The opinion
FILED
Jun 16 2023, 9:31 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE,
Kevin E. Steele TOWN OF OGDEN DUNES
Burke Costanza & Carberry LLP BOARD OF ZONING APPEALS
Valparaiso, Indiana Charles F.G. Parkinson
Julie A. Paulson
Harris Welsh & Lukmann
Chesterton, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES,
DAVID AND CHERYL TARPO
John E. Hughes
Lauren K. Kroeger
Hoeppner Wagner & Evans LLP
Merrillville, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Greg and Robin Shinall, June 16, 2023
Appellants-Petitioners Court of Appeals Case No.
22A-PL-3098
v. Appeal from the Porter Superior
Court
Board of Zoning Appeals for The Honorable Michael A. Fish,
Town of Ogden Dunes, Indiana; Judge
David and Cheryl Tarpo, Trial Court Cause No.
Appellees-Respondents. 64D01-2206-PL-5496
Opinion by Judge Pyle
Chief Judge Altice concurs. Judge Riley dissents.
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Pyle, Judge.
Statement of the Case
[1] Greg Shinall and Robin Shinall (“the Shinalls”), appeal the trial court’s grant of
the motion to dismiss their petition for judicial review in favor of David Tarpo
and Cheryl Tarpo (“the Tarpos”), and the Board of Zoning Appeals for the
Town of Ogden Dunes (“BZA”) (collectively, “the Defendants”).
[2] We reverse and remand.
Issue
Whether the trial court erred in granting the Defendant’s motion to dismiss the
Shinalls’ petition for judicial review based on a lack of standing.
Facts
[3] Consistent with our standard of review, we take the allegations made in the
petition as true. The Shinalls own a home, which they purchased in 2005,
located at 3 Cedar Trail, Ogden Dunes, Indiana. The Shinalls’ home is located
on a hill. The Tarpos own property, which they purchased in 2015, located at
58 Shore Drive in Ogden Dunes. The Tarpos’ property is on the south shore of
Lake Michigan. The Shinalls’ home is almost directly south of the Tarpos’
property, such that the Shinalls have a view of Lake Michigan from their home
over the roof line of the Tarpos’ existing home.
[4] The Ogden Dunes Zoning Code (“Zoning Code”) limits the height of
residential buildings to thirty feet. Desiring to build a new 6,500 foot home on
their property, in 2022, the Tarpos petitioned the BZA for a number of
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variances, only one of which is the subject of the instant appeal, namely, a
variance of the residential building height restriction from thirty feet to thirty-
nine feet. In May 2022, the Shinalls received notice that the Tarpos had applied
for the height variance. On June 9, 2022, a public hearing was held on the
Tarpos’ application, at which the Shinalls argued against the variance. At the
conclusion of the public hearing, the BZA approved the height variance.
[5] On June 28, 2022, the Shinalls filed their Verified Petition for Review of Zoning
Decision in which they made the following relevant allegations:
9. The [Shinalls] reside and own the property located at 3 Cedar
Trail, Ogden Dunes, Indiana 46368 . . . Pursuant to Indiana
Code 36-7-4-1603(2), they have standing to bring this Petition
because they are persons aggrieved by the zoning decision and
they participated in the board hearing that led to the decision by
(A) appearing at the BZA hearing on June 9, 2022, in person and
presenting relevant evidence . . . and (B) filing with the BZA a
written opposition statement setting forth facts and opinions
relating to the request for variance.
***
28. The Tarpos' property is on the south shore of Lake Michigan.
Petitioners reside at 3 Cedar Trail, Ogden Dunes, which is
almost directly south of the Tarpos' property. Petitioners enjoy
excellent, elevated lake views, including views over the roof line
of the Tarpos' current house. If the Tarpos are permitted to
construct a house higher than the 30-foot height limitation in the
Zoning Code, Petitioners' lake views will be substantially
reduced, which will interfere with their use and enjoyment of
their property.
