The opinion
[Cite as State v. Carter, 2024-Ohio-444.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 23AP-136
v. : (C.P.C. No. 20CR-3988)
Duane R. Carter, Sr., : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellant. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on February 8, 2024
On brief: G. Gary Tyack, Prosecuting Attorney, and
Kimberly M. Bond, for appellee.
On brief: Wolfe Law Group, LLC, and Stephen T. Wolfe, for
appellant.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
BEATTY BLUNT, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Duane R. Carter, Sr., appeals from a judgment of
conviction and sentence entered by the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas pursuant
to a jury verdict finding him guilty of criminal trespassing, in violation of R.C. 2911.21, a
fourth-degree misdemeanor. On February 7, 2023, the trial court issued a judgment entry
which reflected the verdict of the jury and imposed a jail sentence of two days and ordered
that Carter pay restitution to the victim, with the case being immediately terminated for
time served. (Feb. 7, 2023 Jgmt. Entry.) For the reasons that follow, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
No. 23AP-136 2
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On August 26, 2020, Carter was indicted for breaking and entering in
violation of R.C. 2911.13, a fifth-degree felony. On January 30, 2023, the case proceeded to
a jury trial. At trial, the following evidence was adduced.
{¶ 3} David Pigg owns the property located at 1039 Olmstead Ave. in Columbus,
Ohio. He bought it in the mid-1980’s, around 1984 or 1985, and for a few years he operated
a business marketing sheet steel from that location. Mr. Pigg conceded that as time went
on, the property had not been well maintained and he had received various notices of code
violations for unmowed grass. But he always addressed those violations as soon as he
could. He also kept current with property tax payments. Although he no longer used the
property as a business, he kept a variety of tools and equipment in the building, and he used
the building as a hobby shop. There were also two cars in the building, including a 1966
Mustang.
{¶ 4} Mr. Pigg testified that on the evening of August 11, 2020, he got a call at home
from an acquaintance that people were inside of the building at the property. Mr. Pigg
immediately called the police to inform them that someone had broken into his building,
and they were still on the scene. He then went to the property to meet the police there. Mr.
Pigg testified that he had been at the property about three weeks prior to August 11, 2020,
and he had been inside the building a couple months before August 11, 2020. Mr. Pigg
testified that he had not given Carter permission to be on the property or move or remove
any of his personal property.
{¶ 5} Officer Melvin Romans of the Columbus Police Department testified that on
the evening of August 11, 2020, police were dispatched to the property located at 1039
Olmstead Ave. with a report of a burglary in progress. Officer Romans was wearing a body
worn camera (“BWC”) and he activated it for this run. Three other officers were with Officer
Romans: Officer Marc Rees, Officer Adam Hardwick, and Officer Ben Mackley. All of the
officers wore BWC’s. Upon arriving at the property, the officers encountered Carter and
several other individuals sitting and having dinner.
{¶ 6} At trial, the recorded video from the officers’ BWCs were played and were
subsequently admitted into evidence. The footage from the video showed that Carter
initially told the responding officers that the City owned the property, and that he had
No. 23AP-136 3
permission from the City, through a land bank contract, to fix up the property. (State’s Ex.
B1, Officer Roman’s BWC footage at 2:27-2:30; 3:18.) Carter then told the officers that he
was the owner of the property, stating that he obtained the property on a maintenance lien
or land bank contract. (Id. at 3:46-4:01; 12:57-13:04; State’s Ex. B2, Officer Rees’ BWC
footage at 5:50-6:01; 8:29; State’s Ex. B3, Officer Hardwick’s BWC footage at 1:26; 1:40.)
Carter also told the officers that he had put $3,000 into fixing up the property. (State’s Ex.
B1 at 4:34-4:43; State’s Ex. B3 at 2:13-2:19.)
{¶ 7} Officer Mackley testified that as Carter was speaking with the officers, Officer
Mackley was opening the Franklin County Auditor’s website to determine who owned the
property. The Auditor’s website showed that Mr. Pigg owned the property.
{¶ 8} At trial, Carter provided testimony on his own behalf. He testified that he
had been at the property, on and off, for about five weeks prior to August 11, 2020. He also
testified regarding, and presented receipts for, the tools and equipment that he purchased
to refurbish the property. Carter denied taking Mr. Pigg’s tools and equipment and testified
that the property was an eyesore and that he wanted to restore the property.
