The opinion
McDONALD, Presiding Judge
(dissenting).
The state offered in evidence what purports to be the written confession of appellant. The instrument contained only appellant’s first name. The following objection was taken to its introduction:
“Your Honor, the first objection we have to it is, first, it is purported at the top of it, ‘Clinton W. Delespine,’ and at the bottom of the so-called statement, it is typed — signed—Clinton W. Delespine. The writing with the pen is illegible, and you certainly cannot tell whether it is ‘Clinton’, ‘Clifford’ or what it is.
It is certainly — from the looks of it, it is only one name and which is not Clinton W. Delespine.
By examining the instrument, it is not the same as recited in the statement or recited in the indictment. For that reason, if the Court please, we object to the introduction of this statement.”
Other objections were subsequently taken in the course of the hearing, out of the presence of the jury. This testimony alone comprises 173 pages of the record in this case. At the conclusion of the testimony out of the jury’s presence, the Court overruled all of appellant’s objections and admitted the confession. Appellant again re-urged the same objection at the time that the state offered the confession, in the jury’s presence. The Court again overruled the objection.
Appellant testified that he finished the 10th grade at Northeast High School in San Antonio and later went to a trade school. The purported confession reflects that he finished Edison High School in San Antonio and attended St. Mary’s University there for two years. While the evidence as to his education is conflicting, it is undisputed that he had a fairly good education *139 and was far from being illiterate or incapable of writing his name. He testified that he talked to his lawyer, Mr. Nahas, over the telephone while being questioned by Inspector Stephenson.
A question similar to the one before us has never been previously determined in this state. This Court is not here concerned with the truth or falseness of the statement, nor is it concerned as to the vol-untariness of the confession. It is concerned with the sole question of the admissibility of the instrument signed by first name only as a confession.
The law governing confessions in Texas is contained in Art. 727 of our Code of Criminal Procedure. This article provides as follows:
“Art. 727. When confession shall not be used.
The confession shall not be used if, at the time it was made, the defendant was in jail or other place of confinement, nor while he is in the custody of an officer, unless made in the voluntary statement of accused, taken before an examining court in accordance with law, or be made in writing and signed by him; which written statement shall show that he has been warned by the person to whom the same is made: First, that he does not have to make any statement at all. Second, that any statement made may be used in evidence against him on his trial for the offense concerning which the confession is therein made; or, unless in connection with said confession, he makes statements of facts or circumstances that are found to be true, which conduce to establish his guilt, such as the finding of secreted or stolen property, or the instrument with which he states the offense was committed. If the defendant is unable to write his name, and signs the statement by making his mark, such statement shall not be admitted in evidence, unless it be witnessed by some person other than a peace officer, who shall sign the same as a witness.”
It is obvious from the above statute that it actually has three distinct parts dealing with confessions. First, it deals with those made before an examining court in accordance with law. Second, a voluntary written statement, made after first being warned, etc., and third, a statement leading to the recovery of the “fruits of the crime,” stolen property, etc.
Only the first two parts of the above statute are pertinent here. The statutory provision governing voluntary statements made before examining courts is set forth in Art. 248, V.A.C.C.P.:
“If the accused desires to make a voluntary statement, he may do so before the examination of any witness, but not afterward. His statement shall be reduced to writing by or under the direction of the magistrate, or by the accused or his counsel, and shall be signed by the accused by affixing his name or mark, but shall not be sworn to by him. The magistrate shall attest by his own certificate and signature to the execution and signing of the statement.”