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29. The variance not only will substantially and adversely affect
Petitioners[’] use and enjoyment of their property, but it also will
also affect the value of their property. The negative impact on the
value is both obvious and readily confirmable by comparing the
valuations of the properties with lake views to those without lake
views. One real estate expert, Andy Krause (principal data
scientist at Greenfield Advisors, a real-estate research company)
estimates that a house like Petitioners', on a hill with a largely
unobstructed water view, is worth significantly more than a
comparable house without a water view: "A home partway up a
hill with a partially obstructed water view over neighbors'
rooftops could increase the overall price by 10 to 30%" and "the
same home, in the same location, with an unobstructed view"
could increase the price by "30-50%." Based on this research—
and common knowledge—Petitioners' current lake view
significantly enhances the value of our property, and anything
that reduces that lake view would reduce the value accordingly.
30. Several other neighboring properties on Cedar Trail and the
south side of Shore Drive also have lake views that will be
obstructed or reduced if the Tarpos are allowed to construct a 39-
foot house despite the 30-foot height limit in the Zoning Code
(e.g., 1 Cedar Trail, 5 Cedar Trail, 57 Shore Drive, and 61 Shore
Drive).
***
32. All five of the neighboring property owners whose lake views,
enjoyment, use and values will be most affected by the variance
either joined Petitioners' Opposition (1 Cedar Trail, 3 Cedar
Trail, 61 Shore Drive, and 5 Cedar Trail) or submitted their own
written objection to the requested variance (57 Shore Drive). In
addition, several other neighboring property owners and Ogden
Dunes residents also submitted written objections to the request
variance.
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33. Thus, all of the neighboring property owners, whose "use and
value" would be "adversely affected" and whose interests the
BZA is required to consider, respect and protect under the
governing variance standards (Zoning Code § 152.204(E)(2)(c)),
submitted objections to the proposed variance.
(Appellants’ App. Vol. II, pp. 15-16, 23-24) (footnotes omitted). The Shinalls
argued, among other things, that the BZA’s decision should be set aside
because it was inconsistent with the Zoning Code’s standards, it was
unsupported by the evidence, and because it was arbitrary, capricious, and an
abuse of the BZA’s limited discretion. As required by statute, the Shinalls filed
a certified copy of the BZA record of proceedings with their Petition for Judicial
Review.
[6] On September 23, 2022, the Defendants filed their Joint Motion to Dismiss for
lack of standing pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 12(B)(6), along with a
memorandum of law in support. The Defendants contended that the Shinalls
had no legally protected right to an unobstructed lake view under Indiana
common law and that “[a]ny right of [the Shinalls] to an unobstructed view of
the lake flows from the Ogden Dunes zoning ordinance and height restrictions
in the ordinance.” (Appellants’ App. Vol. III, pp. 156-57). In their response to
the Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, the Shinalls contended that the Defendants
had conceded that the Zoning Code furnished them with a legally protected
interest in the view of the lake from their home. On November 3, 2022, the
trial court held a hearing on the Defendants’ motion at which no evidence was
heard.
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[7] On December 15, 2022, the trial court issued its Order, dismissing the Shinalls’
Petition for Judicial Review due to lack of standing. The trial court did not
enter findings of fact in support of its ruling. However, citing Bagnall v. Town of
Beverly Shores, 726 N.E.2d 782 (Ind. 2000) and EP MSS LLC v. Merrillville Bd. of
Zoning Appeals, 192 N.E.3d 981 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022), trans. denied, the trial court
concluded that the “Shinalls are not aggrieved by any perceived hindrance to
their prospective lake views. Thus, they cannot maintain standing to pursue
judicial review of the BZA’s granted height variance.” (Appellants’ App. Vol.
II, p. 10).
[8] The Shinalls now appeal.
Decision
[9] The Shinalls argue that the trial court erred by finding that they did not have
standing to petition for judicial review of the zoning decision. Specifically, they
argue that the facts alleged in their petition satisfy the standing requirements
outlined in INDIANA CODE § 36-7-4-1603(a)(2). We agree.
[10] “Motions to dismiss for lack of standing may be brought under Trial Rule
12(B)(6) for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” Thomas v.
Blackford County Area Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 907 N.E.2d 988, 990 (Ind. 2009).
The allegations made by the petitioner are taken as true. Id. Because the
question of standing is purely a legal question, we owe no deference to the trial
court’s decision, and we review it de novo. Common Council of Michigan City v.
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Bd. of Zoning Appeals of Michigan City, 881 N.E.2d 1012, 1014 (Ind. Ct. App.
2008).
