessments for any past-due
premiums.” Id. (quoting RCW 51.16.035; RCW 51.48.030).
The IIA granted the Department broad discretion to create a “rating system”
for classifying occupations and industries based on their degrees of hazard and to
fix corresponding industrial insurance premium rates. Di Pietro Trucking Co. v.
Dep’t of Labor and Indus., 135 Wn. App. 693, 704, 145 P.3d 419 (2006) (citing
LAWS OF 1971, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 289, § 16; RCW 51.16.035). The legislature
delegated further authority to the Department to “adopt rules governing the method
of premium calculation and . . . to encourage accident prevention and to facilitate
collection.” RCW 51.16.035(2). If an employer fails to pay the proper premium,
the Department may “issue a notice of assessment certifying the amount due.”
RCW 51.48.120.
“Under the APA, a plaintiff has the burden to show that an agency acted
outside statutorily-granted authority or that an agency erroneously interpreted or
applied the law.” Di Pietro Trucking Co., 135 Wn. App. at 700-701 (citing RCW
34.05.570). “We review the Board’s conclusions of law de novo to determine
whether the Board correctly applied the law and whether the Board’s findings of
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fact support its conclusions of law.” Pro-Active Home Builders, Inc. v. Dep’t of
Labor & Indus., 7 Wn. App. 2d 10, 16, 465 P.3d 375 (2018).
As to conclusions of law, we review interpretation of a statute de novo. Di
Pietro Trucking Co., 135 Wn. App. at 701. “We interpret statutes to carry out the
Legislature’s intent.” Id. “If a statute is clear on its face, we derive its meaning
from the language of the statute.” Id. “‘The appellate court may substitute its
interpretation for that of the agency . . . [b]ut, we must ‘accord substantial weight
to the agency interpretation.’” D.W. Close Co., Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 143
Wn. App. 118, 129, 177 P.3d 143 (2008) (quoting Everett Concrete Prods. v. Dep’t
of Labor & Indus., 109 Wn.2d 819, 823, 748 P.2d 1112 (1988)).
These “‘[r]ules of statutory construction apply to administrative . . .
regulations.’” D.W. Close, 143 Wn. App at 126 (quoting State v. Burke, 92 Wn.2d
474, 478, 598 P.2d 395 (1979)) (alteration in original). “The initial examination
focuses on the plain language of the regulation. ‘If an administrative rule or
regulation is clear on its face, its meaning is to be derived from the plain language
of the provision alone.’” Id. (quoting Cannon v. Dep’t of Licensing, 147 Wn.2d 41,
56, 50 P.3d 627 (2002)). “[R]egulations are interpreted as a whole, giving effect
to all the language and harmonizing all provisions.” Id. (quoting Cannon, 147
Wn.2d at 57) (alteration in original). And, we have held the Department, “acting
within the ambit of its administrative functions normally is best qualified to interpret
its own rules, and its interpretation is entitled to considerable deference by the
courts.” Id. at 129 (quoting Pacific Wire Works v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 49 Wn.
App. 229, 236, 742 P.2d 168 (1987)).
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As to factual determinations, “[w]e review the Board’s findings of fact for
substantial evidence.” Pro-Active Home Builders, 7 Wn. App. 2d at 16. “Evidence
is substantial where it is sufficient to persuade a fair-minded, rational person of the
finding’s truth.” Id. “The [Board’s] conclusions of law must also flow from its
findings.” Henry Indus., Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 195 Wn. App. 593, 599-
600, 381 P.3d 172 (2016). “We view the evidence and reasonable inferences in
the light most favorable to the prevailing party—here, the Department.” Frank
Coluccio Constr. Co. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 181 Wn. App. 25, 35, 329 P.3d 91
(2014).
“On appeal from the superior court, this court ‘sit[s] in the same position as
the superior court and review[s] the agency’s order based on the administrative
record rather than the superior court’s decision.’” Henry Indus., 195 Wn. App. at
599-600 (quoting B & R Sales, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 186 Wn. App. 367,
374, 344 P.3d 741 (2015)) (alteration in original).
