Redman v. State

*317 CATHELL, Judge,

dissenting.

I respectfully dissent. The majority, in my view, misconstrues the purpose of the Maryland constitutional automatic right of removal in death penalty cases. Much of what the majority says, is, as I view it, not relevant to the issue we should resolve. I perceive the right of removal in a death penalty case to be a paramount, if not fundamental, right of a defendant. The right of removal is addressed at insuring a fair and impartial trial of the facts, and its denial is an inappropriate denial of a fair trial because the constitutional right, in my view, assumes the existence of prejudice in its violation. Had Redman’s counsel requested such a removal, and the trial court denied it, and the issue been presented on direct appeal, I have no doubt we would have found the right to be sufficiently fundamental to constitute prejudice in and of itself. However, the primary function of the majority’s position, it appears to me, is to use the second prong of Strickland, in a post-conviction context, to require petitioner to prove prejudice, and, in doing so, the majority eliminates a right guaranteed by the Maryland Constitution. The fact that in the case at bar petitioner did not receive a death sentence, does not change the impact of his counsel’s incompetence, in respect to whether he had a fair trial as to guilt or innocence. He was entitled to have his trial in any jurisdiction other than the one where it was held. An over-rigid compartmentalization of this case into a pure Strickland analysis, cannot hide the fact that he has been denied a constitutional right to which he was entitled. The majority, in essence, holds that because he did not receive the penalty of death, it is relatively immaterial whether he was denied a fair trial as to guilt or innocence by a jury that may have been influenced by the publicity surrounding the case, or by its racial aspects.

The majority, relying, in part, on federal circuit cases addressing other issues, makes the subsequent imposition, or non-imposition of the death penalty, when considering the matter of removal in a post conviction proceeding, one of the determinative factors when a person, through the incompetence of his own counsel (or otherwise, given the reasoning *318 of the majority), is denied the automatic right of removal guaranteed by the Maryland Constitution. The majority’s position is, thus, result-driven. You can deny a constitutional right if life is imposed, but you cannot deny the same constitutional right if death is imposed. The majority minimizes the fact that the right is designed to afford a fair trial in cases that qualify for the death penalty. The majority does so by holding, basically, that when death is not ultimately imposed, there is insufficient prejudice. I believe that the adverse publicity, community passions, biases, and prejudices, the right was created to combat, apply equally, if not more so, to the guilt/innocence phase of the trial.

The majority, hiding behind the prejudice prong of Strickland, utterly fails to address the prejudice to petitioner if he is innocent of the offense, and was only convicted because he was forced to stand trial before a jury affected by bias. If the intensity of the focus of the majority’s position was directed to the guilt/innocence stage of the trial, the majority’s reasoning would, I suggest, mandate a reversal of the Court of Special Appeals, and the reinstatement of the trial court’s granting of a new trial for petitioner.

The majority, in its conclusion states: “Similarly, in the instant case, the error must be assessed in light of the sentence and the purpose of the right at issue.” (Emphasis added.) This case is no longer a capital case and at any retrial, were we to order one, petitioner would not be entitled to the heightened procedural protections of a capital case. He would not be entitled to the benefit of the automatic right of removal but he would, however, have the right to request removal, if he still deemed it necessary, under the discretionary removal provisions. Consequently, a new fair trial would now satisfy the constitutional provisions.

Whether petitioner receives a sentence of death has no bearing, and can have no bearing, on whether he has been prejudiced by being denied a fair trial on the matter of guilt or innocence through his counsel’s failure to inform him of his automatic right to remove the case. The majority is quick to *319 assume he has had a fair trial even though in violation of a fundamental constitutional right, but holds petitioner to the impossible burden of, years later, proving that the denial of his fundamental rights denied him a fair trial. The majority’s assumption is convenient for its result-driven reasoning. But, when all is said and done, the defendant will serve a life sentence as a result of being convicted by a jury that the defendant had an absolute constitutional right to avoid. Except for the engrafting of an immutable Strickland standard to this case, even the majority would, I believe, grant appellant a new trial. Strickland should not be the be all and end all of constitutional interpretation, even in a post-conviction context. Moreover, if petitioner is innocent, a factor that the majority does not sufficiently contemplate, a life sentence prejudices him just as clearly as does a sentence of death. Even the prejudice prong of the Strickland analysis, is not limited to the manner and type of sentence.

