State of Tennessee v. Christopher Guy

11/29/2023

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs September 12, 2023, at Nashville

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHRISTOPHER GUY

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

Nos. 14-03046; 14-03047; 16-01978 Paula L. Skahan, Judge

No. W2023-00177-CCA-R3-CD

The Defendant, Christopher Guy, appeals the trial court’s revocation of his effective six-

year probationary sentence for his convictions for two counts of misdemeanor domestic

assault and one count of felony vandalism. The Defendant argues that (1) the trial court

lacked jurisdiction to revoke his probation because he had completed his probationary

period by the time the revocation warrant was filed and (2) the revocation warrant should

have been dismissed due to law enforcement’s failure to preserve evidence. The Defendant

also contends that he should have been granted an appellate bond during the pendency of

the appeal. The State responds that we should affirm the trial court’s revocation order and

that the Defendant is not entitled to relief on his appellate bond issue. Following our

review, we determine that the Defendant had completed the probationary periods on his

misdemeanor domestic assault convictions before the issuance of the revocation warrant

but that the revocation warrant was timely as to the probation for his felony vandalism

conviction. We affirm in part and reverse in part and remand for entry of an amended

probation revocation order and a corrected judgment for the Defendant’s felony vandalism

conviction in accordance with this opinion.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right;

Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part;

Case Remanded

KYLE A. HIXSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD WITT,

JR., and MATTHEW J. WILSON, JJ., joined.

Terrell Lee Tooten, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Christopher Guy.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Garrett D. Ward, Senior Assistant

Attorney General; Steve Mulroy, District Attorney General; and Danielle McCollum and

William Wetter, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On November 14, 2014, the Defendant pleaded guilty to two counts of misdemeanor

domestic assault in cases 14-03046 and 14-03047. In case 14-03046, the Defendant

received a sentence of eleven months and twenty-nine days suspended to a probationary

period of two years. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(c)(2). The trial court awarded

pretrial jail credits in case 14-03046 from July 23, 2013, to July 27, 2013, and from August

21, 2014, to November 14, 2014. In case 14-03047, the Defendant was sentenced to eleven

months and twenty-nine days suspended to probation, to be served consecutively to his

two-year probationary sentence in case 14-03046. The trial court awarded the Defendant

one day of pretrial jail credit, April 28, 2013, for case 14-03047.

On May 10, 2017, the Defendant pleaded guilty to felony vandalism in case 16-

01978. At the guilty plea hearing, the Defendant agreed that he had violated his probation

in cases 14-03046 and 14-03047. The trial court accepted the State’s recommendation for

a three-year sentence on the felony vandalism charge but withheld judgment on that case

and the revocation proceedings so that the parties could be heard as to whether the

Defendant should be granted probation.

A probation hearing ensued on July 12, 2017. At the conclusion of the hearing, the

trial court ordered the Defendant to serve three years on the felony vandalism charge,

suspended to probation, and awarded the Defendant pretrial jail credits from March 10,

2015, to March 12, 2015, and from February 28, 2017, to May 10, 2017. The trial court

also reinstated probation in cases 14-03046 and 14-03047. The judgment document for the

felony vandalism charge reflects that the Defendant was sentenced to three years suspended

to a six-year probationary term. The judgment document is silent as to whether the

sentence was to be served concurrently or consecutively to cases 14-03046 and 14-03047.

However, the transcript of the hearing indicates that the trial court sentenced the Defendant

to serve a three-year probationary sentence in case 16-01978 consecutively to the

probationary terms in cases 14-03046 and 14-03047.

On October 19, 2022, a probation revocation warrant pertaining to all three cases

was issued alleging that the Defendant was involved in an incident in which the Defendant

was shot twice and the Defendant, being a convicted felon, unlawfully possessed a gun.

On January 4, 2023, the Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the revocation warrant. In his

motion, the Defendant alleged that the State had lost or destroyed a video recording of the

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incident that had been previously collected by officers. Relying on State v. Ferguson, 2

S.W.3d 912 (Tenn. 1999), the Defendant asked the trial court to dismiss the revocation

warrant as a remedy for this lost or destroyed evidence.