Texas is the only state in the Union with a legislative act concerning signed confessions. 23 A.L.R.2d 922 . Except where signing is required by statute the mere fact that a written confession is unsigned will not render it inadmissible in evidence where it is otherwise admissible, since acquiescence or approval makes the confession the defendant’s own. 23 A.L.R.2d 922 . The Supreme Court of the United States held in Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 , 83 S.Ct. 407 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441 , that where a confession is unsigned, whatever bearing this may have upon its weight and credibility, does not render it inadmissible in evidence. It was held in an Illinois case, People v. Hanson, 31 Ill.2d 31 , 198 N.E.2d 815 , that even though defendant did n^i' sign the confession, the confession couid be proven by testimony of the court report *140 er who took it. Although the United States Supreme Court did speak in the Wong Sun case, it took an entirely different view in a much earlier civil case, which has never been overruled and is still cited. In Origet v. United States, 125 U.S. 240 , 8 S.Ct. 846 , 31 L.Ed. 743 , a question arose on a bill of exception indorsed “Allowed A. B.”, the letters being the initials of the name of the presiding judge of the lower court. The Supreme Court said, “We cannot regard the initials ‘A. B.’ as the signature of the judge, or as a sufficient authentication of the bill of exceptions, or as sufficient evidence of its allowance by the judge or the court.” The Act of Congress by Section 4 of the act of June 1st, 1872, Chpt. 255, 17 L. 197 , now Section 953 of the Revised Statutes, at the time this opinion was handed down in 1887 enacted as follows: “A bill of exceptions allowed in any cause shall be deemed sufficiently authenticated if signed by the judge of the court in which the cause was tried, or by the presiding judge thereof, if more than one judge sat on the trial of the cause, without any seal of court or judge being annexed thereto.” This provision merely dispensed with the seal. The necessity for the signature still remains.
In Conery v. His Creditors, 115 La. 807 , 40 So. 173 , the Supreme Court of Louisiana held that the initials of the name of a district judge written beneath an order of appeal cannot be regarded as his official “signature” or as sufficient evidence of the granting of such order. The judge of the civil district court was named W. B. Som-merville. The judge wrote the initials of his name beneath the order, and notified all parties that the appeal had been granted. The Louisiana court cited with approval Origet v. United States, supra.
In Sinnott v. Louisville & N. R. Co., 104 Tenn. 233 , 56 S.W. 836 , the Supreme Court of Tennessee had before it a case wherein J. H. Thomas Sinnott brought suit against the railroad company to recover damages for an alleged wrongful ejection from one of its passenger cars. The verdict and judgment were for the defendant and the plaintiff prosecuted a writ of error. Sin-nott had purchased a round-trip ticket. He sought to get it validated for the return trip from Nashville to a point in Kentucky. One of the conditions written on the ticket was that the purchaser must present the ticket to an agent and after identification by signature on the back, it was good for the return passage. Sinnott wrote his name on the ticket as H. Thomas, but the agent knew him and would not accept the ticket for his return fare. Sinnott then went ahead and boarded the train for Kentucky, but the conductor refused to accept it, and he ejected Sinnott at Guthrie, Kentucky. The Court held that the agent was justified in refusing to validate the ticket, as he could not be required to certify that “H. Thomas” was the signature of J. H. T. Sin-nott. The Court held that the conditions on the ticket contemplate that the purchaser will use his real name, not the name of another, nor only his given name. The judgment in favor of the railroad company was affirmed.
Fator v. State, 59 Tex.Cr.R. 251 , 128 S. W. 901 , was decided by this Court in 1910. The Court held that bills of exception must be officially approved and authenticated by the trial judge in order to be considered on appeal, and where they merely contained the initials which were the same as the trial judge’s initials they cannot be considered. The judge’s name was P. H. Shook. He affixed to the bills, “O.K. T. J.N. P.H.S.”
It can be readily seen that most jurisdictions apply rigid rules to statutory provisions requiring the signing of documents or signatures to documents. The rule is otherwise in criminal cases because, as earlier pointed out, Texas is the only state requiring by statute or legislative enactment the signing of a confession. The Federal Courts do not require confessions to be signed.
This Court has not previously had before it this precise question, but it has had many constructions and opinions, through the years, with the statute dealing with *141 voluntary statements made before examining courts.
