ADVENTIST HEALTH SYSTEM/SUNBELT, INC. D/B/A FLORIDA HOSPITAL ALTAMONTE AND WILLIAM HUETHER, III, M.D. vs SALLY MACHALEK AND MATTHEW APTER, M.D.

FIFTH DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

STATE OF FLORIDA

_____________________________

Case No. 5D23-0780

LT Case No. 2019-CA-000231

_____________________________

ADVENTIST HEALTH

SYSTEM/SUNBELT, INC., D/B/A

FLORIDA HOSPITAL ALTAMONTE

AND WILLIAM HUETHER, III, M.D.,

Petitioners,

v.

SALLY MACHALEK AND MATTHEW

APTER, M.D.,

Respondents.

_____________________________

Petition for Writ of Certiorari, A Case of Original Jurisdiction.

Christian P. Trowbridge, Craig S. Foels, and Dinelia A.

Concepcion, of Estes, Ingram, Foels & Gibbs, P.A., Maitland, for

Petitioners.

Andres I. Beregovich, of The Beregovich Law Firm, P.A.,

Orlando, for Respondent, Sally Machalek.

No appearance for Respondent, Matthew Apter, M.D.

October 6, 2023

SOUD, J.

Respondent Sally Machalek (“Ms. Machalek”) brought suit

against Petitioners Adventist Health System/Sunbelt, Inc., d/b/a

Florida Hospital Altamonte (“Florida Hospital”), and William

Huether, III, M.D. (“Dr. Huether”) for alleged medical malpractice.

Petitioners filed motions to dismiss in the trial court alleging

Respondent failed to timely comply with presuit requirements.

The motions were denied. Thereafter, Petitioners filed their

Petition for Writ of Certiorari sub judice, asking that we quash the

trial court’s amended orders denying Petitioners’ motions to

dismiss and dismiss the case with prejudice.

We dismiss the petition because the trial court’s denial of

Petitioners’ motions to dismiss is not reviewable by certiorari.

I.

Ms. Machalek was hospitalized at Florida Hospital in August

2015 when Dr. Huether, as a consulting general surgeon,

examined her and ordered diagnostic testing. The next day

Respondent Dr. Matthew Apter (“Dr. Apter”), as a consulting

gastroenterologist, diagnosed Ms. Machalek and advised Dr.

Huether of his findings. Based thereon, Dr. Huether performed

surgery on Ms. Machalek the next morning.

Thereafter, and as part of the presuit process required by the

Medical Malpractice Act (chapter 766, Florida Statutes (2018)),

Ms. Machalek served her notices of intent to initiate litigation,

including the corroborating expert affidavit of Dr. Ira Shafran, a

gastroenterologist. His qualification as one in the same specialty

as Dr. Huether was disputed. After filing this medical malpractice

lawsuit, 1 Ms. Machalek later served a September 2019

1 Ms. Machalek amended her complaint, which was deemed

filed on February 22, 2022, adding Dr. Apter as a defendant below

and claiming fraudulent concealment against him.

2

corroborating affidavit from Stephen Cohen, M.D., a general

surgeon. 2

Petitioners ultimately moved to dismiss this case with

prejudice pursuant to section 766.206, Florida Statutes.

Specifically, Petitioners asserted that Ms. Machalek discovered

the basis of her claim during her December 19, 2016 medical

appointment with Dr. Apter and a conversation that was a part

thereof. Importantly, Petitioners dispute that this conversation—

as recorded by Ms. Machalek—ever took place. Nonetheless, they

claim the statute began to run on this date. As a result, Petitioners

argue Dr. Cohen’s affidavit was served outside the two-year

statute of limitations, which expired by Petitioners’ reckoning no

later than June 17, 2019 (as tolled ninety days pursuant to section

766.106(4) and extended an additional ninety days by Ms.

Machalek pursuant to section 766.104(2)). Ms. Machalek disagrees

and claims she learned of the basis of her medical malpractice

action at a later time.

Following a hearing, the trial court denied Petitioners’

motions to dismiss. 3 This petition for writ of certiorari followed.

II.

