The opinion
Filed 7/1/13 Brown v. Technology Properties CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
CHESTER A. BROWN, JR., et al., H037664
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiffs, Cross-Defendants, and Super. Ct. No. 1-09-CV-159452)
Respondents,
v.
TECHNOLOGY PROPERTIES LIMITED,
LLC, et al.,
Defendants, Cross-Complainants
and Appellants.
Technology Properties Limited, LLC (TPL) and its principal, Daniel Leckrone,
appeal from an order striking two causes of action in their cross-complaint against
plaintiffs Chester and Marcie Brown. Defendants contend that the superior court
improperly applied Code of Civil Procedure section 425.161 in striking these claims
because they did not fall within the statutory description of a "strategic lawsuit against
public participation" (SLAPP). We find no error and must therefore affirm the order.
1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise
specified.
Background
Defendant Leckrone, an attorney, founded TPL and was its chairman. Chester A.
Brown, Jr. (Brown) was at various times a consultant to and an employee of TPL, as well
as an investor of patent portfolios of which TPL had the right to commercialize. In 1999
Leckrone was seeking funding for the commercialization of a portfolio of "Hearing
Health Care" (HHC) patents. Brown and his wife, Marcie Brown, invested $50,000 in
the HHC portfolio, in exchange for one percent of the gross proceeds of any licensing of
the portfolio. Plaintiffs invested another $50,000 in 2000 and again in 2001. In May
2003 Brown became a consultant to TPL under a Consulting Agreement, under which he
served as Chief Operating Officer of Leckrone's newly formed entity, AsyncArray
Devices (AAD), in order to develop and commercialize a new microprocessor device,
which later became known as the SEAforth microprocessor. Eventually the name of
AAD was changed to IntellaSys Corporation. In 2006 Brown became an IntellaSys
employee, serving as Chief Executive Officer (CEO). In September of 2006 IntellaSys
was merged into TPL, but Brown continued to serve as CEO of the IntellaSys division.
In August 2003 plaintiffs agreed to contribute another $25,000 for the HHC
portfolio. This time the consideration was 3.5 percent of the gross proceeds of the
licensing of both the HHC portfolio and another portfolio, consisting of Moore
Microprocessor Patents (MMP) based on technology developed by Charles Moore and
Russell Fish. Leckrone drafted the resulting contract, the Assignment Agreement, which
TPL and both plaintiffs executed in early 2004, but which was backdated to August 4,
2003.
Plaintiffs received payments from TPL under the Assignment Agreement covering
the period through March 2007. After June 2007, however, they received nothing. When
Brown inquired about the failure to make further payments, Leckrone and TPL's senior
vice-president told him that TPL had no money.
2
Plaintiffs filed a complaint against TPL and Leckrone in December 2009, alleging,
among other things, breach of the Assignment Agreement. On March 1, 2010,
defendants answered and filed a cross-complaint. Among the causes of action in the
cross-complaint was specific performance of a separate contract on January 15, 2009.
Defendants alleged that the SEAforth technology was to be transferred to a new
company, Newco, which Brown and other IntellaSys employees would control and in
which TPL would have a minority position. Brown had allegedly prepared a letter of
intent which was accepted by TPL and was incorporated into a "Master Agreement."
Under this contract, Brown was to have "an interest in Newco in exchange for any sums
owed to [sic] per the Assignment." TPL had performed its promises, but Brown had not
complied with his obligations, "including the cancellation of the Assignment."
A bench trial took place in November 2010, limited to (1) the interpretation of
section 2.1 of the Assignment Agreement, and in particular the term "Gross Proceeds" in
that provision; and (2) the ability of TPL to modify or amend the Assignment Agreement
without a writing. On the latter issue, the court determined in July 2011 that amendment
was not precluded by a provision of the agreement restricting assignment.
Meanwhile, on June 15, 2011, the court granted TPL leave to file a first amended
cross-complaint. This pleading asserted multiple causes of action, including breach of
contract. TPL alleged that Brown himself had proposed a "Management Buyout" in
which he would acquire the SEAforth Division of IntellaSys in consideration for TPL's
minority equity interest, "as well as a release of certain claims, including specifically any
claims the Browns had under the parties' Assignment Agreement entitling the Browns to
a percentage interest in certain licensing proceeds from the MMP patent portfolio referred
to at that time as their 'TPL accrual.' " The transaction was finalized, according to the
cross-complaint, on January 15, 2009, when TPL delivered the personnel and assets of
the SEAforth Division to Brown. TPL then "continued to fully and faithfully discharge
its obligations" by passing sales leads on to Brown, and maintaining telephone, email,
3
and website access and support. In December 2009, however, "the Browns announced
their intention to renounce, abandon, and breach their obligations under the agreement by
filing a lawsuit against TPL to enforce the claims under the parties' Assignment
Agreement that they had relinquished in consideration of TPL's acceptance of their
Management Buyout proposal and by announcing Mr. Brown's intention to limit his
involvement in the management of the going concern."