B. Whether the Risk Classification Was Properly Assigned and Supported
1. Further Regulatory Background on the Rating System for Classifications
Again, the Department classifies “occupations or industries by their level of
hazard.” WAC 296-17-31011. “Classification descriptions contained in WAC 296-
17A-0101 through 296-17A-7400 establish the intended purpose or scope of each
classification.” WAC 296-17-31002 (emphasis added).
At its most general level, a “basic classification” is a “grouping of businesses
or industries having common or similar exposure to loss without regard to the
separate employments, occupations or operations which are normally associated
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with the business or industry.” Id. “Since a basic classification reflects the liability
(exposure to hazard) of a given business or industry, all the operations and
occupations that are common to an industry are blended together and included in
the classification. The rate for a basic classification represents the average of the
hazards within the classification.” Id. (emphasis in original).
Specific workers’ compensation classifications are enumerated in chapter
296-17A WAC. WAC 296-17-31011(1). “[T]hese rules group employers into risk
classifications based on the nature of a business . . . each classification describes
the types of businesses and operations it includes, and the classification is a blend
of exposures and risks.” WAC 296-17-31011(2) (emphasis added). The
Department does not “classify and rate individual jobs or occupations . . . [i]nstead,
each classification describes the types of business and operations it includes.” Id.
“Sometimes, a classification may also reference certain operations (tasks,
processes, activities, etc.) excluded from the classification.” Id. The Department
characterizes the boundary between what is included in and what is excluded from
a classification as the “scope” of the classification. Id.
With respect to the relevant classifications at issue here, the Department
designates and applies several classifications related to “trucking.” WAC 296-17A-
1102. Relevantly, classification 1102-03 applies to “businesses that hire drivers .
. . engaged in intrastate trucking.” WAC 296-17A-1102-03. “Intrastate truck driving
is operating a vehicle hauling goods within the boundaries of Washington state.”
Id. (emphasis added). “Duties include, but are not limited to: deadhead trips,
driving without a load . . . loading and unloading vehicles.” Id. (emphasis added).
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No. 85203-5-I/8
Furthermore, “Types of goods hauled include, but are not limited to: . . . Bulk
freight, merchandise, or commodities, . . . gravel or . . . soils . . .” Id. (emphasis
added).
2. Discussion
On its face, the work of OMA’s truck drivers satisfies each of the essential
characteristics of the intrastate trucking risk classification: operating a vehicle,
which loads, hauls, and unloads goods on Washington roads. WAC 296-17A-
1102-03. The following facts are undisputed: OMA owned and operated trucks.
OMA’s trucks loaded and moved dirt and other excavated materials. The same
trucks unloaded these materials. These actions occurred within Washington.
OMA offers three initial arguments to the contrary, each of which we find
unpersuasive.
First, OMA contends that the various materials its drivers transported in the
trucks were not “goods,” which it avers means something like tradeable
commodities. As an initial matter, in this classification, “types of goods hauled
[expressly] include[s]: . . . [g]ravel or aggregate . . . or soils,” which OMA admits it
transports. WAC 296-17A-1102-03. Even if OMA transports more than just soils,
the “types of goods” may “include but are not limited to” an array of materials, which
may have been, e.g., excavated along with the gravel, aggregate or soil. WAC
296-17A-1102-03. Nothing in the definition indicates that its scope is limited to
“commodities.” Id. Thus, this argument fails.
Second, OMA argues the Department should not have classified its
employees as intrastate trucking drivers because they drove mostly within
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No. 85203-5-I/9
construction sites rather than on “public roads.” There simply is no requirement in
the relevant regulations or other authority that a driver must drive on public roads
to be classified in the intrastate trucking risk category. It is sufficient that OMA’s
driving was entirely contained within Washington, including construction sites.
Thus, this argument is also unavailing.