The trial court initially heard the Defendant’s Ferguson motion on January 4, 2023.

The State conceded at the hearing that the video had in fact been lost and agreed “that there

was negligence involved in the video being lost.” Regarding negligence, the State argued

that the trial court would “have to make a determination [as to] the degree after [the court]

hear[d] from the officers.” Regarding the contents of the lost video, the State explained,

“The officers obtained a video and allegedly watched it and th[ey] say it was consistent

that [the Defendant] had a gun on video.” The trial court reserved ruling on the Ferguson

issue, informing the parties that it would need to hear proof before it could make an

appropriate ruling.

Prior to the revocation hearing on January 19, 2023, counsel for the Defendant stated

his understanding that the State had agreed that the witnesses would not be allowed to talk

about the video or what they had seen on the video.1 The State agreed that it would not

elicit such proof at the hearing.

Defense counsel then argued that the Defendant’s October 19, 2022 revocation

warrant was untimely filed and that the trial court should dismiss the revocation. Defense

counsel argued that the Defendant was serving an effective six-year probationary sentence

because the three-year probationary sentence for the felony vandalism conviction was to

be served consecutively to the effective three-year sentence for the misdemeanor domestic

assault convictions. Defense counsel argued that by the time the October 19, 2022

probation revocation warrant was filed, the Defendant had completed his effective six

years’ probation. As part of his contention on this point, the Defendant argued that one of

his misdemeanor probations had expired before the 2017 revocation proceedings.

Ultimately, the trial court rejected the Defendant’s jurisdictional argument. While the trial

court speculated that the argument might have been viable had it been raised in 2017, the

trial court found that the argument was not raised in 2017, that “decisions were made[,]”

and that the Defendant “was reprobated” at that time. The trial court then proceeded to

hear proof on the revocation warrant.

Lonnie Orr testified that he was married to the Defendant’s ex-wife, Ms. Brittany

Gaston. Mr. Orr said that approximately one week before his altercation with the

Defendant, he made a social media post which stated, “RIP to the Guy family.” Mr. Orr

explained that the Defendant misinterpreted this post as a threatening message. On March

1

A different prosecutor represented the State at this hearing.

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3, 2022, L.C., who was Mr. Orr’s fifteen-year-old stepson, as well as the Defendant’s

biological son, had run away from home. Mr. Orr paid someone to tell him where L.C.

was located, and Mr. Orr learned that L.C. was located at a gas station. Mr. Orr went to

the gas station to retrieve L.C., and his wife met him there. Mr. Orr put L.C. in his wife’s

car, and as he was walking back toward the gas station, Mr. Orr heard his wife yelling. As

Mr. Orr turned around to face the commotion, he noticed the Defendant. He said the

Defendant pulled out a gun, cocked it, and asked Mr. Orr, “What [are] you going to do[?]”

Mr. Orr pulled out his own gun and started firing at the Defendant because he was afraid

the Defendant intended to shoot him. Mr. Orr explained that he believed the Defendant

intended to kill him because the Defendant had threatened to kill him before. Mr. Orr said

he saw the Defendant throw his gun, so Mr. Orr dropped his gun and fled to “somewhere

safer.” Approximately five minutes later, a detective called Mr. Orr and asked him to

return to the gas station or else it was “going to be worse[] on” Mr. Orr. Mr. Orr returned

to the gas station. On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Mr. Orr if he knew how

the Defendant had been shot multiple times in the back of his body if Mr. Orr and the

Defendant had been facing each other at the time of the shooting, and Mr. Orr replied that

he did not know.

The Defendant testified that on March 3, 2022, L.C. had been missing for three days

and that a family member showed him Mr. Orr’s social media post stating “RIP to the Guy

family.” The Defendant said that L.C. called him and asked the Defendant to come pick

him up at the gas station, and the Defendant drove to the gas station. He explained that by

the time he arrived, Mr. Orr and the Defendant’s ex-wife were already at the gas station

with L.C. The Defendant argued with them about his son. The Defendant said that Mr.

