The opinion
DENMAN, Chief Judge
(dissenting).
I dissent from the decision of this court on an appeal from a conviction had on circumstantial evidence, here a single isolated fact unsupported by direct testimony, that “It is not for us to say that the evidence was insufficient [to go to the jury] because we, or any of us, believe that inferences inconsistent with guilt may be drawn from it.”
The exact reverse has been held in our recent case of Karn v. United States, 9 Cir., 158 F.2d 568, 570 , and in the following cases from the indicated circuits: Kassin v. United States, 5 Cir., 87 F.2d 183, 184 ; Union Pac. Coal Co. v. United States, 8 Cir., 173 F. 737, 740 ; Nosowitz v. United States, 2 Cir., 282 F. 575 ; Graceffo v. United States, 3 Cir., 46 F.2d 852, 853 ; Leslie v. United States, 10 Cir., 43 F.2d 288 ; all cases later considered.
These cases establish that it is our duty in this criminal appeal to determine whether a single circumstantial fact upon which the conviction was had warrants- the inference of innocence as much as it warrants one of guilt. If the single fact warrants two such conflicting inferences, the appellate court must set aside the judgment of conviction.
The issue here is whether Stoppelli ever was in possession of the narcotics, for such possession, if unexplained by him, warrants the inference that he participated in their attempted sale and the concealment charged in the indictment. 21 U.S.C.A. § 174 ; 26 U.S.C.A. § 2553 . There is not the slightest *396 evidence from which the jury could infer that Stoppelli had any connection with any co-defendant or with the sale or concealment other than the single fingerprint hereafter discussed. :
Stoppelli was convicted on the testimony of a government expert,, so willing that he had to be warned by the court, on the “concavity” shown by a single fingerprint of the ring finger of the left hand on one side of an envelope. The expert testified that no fingerprint of Stoppelli appeared on the other side of the envelope.
The expert’s testimony is that the envelope is of “a sort of soft textured paper.” The print, he said, was produced by pressure on the envelope and some soft substance inside, making a greater concavity and hence further around the finger than if the envelope contained an unyielding substance.' He thought -the envelope contained a powdery substance when the print was made. He nowhere states that the concavity could not be otherwise caused.
It is obvious that another inference equally well could be drawn from the concavity disclosed by the print if it contained no powdery substance. If the finger were pressed on the soft texture of the envelope, when empty, against the soft tissue of the shank of' the thumb, there would be the same concavity and the same impression of the greater portion of the finger.
It is an equally likely inference from the concavity, the sole reason of the expert, that if the soft envelope, when empty, was in Stoppelli’s hand as one of a bunch of several soft envelopes, the finger pressure would find the same concavity in the soft yielding bunch and would leave the same single print on the one of the outside envelopes against which the finger pressed. The required recognition of this inference is heightened in view of the expert’s testimony that there was no finger print of Stoppelli’s on the other side of the envelope.
Neither of these obvious physical facts requires “flights of imagination.” They are matters of plain -common sense, nowhere contradicted by the government’s willing witness.
■ It is a rare criminal case where the conviction rests upon a single fact concerning which the rational mind must discern that the fact yields an inference of innocence of at least equal weight with the inference of guilt. As was said by this court, in banc, in McCoy v. United States, 9 Cir., 169 F.2d 776, 786 , a case" of many circumstantial facts, “A single circumstance, standing alone, within the realm of the possible, can usually be accounted for upon an innocent basis.” It is abhorrent to the Anglo Saxon sense of justice that in such a situation the government’s burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is established or the presumption of innocence is overcome.
- In 'the recent case of Karn v. United States, 9 Cir., 158 F.2d 568, 570 , in reversing a judgment of conviction, this court construed the evidence ahd held as follows:
“Viewing the evidence most favorably to the government, we gather from the record the following facts:
“The prosecution relied entirely upon circumstantial evidence for a conviction. It is sufficient to say that under such circumstances the evidence must not only be consistent with guilt, but inconsistent with every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. The -evidence should be required to point so surely and unerringly to the guilt of the accused as to exclude every reasonable hypothesis but that of guilt. , * * * Our considered judgment is that the evidence in this case falls far short of meeting this exacting standard.”
Still later, in McCoy v. United States, supra, 169 F.2d, at page 786 , the court discusses Ferris v. United States, 9 Cir., 40 F.2d 837 , and the Karn case. It says of the Karn case,
“In the Ferris case the appellate court found that the evidence did not permit of any reasonable hypothesis that would permit of an acquittal, and in the Kara case exactly the opposite was found -from a consideration of the evidence. Thus, it is seen that neither of these cases are in conflict with what we have said.”