Third, OMA argues that, because the intrastate trucking regulation
enumerates equipment its dump truck drivers do not use (e.g., forklifts, hand
trucks, and pallet jacks), the drivers’ duties are not intrastate trucking. Similar to
the argument above, the regulation specifically states “equipment may include, but
is not limited to” in its preface. WAC 296-17A-1102-03 (emphasis added). Thus,
the fact that OMA’s drivers may not use, e.g., forklifts, is not dispositive of the
question at issue: do they operate a vehicle hauling goods within the boundaries
of Washington. We hold they do.
OMA next argues that, even if there is some match with intrastate trucking,
the specific tasks in the excavation classification of WAC 296-17A-0101 are a
closer match to the tasks of OMA’s drivers. Specifically, OMA claims its dump
truck drivers are engaged in (a) the same work (back-filling), with (b) the same
equipment (dump trucks), and (c) face the same hazards (navigating the
construction site) as excavators. 2
2 OMA relatedly argues our Supreme Court considered “a near identical issue” in
Silverstreak, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 159 Wn.2d 868, 886, 154 P.3d 891
(2007), distinguishing between “mere delivery” of fill to a construction site and
actual excavating. Silverstreak’s analysis is inapposite because the regulations
(WAC 296-127-018), the legal issue at question (whether the prevailing wage act
applies), and the procedural posture (where the Department, who was entitled to
“great deference,” supported such a distinction) there were vastly different than
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No. 85203-5-I/10
OMA’s drivers, however, are not engaged in the same work as excavators
because, first, the drivers simply are not digging into the earth or turning earth in
any way. See, e.g., WAC 296-17A-0101-02. The “work activities in the excavation
classification include (but are not limited to):
• Backfilling;
• Bringing the roadbed or project site to grade;
• Clearing or scraping land of vegetation;
• Cut and fill work;
• Earth excavation;
• Excavation or digging of earth to form the hole for pools, ponds, building
foundations, and side sewer hookups (street to house) when performed
as part of the excavation contract;
• Excavation of rocks and boulders;
• Grubbing;
• Piling or pushing of earth;
• Placement of plastic pool and pond liners not in connection with concrete
work;
• Removal of tree stumps; and
• Slope grooming.
WAC 296-17A-0101-02. These activities inherently involve the physical removal
or placement onto or into the earth of material from its original resting place, not
simply the transference of the same from one location to another.
Additionally, OMA’s drivers are not using equipment that could excavate or
dig because, again, they are driving dump trucks, as opposed to diggers or
backhoes.
And, OMA’s drivers do not face the same hazards as excavators because,
for the most part, they remain in the cab of their truck while on the construction
site. Stated otherwise, excavators do not face road or traffic hazards when driving
here. Id. at 878 & 884. There was simply no analysis of the competing regulations
as here.
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No. 85203-5-I/11
to or from construction sites. 3
Moreover, OMA bears the burden of proof to show the Department
improperly applied its regulation. B & R Sales, 186 Wn. App. at 375. And, we
accord the Department significant discretion when it interprets its rules and “when
the subject area falls within the agency’s area of expertise.” Id. (quoting Dep’t of
Labor & Indus. v. Mitchell Bros. Truck Line, Inc., 113 Wn. App. 700, 704, 54 P.3d
711 (2002)). Here, the Department, in its expertise, examined the nature of OMA’s
business and classified the duties of OMA’s dump truck drivers pursuant to a blend
of their exposures and risks. WAC 296-17-31011(2).
In short, on the uncontested facts, OMA did not carry its burden to show the
Department, as a matter of law, should have classified its dump truck drivers’ risk
in the excavation classification. Pro-Active Home Builders, 7 Wn. App. 2d at 16.
The Department was within its discretion to classify OMA’s business as it did
because of the work the drivers indisputably do engage in (operating a vehicle
hauling goods in Washington) and because OMA does not allege that its
employees actually excavate the earth per WAC 296-17A-0101-02.
Finally, OMA argues that the Board’s conclusions, nonetheless, do not
follow from its findings of fact. We conclude the Department supported its
application of WAC 296-17A-1102-03 with substantial evidence.