The cause of action for breach of contract narrowed the focus of Brown's alleged
failings. TPL stated that the parties had an "oral agreement which was reduced to
writing," in which Brown agreed to act as CEO of the "going concern" and to "relinquish,
individually and . . . on behalf of his wife, Marci[e] Brown, any amount they were owed
by TPL, if any." The key allegation of the first cause of action is the assertion of breach:
"Despite agreeing to and accepting the benefits of the Management Buyout agreement,
the Browns subsequently repudiated the agreement by filing this lawsuit to recover
monies from TPL that the Browns had agreed to relinquish as part of the agreement, their
so-called 'TPL accrual.' "
Similarly, the sixth cause of action alleged promissory estoppel arising from
Brown's promise that he would act as CEO and that both he and Marcie would
"relinquish any amount they were owed by TPL, if any." In "reasonable reliance" on this
promise, TPL gave up other marketing opportunities and "promptly turned over control
of the SEAforth Division of IntellaSys and all of its operational assets to Mr. Brown and
over the following weeks and months provided Mr. Brown and his team with sales leads
and other support," including proprietary information. The key allegation in this cause of
action was the following: "Despite TPL's performance, by filing their lawsuit against
TPL to recover amounts that they represented and promised they had relinquished any
claim to, the Browns have failed to honor and fulfill their promises to TPL and injustice
can only be avoided by enforcing the Browns' promises and representations to TPL."
4
The remaining allegations of the first amended cross-complaint were for
intentional and negligent misrepresentation, intentional and negligent interference with
the economic relationship between TPL and Moore, misappropriation of trade secrets,
unfair competition, and conversion. These claims were premised on the alternative
contingency that no agreement was actually reached in January 2009. Instead, Brown
was alleged to have misrepresented his intention to enter into such a relationship; and by
failing to honor his promises, he disrupted TPL's negotiations with Moore and other third
parties. Finally, TPL sought declaratory relief to determine the rights and obligations of
the parties with respect to the Management Buyout, particularly the Browns' liability to
TPL.
Plaintiffs answered the first amended cross-complaint and then filed a motion to
strike each cause of action under section 425.16, the anti-SLAPP statute. Plaintiffs
argued that the entire cross-action arose from the plaintiffs' protected right to petition,
because defendants were alleging repudiation of a contract by plaintiffs' filing of their
lawsuit. They further disputed defendants' ability to prevail on their claims. In
opposition, defendants insisted that their complaint arose from the conduct of the parties
in January 2009, not from plaintiffs' December 2009 complaint.
On September 27, 2011, following written and oral argument, the superior court
issued its order granting the motion in part. The court agreed with plaintiffs that the first
(breach of contract) and sixth (promissory estoppel) causes of action arose out of
protected activity and that defendants had failed to demonstrate a probability of
prevailing. As to the remaining claims, the court denied the motion. Defendants filed
this timely appeal.2
2 After defendants filed their notice of appeal, the superior court declined to stay the
proceedings and the matter proceeded to trial before a jury. On April 18, 2012, the jury
found TPL liable for breach of the Assignment Agreement. The jurors answered "no"
when asked whether plaintiffs had waived their rights to any funds under that agreement,
5
Discussion
1. Scope and Standard of Review
Both parties appear to understand the nature of section 425.16 and the legislative
intent underlying its enactment. "A SLAPP is a civil lawsuit that is aimed at preventing
citizens from exercising their political rights or punishing those who have done so.
' "While SLAPP suits masquerade as ordinary lawsuits such as defamation and
interference with prospective economic advantage, they are generally meritless suits
brought primarily to chill the exercise of free speech or petition rights by the threat of
severe economic sanctions against the defendant, and not to vindicate a legally
cognizable right." ' " (Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc. v. Gore (2010) 49 Cal.4th 12,
21; Briggs v. Eden Council for Hope & Opportunity (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1106, 1126.)