Orr shot him in the arm and that after the Defendant took two steps back and turned around,

Mr. Orr shot him in the leg. The Defendant hid behind a car and waited for help. He said

that he did not have a gun or any weapons. On cross-examination, the Defendant

acknowledged that, as a convicted felon and a person on probation, he was not allowed to

have a gun.

At the conclusion of the proof, counsel for the Defendant again argued that the

Defendant had completed his probationary period prior to the issuance of the revocation

warrant. Counsel repeatedly asked the trial court for a ruling as to whether this had

occurred. The trial court denied these requests, saying only that the Defendant “was on

probation” and that it was “not [the trial court’s] job” to make such a determination. The

trial court stated that this responsibility belonged to the Tennessee Department of

Correction following revocation.

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As to the merits of the revocation proceeding, the trial court found that the

Defendant was a convicted felon and therefore was not allowed to possess a gun. The trial

court said that there was “bad blood” between the parties and that Mr. Orr was not

“blameless.” The court said that it did not “believe [Mr. Orr] necessarily” but found that

he was “very credible” at the hearing. The court reasoned that both Mr. Orr and the

Defendant were concerned about L.C. and that the altercation was “unfortunate[.]” The

court found that the police arrived at the gas station after the shooting, reviewed video

footage, and charged the Defendant with aggravated assault. The court found that the

police called Mr. Orr back to the gas station and did not charge him with anything. The

court acknowledged that the footage had been lost and that it would not have helped the

Defendant “at all” but rather would have “hurt” the Defendant. 2 The court found that the

Defendant’s gun was not recovered. The court found that the Defendant showed the gun

to Mr. Orr and that Mr. Orr shot the Defendant several times. The court emphasized that

the police did not charge Mr. Orr with anything and concluded that the Defendant had

violated the terms and conditions of his probation. The trial court revoked the Defendant’s

probation and ordered him to serve all sentences in confinement.

The Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Jurisdiction

On appeal, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred by revoking his probation.

The Defendant argues that his sentences for each case had expired before the October 19,

2022 probation revocation warrant was filed; thus, the trial court should have dismissed

the revocation warrant. Further, the Defendant argues that the trial court failed to properly

calculate the Defendant’s pretrial jail credit and failed to “articulate clearly how much time

[the Defendant] should be serving.” The State responds that the trial court properly

revoked the Defendant’s probation.

Appellate courts ordinarily review a trial court’s revocation of probation decision

for an abuse of discretion with a presumption of reasonableness “so long as the trial court

places sufficient findings and the reasons for its decisions as to the revocation and the

consequences on the record.” State v. Dagnan, 641 S.W.3d 751, 759 (Tenn. 2022). The

issue raised by the Defendant, however, strikes at the trial court’s authority to rule over the

revocation proceeding in the first instance. The jurisdictional issue is a matter of law,

2

No proof was presented at the hearing regarding the surveillance footage.

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which we will review de novo with no presumption of correctness. See Abdur’Rahman v.

State, 648 S.W.3d 178, 187 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2020).

If a trial court determines that a defendant has violated the conditions of probation,

it has the authority to revoke the defendant’s probation and cause execution of the original

judgment. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-311. This authority exists “at any time within the

maximum time which was directed and ordered by the court for such” suspended sentence.

Id. § 40-35-310(a). A defendant is released from probation after his or her sentence has

expired. State v. Watkins, 972 S.W.2d 703, 704 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). A trial court

“has no authority to revoke probation after the sentence has elapsed.” Id. If a probation

revocation warrant is issued within the term of the suspended sentence, however, “the

issuance of the warrant commences the revocation proceedings and thereby interrupts the

running of the probationary period ‘until such time as the trial court [may] hear and

determine the issue raised by the [warrant].’” State v. Shaffer, 45 S.W.3d 553, 555 (Tenn.

2001) (quoting McGuire v. State, 292 S.W.2d 190, 193 (Tenn. 1956)).

“[W]hen a [d]efendant is on probation on two consecutive sentences and violates

his probation before completion of the first term, the trial court has the authority to revoke

all probation and order service of the original sentences.” State v. Anthony, 109 S.W.3d

377, 380 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). If a defendant successfully completes a probationary

sentence, however, “the trial court is without authority to revoke probation and order

service of the original sentence.” State v. Hunter, 1 S.W.3d 643, 646 (Tenn. 1999) (citing

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-310).