At the hearing before the Board, the Department offered an expert witness,
George Mattison, who drove dump trucks for OMA. Mattison described that on a
3 OMA also argues the Department classified its work solely based on OMA’s
public works contracts and not the hazards actually faced by its dump truck drivers,
which is an assertion not supported by the record.
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No. 85203-5-I/12
typical day, he drove his dump truck to the construction site, another employee
loaded his truck, and he drove the load back and forth between the job site and
the “dump site.” As part of his duties, he only exited the dump truck to lock or
unlock part if it before loading or unloading.
John Pettey, another truck driver for OMA, also testified. On direct
examination by OMA, Pettey testified to spending 70 to 75 percent of his time
within OMA’s construction sites. He explained:
Typically, you will be working with an excavation team . . . they’ll be
digging out, loading it into [the dump truck], and you are moving it to
some other area on site. If you are hauling to another site, typically,
that will be a stockpile of dirt, or whatever it may be that you are
taking to another site, and dropping off . . . some of it, will be taking
to a reclamation site.
(emphasis added).
When viewing this “evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party—here, the Department,” we conclude it provides evidence “sufficient to
persuade a fair-minded, rational person of the finding’s truth.” Frank Coluccio
Constr. Co., 181 Wn. App. at 35; Henry Indus., Inc., 195 Wn. App. at 599-600.
In response, OMA argues there is (a) nothing in the findings of fact
specifically regarding the hazard faced by its drivers, (b) no express comparison
between the hazards of dump truck driving and excavation on the projects it works
on besides vague allusions to “driving conditions,” and (c) nothing about what
percentage of risk would be acceptable under this regulation.
As to the first argument, we can imply conclusions of law from the findings
of fact the Board makes because “[t]he legislature has recognized that there is an
inherent hazard in all industry.” Wash. State Sch. Directors Ass’n v. Dep’t of Labor
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No. 85203-5-I/13
& Indus., 82 Wn.2d 367, 373, 510 P.2d 818 (1973). Here, OMA’s dump truck
drivers operated a truck, the truck was loaded, the driver hauled it, then the truck
was unloaded. Thus, the facts have been adduced that OMA’s drivers are
engaged in driving, which is an inherently dangerous activity.
As to OMA’s second two arguments, OMA offers no authority in support of
its argument that the fact finder must compare two possible risk classifications with
each other in order to reach a reasoned decision, let alone develop percentage
matrices of risk. We do not impose such obligations here. 4
For these reasons, we hold that the Board’s conclusions “flow from its
findings.” Henry Indus., Inc., 195 Wn. App. at 599-600.
C. Knowing Misrepresentation Under RCW 51.48.020(1)(a)
1. Law
The Department may issue a penalty to an employer if the employer
“knowingly misrepresents . . . the amount of . . . employee hours” underlying the
premium it pays the Department, in which case the employer
shall be liable to the state for up to ten times the amount of the
difference in premiums paid and the amount the employer should
have paid and for the reasonable expenses of auditing his or her
books and collecting such sums.
RCW 51.48.020(1)(a).
2. Discussion
4 OMA also argues that the Board’s findings were insufficient because it did not
expressly find that OMA hauled “goods” for the purposes of the intrastate trucking
risk classification because “the findings state only that OMA hauls “dirt, debris, and
other materials.” Again, we may imply conclusions of law from the findings of fact
about the materials it does haul, and do so here. Wash. State Sch. Directors Ass’n,
82 Wn.2d at 373.
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OMA argues the Department improperly imposed its $1.7 million penalty.
Specifically, OMA argues that it (a) was in a bona fide dispute with the Department
about how to categorize its dump truck drivers’ activities, (b) “repeatedly attempted
to raise” the issue with the Department to no avail, and (c) “manually adjust[ed] its
hours . . . in good faith.” 5 We conclude that, as a matter of law, the Department
did not err by penalizing OMA, and that the Department supported its conclusions
with substantial evidence.
We interpret statutes, such as RCW 51.48.020(1)(a), to carry out the
legislature’s intent, and, if a statute is clear on its face, we derive the meaning from
its language. Di Pietro Trucking Co., 135 Wn. App. at 701. Merriam-Webster
defines “knowing” as “having or reflecting knowledge, information, or intelligence.”