“The common law writ of certiorari is an ‘extraordinary

remedy.’” Univ. of Fla. Bd. of Trs. v. Carmody, 48 Fla. L. Weekly

S150 (Fla. July 6, 2023). It provides this Court “the prerogative to

reach down and halt a miscarriage of justice where no other

remedy exists.” Id. Certiorari review, which is entirely

discretionary, has never been a substitute for a postjudgment

2 The trial court ultimately entered a stipulated order finding

Dr. Shafran’s affidavit insufficient as a matter of law.

3 This Court quashed the trial court’s orders denying

dismissal and remanded the case for the trial court to make the

requisite findings as to whether Plaintiff/Respondent complied

with the Chapter 766 presuit requirements. Thereafter, the trial

court entered its Amended Order Denying Motion to Dismiss as to

each Petitioner’s motion.

3

appeal and is “available only in very limited circumstances.” Id.

“[T]he scope of certiorari review is more constrained than that of

direct appellate review, for ‘[t]he writ never was intended to

redress mere legal error ....’” Id.; see also Abbey v. Patrick, 16 So.

3d 1051, 1053–54 (Fla. 1st DCA 2009) (“[Certiorari] is not a remedy

that can be used simply because the order in question is not

appealable. . . .”). 4

To be entitled to certiorari relief from the denial of their

motions to dismiss, Petitioners must establish (1) a departure from

the essential requirements of the law, (2) resulting in material

injury for the remainder of the case, (3) that cannot be corrected

on post-judgment appeal. See Carmody, 48 Fla. L. Weekly S150.

The last two requirements are often combined into the concept of

“irreparable harm.” Id. We must first consider the final two

elements because irreparable harm is jurisdictional and must be

found before we may decide whether there has been a departure

from the essential requirements of the law. See id.; see also Holmes

Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Dumigan, 151 So. 3d 1282, 1284 (Fla. 5th

DCA 2014); Allan & Conrad, Inc. v. Univ. of Cent. Fla., 961 So. 2d

1083, 1087 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007).

Generally, certiorari review is not available to seek review of

a trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss. See Carmody, 48 Fla.

L. Weekly S150. Nonfinal orders subject to interlocutory review

are limited to those set forth in Rule 9.130 of the Florida Rules of

Appellate Procedure. Id. This “reduces the need for common law

certiorari.” Abbey, 16 So. 3d at 1053. In this case, the trial court’s

denial of Petitioners’ motions to dismiss does not fall within any of

the classes of orders enumerated in Florida Rule of Appellate

4 “Florida judicial policy limits common law certiorari review

so as to avoid ‘piecemeal review of nonfinal trial court orders [that]

will impede the orderly administration of justice.’” DeSantis v. Fla.

Educ. Ass’n, 313 So. 3d 151, 153 (Fla. 1st DCA 2020) (quoting Jaye

v. Royal Saxon, Inc., 720 So. 2d 214, 215 (Fla. 1998)).

4

Procedure 9.130. 5 Thus, the Florida Supreme Court has cautioned,

“[I]t is generally inappropriate for district courts to review an order

denying a motion to dismiss, aside from those specified under rule

9.130 . . . .” Citizens Prop. Ins. Corp. v. San Perdido Ass’n, Inc., 104

So. 3d 344, 352 (Fla. 2012).

However, “Florida courts have created an ‘exception . . . when

the presuit requirements of a medical malpractice statute are at

issue’ since the ‘purpose’ of the Medical Malpractice Act is ‘to avoid

meritless claims and to encourage settlement for meritorious

claims.’” Carmody, 48 Fla. L. Weekly S150 (quoting Williams v.

Oken, 62 So. 3d 1129, 1133–34 (Fla. 2011)). As the Florida

Supreme Court reiterated in Carmody, “Florida courts have

permitted certiorari review solely to ensure that the procedural

aspects of the presuit requirements are met.” Id. (emphasis added).

For example, certiorari review is permitted to review “whether a

plaintiff—before the filing of the medical malpractice lawsuit—

gave the defendant ‘advance notice’ and provided an ‘opportunity

[for the defendant] to examine [the] claim.’ Thus, a district court

can grant certiorari review to verify that the plaintiff

submitted the corroborating affidavit of an expert witness.”