It is my view that the purpose of the automatic removal provisions of the Maryland Constitution is to address potential bias in cases of an especially heinous nature that often qualify for the death penalty. Because of the nature of such offenses, and their potential consequences, the Constitution affords to a defendant a right to be tried, especially as to guilt or innocence, in a jurisdiction in which he or she can receive a fair trial. It is designed to safeguard against a defendant being tried in a venue in which local emotions (which are often stronger in certain types of murder cases that often qualify for the death penalty) would generally run higher and might, thus, improperly influence the trial jury as to guilt or innocence. Had the constitutional framers been concerned only with sentencing, they could have directed that sentencing be before a judge in another jurisdiction, rather than provide for the entire trial to be automatically removable upon request.

At the time of the last constitutional amendment, the determination of whether a death penalty would be imposed did not even involve the jury. Sentences, even in death penalty cases, were generally determined by judges. The framers expressly provided for, and clearly intended, that, upon request of either *320 party, the entire trial be removed from the effect that local passions and biases might have upon a local jury. Even the majority notes:

The purpose of the removal provision is to provide for a method of escape from local community prejudice and to allow for a case to be tried in a different locality, free from the local community influence, bias or prejudice that might arise in the locale in which the case originated.

The majority, incongruously agrees with the purpose, but declines to apply it. It is the majority’s position that Redman was not prejudiced because he did not receive the death penalty. In adopting such a position, the majority, in my view, pays insufficient deference to the purpose of the framers, which was to guarantee a complete trial, free from local biases, especially including the only phase that then involved a jury, the guilt or innocence phase. Article IV, section 8 was not designed solely to protect against the unfair imposition of a sentence.

Judges, at the time of the constitutional amendments at issue in the case sub judice, imposed sentences, including death sentences. Then, as now, judges were presumed to be able to perform their functions free of bias and prejudice. We have held, as I shall indicate, that a party, then and now, never had the automatic right to require the removal of the sentencing authority — they never had the right in respect to the person who, at the time of the enactment of the constitutional provisions, imposed sentence. At all times When it was created and recreated, the constitutional right of removal, of necessity, was directed at the trier of facts stage, not only at the penalty stage or penalty proceedings.

We have long held that the purpose of the provision was to avoid prejudices that might influence juries. At that time the jury’s only function was to determine guilt or innocence. In a very early case involving the general removal provisions then extant, the Court described the purpose of the removal provisions, saying in part:

*321 Thus to enable the party accused to make his defence before a different jury from that to which it must have been submitted without this provision, and before a jury summoned by a different officer. The right of removal from one county to another to obtain a fair and impartial trial, where life, liberty and fame, may be endangered, is a great and inestimable privilege. It is one of the most prominent and valuable features in the judiciary system, and, as before observed, was intended to be as permanent as any other part of the Constitution....

... The evil complained of, and to be remedied, was, that a party accused was compelled to try the prosecution against him in the County Court in which the presentment was found, although he was satisfied he could not there have a fair trial, from prejudice that might extend over the whole county, or be entertained by the sheriff who returned the jury for that county. The constitutional remedy was to remove the trial to another county, where it was to be presumed those prejudices did not exist, but which would, at all events, secure the party a trial before a jury summoned by a different officer ....

... The Constitution declares that the party accused shall have a right of trial before a jury, composed of men from a different county, and summoned by a different sheriff. ...

State v. Dashiell, 6 H. & J. 268, 269-72 (1828) (emphasis added).