1. Jurisdiction over the Misdemeanor Sentences in Cases 14-03046 and 14-03047

The record indicates that, at the July 12, 2017 revocation proceeding pertaining to

cases 14-03046 and 14-03047, the trial court reinstated the Defendant’s probation in those

cases by “commenc[ing] the execution of the judgment[s] as originally entered[.]” See

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-311(e)(1)(A). In other words, the trial court “order[ed] the

original probationary period[s] to commence anew.” Hunter, 1 S.W.3d at 644. The

original probationary periods for these judgments were consecutive terms of two years and

eleven months and twenty-nine days.

The Defendant briefly argues on appeal, as he did in the trial court, that at least one

of the misdemeanor sentences had expired prior to the initiation of the 2017 probation

revocation proceedings. This argument is without merit. First, as the trial court noted, the

Defendant never challenged the trial court’s jurisdiction over the misdemeanor cases

during the 2017 proceedings. Indeed, the Defendant conceded to having violated his

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probation in those cases. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) (“Nothing in this rule shall be

construed as requiring relief be granted to a party responsible for an error or who failed to

take whatever action was reasonable available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of

an error.”). If the Defendant sought to challenge the validity of the trial court’s jurisdiction

over his misdemeanor sentences in 2017, he should have done so at that time. Second, the

Defendant failed to include in the record on appeal the probation violation warrant

underlying the 2017 proceedings. Because the issuance of a warrant commences

revocation proceedings and interrupts the running of the probationary period, Shaffer, 45

S.W.3d at 555, this document should have been included in the record to support the

Defendant’s contention on this point. See State v. Oody, 823 S.W.2d 554, 559 (Tenn. Crim.

App. May 30, 1991) (stating that in the absence of an adequate record on appeal, we

presume that the trial court ruled correctly). Because the Defendant did not object at the

time, and because the record is inadequate, we presume that the trial court had jurisdiction

over both misdemeanor cases at the time of the 2017 probation revocation proceedings.

We now turn to the Defendant’s main contention—that the trial court lacked

jurisdiction over his misdemeanor cases at the initiation of the 2022 revocation

proceedings. We begin with case 14-03046, which consisted of a two-year probationary

period that the trial court had restarted on July 12, 2017. Pursuant to State v. Watkins, 972

S.W.2d 703, the Defendant argues that the effective term of his probationary period should

have been reduced in 2017 by the amount of jail credit that he had accrued on the case at

that point.

In Watkins, this court examined the effect that pretrial jail credit has on the

maximum sentence allowed in misdemeanor cases. The defendant in Watkins had served

five months and eight days of pretrial incarceration prior to the entry of judgment on his

Class A misdemeanor convictions. Id. at 704. Following the revocation of his probation

on these cases, the defendant in Watkins argued that the probationary period of one of his

eleven months, twenty-nine sentences should have been reduced to account for his pretrial

jail credit, thus rendering the probation violation warrant untimely. Id. This court agreed,

noting that the maximum sentence for a Class A misdemeanor was eleven months and

twenty-nine days, and holding that a probationary period undiminished by pretrial jail

credit would have resulted in an effective sentence of eleven months and twenty-nine days

plus five months and eight days, a sentence exceeding the statutory maximum. Id. at 705.

At issue here, however, is not the reduction of the Defendant’s sentence of eleven

months, twenty-nine days for a Class A misdemeanor as addressed in Watkins, but rather

should the Defendant’s extended probationary period of two years imposed pursuant to

Code section 40-35-303(c)(2) for his domestic assault conviction be reduced by pretrial

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jail credit. “Normally, the period of probation which may be imposed by a trial court

cannot exceed ‘the statutory maximum time for the class of the conviction offense[.]’”

State v. Epperson, No. E2012-00268-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 3466536, at *3 (Tenn. Crim.