[11] In order to establish standing to obtain judicial review of a zoning decision, our
General Assembly has outlined several preconditions that must be met, one of
which is relevant in this case. A person has standing if:
(2) A person aggrieved by the zoning decision who participated in the
board hearing that led to the decision, either:
(A) by appearing at the hearing in person, by agent, or by
attorney and presenting relevant evidence; or
(B) by filing with the board a written statement setting forth any
facts or opinions relating to the decision.
I.C. § 36-7-4-1603(a)(2) (emphasis added). The only issue here is whether the
Shinalls have established that they are aggrieved by the zoning decision.
[12] “To be aggrieved, the petitioner must experience a ‘substantial grievance, a
denial of some personal or property right or the imposition . . . of a burden or
obligation.’” Bagnall, 726 N.E.2d at 786 (quoting Union Tp. Residents Ass’n v.
Whitley County Redevelopment Comm’n, 536 N.E.2d 1044, 1045 (Ind. Ct. App.
1989)). Further, the zoning decision “must infringe upon a legal right of the
petitioner that will be ‘enlarged or diminished by the result of the appeal’ and
the petitioner’s resulting injury must be pecuniary in nature. [A] party seeking
to petition for [judicial review] on behalf of a community must show some
special injury other than that sustained by the community as a whole.” Bagnall,
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726 N.E.2d at 786 (quoting Robertson v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, Town of Chesterton,
699 N.E.2d 310, 315 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998)).
[13] In this case, the trial court based its decision to dismiss the Shinalls’ petition for
judicial review on two cases: Bagnall and EP MSS LLC. A review of these two
cases reveals that they are easily distinguishable.
[14] In Bagnall, Michael and Deborah Pavel (“the Pavels”) owned property in the
town of Beverly Shores. They filed three petitions with the Board of Zoning
Appeals of the Town of Beverly Shores (“the Board”) requesting variances from
ordinances so that they could build an addition onto their home and alter the
placement of a well. After several hearings, the Board granted the Pavels’
petitions. George and Ann Bagnall (“the Bagnalls”), who owned a property
three lots away from the Pavels’ property, timely petitioned for judicial review
of the Board’s decisions. In response, the Board filed motions to dismiss, one
of which alleged that the Bagnalls lacked standing. After a hearing, the trial
court granted the motions to dismiss because “the Bagnalls’ lot was not
adjacent to or surrounding the Pavel lot in that there [were] three (3) lots of 50
feet each between Lot 7 and Lot 11 for a total separation of 150 feet and that
the Bagnalls [did] not have a substantial grievance, a legal right, legal interest or
pecuniary injury.” Bagnall, 726 N.E.2d at 786 (cleaned up). On appeal, our
supreme court agreed and held that nothing in the Bagnalls’ petition or the
evidence presented had shown how the variance would result in infringement of
a legal right resulting in pecuniary injury or a special injury beyond that
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sustained by the entire community. Id. Here, however, the Shinalls’ petition
contain many allegations as to how they had been aggrieved.
[15] Turning to EP MSS LLC, DG Properties (“DG”) owned commercial property
containing retail establishments and a 69,000 square foot vacant building in the
City of Merrillville. At some point, it wanted to convert a portion of its
property into a self-storage facility. To facilitate its desire, DG petitioned for a
variance because a storage facility was not a permitted use on the property as it
was currently zoned. EP MSS LLC (“EP”), which operated a self-storage
facility approximately one mile away from DG’s property, objected to the
proposed variance. After considering the arguments of the parties, the
Merrillville Board of Zoning Appeals unanimously recommended approval of
DG’s petition to the Merrillville Town Council, which subsequently approved
the variance. EP filed a petition for judicial review challenging the approval of
DG’s petition for a variance. EP asserted that it was aggrieved because the
“market for self-storage units in Merrillville was already oversaturated and the
variance would render existing self-storage businesses less profitable, possibly
leading them all to fail.” EP MSS LLC, 192 N.E.3d at 983. In other words, EP
claimed that increased competition would impair its ability to make a profit.