Section 425.16 was enacted in 1992 to address the "disturbing increase" in the frequency
of these meritless harassing lawsuits. (§ 425.16, subd. (a); see Navellier v. Sletten (2002)
29 Cal.4th 82, 85, fn. 1; Simpson Strong-Tie Company, Inc. v. Gore, supra, 49 Cal.4th at
p. 21.) It was the Legislature's finding "that it is in the public interest to encourage
continued participation in matters of public significance, and that this participation should
not be chilled through abuse of the judicial process. To this end, this section shall be
construed broadly." (§ 425.16, subd. (a).) The statute was thus designed to deter
meritless actions that "deplete 'the defendant's energy' and drain 'his or her resources,'
[citation], . . . ' ". . . by ending them early and without great cost to the SLAPP target" '
[citation]." (Varian Medical Systems, Inc. v. Delfino (2005) 35 Cal.4th 180, 192; Soukup
v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif (2006) 39 Cal.4th 260, 278; Chabak v. Monroy (2007)
and they rejected defendants' affirmative defenses of unclean hands and accord and
satisfaction. They further found that the parties had never agreed to the terms of the
alleged oral January 15, 2009 contract, that Brown had not made a false representation or
a promise that was important to the transaction, nor that he had caused any disruption of
the relationship between TPL and Moore. They did find misappropriation of trade
secrets, but damages amounted to zero.
6
154 Cal.App.4th 1502.) The challenged cause of action may appear in a complaint, in a
cross-complaint, or in other pleadings. (§ 425.16, subd. (h); City of Cotati v. Cashman
(2002) 29 Cal.4th 69, 77 (Cotati).)
In evaluating a motion under the statute the trial court engages in a two-step
process. "First, the court decides whether the defendant has made a threshold showing
that the challenged cause of action is one 'arising from' protected activity. (§ 425.16,
subd. (b)(1).) If the court finds such a showing has been made, it then must consider
whether the plaintiff has demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the claim." (Cotati,
supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 76; Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811,
819-820.) "Only a cause of action that satisfies both prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute—
i.e., that arises from protected speech or petitioning and lacks even minimal merit—is a
SLAPP, subject to being stricken under the statute." (Navellier v. Sletten, supra, 29
Cal.4th at p. 89.) We review an order granting or denying a motion to strike under
section 425.16 de novo. (Soukup v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p.
269, fn. 3; Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 820.)
2. Protected Activity: Right of Petition
The first step of the section 425.16 analysis is to determine whether the challenged
cause of action was one arising from protected activity. It is the burden of the party
seeking the protection of the statute (the defendant, or, in this case, plaintiffs as cross-
defendants) to show that the challenged cause of action falls within the statute. (Equilon
Enterprises v. Consumer Cause, Inc. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 53, 66 (Equilon); accord, Jarrow
Formulas, Inc. v. LaMarche (2003) 31 Cal.4th 728, 733.) Accordingly, the conduct at
issue must fall within one of the four categories set forth in subdivision (e) of section
425.16: "(1) any written or oral statement or writing made before a legislative, executive,
or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law; (2) any written
or oral statement or writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or
review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other official proceeding
7
authorized by law; (3) any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to
the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest; or (4) any
other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of petition or the
constitutional right of free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public
interest." (§ 425.16, subd. (e).)
"As courts applying the anti-SLAPP statute have recognized, the 'arising from'
requirement is not always easily met." (Equilon, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 66.) "[T]he mere
fact that an action was filed after protected activity took place does not mean the action
arose from that activity for the purposes of the anti-SLAPP statute. [Citation.]
Moreover, that a cause of action arguably may have been 'triggered' by protected activity
does not entail [sic] that it is one arising from such. [Citation.] In the anti-SLAPP
context, the critical consideration is whether the cause of action is based on the
defendant's protected free speech or petitioning activity." (Navellier v. Sletten, supra, 29
Cal.4th at p. 89; In re Episcopal Church Cases (2009) 45 Cal.4th 467, 477.) Moreover,
"a defendant in an ordinary private dispute cannot take advantage of the anti-SLAPP
statute simply because the complaint contains some references to speech or petitioning
activity by the defendant. . . . [W]hen the allegations referring to arguably protected
activity are only incidental to a cause of action based essentially on nonprotected activity,
collateral allusions to protected activity should not subject the cause of action to the anti-
SLAPP statute." (Martinez v. Metabolife Intern., Inc. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 181, 188.)
Defendants' primary contention on appeal is that a compulsory cross-complaint
such as theirs cannot be subject to scrutiny as a potential SLAPP. Even assuming,
however, that their pleading was in fact a compulsory cross-complaint,3 it was not
3 A claim that is not pleaded in a cross-complaint is forfeited if it is a "related cause of
action"—that is, it arises "out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of
transactions or occurrences as the cause of action which the plaintiff alleges in his
complaint." (§§ 426.10, subd. (c), 426.30, subd. (a).) "Because of the liberal
8
automatically exempt from the reach of the anti-SLAPP statute. (See Raining Data Corp.
v. Barrenechea (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1363, 1373 [rejecting assertion that compulsory
cross-complaint can never be subject to an anti-SLAPP motion].) It is the "principal
thrust or gravamen" of the claim that determines whether section 425.16 applies.