In Taggart v. State, 149 Tex.Civ.App. 91 , 191 S.W.2d 728 , appellant was charged by complaint in the justice court with murder. He was arrested and taken before the justice of the peace, sitting as a magistrate in an examining court. Upon the hearing, after being given the statutory warning, appellant made an oral statement which was taken down in shorthand by a reporter and subsequently reduced to writing. The statement was not signed by the appellant. The magistrate did not attest by his own certificate and signature to the execution and signing of the statement. Upon the trial of the cause, the statement was admitted in evidence over appellant’s objection that the requirement of Article 248, V.A.C.C.P., requiring that the statement be signed by the accused and attested by the magistrate certifying to the execution and signing of the statement, had not been complied with. This Court held that the statement was subject to the objection urged and was inadmissible.
In Amayo v. State, 108 Tex.Cr.R. 346 , 300 S.W. 935 , an examining trial was held and a purported confession from the appellant was introduced by the state, which was never signed by appellant. Objection to its introduction was timely made for the reason that the statute required the signature of appellant to said purported confession before same was admissible. This Court cited Art. 248, supra, and then stated: “To hold that a purported voluntary statement of the accused given at an examining trial was admissible without the signature of the accused would be in effect to judicially repeal a plain and apparently mandatory provision of the statute. The legislative intent is made plain and certain by the language of this article. Its meaning is not doubtful, and it would not appear to us to require any reference to an authority, further than to the terms of the article itself, to show that this evidence was inadmissible.
In Pineda v. State, 101 Tex.Cr.R. 637 , 273 S.W. 859 , the state introduced a voluntary statement, taken at the examining trial. It was not shown that the statute had been followed with reference to the taking of the same, and especially that part of it that requires that the magistrate shall attest by his certificate and signature to the execution and signing of the statement. The statement shows that the magistrate before whom the statement was alleged to have been made did not attest the same, and there is no certificate of any description found thereon. In addition to this, the state’s testimony affirmatively shows that the magistrate did not affix his certificate thereto at the time it was taken or at any other time. Under this state of the record, we hold that this alleged voluntary statement made on the examining trial was not admissible in this case. “The statute provides that the magistrate shall in every case attest by his certificate and signature to the execution and signing of the statement. This statute is plain and unambiguous and was evidently passed by the Legislature for a definite purpose, and we think the trial court was without warrant in law in ignoring the plain terms of the statute.” The court was construing Art. 295, C.C.P., which was later brought forward as Art. 248 under the 1925 codification.
Baggett v. State, 65 Tex.Cr.R. 425 , 144 S.W. 1136 , was reversed upon some other grounds, but the opinion does recite facts showing the inadmissibility of a voluntary confession, not signed by appellant and not witnessed by anyone.
In Knighton v. State, 126 Tex.Cr.R. 436 , 72 S.W.2d 602 , an unsigned statement made before a justice of the peace was held inadmissible. This Court, speaking through Presiding Judge Morrow said, “To authorize the introduction in evidence of a statement such as that in the instant case, it must bear the signature of the accused and be authenticated by the signature of the magistrate. In the present instance, neither of these requisites appears from the record.” The judgment was reversed and cause remanded.
*142 Coleman v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 20 S.W. 2d 1060 , was reversed by this Court because appellant was questioned upon cross-examination about an unsigned statement made at an examining trial in the justice court, which he testified that he did not make. The contents of the statement were not offered in evidence. On Rehearing, Judge Lattimore, speaking for this Court, said that “we were in error in holding this admissible.”
It is apparent from the previous holdings of this Court in construing Art. 727 with reference to the application of Art. 248, supra, that a strict or rigid construction to the statute has been given. For this reason, I feel that the portion of Art. 727, applicable to the case at bar, should also be strictly construed in order not to disregard the legislative act by judicial decision.
It is clear to me that the statement or confession does not meet the legal tests of admissibility.
For the reasons stated, the judgment should be reversed and the cause remanded. I respectfully dissent.