stating that "a regulation temporarily denying an owner all use of her property might not constitute a taking if the denial was part of the State’s authority to enact safety regulations, or if it were one of the normal delays in obtaining building permits, changes in zoning ordinances, variances, and the like” (citing First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles, 482 U.S. 304, 321, 107 S.Ct. 2378, 96 L.Ed.2d 250 (1987))
How later courts described this case
- stating that "a regulation temporarily denying an owner all use of her property might not constitute a taking if the denial was part of the State’s authority to enact safety regulations, or if it were one of the normal delays in obtaining building permits, changes in zoning ordinances, variances, and the like” (citing First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles, 482 U.S. 304, 321, 107 S.Ct. 2378, 96 L.Ed.2d 250 (1987))
- holding that a temporary restriction on development that causes a diminution does not affect a per se taking because it does not deprive the owner of all economically valuable use of the property, given that the property will recover its value once the prohibition is lifted
- holding that a 32-month moratorium on land development to allow for a study of the impact of all nearby real estate development on the water quality of the lake did not constitute a per se taking under Lucas because it did not permanently deprive the property of all value
- holding that the question of whether a 32-month moratorium on development while mandated land-use policies were adopted constituted a taking was not to be answered by any categorical rule, but, instead, by reliance on the familiar Penn Central approach
Written by the judges who cited it.
Distinguished
Distinguished by Buffalo Teachers Federation v. Tobe, 464 F.3d 362 (2006)
Council, 535 U.S. at 323-24, 122 S.Ct. 1465 (noting that physical invasion line of cases is inapplicable to regulatory takings analysis).
Distinguished by Norman v. United States, 63 Fed. Cl. 231 (2004)
Id. In other words, Penn Central is inapplicable to permanent physical invasions.
The opinion
*355 Justice Thomas,
with whom Justice Scalia joins,
dissenting.
I join The Chief Justice’s dissent. I write separately to address the majority’s conclusion that the temporary moratorium at issue here was not a taking because it was not a “taking of ‘the parcel as a whole.’” Ante, at 332. While this questionable rule * has been applied to various alleged regulatory takings, it was, in my view, rejected in the context of temporal deprivations of property by First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles, 482 U. S. 304, 318 (1987), which held that temporary and permanent takings “are not different in kind” when a landowner is deprived of all beneficial use of his land. I had thought that First English put to rest the notion that the “relevant denominator” is land’s infinite life. Consequently,, a regulation effecting a total deprivation of the use of a so-called “temporal slice” of property is compensable under the Takings Clause unless background principles of state property law prevent it from being deemed a taking; “total deprivation of use is, from the landowner’s point of view, the equivalent of a physical appropriation.” Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U. S. 1003, 1017 (1992).
A taking is exactly what occurred in this case. No one seriously doubts that the land-use regulations at issue rendered petitioners’ land unsusceptible of any economically beneficial use. This was true at the inception of the mora *356 torium, and it remains true today. These individuals and families were deprived of the opportunity to build single-family homes as permanent, retirement, or vacation residences on land upon which such construction was authorized when purchased. The Court assures them that “a temporary prohibition on economic use” cannot be a taking because “[{logically . . . the property will recover value as soon as the prohibition is lifted.” Ante, at 332. But the “logical” assurance that a “temporary restriction . . . merely causes a diminution in value,” ibid., is cold comfort to the property owners in this case or any other. After all, “[i]n the long run. we are all dead.” J. Keynes, Monetary Reform 88 (1924).
I would hold that regulations prohibiting all productive uses of property are subject to Lucas’per se rule, regardless of whether the property so burdened retains theoretical useful life and value if, and when, the “temporary” moratorium is lifted. To my mind, such potential future value bears on the amount of compensation due and has nothing to do with the question whether there was a taking in the first place. It is regrettable that the Court has charted a markedly different path today.
The majority’s decision to embrace the “parcel as a whole” doctrine as settled is puzzling. See, e. g., Palazzolo v. Rhode Island, 533 U. S. 606, 631 (2001) (noting that the Court has “at times expressed discomfort with the logic of [the parcel as a whole] rule”); Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U. S. 1003, 1017, n. 7 (1992) (recognizing that “uncertainty regarding the composition of the denominator in [the Court’s] ‘deprivation’ fraction has produced inconsistent pronouncements by the Court,” and that the relevant calculus is a “difficult question”).