holding trial court did not err in refusing to submit instruction on necessity to jury when appellant, who was charged with intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing injury to child, argued at trial that she performed CPR without any conscious awareness that she might be causing some injury to child because that “defensive posture serves only to negate the culpable mental element of the offense”
How later courts described this case
- holding trial court did not err in refusing to submit instruction on necessity to jury when appellant, who was charged with intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing injury to child, argued at trial that she performed CPR without any conscious awareness that she might be causing some injury to child because that “defensive posture serves only to negate the culpable mental element of the offense”
- explaining that jury instruction for confession-and-avoidance defenses, like self-defense, “is only appropriate when the defendant’s defensive evidence essentially admits to every element of the offense including the culpable mental state, but interposes the justification to excuse the otherwise criminal conduct” rather than merely “negate an element of the offense”
- explaining that justification defense “does not negate any element of the offense” but “only excuses what would otherwise constitute criminal conduct” and reasoning that defendant was “not entitled to a defensive instruction with respect to evidence that does nothing more than negate an element of the offense”
- holding that “a defensive instruction is appropriate only when the defendant’s defensive evidence essentially admits to every element of the offense including the culpable mental state, but interposes the justification to excuse the otherwise criminal conduct”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
JOHNSON, J.,
filed a dissenting opinion.
The state’s theory in this case was that appellant became frustrated with the crying of the young victim and shook him or struck him, thereby inflicting the injuries that caused his death and thereafter deciding to blame his injuries on her disabled daughter. Michael Gaudet, a detective in the sheriffs office who had interviewed appellant at the hospital on the day of the injury, testified that he had asked appellant if she had dropped Schuyler. She denied any such conduct. He testified that he then asked her who else might have dropped Schuyler, and appellant related an incident two days earlier in which her disabled daughter, Melissa, may have dropped Schuyler while appellant was out of the room. The officer also testified that appellant told him that there were no apparent injuries, that he appeared to be uninjured, and that he cried for a time, then “settled down.” He did not testify as to any attempt by appellant to blame Melissa for Schuyler’s injuries.
The state’s medical evidence from four physicians indicated that there were no .visible external injuries or skull fractures, but the autopsy revealed diffuse swelling and hemorrhaging in the brain case of a type that would cause symptoms in no more than six hours. The consensus of medical opinion was that Schuyler’s injuries supported a scenario in which Schuyler had been recently shaken, but did not comport with a fall from a low height or an injury from two days before appellant’s call to 911. Schuyler’s medical records included a report from a pediatric neurologist, who opined that at least part of the hemorrhaging could have resulted from “aggressive” CPR.
Appellant testified that Schuyler stopped breathing, that she called 911 for help, that the 911 operator coached her on how to administer CPR, and that she performed CPR on Schuyler as instructed by the 911 operator. Her testimony on this issue was corroborated by the 911 audio tapes and the testimony of the responding police officer.
Her trial counsel questioned her about her conversation with Gaudet. She testified that he asked her how Schuyler’s head could have been bumped. She then related the incident with Melissa and reiterated that Schuyler appeared uninjured. At no point in her testimony about her conversation with Gaudet, or in Gaudet’s testimony about his conversation with appellant, was there any assertion that appellant stated or implied that the fatal injury was inflicted by Melissa. The only witness who took that position was Donna Dyer, a jailhouse snitch.
Appellant identified her job a “medical assistant,” a position which may include certification, but is not licensed by the State of Texas as a “healing art.” 1 Her *662 claim has always been that, if she injured Schuyler, it was during her efforts to perform CPR, that she is not “licensed in the healing arts,” and that she was therefore entitled to a jury instruction on the Good Samaritan defense: “It is a defense to prosecution under this section that the act or omission consisted of: ... (B) emergency medical care administered in good faith and with reasonable care by a person not licensed in the healing arts.” Tex. Penal Code § 22.04(k)(l)(B).