{¶ 9} Carter’s friend, I.H., also provided testimony at trial. She testified she was on
the property on August 11, 2020, and had been helping Carter clean up the property that
day. She testified that she knew Carter was not buying the property. She further testified
that the group did not get in touch with Mr. Pigg before they entered the building. I.H.
testified that Carter wanted to improve the property and then “make a deal” with the owner
to buy it.
{¶ 10} At the conclusion of the trial on February 3, 2020, the jury found Carter
guilty of the lesser-included offense to Count 1 of the indictment, to wit: criminal
trespassing, in violation of R.C. 2911.21, a fourth-degree misdemeanor. On the same day,
Carter was sentenced to two days at the Franklin County Correction Center and ordered
to pay restitution to the victim, with the case being immediately terminated for time
served. (Feb. 7, 2023 Jgmt. Entry.)
{¶ 11} This timely appeal followed.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶ 12} Appellant asserts the following four assignments of error for our review:
No. 23AP-136 4
[I.] The trial court erred when it declined to give an
instruction on adverse possession.
[II.] The trial court committed plain error when it declined to
give an instruction on abandonment.
[III.] The evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support
the convictions.
[IV.] The jury’s verdicts were against the manifest weight of the
evidence.
III. Discussion
A. Assignment of Error One
{¶ 13} In his first assignment of error, Carter asserts the trial court erred by
declining to give an instruction on adverse possession. We disagree.
{¶ 14} “The court must give all instructions that are relevant and necessary for the
jury to weigh the evidence and discharge its duty as the factfinder.” State v. Joy, 74 Ohio
St.3d 178, 181 (1995), citing State v. Comen, 50 Ohio St.3d 206 (1990), paragraph two of
the syllabus. Conversely, “ ‘[i]t is well established that the trial court will not instruct the
jury where there is no evidence to support an issue.’ ” State v. Mankin, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-
650, 2020-Ohio-5317, ¶ 34, quoting Murphy v. Carrollton Mfg. Co., 61 Ohio St.3d 585, 591
(1991), citing Riley v. Cincinnati, 46 Ohio St.2d 287 (1976). In reviewing a record to
determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the giving of an instruction, “ ‘an
appellate court should determine whether the record contains evidence from which
reasonable minds might reach the conclusion sought by the instruction.’ ” Murphy at 591,
quoting Feterle v. Huettner, 28 Ohio St.2d 54 (1971), syllabus.
{¶ 15} Generally, a trial court’s jury instructions are reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Dovangpraseuth, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-88, 2006-Ohio-1533, ¶ 30. An
abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary, or
unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). “An appellate
court will not reverse a conviction in a criminal case due to jury instructions unless the jury
instructions amount to prejudicial error.” State v. Munye, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-744, 2015-
Ohio-3362, ¶ 15, citing State v. Moody, 10th Dist. No. 98AP-1371, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS
1111 (Mar. 13, 2001), citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230 (1967), paragraph two of the
No. 23AP-136 5
syllabus. Prejudicial error is found where a court fails to give an instruction that is pertinent
to the case, states the law correctly, and is not covered by the general charge. State v. Sneed,
63 Ohio St.3d 3, 9 (1992); State v. Angel, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-771, 2021-Ohio-4322, ¶ 67,
quoting State v. Joy, 74 Ohio St.3d 178, 181 (1995). “No purpose is served by giving
instructions on law that does not apply to the facts and circumstances of the case.” State v.
O.E.P.-T., 10th Dist. No. 21AP-500, 2023-Ohio-2035, ¶ 83.
{¶ 16} Here, there was no abuse of discretion in refusing to give an instruction on
adverse possession. Adverse possession is not an affirmative defense to the charge of
criminal trespassing and there is simply no evidence of an adverse possession claim in this
case in any event. The record shows that Carter initially told the responding police that he
owned the property through a land bank contract or maintenance lien. Carter cannot claim
to both own the property and that he is attempting to gain title via adverse possession.
Furthermore, it takes 21 years to gain title of real property via adverse possession. See
Grace v. Koch, 81 Ohio St.3d 577, 579 (1998). The evidence, including Carter’s own
testimony, shows that Carter had only been working on improving the property on and off
for a few weeks prior to being confronted by the police on August 11, 2020. In short, an
instruction on adverse possession was properly declined as it does not apply to the facts
and circumstances of this case.