MERRIAM-W EBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY (last visited Mar. 12, 2024) (emphasis
added), https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/knowing. And, it defines
“misrepresent” as “to give a false or misleading representation of usually with an
intent to deceive or be unfair.” MERRIAM-W EBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY (last visited
Mar. 12, 2024) (emphasis added), https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/misrepresent. “When a statutory term is undefined, the
court may look to a dictionary for its ordinary meaning.” In re Estate of Blessing,
5 OMA challenges the superior court’s finding of fact that the Department’s first
audit of OMA showed, among other things, that OMA underreported hours,
misclassified its dump truck drivers as in the landscape or clerical category, and
that the Department instructed OMA to report its dump truck drivers under
intrastate trucking. Although OMA challenges the superior court’s characterization
and use of the first audit, and not the audit itself, its challenge on appeal is the
result of the third audit. Thus, because the facts are unchallenged, we treat the
court’s finding of fact as a verity on review. Lint, 135 Wn.2d at 532-33.
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174 Wn.2d 228, 231, 273 P.3d 975 (2012).
It is undisputed and, indeed acknowledged in its own briefing, that OMA
intentionally designated its dump truck drivers in a risk classification different than
the one that the Department instructed OMA to use. In other words, OMA knew,
or at least had information, that the Department considered the proper
classification to be “intrastate trucking” and still provided what the Department
would consider to be false information. Whether it “intended” to “deceive” the
Department is not required under the plain language definition of the terms above.
The simple fact is that it had information its hours were considered false, and took
unilateral action contrary to that information.
Although no court has yet examined this provision of the statute, the Board
has considered the term “knowing misrepresentation” in two separate cases, cited
by the parties. 6
First, in In Re: Eric T. Ash et Ux DBA Par Oneri Concrete, the Board
concluded that a business owner “knowingly misrepresented” information it
reported to the Department because the owner intentionally omitted that his father
worked at the business, after the Department told him to report the father. 10
12372, 2011 WL 1903461, at *2 (Wash. Bd. of Indus. Ins. Appeals Mar. 17, 2011).
The Board concluded “[m]isrepresentation can occur by omission, by failing to
state what should be stated. ‘Concealment or even non-disclosure may have the
effect of a misrepresentation.’” Id. (citing BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, 7th ed. (1981)).
6 We may consider BIIA decisions persuasive but not binding authority. Stone v.
State, Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 172 Wn. App. 256, 268, 289 P.3d 720 (2012).
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No. 85203-5-I/16
“Having previously been informed that his father was an employee, Mr. Ash’s
failure to report hours and pay premiums amounts to a misrepresentation for
purposes of RCW 51.48.020(1)(a).” Id. (emphasis added).
Second, in In Re: Yellow Cab Exp LLC, & in Re Yellow Broadway Transp.,
LLC, the Board reviewed knowing misrepresentation penalties against two
different companies. 16 10201, 16 10202, 16 10203 & 16 10587, 2018 WL
3816941, at *1 (Wash. Bd. Of Indus. Ins. Appeals July 17, 2018). For its part,
Yellow Cab reported estimated hours for its drivers because, allegedly, the
Department declined to assist Yellow Cab with proper reporting. Id. at *8. The
Board held “the essence of knowing misrepresentation is communication of an
existing fact while knowing that fact to be false.” Id. (emphasis added). And, it
found that Yellow Cab’s estimates were not a knowing communication of false
information under the statute. Id. However, the Board held that Yellow Broadway’s
refusal to report its employees’ hours at all did count as a knowing
misrepresentation. Id. at *10. The Board found that “communication of a false
statement of fact, may be satisfied by failing to communicate a fact when there is
a duty to do so.” Id.
We agree with the Board’s conclusion and adopt its analyses in both cases.