In the Ferris case we stated 40 F.2d at page 840 ,
*397 “Where, as in this case, circumstantial evidence is relied upon to support a. verdict of guilty, all the circumstances so relied upon must be consistent with each other, consistent with the hypothesis of guilt, and inconsistent with every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. * * * ”
In that case we affirmed because the extended evidence, both direct and circumstantial, presents “a case consistent with guilt, and wholly inconsistent with any reasonable hypothesis of innocence.”
In the Fifth Circuit, Judge Hutcheson’s opinion, in reversing in Kassin v. United States, 87 F.2d 183, 184 , states the rule to be,
“Circumstantial evidence can indeed forge a chain of guilt and draw if so tightly around an accused as almost to compel the inference of guilt as matter of law. Again, circumstantial evidence may forge the chain and draw it tight by legally justifiable, rather than absolutely compelling, inferences. In each case, however, where the evidence is purely circumstantial, the links in the chain must be clearly proven, and taken together must point not to the possibility or probability, but to the moral certainty of guilt. That is, the inferences which may reasonably be drawn from them as a whole must not only be consistent with guilt, but inconsistent with' every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. * * * ”
In this, it follows the same holding in reversing in DeLuca v. United States, 5 Cir., 298 F. 412, 416 .
In the Eighth Circuit, Judge Sanborn’s opinion in Union Pac. Coal Company v. United States, 8 Cir., 173 F. 737, 740 , followed in Grantello v. United States, 8 Cir., 3 F.2d 117, 118 , in reversing, stated the rule as follows:
“There was a legal presumption that each of the defendants was innocent until he was proved to be guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The burden was upon the government to make this proof, and evidence of facts that are as consistent with innocence as with guilt is insufficient to sustain a conviction. Unless there is substantial evidence of facts which exclude every other hypothesis but that of guilt, it is the duty of the trial court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the accused;, and where all the substantial evidence is as consistent with innocence as with guilt, it is the duty of the appellate court to reverse a judgment of conviction. * * * ”
That circuit reiterates the rule in reversing in Gargotta v. United States, 8 Cir., 77 F.2d 977, 981 .
In the Second Circuit the rule is stated, in reversing in Nosowitz v. United States, 2 Cir., 282 F. 575 , in the same language as in Sanborn’s opinion in the Union Pacific Coal case, supra.
In the Third Circuit, in reversing in Graceffo v. United States, 46 F.2d 852, 853 , the court stated the rule to be “where all the evidence is as consistent with innocence as with guilt, it is the duty of the appellate court to reverse a judgment against the accused.”
In the Tenth Circuit, in reversing, the court in Leslie v. United States, 43 F.2d 288, 289 , quotes with approval the following from Grantello v. United States, supra:
“Unless there is substantial evidence of facts which exclude every other hypothesis but that of guilt, it is the duty of the trial court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the accused; and where all the substantial evidence is as consistent with the innocence as with guilt, it is the duty of the appellate court to reverse a judgment of conviction.”
The case of Curley v. United States, 81 U.S.App.D.C. 389 , 160 F.2d 229 is clearly distinguishable. There the court thought there was direct evidence of Curley’s own statements showing his participancy in the fraud charged m the indictment, from which the jury could infer that the preponderance of the evidence showed, his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The case was not, as here, based upon a single piece of circumstantial evidence from which the inference of innocence as well may be drawn as that of guilt.
*398 So, also, with the case of United States v. Perillo and Venetucci, in which Venetucci appealed, 2 Cir., 164 F.2d 645, 646 . That was a narcotics case where, as here, Venetucci’s fingerprint was on the bag containing the narcotics, but there was other, evidence of Venetucci’s guilt. Of this, the court says,
“Appellant’s fingerprint being on the bag was not the only fact tending to show his guilt. The evidence of the informer shows' that the appellant had some conversation with Perillo while the latter was making the arrangements which resulted in the sale and delivery of the narcotics.- * * * Such proof was enough to make what Perillo said to the informer at the time the sale was being negotiated admissible, on-familiar principles, against the appellant on the conspiracy count. * * * ”
Certainly here was no overruling of that court’s decision in Nosowitz v. United States, supra.
The Supreme Court cases of Lavender v. Kurn, 327 U.S. 645, 653 , 66 S.Ct. 740 , 90 L.Ed. 916 and Tennant v. Peoria & Pekin Union Railway Co., 321 U.S. 29, 35 , 64 S.Ct. 409 , 88 L.Ed. 520 , are civil cases in which the jury may reach a verdict on the preponderance of the evidence. There is no discussion in these civil cases of reversals in such criminal appeals as have been decided in this court and in the several cir-. cuits above described. It is inconceivable that after its review of civil cases the Supreme Court could be establishing the function of the jury in criminal cases without mention of one of the decisions of these six circuits.
In the above discussion, most of the circuits are considering circumstantial evidence, but it is undoubtedly as true of direct evidence that where the inferences to-be drawn from a single fact proven are as strong for innocence as they are for 'güilt, the judgment of conviction must be re-versed.
The judgment should be reversed.