Maxwell, Ex Parte Terrell

WOMACK, J.,

filed a dissenting opinion in which KELLER, P.J., joined.

I respectfully disagree with the Court’s holding that Miller v. Alabama 1 announced a new substantive rule.

In Miller, the Supreme Court of the United States held that “the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders.” 2

The Supreme Court previously invalidated the death penalty for all offenders under the age of 18. 3 In 2013, after this applicant’s conviction and in response to Miller, the Texas Legislature amended the Texas Penal Code to allow for a life sentence with the possibility of parole for a capital felony “if the individual committed the offense when younger than 18 years of age.” 4

The Supreme Court has not ruled on the retroactive applicability of its decision in Miller. This Court uses the analysis provided in Teague v. Lane 5 to decide questions of retroactivity. 6 In Teague, the Supreme Court held that, generally, new constitutional rules of criminal procedure “will not be applicable to those cases which have become final before the new rules are announced.” 7

*80 There is a threshold question of whether the rule in question is a “new” rule. A new rule is one that “breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation” on the government. 8 To put it another way, “a case announces a new rule if the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.” 9 The rule that the Supreme Court announced in Miller was new because it required, for the first time, individualized sentencing in a context outside the death penalty. 10 This requirement was not dictated by precedent when the applicant’s conviction became final.

The next issue is whether either of the two Teague exceptions applies to overcome the general bar to retroactive application of new rules on collateral review. A new rule will be applied to cases retroactively on collateral review if it either (1) “places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of [the law] to proscribe” or (2) “requires the observance of those procedures that are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” 11

The first limited exception allows retroactive application of new rules that “prohibit a certain category of punishment for a class of defendants because of their status or offense.” 12 However, the holding in Miller explicitly states that it “does not categorically bar a penalty for a class of offenders or type of crime — -as, for example, [the Court] did in Roper or Graham. Instead, it mandates only that a sentencer follow a certain process — considering an offender’s youth and attendant characteristics — before imposing a particular penalty.” 13 Miller does not bar all sentences of life imprisonment for juveniles; it bars only those made mandatory by a sentencing scheme. The first Teague exception does not apply.

The second Teague exception applies to “watershed rules of criminal procedure implicating the fundamental fairness and accuracy of the criminal proceeding.” 14 This is a very limited exception, and the applicant stated he would not discuss it in his brief. 15 In light of the extremely limited nature of this exception, 16 and the applicant’s choice not to argue for its applicability, I shall not address it in detail. The second Teague exception does not apply.

I would hold that the new rule announced in Miller does not satisfy the requirements for retroactive application.

I recognize that we could accord retroactive effect to Miller as a matter of state habeas law. 17 However, I would not do so. This Court follows Teague as a general *81 matter of state habeas practice, 18 and this case does not present a reason for us to deviate from that practice.

I would deny the application for the writ of habeas corpus.

. Miller v. Alabama, - U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 2455 , 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012).

. Id. at 2469 .

. Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 , 125 S.Ct. 1183 , 161 L.Ed.2d 1 (2005).

. Tex. Penal Code § 12.31(a) & (b) (effective July 22, 2013).

. 489 U.S. 288 , 109 S.Ct. 1060 , 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989).

. See, e.g., Ex parte Lave, 257 S.W.3d 235 (Tex.Cr.App.2008); Ex parte Keith, 202 S.W.3d 767 (Tex.Cr.App.2006).

. Teague, 489 U.S. at 310 , 109 S.Ct. 1060 .

. Id. at 301 , 109 S.Ct. 1060 .

. Ibid.

. Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2470 .

. Teague, 489 U.S. at 307 , 109 S.Ct. 1060 (internal quotation marks omitted).

. O'Dell v. Netherland, 521 U.S. 151, 157 , 117 S.Ct. 1969 , 138 L.Ed.2d 351 (1997).

. Miller, 132 S.Ct. at 2471 .

. O'Dell, 521 U.S. at 157 , 117 S.Ct. 1969 .

. Applicant’s Brief at 23.

. See, e.g., Beard v. Banks, 542 U.S. 406, 417 , 124 S.Ct. 2504 , 159 L.Ed.2d 494 (2004) ("... it should come as no surprise that we have yet to find a new rule that falls under the second Teague exception.”); Keith, 202 S.W.3d at 770 ("It is worth noting that, since Teague, no new rule of criminal procedure has been found to meet that high standard [required for the second exception to apply].”).

. See Danforth v. Minnesota, 552 U.S. 264 , 128 S.Ct. 1029 , 169 L.Ed.2d 859 (2008) (holding that Teague does not constrain "the authority of state courts to give broader effect to new rules of criminal procedure than is required by that opinion").

. See, e.g., Lave, 257 S.W.3d at 237 .