In the first case that I have found, decided after the ratification in 1875 of the last constitutional amendment (which, in addition to providing for the automatic right of removal in capital cases, also contained provisions relating to the removal of civil cases) we, citing Dashiell , reiterated the general purposes of removal provisions. Hoyer v. Colton, 43 Md. 421 , decided in January of 1876 involved an attempt by the Legislature to condition the exercise of the right of removal upon the payment of certain sums. We said then:

*322 Then again, if the Legislature has the power to prescribe such conditions in the removal of civil cases, it has the same power in criminal prosecutions, and thus a prisoner upon his trial for a capital offense, might be deprived of the right to remove his case, although willing to make the oath prescribed by the Constitution, and even although the court might be satisfied that owing to the existence of some local feeling and prejudice, the ends of justice required that the case should be tried in another county.

We can hardly believe that the framers of the Constitution, who considered this right so valuable to the citizen, and so essential to the impartial administration of justice, as to make the exercise of it in every case depend upon the mere suggestion and affidavit of the party, ever intended to confer upon the Legislature the power to hamper its exercise with conditions that might defeat the right itself.

Id. at 424 .

We reiterated much later that the emphasis was on the trial stage, especially on jury trials, in the civil case of Greenberg v. Dunn, 245 Md. 651, 654-655 , 227 A.2d 242, 243-44 (1967). In Greenberg , we initially noted 2 Poe, Practice (Tiffany Ed.) Section 93, where Poe concluded that the right of removal was “wholly directed to jury trials.” Id. at 654 , 227 A.2d at 244 . While we disagreed that it was limited to juries, holding that it also applied to trials before judges, we commented on the case 1 upon which Poe based his position, and focused instead on the trying of fact stage of proceedings, whether before a jury or a judge, saying, in relevant part:

Judge Miller, for the Court, suggested that it should not be assumed that the people would elect judges so unfit or prejudiced as to be unable to render fair and impartial judgments in cases where they are not connected with the parties or otherwise personally interested.... Judge Miller continued:

*323 “But still further, not only is there no language in the clause which plainly directs it to prejudice in the judges, but, looking to the origin of the right or power, we find it directed wholly to jury trials, and this, we think, has never been lost sight of or departed from in any of the constitutional or legislative provisions on the subject. The object was to get rid of the influence of local prejudice in the community from which the jury to try the case was to come, and thus, as far as practicable, to secure a fair and impartial trial by jury.”

Id. at 654-55 , 227 A.2d at 244 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).

We have reinforced the emphasis on the function of the protection afforded, by noting that it was to help provide fair and unbiased juries. We have done so by holding that while a defendant has a right to have his case removed to another county, he has no right to have his case removed from being presided over by the same judge who would have tried the case in the originating county. In Johnson v. State, 258 Md. 597 , 267 A.2d 152 (1970), a case was removed from one county in a circuit to another county in the same circuit. The trial judge, who would have held the trial in the originating county, tried the case in a court trial in the new county. When Johnson learned that his trial in the new county was going to be tried before the same judge (Judge P. Bowen) who would have presided in the originating county, he “vehemently and strenuously objected.” Id. at 598 , 267 A.2d at 158 . Judge Bowen found Johnson guilty and sentenced him to death. One question presented to the Court was whether Art. IV, Section 8 of the Maryland Constitution, gave the defendant the absolute right to have his case tried before a different judge. There we cited once again our old holding in Dashiell , that the purpose of the right was to “enable the party accused to make his defence before a different jury ... and before a jury summoned by a different officer.” Id. at 601, 267 A.2d at 154 . We cited Cooke, quoting, in part that “[f ] he object was to get rid of the influence of local prejudice in the community from which the jury to try the case was to come. ...” Id. at 602 , *324 267 A.2d at 154 . We then cited Chappell Chemical & Fertilizer Co. v. Sulphur Mines Co., 85 Md. 684 (identifying it as an unreported case), 36 A. 712 (1897), aff'd, 172 U.S. 474 , 19 S.Ct. 268 , 43 L.Ed. 520 (1899), and quoted from it that: “The intent and purpose of the constitutional provision for the removal of causes was to avoid any prejudice which might affect a jury.” Johnson, 258 Md. at 602 , 267 A.2d at 154 .