5 We are aware that contemporaneously with the issuance of

its decision in Carmody, the Florida Supreme Court issued its

opinion in In re Amendment to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure

9.130, 367 So. 3d 1204 (Fla. 2023), by which the Court amended

Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3) to provide for

interlocutory review of nonfinal orders that “deny a motion to

dismiss on the basis of the qualifications of a corroborating

expert witness under subsections 766.102(5)–(9), Florida

Statutes.” Fla. R. App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(H) (emphasis added).

However, the issue before us is not the qualification of Dr. Cohen

as one in the same specialty as Dr. Huether, but rather whether

his corroborating affidavit was provided to Petitioners before the

expiration of the statute of limitations. Further, Petitioners here

have traveled under a Petition for Writ of Certiorari. They have

not filed any notice of supplemental authority following Carmody

and have made no reference to the amended Rule.

5

Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted). 6 Accordingly, “[c]ertiorari

may be an appropriate remedy if the error is one that resulted in

the deprivation of the right to the process itself.” Abbey, 16

So. 3d at 1054 (emphasis added).

Importantly, Carmody does not dictate that every decision a

trial court makes involving the execution of the presuit process is

reviewable by certiorari. Certiorari will not lie when a trial judge

has afforded a defendant the statutory presuit process required by

the Medical Malpractice Act but has merely made a mistake of law

or fact in the course of carrying it out. See Abbey, 16 So. 3d at 1055.

Petitioners sub judice do not argue that Dr. Cohen is

unqualified to submit the corroborating expert affidavit (as in

Carmody). Rather, they contend that Ms. Machalek failed to

provide the affidavit—and thus comply with the presuit

requirements—within the two-year statute of limitations. As such,

the issue before us simply is whether the statute of limitations bars

Ms. Machalek’s cause of action.

Certiorari is unavailable to permit our review of the trial

court’s denial of Petitioners’ motions to dismiss sounding in the

statute of limitations. See Stemerman, Lazarus, Simovitch,

Billings, Finer & Ginsburg, M.D.’s P.A. v. Fuerst, 4 So. 3d 55, 57

(Fla. 3d DCA 2009). Just because this affirmative defense is

asserted within the context of a medical malpractice case does not

render this case as one falling within the exceptions carved out by

Florida courts allowing certiorari review with respect to presuit

requirements in medical malpractice actions. See id. (“[T]he issue

before this Court is whether the statute of limitations barred the

respondents’ cause of action, not the failure to comply with the pre-

suit notice requirements.”). An error—if any—regarding the

timeliness of the corroborating affidavit did not deprive Petitioners

of their rights under the medical malpractice presuit screening

statutes. See Abbey, 16 So. 3d at 1051.

6 As discussed at n.5, supra, Rule 9.130 now expressly permits

interlocutory appeal of a trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss

based on the qualifications of a corroborating expert witness. See

Fla. R. App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(H).

6

III.

As did the Third District in Fuerst, we conclude the trial

court’s denial of Petitioners’ motions to dismiss “is . . . not one

suitable for certiorari review.” Fuerst, 4 So. 3d at 57. Accordingly,

the Petition for Writ of Certiorari is DISMISSED.

It is so ordered.

MACIVER, J., concurs.

KILBANE, J., concurs specially, with opinion.

_____________________________

Not final until disposition of any timely and

authorized motion under Fla. R. App. P. 9.330 or

9.331.

_____________________________

7

Case No. 5D23-0780

LT Case No. 2019-CA-000231

KILBANE, J., concurring specially.

I concur in the dismissal of Adventist’s petition for writ of

certiorari. All that remained for the trial court to determine was

whether the substituted affidavit, filed approximately nine months

after filing suit, was provided before the statute of limitations ran.

Such a determination is not subject to certiorari review. 1 Based

on current precedent, it was appropriate for the trial court to make

such a determination in spite of the mandatory language of section

766.206(2), Florida Statutes (2018). I write to address that

precedent and its disregard of the plain text of Florida’s Medical

Malpractice Act’s (“MMA”) presuit requirements.

The Florida Supreme Court’s express adoption of the

“supremacy-of-text” principles in statutory construction, Ham v.

Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, 308 So. 3d 942, 946–47 (Fla. 2020),

coupled with its recent decision in University of Florida Board of

Trustees v. Carmody, 48 Fla. L. Weekly S150 (Fla. July 6, 2023),

make clear that the text of the presuit requirements of the MMA

mean what they say: failure to comply equals dismissal. When

provisions of the MMA are read in pari materia, there is little

1 In July 2023, the Florida Supreme Court, sua sponte,

amended “Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3) to

provide for interlocutory review of nonfinal orders that deny a

motion to dismiss on the basis of the qualifications of a

corroborating witness under subsections 766.102(5)-(9), Florida

Statutes.” Univ. of Fla. Bd. of Trs. v. Carmody, No. SC2022-0068,

48 Fla. L. Weekly S150 (Fla. July 6, 2023); In re Amend. to Fla.

Rule of App. Proc. 9.130, 367 So. 3d 1204 (Fla. 2023). Section

766.102(5)-(9) specifically outlines the requirements for who may

qualify to give standard of care testimony dependent upon who

allegedly committed the negligence, i.e., the sufficiency of the

presuit affidavit. The new rule does not purport to cover the full

range of statutes [§§ 766.201-.212, .1065] under which a motion to

dismiss may be filed pursuant to section 766.206(2), Florida

Statutes. The instant case was heard before the decision in

Carmody and enactment of the new rule.

8

doubt as to the mandatory nature of the text and the process by

which medical negligence claims must be brought in this state.

However, years of precedent which ignore this same text in the

name of access to courts—a valid and important right, but one

properly subject to reasonable restrictions—has eroded the

judiciary’s ability to enforce the will of the people as explicitly

expressed by the Legislature.

To interpret the meaning of statutory texts, Ham

counsels:

[W]e follow the “supremacy-of-text principle”—namely,

the principle that “[t]he words of a governing text are of

paramount concern, and what they convey, in their

context, is what the text means.” Antonin Scalia & Bryan

A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal

Texts 56 (2012). We also adhere to Justice Joseph Story’s

view that “every word employed in [a legal text] is to be

expounded in its plain, obvious, and common sense,

unless the context furnishes some ground to control,

qualify, or enlarge it.” Advisory Op. to Governor re

Implementation of Amendment 4, the Voting Restoration

Amendment, 288 So. 3d 1070, 1078 (Fla. 2020) (quoting

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the

United States 157-58 (1833), quoted in Scalia & Garner,

Reading Law at 69).

308 So. 3d at 946–47 (alterations in original).

The Legislature specifically stated and codified its intent in

creating the MMA, which is the “public policy” of the State of

Florida. 2 Section 766.201(1)(a)-(b) details the Legislature’s

2 The Florida Supreme Court has expressly recognized the

MMA as a legislative statement of public policy. See Franks v.

Bowers, 116 So. 3d 1240, 1241 (Fla. 2013). “Public policy is

determined by the legislature through its statutory enactments.”

Saunders v. Saunders, 796 So. 2d 1253, 1254 (Fla. 1st DCA 2001)

(citing Univ. of Miami v. Echarte, 618 So. 2d 189, 196 (Fla. 1993)).

Express provisions of legislative intent codified in a statute

9

findings that increased medical malpractice insurance premiums

were primarily caused by increased loss payments to claimants,

the functional unavailability of medical malpractice insurance for

some physicians, and increased care costs to patients. Noting “the

public need for quality medical services” and that “[t]he high cost

of medical negligence claims in the state can be substantially

alleviated by requiring early determination of the merit of claims,”

§ 766.201(1)(c)-(d), Fla. Stat., the Legislature explicitly stated its

intention to create a process to extinguish unviable claims early:

(2) It is the intent of the Legislature to provide a plan for

prompt resolution of medical negligence claims. Such

plan shall consist of two separate components, presuit

investigation and arbitration. Presuit investigation

shall be mandatory and shall apply to all medical

negligence claims and defenses. Arbitration shall be

voluntary and shall be available except as specified.

(a) Presuit investigation shall include:

1. Verifiable requirements that reasonable investigation

precede both malpractice claims and defenses in order to

eliminate frivolous claims and defenses.

2. Medical corroboration procedures.

§ 766.201(2), Fla. Stat. (emphasis added).

Various sections of chapter 766 spell out the specific presuit

requirements and duties both parties must fulfill throughout the

presuit process. At the conclusion of that process, either before or

after suit is filed, section 766.206 provides a process by which that

participation may be challenged. A finding that either party did

not comply with the reasonable investigation requirements of

sections 766.201-.212 has mandatory consequences and potential

sanctions. Section 766.206, Florida Statutes, provides in pertinent

part:

constitute “public policy” of the state. See Dinkins v. Dinkins, 120

So. 3d 601, 603 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013).