Moreover, we hold that each further supports the Department’s conclusion that
OMA knowingly misrepresented the amount it was supposed to pay to the
Department (a) based on its prior instructions for OMA’s risk premiums (which was
absent in Yellow Cab’s case), and (b) regardless of any alleged failing of the
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Department.
We so hold, first, because OMA offers no other authority that would permit
it to unilaterally choose to designate the risk classifications it believed best,
contrary to the Department’s instructions. Stated otherwise, there is no authority,
and we decline to create any, that the Department must show that an employer
acted in bad faith to establish a claim of knowing misstatement. “‘Where no
authorities are cited in support of a proposition, the court is not required to search
out authorities, but may assume that counsel, after diligent search, has found
none.’” City of Seattle v. Levesque, 12 Wn. App. 2d 687, 697, 460 P.3d 205 (2020)
(quoting DeHeer v. Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 60 Wn.2d 122, 126, 372 P.2d 193
(1962)).
Next, as in Ash and Yellow Cab, this matter does not present an issue of
mere constructive knowledge. OMA knew or should have known it was the
Department’s responsibility to begin by assigning a basic classification to OMA
based on the nature of its business per WAC 296-17-31012. And, if OMA
disagreed with the assignment after its first audit, it had the right to bring a claim
under the Administrative Procedure Act, not to act unilaterally in what-can-only-be-
described as “self-help.” It would be certainly inconsistent with the “considerable
deference” accorded to the Department to permit such measures. D.W. Close,
143 Wn. App. at 129.
Thus, we conclude, on the undisputed facts and as a matter of law, that the
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Board did not err by imposing the penalty it did for knowing misrepresentation. 7
OMA next argues that, even if the above is the correct legal standard, the
Board failed to support its finding that OMA knowingly misrepresented its premium
rates with substantial evidence. This argument too fails.
The Board relied upon several facts in determining OMA knowingly
misrepresented its premiums. First, the Department offered several admissions
from OMA’s employees who drove dump trucks, who admitted their work primarily
involved driving instead of excavation, and that they were told as much by the
Department. 8 In other words, there is little doubt that OMA’s employees “knew”
the activity they were engaged in was trucking and, at a minimum, what the position
of the Department was.
Second, the Department offered the testimony of the person who performed
the first audit in 2013, Yussuf Abdi, who stated:
In reviewing the records provided for audit and audit investigation, I
found that nearly all of the firm’s dump truck drivers were reported
incorrectly in risk classification 4904-00 Clerical and 0301-08
Landscape Construction . . . The audit determined that, almost all of
the firm’s construction field workers (truck drivers) performed hauling
services for various public and non-public projects which precisely
7 We decline to reach the arguments from OMA and Amicus Associated General
Contractors that we should construe OMA’s actions as a “constructive knowledge”
of the proper penalty because, again, the claim at issue here is of actual knowing
misrepresentation, not whether OMA constructively knew.
8 One of OMA’s drivers, John Pettey, testified that on a typical day, a “trench team”
dug in the ground, loaded it into the truck, and he moved it to another area of the
site. And, he hauled dirt between jobsites. Additionally, Julie Sur, an account
manager for the Department, testified that she told OMA’s president, Barry
O’Young, that if the dump truck drivers were engaged with “hauling for hire,” OMA
should classify their risk as that for intrastate trucking (the “1102” risk
classification).
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No. 85203-5-I/19
meet the definition 1102-03 intrastate trucking risk classification . . .
(emphasis added). In other words, the position of the Department was long held
and long communicated to OMA.
In response, OMA argues that, even if the Department had internally so
concluded, its employees did not explicitly instruct OMA to classify its dump truck
drivers in a classification other than excavation. That is inconsistent with the
record. Again, Abdi testified that he explained to OMA’s president
that going forward the correct classification for his business
operation should be 1102, [referring to the intrastate trucking
classification] not 0101 or 0308 in the first audit.
...
Q. Effective the first audit, did you educate the firm about those two
classifications 0308 and the proper classification into 1102?
A. Yes, ma’am.
Similarly, another Department auditor, Jerold Billings, testified that in a
conference with OMA’s president, Barry O’Young:
Mr. O’Young admitted that he had misclassified his drivers under the
landscaping classification when they should have been reported in
truck driving.