The importance of the cases I have cited above, must be viewed in terms of the times in which they were decided. All of the early cases were decided at a time when most, if not all, sentences, even in death penalty cases, were decided by judges, not by juries. The right of removal was not directed at sentencing authorities. The right of removal in capital cases was designed to ensure fair and impartial trials, as to guilt or innocence, before juries free of the potential for bias and prejudice that could contaminate a jury in the county where the crime occurred. The right is to ensure a fair jury trial on the matter of guilt or innocence. The fact that the case is a capital case, merely makes the right of removal automatic, it does not limit the applicability of the right by the sentence imposed. The majority’s reasoning that if the death penalty is not imposed, you have not been denied the constitutional right, have not been denied a fair trial, and have not been prejudiced, belies the fundamental nature with which this Court has always attributed Article IV, Section 8 of the Maryland Constitution.

The majority states that the Court has no power, even if it were to remand the case for trial to direct that it be removed to another county, because the petitioner no longer may be subjected to the death penalty. 2 The majority states that if we attempted to cause a removal in the subsequent case “we would be broadening the right, something we are without the authority to do.” While we do not have the authority to direct *325 an automatic right of removal on remand, we can direct that he now have a fair trial under present circumstances because he did not have a fair trial under the former circumstances. The denial of a fair trial in the first instance is prejudice, I would suggest, warranting a new trial with whatever removal provisions that exist at the time of such a new trial.

Again, I believe the majority misconstrues the status of the issue before us. The primary, and determinative issue is, or should be, whether petitioner was forced by the actions or inactions of his counsel, who the majority concedes was incompetent at least as to this issue, to be tried in a jurisdiction where he believed he could not get a fair trial as to guilt or innocence from the local jury, when, in fact he had an automatic constitutional right not to be tried or sentenced in that county. It is not now our function to deny him the new trial he seeks, on the grounds that we also lack the power to cause the trial to be automatically removed, as he states he originally wanted. The issue, fairly framed, is not whether we can now give him what he formerly had an automatic right to, but whether his constitutional right to a fair trial was denied, due to the incompetency of counsel in respect to petitioner’s rights of removal and whether he is now entitled to what the Constitution now requires, a trial where he has the right to seek discretionary removal. Petitioner’s constitutional right to an automatic removal was denied him, through the incompetence of his counsel, before he was sentenced to life, a sentence the majority now relies on to, retroactively, deny him the right, under a Strickland analysis. But, at any new trial we would grant, petitioner would still have a constitutional right to request the lower court to remove his case for trial, and the trial court would have the discretion to do so, depending upon the circumstances at that time.

More important, petitioner’s counsel declined to request what he believed to be a discretionary removal because of the very fear the automatic right of removal was intended to address — adverse publicity. A fear which, because of petitioner’s automatic constitutional right, was baseless in the first instance. The record reflects that petitioner’s counsel, not *326 realizing that petitioner had an automatic right of removal, based his strategic decision not to seek a discretionary removal, at least in part, on his belief that the very seeking of the removal, which he felt might be denied, would itself create additional publicity in that county, which, if the removal was denied, could be adverse to the interests of petitioner. That admission, alone, of the fear of local bias at the time of the original trial, is sufficient in this constitutional context to evidence the possibility of prejudice. Defense counsel was so fearful of being denied a fair and unbiased jury for defendant if a request for removal was made, he did not make such a request. To me, that is evidence of local prejudice sufficient, in and of itself, to meet even the second prong of Strickland.

No adverse risks to petitioner existed had he sought a removal, as the post conviction trial court found he did. In my view, even under a Strickland analysis, that constituted actual prejudice to petitioner, even if prejudice is not assumed when a petitioner is, for whatever reason, effectively denied his constitutional right to an automatic removal. With the majority’s position, petitioner finds himself having been possibly denied a fair trial because he was denied a constitutional right to protect himself against untoward publicity — because his counsel was unjustifiably fearful of publicity. And the majority ratifies what has happened, not because it finds, or even could find, that he had a fair trial on guilt or innocence, but because he did not receive the death penalty and cannot now proffer some new evidence of prejudice. Such an interpretation of the constitutional right, in my opinion, is simply wrong.