10

(1) After the completion of presuit investigation by the

parties pursuant to s. 766.203 and any discovery

pursuant to s. 766.106, any party may file a motion in the

circuit court requesting the court to determine whether

the opposing party’s claim or denial rests on a reasonable

basis.

(2) If the court finds that the notice of intent to

initiate litigation mailed by the claimant does not

comply with the reasonable investigation

requirements of ss. 766.201-766.212, including a

review of the claim and a verified written medical

expert opinion by an expert witness as defined in

s. 766.202, or that the authorization accompanying

the notice of intent required under s. 766.1065 is

not completed in good faith by the claimant, the

court shall dismiss the claim, and the person who

mailed such notice of intent, whether the claimant or the

claimant’s attorney, is personally liable for all attorney’s

fees and costs of the defendant or the defendant’s insurer.

(Emphasis added). The word “shall” as used in section 766.206(2)

is mandatory and not permissive, particularly because “it refers to

an action preceding the denial of a substantive right.” State v.

Goode, 830 So. 2d 817, 824 (Fla. 2002). When viewed in its context,

the legislature made itself clear: the two-step presuit investigation

process is mandatory to bring a medical negligence lawsuit in this

state, and failure to participate in that process requires dismissal.

See §§ 766.201, .206, Fla. Stat.; see also Goode, 830 So. 2d at 823

(noting that the proper “interpretation ‘depends upon the context

in which [“shall”] is found and upon the intent of the legislature as

expressed in the statute’ ” (quoting S.R. v. State, 346 So. 2d 1018,

1019 (Fla. 1977))).

In spite of this clear statutory language and Florida courts’

adherence to the supremacy-of-text principle, much of the case law

stands in stark contrast due to what seems to be a perceived

conflict between the clear Legislative directive and Florida’s

constitutional protection for access to courts. See Art. I, § 21, Fla.

Const. Seemingly raised for the first time in the medical

negligence context in Carter v. Sparkman, 335 So. 2d 805 (Fla.

11

1976), and notwithstanding the supreme court in that case

pronouncing that the medical negligence statutes did not place

unreasonable restrictions on citizens’ access to the courts, later

courts have regularly departed from the plain text in the name of

such access. See, e.g., Morris v. Muniz, 252 So. 3d 1143 (Fla. 2018)

(citing access to courts no less than three times in requiring trial

court to make a finding of prejudice to defendant before dismissing

case based on failure to comply with presuit requirements);

Williams v. Oken, 62 So. 3d 1129 (Fla. 2011) (certiorari not

available to challenge plaintiff’s presuit expert for not being in

same specialty as defendant physician, as required by statute);

Kukral v. Mekras, 679 So. 2d 278 (Fla. 1996) (under “liberal

interpretation” of MMA, plaintiff’s failure to comply with presuit

requirements and timeframes, including plaintiff’s failure to

provide mandatory expert opinion until a month prior to trial

(instead of statutory ninety-day period), was excusable as long as

requirements were met prior to expiry of statute of limitations);

Ingersoll v. Hoffman, 589 So. 2d 223 (Fla. 1991) (defendant’s

assertion on first day of trial that plaintiff’s failure to comply with

presuit requirements was “waived” as “prejudicial” to plaintiff); N.

Broward Hosp. Dist. v. Kalitan, 219 So. 3d 49, 56 (Fla. 2017)

(extending the reasoning in McCall to find the statutory caps

applicable in personal injury cases were also unconstitutional as

violative of the equal protection clause as they did “not bear a

rational relationship to the Legislature’s stated interest in

addressing the medical malpractice crisis.” (emphasis added)); Est.

of McCall v. U.S., 134 So. 3d 894 (Fla. 2014) (disregarding the

stated factual findings of the legislature in ruling the statutory cap

on wrongful death noneconomic damages recoverable in a medical

malpractice action violated the equal protection clause of the

Florida Constitution).