(emphasis added). Moreover, Billings later testified that:
A. We exchanged emails about the reconsideration process.
Q. And in those emails did you discuss to the best of your
recollection the classification requirements appurtenant to
landscaping and dump truck driving?
A. As I recall, it was clear that we discussed that the correct
classification for the drivers was driving and not landscape.
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No. 85203-5-I/20
In short, while there may have been at times some arguable lack of clarity,
there was sufficient evidence in the record to persuade a reasonable fact finder
that OMA, for years, knew it was improperly categorizing its dump truck drivers
because it was instructed multiple times and admitted that classifying its
employees as anything but intrastate trucking was improper. Henry Indus., 195
Wn. App. at 600 (quoting B & R Sales, 186 Wn. App. at 375). And OMA did not
carry its “burden of showing that the premiums were assessed incorrectly.” Id.
Thus, the Department supported its findings with substantial evidence.
D. Due Process
To determine whether the legislative standards for an adjudicative
proceeding satisfy constitutional due process requirements, we consider three
factors. Hardee v. Dep’t of Soc. & Health Servs., 172 Wn.2d 1, 10, 256 P.3d 339
(2011):
First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action;
second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through
the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or
substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government’s
interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and
administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural
requirement would entail.”
Post v. City of Tacoma, 167 Wn.2d 300, 313, 217 P.3d 1179 (2009) (quoting
Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976))).
OMA argues that the Department’s penalties violate its due process under
article 1, section 3 of the Washington Constitution. OMA did not analyze this
assignment of error under the three-part Mathews v. Eldridge rubric. Instead, OMA
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No. 85203-5-I/21
simply asserts that the Department violated its due process rights by “stacking” the
three audits without giving OMA a chance to respond. In other words, OMA argues
the Department made its risk classifications only after OMA already had reported
hours for the drivers in the wrong classification, and while OMA was trying to
challenge the findings of the second audit.
As a preliminary matter, nowhere does OMA offer authority that bringing
successive audits per se violates a person or organization’s rights. “‘[N]aked
castings into the constitutional seas are not sufficient to command judicial
consideration and discussion.’” Pub. Hosp. Dist. No. 1 of King County v. Univ. of
Washington, 182 Wn. App. 34, 49, 327 P.3d 1281 (2014) (quoting State v.
Johnson, 179 Wn.2d 534, 558, 315 P.3d 1090 (2014)) (alteration in original).
Moreover, we analyze this claim, as we must, through the Mathews factors
here. First, there is no dispute that the private interest that would be affected by
the Department’s official action is OMA’s economic interest, namely the $1.7
million fine. This interest will be affected by the outcome of the proceeding. This
factor compels us to proceed with caution as to a potential due process violation.
As to the second factor of the Mathews test—the degree of the risk of
erroneous deprivation of OMA’s interest through the procedures used and whether
additional safeguards are necessary—OMA did not argue how additional
procedural safeguards would have more effectively preserved its rights. It instead
focuses its complaints on the timing and sequencing of the underlying
investigation.
In fact, in the adjudicative process, OMA had multiple opportunities to
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No. 85203-5-I/22
present evidence supporting its case throughout its multiple audits, and
participated in multiple hearings before three layers of administrative appeals.
Therefore, this factor disfavors a potential due process violation.
As to the third factor of the Matthews test, OMA does not contest that the
Department has a strong interest in enforcing the Industrial Insurance Act, and its
“‘purpose of providing compensation to all covered employees injured in their
employment, with doubts resolved in favor of the worker.’” Littlejohn Const. Co. v.
Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 74 Wn. App. 420, 425, 873 P.2d 583 (1994) (quoting
Dennis v. Department of Labor & Indus., 109 Wn.2d 467, 470, 745 P.2d 1295
(1987)).
Weighing the factors from Mathews, we conclude that OMA does not carry
its burden of showing a due process violation.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the Board.
WE CONCUR:
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