Additionally, in an extensive footnote, the majority perfunctorily dismisses the concept of structural error, saying that petitioner is inappropriately scrambling “the eggs of Arizona v. Fulminante. Fulminante is a refinement of the federal harmless-error analysis; Strickland is an evaluation of performance and an assessment of prejudice.” The majority thus dismisses anything other than its hidebound devotion to a Strickland analysis. This Court’s utilization of Strickland principles, in my view, goes too far. Strickland did not *327 supplant the Federal and State Constitutions. They survive Strickland. The overindulgence in Strickland principles in the manner of the majority in this case, is to assess constitutional rights and principles primarily on the basis of ultimate results. That might be appropriate for evidentiary issues, even for issues as to instructions, matters that occur within trials themselves, but as to basic rights, such as the basic constitutional right not to be tried in a forum potentially biased by local publicity and local feelings, it is not, I suggest, the right course.

With the position the majority takes today, trial judges may well feel that they can deny the automatic removal in qualifying cases,- and after verdict and sentencing, on motion, deny a new trial in cases where a defendant is not sentenced to death, and grant the motion for a new trial, and then remove the case, where a defendant is sentenced to death. While one supposes, and hopes, that trial judges will pay more deference to the constitutional requirement than does the majority, they need not under its view. What is sauce for the appellate goose may well be sauce for the trial court gander.

As I see it, the constitutional right of a death penalty defendant not to be tried in a particular county is not a trial event. It precedes trial, and, the improper denial of such a right, through defense counsel’s incompetence, or otherwise, is a structural defect predating the trial itself; it affects the “framework within which the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself.”

The majority proffers several examples of “structural error”: defective reasonable doubt instructions, racial discrimination in grand jury compositions, denial of a public trial, total deprivation of counsel, an impartial judge, but holds that the deprivation of an absolute constitutional right to be tried in another county, in order to avoid the possibility of an impartial jury, is not structural error. I cannot agree. In modern cyber language, it simply does not compute. In another portion of its opinion, the majority cites a case where structural error was found and prejudice presumed where counsel was *328 absent from the courtroom during a critical stage of the proceedings. In the present case, the assistance of counsel was effectively absent, through ignorance, during a critical stage, the removal period of the trial. Yet, the majority treats this case differently.

At another point, the majority states failure to remove a case is not “so likely to prejudice the defendant____If it were otherwise, the right of removal would not be optional.” Such a statement is simply unsupported in law or logic. “Otherwise” is actually prevalent in constitutional law. The constitutional right to a jury trial, to have an attorney represent you, to a speedy trial, and to many, if not all, constitutional rights, are optional or waivable rights. The majority’s position on this “otherwise” point is completely unsupportable. I do not believe the majority’s position would be the same if a defendant was improperly denied the right to a jury trial or to counsel, even if the majority determined that a later sentencing was “advantageous.”

In other words the majority is holding that the fairness of a trial, the fair trial to which a defendant is entitled, depends, in a death penalty post-conviction context, primarily upon the sentence which he receives. In my view that is logically indefensible in any context. The constitutional right affords to a person who might be sentenced to death (not just who is eventually sentenced to death) the automatic right, upon request, to be tried, including the right to be tried as to guilt or innocence, in another county. It is, as I see it, structural.

In my view the Maryland Constitution’s two level removal scheme requires a non-capital criminal defendant to establish potential improper prejudice in a particular jurisdiction, and, if the suggestion of removal is denied, would thereafter, on appeal, require a defendant to establish that his trial on guilt or innocence was unfairly influenced by publicity, etc. The majority, in respect to a defendant who had an automatic right to removal at the time of his trial, with its decision today either requires such a defendant to bear the same burden on *329 appeal, or, rejects any right to do so in the first instance if he is not sentenced to death. It is simply illogical.