In essence, Florida courts have determined that because the

presuit process restricts a plaintiff’s ability to bring medical

malpractice claims, we “must construe the medical malpractice

presuit screening requirements ‘in a manner that favors access to

courts.’” Morris, 252 So. 3d. at 1146 (quoting Patry v. Capps, 632

So. 2d 9, 13 (Fla. 1994)). While this precept cannot be ignored, the

act of construing statutory text still requires “analyz[ing] and

explain[ing] the meaning of (a sentence or passage).” Construe,

Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Courts have instead relied

12

on access to courts to right perceived wrongs thereby evading the

statutory text altogether. While well intentioned, such decisions

cannot stand.

Returning to the text, the Florida Supreme Court in Carmody

states that the presuit requirements have a jurisdictional purpose.

48 Fla. L. Weekly S150 at *7. If a non-compliant case is filed

pursuant to the MMA, the Carmody court observed that “no action

shall be filed” and “the court shall dismiss the claim.” Id. (quoting

§§ 766.104(1), .206(2), Fla. Stat.). In light of our directive to follow

the supremacy-of-text principle and Carmody’s clear statement

that the presuit requirements “have served a jurisdictional

purpose” both before and after the 2013 amendments, id., there no

longer should be any doubt about their jurisdictional import and

the legislative mandate to dismiss claims that fail to comply with

the reasonable investigation requirements of section 766.206(2).

Nonetheless, the Carmody court stopped short of overruling

any precedent on this issue. See id. (cautioning that “the

Legislature may generally limit what tort claims can be brought at

state law, and how they are brought, as long as it does not run

afoul of article 1, section 21 of Florida’s Constitution”). However,

as Justice Canady wrote in his dissent in Morris, a court’s

determination of whether a plaintiff filed a statutorily compliant

claim “has nothing to do with roadblocks to court access.” Morris,

252 So. 3d at 1167 (Canady, J., dissenting). This is supported in

the plain language of section 766.206(2), which states that the

court “shall dismiss.” It does not say “shall dismiss with prejudice.”

Nothing prohibits plaintiffs from refiling their claims so long as

the limitations period has not expired. See Williams v.

Campagnulo, 588 So. 2d 982, 983 (Fla. 1991) (holding that

corrective action regarding presuit requirements is only prohibited

outside the limitations period); Hosp. Corp. of Am. v. Lindberg, 571

So. 2d 446, 449 (Fla. 1990) (explaining that where presuit notice

filed same time as complaint, complaint subject to dismissal;

plaintiff may subsequently file amended complaint asserting

compliance with presuit notice and investigation requirements).

Reading into the statute an opportunity to “cure” or requiring

defendants to prove prejudice goes beyond our constitutional

authority. As then-Justice Polston explained:

13

[U]nder our constitutional system, it is the Legislature,

not this Court, that is entitled to make laws as a matter

of policy based upon the facts it finds. See art. II, § 3, Fla.

Const.; art. III, § 1, Fla. Const. It is the Legislature’s task

to decide whether a medical malpractice crisis exists,

whether a medical malpractice crisis has abated, and

whether the Florida Statutes should be amended

accordingly.

Kalitan, 219 So. 3d 63 (Polston, J., dissenting). Over time, it

appears the courts have not focused on the statutory text and have

instead rewritten it, a clear violation of the separation of powers.

See Westpark Preserve Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Pulte Home

Corp., 365 So. 3d 391, 394–95 (Fla. 2d DCA 2023) (“It is not within

the power of the judicial branch to change the statute’s language.

Instead, ‘[t]he legislature is the proper branch of government to

alter the statutory text.’” (alteration in original) (quoting Freeman

as Tr. of Fiddlesticks Land Tr. U/A/D Sept. 25, 1984 v. Berrin,

352 So. 3d 452, 455 (Fla 2d DCA 2022))).

In sum, I perceive no jurisprudentially sound means of

reconciling these past decisions with the supremacy-of-text

principle or Carmody. As a result, their continued vitality

deserves a close reexamination. “In a case where we are bound by

a higher legal authority—whether it be a constitutional provision,

a statute, or a decision of the Supreme Court—our job is to apply

that law correctly to the case before us. When we are convinced

that a precedent clearly conflicts with the law we are sworn to

uphold, precedent normally must yield.” State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d

487, 507 (Fla. 2020); accord Lawrence v. State, 308 So. 3d 544, 550–

51 (Fla. 2020).

14