"`aider and abettor . . . liable for the natural and reasonable or probable consequences of any act that he knowingly aided or encouraged'" (quoting People v. Villa, 156 Cal.App.2d 128, 134, 318 P.2d 828 (1957); emphasis deleted)
How later courts described this case
- "`aider and abettor . . . liable for the natural and reasonable or probable consequences of any act that he knowingly aided or encouraged'" (quoting People v. Villa, 156 Cal.App.2d 128, 134, 318 P.2d 828 (1957); emphasis deleted)
- describing aiding and abetting under California law
Written by the judges who cited it.
Distinguished
Distinguished by People v. Hamilton, 41 Cal. 3d 408 (1985)
) We distinguished Durham and Robillard on the ground that the motive of escape was central in those cases where the defendants shot and killed police officers during routine automobile stops.
Distinguished by People v. Jackson, 28 Cal. 3d 264 (1980)
We distinguished People v. Durham (1969) 70 Cal.2d 171, 191-192 [74 Cal.Rptr. 262, 449 P.2d 198], an opinion which contains principles of particular application to the case before us.
The opinion
TOBRINER, J.
I concur in the affirmance of the judgments as to guilt for the reasons stated in Justice Sullivan’s opinion. I concur in the affirmance of the judgment imposing the death penalty on Robinson under compulsion of the majority’s holding in In re Anderson (1968) 69 Cal.2d 613 [ 73 Cal.Rptr. 21 , 447 P.2d 117 ], with respect to the constitutionality of the death penalty.
Peters, J., concurred.
The petition of appellant Robinson for a rehearing was denied February 19,1969.