(Martinez v. Metabolife Internat. Inc., supra, 113 Cal.App.4th at p. 188, citing Cotati,
supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 79; Navellier, supra, 29 Cal.4th at pp. 92-93.) Here, the gravamen
of defendants' allegations in the first and sixth causes of action was not that plaintiffs
simply failed to perform under the Management Buyout agreement, but that they actively
repudiated the agreement and broke their promise specifically "by filing their lawsuit
against TPL" for breach of the earlier contract, the Assignment Agreement. The conduct
alleged in the cross-complaint thus arose from plaintiffs' act of filing their complaint, a
protected activity. (Cf. Navellier, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 90 [complaint subject to section
425.16 where it alleged repudiation by filing federal action, contrary to release of
claims].)
Kajima Engineering & Construction, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2002) 95
Cal.App.4th 921, 924–925 does not instruct otherwise. In that case the trial court granted
the plaintiff's anti-SLAPP motion as to one cause of action in the defendant city's cross-
complaint; in that cause of action the city had alleged a violation of the False Claims Act,
based on the filing of the plaintiff's underlying complaint. The striking of that cause of
action was not challenged on appeal. As the remaining claims were not based on the
construction given to the statute to accomplish its purpose of avoiding a multiplicity of
actions, 'transaction' is construed broadly; it is 'not confined to a single, isolated act or
occurrence . . . but may embrace a series of acts or occurrences logically interrelated
[citations].' [Citations]." (Align Technology, Inc. v. Bao Tran (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th
949, 960.) "In the breach of contract context, the rule means [that] any claims the
defendant has against the plaintiff based on the same contract generally must be asserted
in a cross-complaint, even if the claims are unrelated to the specific breach or breaches
that underlie the plaintiff's complaint." (Frog Creek Partners, LLC v. Vance Brown, Inc.
(2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 515, 538.)
9
plaintiff's litigation activity, the motion was properly denied. (Id. at p. 930 & fn. 5.)
Clearly Kajima has no application to this case. Nor does Church of Scientology v.
Wollersheim (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 628 (disapproved of on another ground in Equilon,
supra, 29 Cal.4th 53), cited in Kajima, support defendants' position. Wollersheim in fact
specifically noted that a cross-complaint may be subject to a section 425.16 motion,
although "[o]nly those cross-complaints alleging a cause of action arising from the
plaintiff's act of filing the complaint against the defendant and the subsequent litigation
would potentially qualify as a SLAPP action." (42 Cal.App.4th at p. 651.)
Here, as discussed above, the first and sixth causes of action in the cross-
complaint specifically identified plaintiffs' act of filing the lawsuit as the basis for the
alleged wrong. Defendants nevertheless recharacterize their allegations as complaining
of conduct that "began nearly a year before the Browns filed their lawsuit. " According
to defendants, the "mention" of the lawsuit in the cross-complaint was "incidental," as it
only identified "the point at which the Browns finally made absolutely clear 'their
intention to renounce, abandon and breach their obligations under the [January 2009
Management Buyout Agreement].' " Defendants, however, have not pointed to a specific
act by Brown or Marcie Brown that constituted a breach of their promise before the filing
of the lawsuit. The "intention" itself was not actionable; and whatever act constituted the
actual renouncement had to have occurred shortly after the agreement was reached in
order to have been "nearly a year before" the lawsuit. Defendants refer us to nothing in
the record from which we can infer that the first and sixth causes of action were based on
conduct other than what the pleading plainly stated: that plaintiffs failed to honor their
promissory obligation "by filing their lawsuit against TPL." The superior court therefore
did not err in determining that plaintiffs met their initial burden to show that these two
claims arose from an act in furtherance of plaintiffs' "right of petition" as defined in
section 425.16, subdivision (e). Accordingly, we must turn next to the second step of the
10
SLAPP analysis: whether defendants met their responsive burden to show a probability of
prevailing on the stricken causes of action.
3. Probability of Prevailing
To satisfy the second prong of the SLAPP analysis, "a plaintiff responding to an
anti-SLAPP motion must " ' " 'state[ ] and substantiate[ ] a legally sufficient claim.' "
[Citations.] Put another way, the plaintiff "must demonstrate that the complaint is both
legally sufficient and supported by a sufficient prima facie showing of facts to sustain a
favorable judgment if the evidence submitted by the plaintiff is credited." ' [Citation.]