Our precedent is consistent in saying that a jury instruction must be given on a defense that “is raised by the evidence.” “In determining whether the evidence raises the issue of a defensive charge, this Court must consider all the evidence raised at trial, regardless of the strength of the evidence or whether it is controverted.” Reese v. State, 877 S.W.2d 328, 333 (Tex.Crim.App.1994)(quoting Booth v. State, 679 S.W.2d 498, 500 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984)). “This Court has consistently held that an accused is entitled to an instruction on every defensive issue raised by the evidence.... This is true regardless of whether such evidence is strong or weak, unimpeached or contradicted, and regardless of what the trial court may or may not think about the credibility of this evidence .... It is also well settled that a defendant’s testimony alone is sufficient to raise a defensive issue requiring an instruction in the jury charge.... This is particularly true when, as in the case here, appellant made a proper and timely request for such a charge.” Hayes v. State, 728 S.W.2d 804, 807 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (citations omitted). See also Ferrel v. State, 55 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001); Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 254 (Tex.Crim.App.l993)(evidence which raises the issue may be strong, weak, contradicted, unimpeached, or unbelievable). “In determining whether any defensive charge should be given, the credibility of evidence or whether it is controverted or conflicts with other evidence in the case may not be considered. When a defensive theory is raised by evidence from any source and a charge is properly requested, it must be submitted to the jury.... This rule is designed to insure that the jury, not the judge will decide the relative credibility of the evidence. When a judge refuses to give an instruction on a defensive issue because the evidence supporting it is weak or unbelievable, he effectively substitutes his judgment on the weight of the evidence for that of the jury. The weight of evidence in support of an instruction is immaterial.” Woodfox v. State, 742 S.W.2d 408, 409-10 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (citations omitted.). See also Miller v. State, 815 S.W.2d 582, 585 (Tex.Crim.App.1991). The court of appeals’ statement that an “element of the defense is ‘raised’ if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, there is evidence that a rational juror could accept as sufficient to prove that element” (emphasis added) is a far cry from the consistent and long-standing standard in our case law: “it is well settled that a defendant’s testimony *663 alone is sufficient to raise a defensive issue requiring an instruction in the jury charge” and that this is true “regardless of whether such evidence is strong or weak, unimpeached or contradicted, and regardless of what the trial court may or may not think about the credibility of this evidence.” Our precedent makes it abundantly clear that the evidence in support of the defense may be entirely unbelievable and fantastic, but once that evidence is introduced, an instruction is required.
Appellant testified that she administered CPR as instructed by the 911 operator, an action that clearly falls under “emergency medical care.” It was for the jury to decide whether the injuries resulted from the CPR or from another source and, if from the CPR, whether the CPR was done in good faith and with reasonable care. The trial court erred, as did the court of appeals, in finding that the defense was not raised.
Appellant was charged with two felonies, (1) manslaughter and (2) injury to a child, an offense that may be any degree of felony from first-degree to state-jail felony depending on the extent of injury and mens rea. The jury convicted appellant only of recklessly causing serious bodily injury, a second-degree felony and the lowest degree that is possible for serious bodily injury. Because the jury determined that Schuyler’s injuries were not inflicted intentionally or knowingly, it is conceivable that the jury, had it been told of the Good Samaritan defense, might have found for the appellant on that basis. Therein lies the harm to appellant.
Appellant was entitled to a charge on the Good Samaritan defense. She did not get such an instruction and was harmed by its lack. The conviction should be reversed and the case remanded to the trial court for a new trial. I respectfully dissent.
. Medical assistant programs are generally taught in vocational schools and community and junior colleges in one(certification) or two-year programs (associate degree), but a medical assistant may be trained on the job. The duties are general and tend to office administration and minor medical procedures such as basic on-site laboratory tests, recording vital signs, and administering medications as directed by a physician. Occupational Outlook Handbook 2006-07, United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 2600, www.bls.gov/oco/ocosl64. htm. Medical assistants are not regulated by the Texas Occupations Code. Appellant’s description of her title and duties indicates that *662 she falls into this job description and that she confused certification with licensing.
Physicians assistants, on the other hand, are required by all states to complete an accredited education program, usually affiliated with medical schools or four-year colleges, and to pass a national examination in order to obtain a license. In Texas, physicians assistants are regulated under Tex. Occ. Code Ch. 204. They actually practice medicine under the supervision of a physician. They are formally trained to provide diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative health care and may prescribe medication and assist during surgery. In rural areas, they may be the principal health-care providers. Occupational Outlook Handbook 2006-07, United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 2600, www.bls. gov/oco/ocos081 .htm.