DG filed a motion to dismiss claiming EP lacked standing. After a hearing, the
trial court granted DG’s motion to dismiss. On appeal, another panel of this
Court noted that zoning boards are not charged under any Indiana statute with
protecting private businesses from competition. Id. at 986. We specifically
explained that“[r]estricting competition among private businesses does not
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serve any of the specifically enumerated purposes in” INDIANA CODE § 36-7-4-
601, “and [EP] does not argue that it serves any other purpose this chapter of
the Indiana Code is meant to protect.” Id. As a result, this Court affirmed the
trial court’s decision. We held that EP had failed to show any pecuniary harm
beyond being exposed to competition in our free-market system, which is a risk
borne by the community as a whole. EP MSS LLC, 192 N.E.2d at 987. Unlike
EP, the Shinalls have adequately established the pecuniary harm they would
suffer.
[16] Having distinguished these two cases, we turn to an argument made by the
Defendants in their appellees’ brief. The Defendants argue that our decision in
Center Township Corp. v. City of Mishawaka, 882 N.E.2d 762 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008),
trans. denied declined to establish a view of the water as a compensable property
right. As a result, the Defendants argue that the Shinalls could not have
standing to challenge the variance because they had no legal right to a
waterfront view of Lake Michigan from their property. Again, we disagree.
[17] In Center Township Corp., the City of Mishawaka (“the City”) initiated a plan to
build a pedestrian footbridge from Lincoln Park across the St. Joseph River to
Kamm Island, which was owned by the City. At some point, owners of
condominiums along the riverfront filed a complaint “for inverse
condemnation, nuisance, and anticipatory trespass for the construction of the
pedestrian bridge between Lincoln Park and Kamm Island.” Id. at 766. The
condominium owners argued that the construction of the pedestrian bridge
interfered with their use and enjoyment of their property, including the view of
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the river, to such a degree that it amounted to a taking under the “Indiana and
United States Constitutions.” Id. After a hearing on whether a taking had
occurred, the trial court found that the condominium owners had suffered a loss
to the value of their property values “based upon the loss of view and the loss of
free use and enjoyment of the property, including the right to ingress and egress,
the right to construct a pier, wharf or boat dock and the right to boat and fish in
the river[.]” Id. at 766-767. Arguing that Indiana did not recognize “a right to
a view as part of the bundle of riparian rights,” the City filed a motion to
reconsider.1 Id. at 767. The trial court granted the motion, but only altered its
ruling by indicating that the existence of a right to a view for riparian rights “is
best left to an appellate court . . . .” Id. The trial court then appointed
appraisers to “assess the amount of just compensation owed to the
[condominium owners] as a result of the taking of” their rights. Id. After the
report had been issued, all parties objected and demanded a jury trial on
damages. A jury trial was held where the sole issue was damages. At the
conclusion of the trial, the trial court issued final instructions, one of which
stated that damages had to be confined to the loss of riparian rights. However,
1
“The term ‘riparian rights’ indicates a bundle of rights that turn on the physical relationship of a body of
water to the land abutting it. Riparian rights are special rights pertaining to the use of water in a waterway
adjoining the owner’s property. Riparian rights of the owners of lands fronting navigable waters are derived
from common law as modified by statute. According to some authorities, riparian rights do not necessarily
constitute an independent estate and are not property rights per se; they are merely licenses or privileges.
Stated differently, they constitute property rights of a qualified or restricted nature.” Center Townhouse Corp. v.
City of Mishawaka, 882 N.E.2d 762, 768 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citations omitted).
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the trial court specifically stated that loss of view should not be considered. The
condominium owners objected, and an appeal was taken by all parties.
[18] On appeal, another panel of this Court concluded that a taking had occurred.
However, our Court noted that, while riparian rights are defined by INDIANA
CODE § 14-29-1-4, it is not clear that this statute is a complete definition. We
noted that “other states have recognized a riparian right to an unobstructed
view as a legally protected use.” Id. at 771. The condominium owners urged
“us to follow suit,” but we declined their invitation. Id. at 772. We held that the
“scope of a landowner’s view, whether of the water or otherwise, is a policy
decision best left to the legislative branch generally and the local zoning
authorities specifically, who can determine appropriate and reasonable
setbacks, maximum height requirements, and the like, suitable to the plan or
design of that particular region, area, or neighborhood.” Id. at 772.