App. June 28, 2013) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(c)(1)). Specifically, Code

section 40-35-303(c)(1) provides the following:

If the court determines that a period of probation is appropriate, the

court shall sentence the defendant to a specific sentence but shall suspend the

execution of all or part of the sentence and place the defendant on supervised

or unsupervised probation either immediately or after a period of

confinement for a period of time no less than the minimum sentence allowed

under the classification and up to and including the statutory maximum time

for the class of the conviction offense.

(Emphasis added.) However, pursuant to subsection (c)(2), for certain offenses, including

domestic assault, the trial court “may sentence a defendant . . . to a period of probation not

to exceed two (2) years,” if certain statutory criteria are met. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-

35-303(c)(2)(B)-(C).

In State v. Epperson, 2013 WL 3466536, this court addressed an argument similar

to the one advanced by the Defendant in this appeal. The defendant in Epperson had

received a split-confinement sentence of ninety days followed by a probationary period of

two years pursuant to section 40-35-303(c)(2). Id. at *1. The defendant in that case argued

that this sentencing structure created an effective sentence of ninety days plus two years,

in excess of the statutory maximum sentence for his conviction offense. Id. This court

disagreed, holding, “From a plain reading of the statute, a trial court may impose a period

of partial confinement on a misdemeanor domestic assault conviction as well as a two-year

probationary period.” Id. at *4. In a concurring opinion, Judge Ogle wrote that the two-

year probationary provision of section -303(c)(2)(B) must be read in conjunction with the

general probationary provision of section -303(c)(1), which allows for a probationary

period to commence “after a period of confinement.” See id. at *6 (Ogle, J., concurring).

We agree with the reasoning set forth in the majority and concurring opinions in

Epperson. The plain language of sections -303(c)(1) and -303(c)(2)(B) allows a trial court

to impose a full probationary period of two years, even after a defendant has served “a

period of confinement” on that case. Therefore, when the trial court “order[ed] the original

probationary period to commence anew” on July 12, 2017, see Hunter, 1 S.W.3d at 644,

the Defendant began service on the full two-year probationary period as set forth in the

original judgment. Nonetheless, this probationary period expired on or about July 11,

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2019, well before the issuance of the probation revocation warrant on October 19, 2022.

Even though the Defendant was not entitled to a reduction of his effective two-year

probationary period pursuant to Watkins, the trial court still lacked jurisdiction to revoke

the Defendant’s probation on case 14-03046.

The Defendant’s consecutive suspended sentence of eleven months, twenty-nine

days in case 14-03047 was not extended pursuant to Code section 40-35-303(c)(2), and is,

therefore, governed by Watkins. That case commenced following the expiration of case

14-03046, on or about July 12, 2019. After the deduction of the one day of pretrial jail

credit awarded in the original judgment, the eleven-month-and-twenty-nine-day sentence

in case 14-03047 would have expired on or about July 9, 2020. Thus, case 14-03047 also

expired well before the issuance of the probation violation warrant on October 19, 2022.

The trial court lacked jurisdiction to revoke the Defendant’s probation in both cases 14-

03046 and 14-03047.

2. Correction of Clerical Error in the Judgment for Case 16-01978

Before we turn to the expiration date of the felony vandalism sentence in case 16-

01978, we must first address an anomaly with the uniform judgment document in that case.

As stated above, the judgment document indicates that the trial court imposed a three-year

sentence to be served as an alternative sentence of six years of supervised probation

beginning on July 12, 2017. The document contains no reference to the misdemeanor

sentences in 14-03046 and 14-03047. In its brief, the State argues that the revocation

warrant of October 19, 2022, was issued within this six-year probationary period and was

therefore timely to give the trial court jurisdiction to revoke the Defendant’s probation in

16-01978. The State would be correct, except that the judgment document for case number

16-01978 does not accurately reflect the sentence actually imposed by the trial court in

2017.

