stating that the Court’s “compelled speech case law ... is clearly inapplicable to the regulatory scheme at issue here. The use of the assessments to pay for advertising does not require respondents to repeat an objectionable message out of their own mouths.... ”
How later courts described this case
- stating that the Court’s “compelled speech case law ... is clearly inapplicable to the regulatory scheme at issue here. The use of the assessments to pay for advertising does not require respondents to repeat an objectionable message out of their own mouths.... ”
- noting that it was "error for the [Ninth Circuit] to rely on Central Hudson for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of market order assessments for promotional advertising," and stating that the Ninth Circuit "fails to explain why the Central Hudson test, which involved a restriction on commercial speech, should govern a case involving the compelled funding of speech"
- reasoning that true compelled speech can be even more insidious than compelled funding of speech
- holding that the Court of Appeals erred in relying on Central Hudson for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of government-mandated assessments for promotional advertising
Written by the judges who cited it.
Later courts went against this
Reported overruled implicitly by United States v. United Foods, Inc., 533 U.S. 405 (2001) — not on the Supreme Court's list
United Foods implicitly overruled Glickman
Distinguished
Distinguished by DEPARTMENT OF CITRUS v. Graves Bros. Co., 889 So. 2d 831 (2004)
We reject the DOC's argument that the tax is part of a more comprehensive program governing citrus production and marketing, such as was upheld by the Supreme Court in Glickman.
Distinguished by Cal-Almond Inc. v. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 192 F.3d 1272 (1999)
Rather than supporting Cal-Almond’s assertion that Wileman is distinguishable, the flexibility provided by the creditable and credit-back programs instead supports the conclusion that the assessments here are indeed constitutional.
The opinion
Justice Thomas,
with whom Justice Scalia joins as to Part II, dissenting.
I
I join Justice Souter’s dissent, with the exception of Part II. My join is thus limited because I continue to disagree with the use of the Central Hudson balancing test and the discounted weight given to commercial speech generally. See 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U. S. 484, 518-528 (1996) (Thomas, J., concurring in part .and concurring in judgment) (criticizing Central Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Public Serv. Comm’n of N. Y, 447 U. S. 557 (1980)). Because the regulation at issue here fails even the more lenient Central Hudson test, however, it, a fortiori, would fail the higher standard that should be applied to all speech, whether commercial or not.
II
I write separately to note my disagreement with the majority’s conclusion that coerced funding of advertising by others does not involve “speech” at all and does not even raise a First Amendment “issue.” See ante, at 469-474. It is one thing to differ about whether a particular regulation involves an “abridgment” of the freedom of speech, but it is entirely another matter — and a complete repudiation of our precedent — for the majority to deny that “speech” is even at issue in this case.
*505 In numerous cases, this Court has recognized that paying money for the purposes of advertising involves speech. 1 The Court also has recognized that compelling speech raises a First Amendment issue just as much as restricting speech. 2 Given these two elemental principles of our First Amendment jurisprudence, it is incongruous to suggest that forcing fruitgrowers to contribute to a collective advertising campaign does not even involve speech, while at the same time effectively conceding that forbidding a fruitgrower to make those same contributions voluntarily would violate the First Amendment. Compare ante, at 470 (promotional regulations should be scrutinized under the same standard as other anticompetitive aspects of the marketing orders), with ante, at 469, and n. 12 (distinguishing this case as not involving a “restraint” on any producer’s freedom to communicate with any audience). Yet, that is precisely what the majority opinion does. 3
*506 What we are now left with, if we are to take the majority opinion at face value, is one of two disturbing consequences: Either (1) paying for advertising is not speech at all, while such activities as draft card burning, flag burning, armband wearing, public sleeping, and nude dancing are, 4 or (2) compelling payment for third-party communication does not implicate speech, and thus the Government would be free to force payment for a whole variety of expressive conduct that it could not restrict. In either case, surely we have lost our way.
See Central Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Public Serv. Comm’n of N. Y, 447 U. S. 557 (1980) (advertising to promote the use of electricity is speech); First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U. S. 765 (1978) (corporate advertising regarding referendum); Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 431 U. S. 209 (1977) (per curiam) (payment of dues used to engage in speech); Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U. S. 1 (1976) (contributions for political advertising). 2
See Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 520 U. S. 180 (1997) (coerced carriage of broadcast signals over cable television facilities); Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. Public Util. Comm’n of Cal., 475 U. S. 1 (1986) (coerced inclusion of private messages in utility bill envelopes); PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins, 447 U. S. 74 (1980) (coerced creation of a speaker’s forum on private property); Abood v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., supra (coerced payment of dues used to engage in speech); Wooley v. Maynard, 430 U. S. 705 (1977) (coerced display of state license plate); Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U. S. 241 (1974) (coerced right of reply to newspaper editorials); Wesf Virginia Bd. of Ed. v. Barnette, 319 U. S. 624 (1943) (coerced Pledge of Allegiance).
The majority’s grounds for distinguishing certain of our precedents are, to say the least, unpersuasive and contradictory, as Justice Souter’s dissent amply demonstrates. Moreover, the majority’s excessive emphasis on the supposed collectivization of the fruit industry, ante, at 469, 474-477, likewise fails to support its conclusion. Although the Constitution *506 may not “enact Mr. Herbert Spencer’s Social Statics,” Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 75 (1905) (Holmes, J., dissenting), and thus the Government has a considerable range of authority in regulating the Nation’s economic structure, part of the Constitution — the First Amendment — does enact a distinctly individualistic notion of “the freedom of speech,” and Congress may not simply collectivize that aspect of our society, regardless of what it may do elsewhere.
See United States v. O’Brien, 391 U. S. 367 (1968) (draft card burning); Texas v. Johnson, 491 U. S. 397 (1989) (flag burning); Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U. S. 503 (1969) (armbands); Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U. S. 288 (1984) (prohibition on sleeping in park raises First Amendment issues); Schad v. Mount Ephraim, 452 U. S. 61 (1981) (nude dancing).