{¶ 17} Accordingly, Carter’s first assignment of error is overruled.
B. Assignment of Error Two
{¶ 18} In his second assignment of error, Carter asserts the trial court plainly erred
by declining to give an instruction on abandonment. This assignment of error is meritless.
{¶ 19} Carter concedes trial counsel did not object to this alleged error of the trial
court and thus has waived all but plain error. Under Crim.R. 52(B), an appellate court may
take notice of “plain errors” even when “they were not brought to the attention of the court.”
For an error to constitute “plain error” under Crim.R. 52(B), it must satisfy three prongs:
(1) there must be an error, meaning a deviation from a legal rule, (2) the error must be
“plain,” meaning an “obvious” defect in the trial proceedings, and (3) the error must have
affected “substantial rights,” meaning the error must have affected the outcome of the trial.
State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002).
No. 23AP-136 6
{¶ 20} An appellate court “recognizes plain error with the utmost caution, under
exceptional circumstances, and only to prevent a miscarriage of justice.” State v. Pilgrim,
184 Ohio App.3d 675, 2009-Ohio-5357, ¶ 58 (10th Dist.), citing State v. Diar, 120 Ohio
St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, ¶ 139; State v. Saleh, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-431, 2009-Ohio-
1542, ¶ 68. The defendant bears the burden of demonstrating plain error. State v. Perry,
101 Ohio St.3d 118, 2004-Ohio-297, ¶ 14.
{¶ 21} Here, Carter argues the trial court plainly erred in failing to give a jury
instruction on abandonment. But there is no evidence supporting a jury instruction that
the property had been abandoned. The uncontested evidence showed Mr. Pigg owned the
property; that he was current on tax payments; and that he had always addressed code
violations received from the City. Merely because Mr. Pigg sometimes failed to keep the
grass mowed does not equate to abandonment, and Carter has cited no authority for such
a proposition. Furthermore, similarly to the discussion above regarding the requested
instruction on adverse possession, Carter cannot simultaneously argue that he owned the
property—as he told the police—and that the property had been abandoned.
{¶ 22} Finally, the evidence supporting a finding of guilt on the part of Carter was
plentiful. There was no error, plain or otherwise, on the part of the trial court in declining
to give a jury instruction on abandonment because the failure to give such an instruction
did not affect the outcome of the trial.
{¶ 23} Accordingly, Carter’s second assignment of error is overruled.
C. Assignments of Error Three and Four
{¶ 24} Carter’s third and fourth assignments of error challenge the sufficiency and
manifest weight of the evidence and we address them together. Carter asserts that the
evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for criminal trespassing and that the
verdict for same is against the manifest weight of the evidence. We find no merit in either
of these assignments of error.
{¶ 25} “Sufficiency of the evidence is a legal standard that tests whether the evidence
introduced at trial is legally sufficient to support a verdict.” State v. Cassell, 10th Dist. No.
08AP-1093, 2010-Ohio-1881, ¶ 36, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386
(1997). In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court must
determine “whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution,
No. 23AP-136 7
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond
a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the
syllabus. A reviewing court will not disturb the jury’s verdict unless the court finds “that
reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier of fact.” State v.
Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 484 (2001), citing Jenks at 273.
{¶ 26} In a review for sufficiency of the evidence, we do not engage in a
determination of the credibility of the witnesses. State v. Woodward, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-
398, 2004-Ohio-4418, ¶ 16, citing State v. Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 139 (1998). Rather, “we
essentially assume the state’s witnesses testified truthfully and determine if that testimony
satisfies each element of the crime.” Id., citing State v. Gore, 131 Ohio App.3d 197, 200-01
(7th Dist.1999). Furthermore, the testimony of one witness, if believed by the jury, is
sufficient to support a conviction. State v. Winston, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-664, 2018-Ohio-
2525, ¶ 21, citing State v. Strong, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-874, 2011-Ohio-1024, ¶ 42.
{¶ 27} Comparatively, “[w]hile sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy
regarding whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict as a matter of law,
the criminal manifest weight of the evidence standard addresses the evidence’s effect of
inducing belief.” Cassell at ¶ 38, citing State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-
2202, ¶ 25, citing Thompkins at 386. “When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a
trial court on the basis that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate
court sits as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the
conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387, citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42 (1982).