Clerical errors, including a failure to record a defendant’s sentence accurately on a

judgment, may be corrected at any time pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure

36. See State v. Brown, 479 S.W.3d 200, 213 (Tenn. 2015) (citing State v. Moore, 814

S.W.2d 381, 383 (Tenn. 1991)). To determine whether such an error has been made, “a

court ordinarily must compare the judgment with the transcript of the trial court’s oral

statements.” Id. “When there is a conflict between the judgment and the transcript of the

trial court’s statements, the transcript controls.” Id. (citations omitted). A thorough review

of the transcripts from the Defendant’s guilty plea hearing on May 10, 2017, and his

probation hearing of July 12, 2017, demonstrates that the trial court actually imposed a

three-year probated sentence in 16-01978 to be served consecutively to the probationary

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periods in 14-03046 and 14-03047. On remand, the judgment document in case number

16-01978 shall be corrected to reflect the sentence orally imposed by the trial court on July

12, 2017.

3. Jurisdiction over the Felony Vandalism Sentence in Case 16-01978

The three-year sentence actually imposed by the trial court in 16-01978 commenced

on July 9, 2020, at the expiration of case 14-03047. It would have expired three years later,

on July 8, 2023. We note that the Defendant’s three-year sentence in case 16-01978 was

undiminished by the seventy-three days of pretrial jail credit awarded in the judgment for

that case. See State v. Taylor, 992 S.W.2d 941, 944-45 (Tenn. 1999) (in a felony case,

affirming the revocation of a four-year probationary sentence because a four-year

incarcerative sentence expires after service of 1,460 days, and though the defendant had

accrued 549 days of sentencing credit, as well as served a term of three years and 186 days

on probation, he had neither served the entire four years nor successfully completed a four-

year term of probation); see also Barger v. Carlton, No. E2006-01102-CCA-R3-HC, 2007

WL 1135489, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 17, 2007) (in a felony case, noting, “[A]s a

matter of law, pretrial jail credits do not affect or accelerate the expiration date of a

defendant’s probationary sentence”); State v. Brooks, No. W2004-00475-CCA-R3-CD,

2005 WL 990556, at *1-2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 28, 2005) (distinguishing Watkins and

relying on Taylor for the proposition that a felony probationary sentence was undiminished

by pretrial jail credit); State v. Chumney, No. W2004-00474-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL

924263, at *2-3 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 21, 2005) (same). The issuance of the probation

violation warrant on October 19, 2022, interrupted the service of the Defendant’s probation

in case 16-01978, and the trial court therefore had jurisdiction to revoke the Defendant’s

probation in that case.

B. Ferguson Issue

The Defendant argues that the trial court erred by failing to dismiss the Defendant’s

probation revocation warrant because the State failed to preserve evidence. The Defendant

relies on State v. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d 912 (Tenn. 1999), and argues that his due process

rights were violated when the State failed to preserve a video tape of his interaction with

the victim. The State responds that the Defendant’s argument is without merit.

In Ferguson, our supreme court explained that the loss or destruction of potentially

exculpatory evidence may violate a defendant’s right to a fair trial. 2 S.W.3d at 915-17.

The Ferguson court rejected the federal “bad faith” analysis espoused in Arizona v.

Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51 (1988), in favor of “a balancing approach in which bad faith is

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but one of the factors to be considered in determining whether the lost or destroyed

evidence will deprive a defendant of a fundamentally fair trial.” State v. Merriman, 410

S.W.3d 779, 785 (Tenn. 2013) (citing Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 916-17 n.10).

The first step in a Ferguson analysis is to determine whether the State had a duty to

preserve the evidence in question. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 917. The State’s duty to preserve

evidence is limited to constitutionally material evidence described as “evidence that might

be expected to play a significant role in the suspect’s defense.” Id. (quoting California v.

Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 488 (1984)); see Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 785. To be

“constitutionally material,” the evidence “must potentially possess exculpatory value and

be of such a nature that the defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence by

other reasonably available means.” Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 785 (footnote omitted)

(citing Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 915, 918).

If the trial court concludes that the State lost or destroyed evidence that it had a duty

to preserve, the trial court must then consider three factors to determine the appropriate

remedy for the State’s failure: (1) the degree of negligence involved; (2) the significance

of the destroyed evidence, considered in light of the probative value and reliability of

secondary or substitute evidence that remains available; and (3) the sufficiency of the other

evidence used at trial to support the conviction. Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 917; Merriman,

410 S.W.3d at 785. If the trial court concludes, after balancing these factors, “that a trial

would be fundamentally unfair without the missing evidence, the trial court may then

impose an appropriate remedy to protect the defendant’s right to a fair trial, including, but

not limited to, dismissing the charges or providing a jury instruction.” Merriman, 410

S.W.3d at 785-86 (citing Ferguson, 2 S.W.3d at 917).