'We consider "the pleadings, and supporting and opposing affidavits . . . upon which the
liability or defense is based." (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(2).) However, we neither "weigh
credibility, [nor] compare the weight of the evidence. Rather, [we] accept as true the
evidence favorable to the plaintiff [citation] and evaluate the defendant's evidence only to
determine if it has defeated that submitted by the plaintiff as a matter of law." '
[Citation.] If the plaintiff 'can show a probability of prevailing on any part of its claim,
the cause of action is not meritless' and will not be stricken; 'once a plaintiff shows a
probability of prevailing on any part of its claim, the plaintiff has established that its
cause of action has some merit and the entire cause of action stands.' [Citation.]" (Oasis
West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820.)
Here the causes of action were for breach of contract and promissory estoppel.
Establishing the first cause of action would have required a showing of "(1) the existence
of the contract, (2) plaintiff's performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant's
breach, and (4) the resulting damages to the plaintiff." (Id. at p. 821, citing Reichert v.
General Ins. Co. (1968) 68 Cal.2d 822, 830.) Defendants contend that they submitted
evidence of both the January 2009 agreement and Brown's breach. The evidence they
point to, however, established that no January 2009 contract ever existed. Leckrone's
own declaration referred to an unsigned letter of intent and the bare statement that the
buyout proposal had been "reduced to writing." Not only did defendants produce no
11
written agreement signed by both plaintiffs, there was no evidence supporting even an
inference of mutual assent. Defendants suggest that an e-mail correspondence evinces an
agreement reached by January 15, 2009. The correspondence proffered by the parties
instead reveals the opposite, that the parties had not agreed on the terms even as late as
May 2009. Likewise, the printed copy of a PowerPoint presentation by TPL on
January 15, 2009 indicates nothing more than a meeting at which proposed details of the
SEAforth spinoff were discussed. None of the evidence indicates that the parties
mutually assented to a term providing for the relinquishment by both plaintiffs of their
accrual rights under the prior Assignment Agreement. Leckrone himself testified at his
deposition that he did not believe that the rights and obligations of the Assignment
Agreement had been extinguished in any way.4 And in early February he went to
plaintiffs' home and unsuccessfully tried to persuade them to agree to a draft of an
agreement between TPL, Brown, and Moore.5 Moore himself did not sign such an
agreement; and by February 2009, independent of any conduct of Brown, he had
discontinued negotiations with TPL.
In short, the trial court ruled correctly that there was no contract providing for
plaintiffs' relinquishment of their accrual rights under the Assignment Agreement. The
lack of mutual assent, however, does not foreclose a showing of promissory estoppel. To
succeed in that cause of action defendants would have had to show a "clear and
unambiguous" promise, reasonable and foreseeable reliance by the party to whom the
4 Plaintiffs note that TPL continued to keep the amounts owed to plaintiffs on its records
as a liability.
5 Leckrone described this meeting as an effort to "encourage [Brown] to stop obstructing
the on-going [sic] implementation planning discussions with Mr. Moore." Although
Leckrone reported that Marcie Brown "showed interest," her uncontradicted declaration
established that she never agreed to any transaction in which she would give up her rights
under the Assignment Agreement, nor that she authorized her husband to do so on her
behalf.
12
promise is made, and injury resulting from that reliance. (US Ecology, Inc. v. State
(2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 887, 901; accord, Joffe v. City of Huntington Park (2011) 201
Cal.App.4th 492, 513; Jolley v. Chase Home Finance, LLC (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 872,
897.) While this cause of action lacks the contractual element of consideration, it
nonetheless involves a promise. (See Douglas E. Barnhart, Inc. v. CMC Fabricators,
Inc. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 230, 247.) As discussed above, however, there was no
evidence that either Chester or Marcie Brown promised to relinquish their accrual rights
under the Assignment Agreement. Consequently, defendants necessarily failed to show a
probability of prevailing on this cause of action as well.
We thus conclude that the superior court properly struck the first and sixth causes
of action in defendants' first amended cross-complaint. Plaintiffs met their burden to
show that the key allegations of these causes of action arose from plaintiffs' act of filing
their action against defendants, clearly an act in furtherance of their right of petition
within the meaning of section 425.16. Having failed to show a probability of prevailing,
defendants were properly foreclosed from proceeding on these claims.
Disposition
The order is affirmed. Plaintiffs are entitled to their costs on appeal.
13
______________________________
ELIA, J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________
RUSHING, P. J.
______________________________
PREMO, J.
14