In death penalty cases, as I view the constitutional removal provisions in their entirety, it is not required for a death penalty defendant to establish or prove any potential or actual prejudice either before trial or at trial, or on appeal after a conviction, or in post-conviction proceedings, as the majority now requires. The constitutional arrangement, especially when the more contemporaneous, older cases are considered, contemplates that, for removal purposes, prejudice in death penalty cases at the trial stage is to be assumed. The right is, therefore, structural. It relates to the framework of the trial — where it will be tried. Otherwise, why would the framers have created the automatic right in the first instance? The right to establish the potential for prejudice and seek removal at the discretion of the trial court, is available in the other prong of the Constitution’s removal provisions.

With the majority’s holding, prejudice, in respect to the denial of an automatic right to remove a case, depends, in important part, on factors subsequent to the trial phase, i.e., the actual imposition of a death sentence, in order for there to be prejudice at the trial phase. This result-driven analysis simply makes no sense in any context, even in post-conviction proceedings.

The decision of the Court, if carried to its illogical conclusion, has the potential to judicially do away with a right guaranteed by the Maryland Constitution. If, in death penalty cases, where a defendant is denied (through counsel incompetence or otherwise) his constitutional right to removal at the trial level, and prejudice is not assumed, then the right can be initially ignored and so long as death is not actually imposed, the right can be completely ignored.

The majority, irrespective of its stated concerns about fairness at the trial stage, basically limits its consideration to whether the petitioner received the death penalty, when the appropriate framework for the constitutional analysis includes whether the jury forced on him by the incompetence(at least *330 in this area)of his counsel was improperly prejudiced against him by local passions and publicity, in the rendering of its verdicts. Where an automatic constitutional right exists, a denial, I would respectfully suggest, is structural error and assumes prejudice. In such instances, the defendant should not have to establish prejudice. The establishment of prejudice is an impossibility, I would suggest — in the circumstances here present. With the Court’s holding today, a defendant in a death penalty case, can be forced to be tried in a county where he believes a jury will be unfair in rendering its verdict, and where the jury is improperly biased and prejudiced, and if the judge or jury does not ultimately sentence him to death, he receives no relief, but if he is sentenced to death he is prejudiced and must be retried.

The majority notes: “Trial counsel’s failure ... does not necessarily render the resulting criminal trial fundamentally unfair or unreliable.” The statement ignores what actually occurred in this case. Petitioner’s counsel recommended to, or decided for, petitioner, that he should not seek to have the case removed, because if the trial court declined to remove it, the very attempt to remove the case might generate further adverse publicity. The majority concedes that counsel was incompetent, but, fails to see that counsel’s incompetence, led to an irrational fear that additional prejudice might result from an attempt to remove. In the process, counsel’s negligence and incompetence led to a denial of petitioner’s constitutional rights.

Johnson v. State, 271 Md. 189 , 315 A.2d 524 (1974), 3 a Maryland case relied on by the majority, arrived at this Court, and the lower courts, at a significantly different time, and in a very different posture. It, in my view, supplies little authority for the position taken by the majority.

First, in that case, Johnson was facing rape and assault charges, not murder charges. The statute then provided that *331 death was a possible penalty upon a rape conviction. However, at the time the removal issue was before the trial court, the death penalty for rape cases had been declared unconstitutional by this Court. Johnson, after the trial court denied his suggestion for removal directed to the court’s discretion, argued that he was entitled to an automatic right of removal by reason of the constitutional provisions relating to the same in death penalty cases, even though the death penalty had been ruled unconstitutional in rape cases, because the statute still contained death penalty provisions, or that it formerly contained them. The lower court held that because the death penalty, by the time of Johnson’s trial, had been held unconstitutional, he could not be subjected to it even if he was convicted at trial. At that point, Johnson had been neither tried nor sentenced.