The State argues on appeal that the Defendant “cites no law for the proposition that

a Ferguson analysis is applicable to a probation revocation proceeding.” The State

contends that Ferguson does not apply in the context of a probation revocation proceeding,

citing the “minimum requirements of due process” and the lesser standard of proof in such

proceedings. We need not determine whether Ferguson applies in probation revocation

proceedings because, as we will demonstrate, the Defendant waived any such issue in the

trial court.

On January 4, 2023, the trial court stated that it needed to hear proof regarding the

lost video recording from the officers involved before it could make a Ferguson

determination. The trial court reserved its ruling on the issue until the January 19, 2023

probation revocation hearing, with the understanding that proof would be presented on the

issue at that time.

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At the beginning of the January 19, 2023 probation revocation hearing, the

Defendant again raised the Ferguson issue, to which the prosecutor stated his

understanding that the parties had agreed to conduct the hearing without mention of the

video or its contents. The Defendant neither objected to this statement by the prosecutor,

nor did he call any officers or witnesses to testify regarding the lost video recording.

Without determining whether Ferguson applies in the context of probation

violations, we conclude that the issue is waived because the Defendant lodged no

contemporaneous objection on the basis of Ferguson at the probation revocation hearing

on January 19, 2023, nor did he put on necessary proof to allow the trial court to decide the

issue. As the movant, it was the Defendant’s responsibility to elicit proof at the hearing

supporting his contention that the revocation warrant should be dismissed as a result of the

lost video. This proof could have informed the trial court of the circumstances regarding

the loss of this evidence, as well as the potential contents of the video based upon witnesses

who had viewed it. This information would have been necessary for the trial court to

knowledgeably rule on the Defendant’s motion. Indeed, without this proof in the record,

the Defendant cannot even satisfy the threshold showing required by Ferguson—that the

video was “constitutionally material,” meaning that it “potentially possess[ed] exculpatory

value.” See Merriman, 410 S.W.3d at 785. Because the Defendant did not present this

proof to the trial court, this issue has not been properly preserved for appeal and has been

waived. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a).

C. Bond

Finally, the Defendant asks this court to reconsider its denial of the Defendant’s

Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 8 motion for release pending appeal. The State

argues that this is not the appropriate avenue for the Defendant to seek reexamination of

this court’s previous denial. The State argues that the Defendant should have filed a motion

for review in our supreme court within fifteen days of this court’s denial. We agree with

the State.

At the January 19, 2023 probation revocation hearing, defense counsel asked the

trial court to set a bond while the Defendant appealed the trial court’s decision, and the trial

court denied the request. On April 6, 2023, this court denied the Defendant’s motion for

review of the trial court’s denial of his request for bond pending appeal of his probation

revocation. In his brief on appeal, the Defendant renews his argument that he should be

released on bond. However, Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 8(a) provides that a

“party may appeal a Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision for review by filing a motion for

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review in the Supreme Court within fifteen days of filing of the Court of Criminal Appeals’

order.” The Defendant failed to utilize his available remedy of appealing this court’s

decision to our supreme court. Accordingly, the Defendant has failed to comply with

Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 8(a), and we deny his request to reconsider this

court’s denial of his request for bail. Further, because we are affirming the Defendant’s

probation revocation in case 16-01978, the issue is moot. See State v. Wright, 836 S.W.2d

130, 136 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and reversed

in part. We vacate the probation revocation order and remand to the trial court for entry of

an amended order that does not list cases 14-03046 and 14-03047. On remand, the trial

court shall also enter a corrected judgment in case 16-01978 that accurately sets forth the

sentence orally pronounced by the trial court on July 12, 2017, as set forth in this opinion.

______________________________

KYLE A. HIXSON, JUDGE

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