“ ‘The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences,
considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the
evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that
the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Martin, 20
Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). This discretionary authority “ ‘should be exercised
only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’ ”
Id., quoting Martin at 175.
{¶ 28} Furthermore, “ ‘[w]hile the jury may take note of inconsistencies and resolve
or discount them accordingly, * * * such inconsistences do not render defendant’s
conviction against the manifest weight or sufficiency of the evidence.’ ” State v. Gullick,
No. 23AP-136 8
10th Dist. No. 13AP-317, 2014-Ohio-1642, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Nivens, 10th Dist. No.
95APA09-1236, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 2245, *7 (May 28, 1996). “A jury, as the finder of
fact and the sole judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses,
may believe or disbelieve all, part, or none of a witness’s testimony.” Id., citing State v.
Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67 (1964).
{¶ 29} A conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence simply because
the jury believed the state’s version of events over the appellant’s version. Gullick at ¶ 11,
citing State v. Houston, 10th Dist. No. 04AP-875, 2005-Ohio-4249, ¶ 38, rev’d and
remanded in part on other grounds. Rather, a reviewing court must give great deference
to the jury’s determination of witness credibility. Id., citing State v. Chandler, 10th Dist.
No. 05AP-415, 2006-Ohio-2070, ¶ 19. This is so because the jury “ ‘ “is best able to view
the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these
observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” ’ ” State v. Huber, 10th
Dist. No. 18AP-668, 2019-Ohio-1862, ¶ 32, quoting State v. Cattledge, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-
105, 2010-Ohio-4953, ¶ 6, quoting Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80
(1984).
{¶ 30} In order to convict a defendant of criminal trespassing in violation of R.C.
2911.21(A)(1), the state must prove that the defendant, without privilege to do so, knowingly
entered or remained on the land of another. Privilege is defined as “an immunity, license,
or right conferred by law, bestowed by express or implied grant, arising out of status,
position, office, or relationship, or growing out of necessity.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(12).
{¶ 31} In this case, Carter’s arguments notwithstanding, there was sufficient
evidence to meet all elements of criminal trespassing. Carter’s own testimony was that he
had entered the property on several occasions on and off for about five weeks prior to
August 11, 2020. And despite his claims to the contrary, he did not have permission to be
on the property, as testified to by Mr. Pigg. Furthermore, it is beyond dispute that Mr. Pigg
was the legal owner of the property. (State’s Ex. I.)
{¶ 32} Thus, based upon the foregoing, the state presented sufficient evidence to
allow the jury to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Carter was guilty of criminal
trespassing.
No. 23AP-136 9
{¶ 33} The manifest weight of the evidence also supports Carter’s conviction for
criminal trespassing. First and foremost, Carter has not identified any real conflict in the
evidence, nor does the record evince any such conflicting evidence. “[A] prerequisite for
any reversal on manifest-weight grounds is conflicting evidence, more specifically, evidence
weighing heavily against the conviction, such that the jury clearly lost its way and created
such a manifest miscarriage of justice.” (Internal quotations omitted.) State v. Tate, 140
Ohio St.3d 442, 2014-Ohio-3667, ¶ 20, quoting Thompkins at 387 (1997), quoting Martin
at 175. There is no evidence weighing heavily against the conviction in this case.
{¶ 34} Furthermore, in addition to the testimony of the police officers and Carter
himself, the evidence in the form of the testimony of Carter’s friend, I.H., overwhelmingly
supports the jury’s verdict. As set forth above, I.H. testified that she knew that Carter was
not buying the property and that the group did not obtain permission from Mr. Pigg to enter
onto the property. In short, the evidence was overwhelming that Carter was guilty of the
offense for which he was convicted.
{¶ 35} Thus, the jury did not clearly lose its way in finding Carter guilty of criminal
trespassing. Merely because it chose to find the state’s witnesses credible does not mean
Carter’s conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Therefore, there is
sufficient evidence to support Carter’s conviction for criminal trespassing, and his
conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 36} Accordingly, Carter’s third and fourth assignments of error are overruled.
IV. Disposition
{¶ 37} Based on the foregoing, Carter’s first, second, third, and fourth assignments
of error are overruled, and the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is
affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
MENTEL, P.J., and DORRIAN, J. concur.