An immediate appeal was taken to the Court of Special Appeals. It agreed with the trial court. We then granted certiorari. Our holding was, essentially, that, where, prior to, or at the time of trial, a person is not subject to the death penalty if convicted, then he is not covered by the constitutional provision relating to automatic removals.

In the case sub judice, the majority, quoting Johnson, 271 Md. at 193 , 315 A.2d at 527 , says: “[T]here is no basis in the language of the constitutional provision relating to removal for inferring any purpose other than providing an additional procedural safeguard in a case where a criminal defendant might in fact be put to death.” I respectfully disagree with the majority’s interpretation and application of Johnson to the facts of the case at bar. First, Johnson was completely factually and procedurally dissimilar. Second, the Johnson Court, when it made that statement, was responding to Johnson’s theory that the purpose of Art. IV, Section 8, was to authorize the death penalty and to classify crimes for procedural purposes such as the right of removal or the right to bail, and therefore the automatic right of removal should survive the impact of the declared unconstitutionality of certain death penalty provisions relating to crimes such as rape, for which he could no longer be sentenced to death.

*332 This Court rejected Johnson’s theory. The purpose of the statement relied on by the majority in this case, was to hold that the procedural aspect of the constitutional provision only applied where a defendant “might in fact be put [sentenced] to death” at the time of trial. The Court was not saying that the constitutional provision did not apply where a defendant at trial might constitutionally be sentenced to death, but was not so sentenced. The majority in the case at bar fails to make the right connections from Johnson. The balance of the operative holding in Johnson, was:

Art. IV, § 8, merely provides that a criminal defendant has an absolute right of removal if charged with an offense “punishable by death.” As a result of the decisions in Furman and Bartholomey, rape and assault with intent to rape are simply not offenses “punishable by death” under existing law. The defendant is asking us to view the phrase “punishable by death” as if it were worded “formerly punishable by death” or “punishable by life imprisonment.” We have no such authority to re-write a constitutional provision.

Id. at 193-94, 315 A.2d at 527 .

In the present case there is no such dispute. All parties agree that at the time he was tried, Redman was covered by that constitutional provision and could have been sentenced to death. Johnson had not yet been subjected to a trial, fair or unfair and could not have been subjected to a sentence of death. In the present case, Redman has already been tried by a jury in the county where the murder occurred, has been sentenced, and could have been sentenced to death.

We changed no law in Johnson. The older cases I have discussed, supra, we left intact. Our limited holding was simply: “As the defendant Johnson was not charged with an offense punishable by death, he had no absolute right of removal under Art. IV, § 8, of the Constitution.” Id. at 195, 315 A.2d at 528 . In my view, the majority misinterprets the language of Johnson, when that language is considered in the context in which it was used and in the context of that case.

*333 We did not adopt in Johnson, and, as the majority states in footnote 4, we have never yet adopted, a “structural error” analysis limiting standard. Such a standard, however, is appropriate in the instant case. I believe that, the error in the present case is structural, because unlike Johnson, Red-man was charged under an actual constitutional death penalty statute and could have been, legally and constitutionally, sentenced to death, and, unlike Johnson, Redman was actual tried in a death penalty trial and was subjected to a death penalty proceeding, thus he had an automatic right to removal. Moreover, he was convicted by a jury he had an absolute right to avoid, that could have sentenced him to death, and he was in fact sentenced in a death penalty proceeding, albeit by the court. If the finding of structural error is necessary to presume prejudice, what happened here, I respectfully submit, was structural error.

I would reverse the Court of Special Appeals, reinstate the order of the trial court, and remand the case for a new trial in the Circuit Court.

Chief Judge Bell joins in this dissent.

. Cooke v. Cooke, 41 Md. 362 (1875).

. See Harris v. State, 312 Md. 225, 238-39 , 539 A.2d 637, 643-44 (1988) (stating that on remand, the penalty cannot exceed that to which a defendant was sentenced in the original trial).

. Hereafter, when I refer to Johnson, I am referring to this Johnson case, not the one found in 258 Md. 597 , 267 A.2d 152 .