[19] This is exactly what has happened in this case. The Town of Ogden Dunes
exercised its policy prerogative and adopted a Zoning Code limiting the height
of residential construction to thirty feet. Since 2005, the Shinalls have owned
property that has afforded them a view of Lake Michigan over the rooftop of
the Tarpos’ existing home. The Tarpos sought a variance from the Zoning
Code allowing them to build a home exceeding the height restriction. The
Shinalls assert that the proposed home would interfere with their use and
enjoyment of their property by blocking their view of Lake Michigan.
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[20] The Shinalls were required to establish that they had a substantial grievance
against the variance. Bagnall, 726 N.E.2d at 786. In other words, the Shinalls
“must have a legal interest which will be enlarged or diminished by the result of
the appeal. In order for a party to be entitled to appeal from a final action, it
must appear that it has substantial interest in the subject matter of the litigation
and that it is prejudiced or aggrieved from the action from which it seeks to
appeal.” Union Tp. Residents Ass’n, Inc., 536 N.E.2d at 1045.
[21] Taken as true, the allegations in Shinalls’ petition clearly establish that they are
aggrieved for purposes of establishing standing to seek judicial review under
INDIANA CODE § 36-7-4-1603(a)(2). The Zoning Code established a thirty-foot
height restriction for residential construction. The record in this case reveals
that for almost two decades the Shinalls have enjoyed a waterfront view of Lake
Michigan over the roofline of the Tarpos’ existing home. The Shinalls’ petition
asserted that they have a marketable interest in the property value associated
with the waterfront view from with their property. Further, the petition asserts
that the proposed variance allowing the Tarpos to build their home would
obstruct the Shinalls’ view of Lake Michigan, diminishing the property value of
the Shinalls’ home and the values of adjacent properties. In addition, the facts
alleged not only demonstrate a pecuniary injury but establish an injury beyond
that to be suffered by the community as a whole. In other words, only the
Shinalls and the adjacent property owners would likely suffer from the loss of
enjoyment and market value from an obstructed waterfront view of Lake
Michigan. As a result, we hold the Shinalls had standing because they had a
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substantial grievance with BZA’s decision granting a variance to the Tarpos.
As a result, the trial court erred in granting the Defendants’ motion to dismiss,
and we reverse and remand this case for further proceedings.
[22] Reversed and remanded.
Altice, C.J., concurs.
Riley, J., dissents with separate opinion.
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[23] Riley, Judge dissenting.
[24] [1] I respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusion that the Shinalls have
standing to seek judicial review in this matter. Indiana Code section 36-7-4-
1603(a)(2) requires that, in order to have standing to contest a zoning decision,
a person must be “aggrieved” by that decision. Our supreme court has
explained that in order to be “aggrieved” for purposes of establishing standing,
the petitioner must allege the denial of some legally protected right, either a
“personal or property right”, by the zoning authority’s decision. Bagnall v. Town
of Beverly Shores, 726 N.E.2d 782, 786 (Ind. 2000). In EP MSS, cited by the
majority, this court examined the nature of EP MSS’s claimed injury and found
no standing, holding that EP MSS did not have “a legal right to be free from
increased competition.” EP MSS LLC v. Merrillville Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 192
N.E.3d 981, 986 (Ind. Ct. App. 2022), trans. denied. Thus, we have concluded
that it is not adequate to confer standing when petitioners seeking judicial
review are nearby property owners or even that they assert a pecuniary loss;
rather, petitioners must also have a legal right to the interest they claim was
injured. See id. The interest the Shinalls claim is injured in this case is their
right to a view to Lake Michigan over the roofline of the Tarpos’ home.
However, we have already concluded in Center Townhouse Corporation v. City of
Mishawaka, 882 N.E.2d 762, 772 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied, that
Indiana does not recognize any common law riparian right of an unobstructed
view of water by a landowner.
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[25] [2] The majority distinguishes EP MSS merely on the basis that, here, the
Shinalls alleged a pecuniary loss, and, citing Center Townhouse Corporation, it
holds that the Shinalls’ standing issues from the fact that “[t]he Town of Ogden
Dunes exercised its policy prerogative and adopted a Zoning Code limiting the
height of residential construction to thirty feet.” Slip op. at 12. However, if
standing is conferred by the existence of a zoning statute itself, there is no limit
to who may claim standing to contest a zoning decision. Because the majority’s
decision today throws open the floodgates of standing and conflicts with
Bagnall, EP MSS, and Center Townhouse Corporation, I dissent.
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