holding the exclusion of a juror from a civil trial on account of race violates that juror's equal protection rights and remanding under Bat-son "to consider whether a prima facie case of racial discrimination has been established ... requiring Leesville to offer race-neutral explanations for its peremptory challenges”
How later courts described this case
- holding the exclusion of a juror from a civil trial on account of race violates that juror's equal protection rights and remanding under Bat-son "to consider whether a prima facie case of racial discrimination has been established ... requiring Leesville to offer race-neutral explanations for its peremptory challenges”
- holding that civil litigant has standing to raise claims of potential jurors who are removed pursuant to race based peremptory strikes
- finding that private litigant’s peremptory challenge to potential juror constituted state action because state court officials assisted and enforced exercise of this state-created right; no discussion of conspiracy
- holding that race based peremptory strikes for jurors violate the equal protection rights of the challenged jurors and that the court, by allowing this to occur, had “involved itself with invidious discrimination.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
Distinguished
Distinguished by Mikhail v. Kahn, 991 F. Supp. 2d 596 (2014)
Although most aspects of the Edmonson Court’s “principles of general application” are inapposite or otherwise unhelpful in answering the present question regarding litigants’ and attorneys’ filing of protection from abuse petitions, a close reading of Edmonson and Lugar reveals that the true essence of the Court’s inquiry, and the aspect most informative here, is whether and when the state auto
Distinguished by United States v. International Brotherhood Of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen And Helpers Of America, Afl-Cio, 941 F.2d 1292 (1991)
Edmondson v. Leesville Concrete Co., Inc., --- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. 2077, 114 L.Ed.2d 660 (1991), where the Court held that a private party exercising peremptory challenges in a civil case to exclude jurors on account of race was a state actor because of legislative establishment of, and judicial supervision over, the jury system and juror selection process, id. 111 S.Ct. at 2084-85, is inapposite.
The opinion
Justice Scalia,
dissenting.
I join Justice O’Connor’s dissent, which demonstrates that today’s opinion is wrong in principle. I write to observe that it is also unfortunate in its consequences.
The concrete benefits of the Court’s newly discovered constitutional rule are problematic. It will not necessarily be a net help rather than hindrance to minority litigants in obtaining racially diverse juries. In criminal cases, Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79 (1986), already prevents the prosecution from using race-based strikes. The effect of today’s decision (which logically must apply to criminal prosecutions) will be to prevent the defendant from doing so — so that the minority defendant can no longer seek to prevent an all-white jury, or to seat as many jurors of his own race as possible. To be sure, it is ordinarily more difficult to prove race-based strikes of white jurors, but defense counsel can generally be relied upon to do what we say the Constitution requires. So in criminal cases, today’s decision represents a net loss to the minority litigant. In civil cases that is probably not true—but it does not represent an unqualified gain either. Both sides have peremptory challenges, and they are sometimes used to assure rather than to prevent a racially diverse jury.
The concrete costs of today’s decision, on the other hand, are not at all doubtful; and they are enormous. We have now added to the duties of already-submerged state and federal trial courts the obligation to assure that race is not included among the other factors (sex, age, religion, political *645 views, economic status) used by private parties in exercising their peremptory challenges. That responsibility would be burden enough if it were not to be discharged through the adversary process; but of course it is. When combined with our decision this Term in Powers v. Ohio, 499 U. S. 400 (1991), which held that the party objecting to an allegedly race-based peremptory challenge need not be of the same race as the challenged juror, today’s decision means that both sides, in all civil jury cases, no matter what their race (and indeed, even if they are artificial entities such as corporations), may lodge racial-challenge objections and, after those objections have been considered and denied, appeal the denials — with the consequence, if they are successful, of having the judgments against them overturned. Thus, yet another complexity is added to an increasingly Byzantine system of justice that devotes more and more of its energy to sideshows and less and less to the merits of the case. Judging by the number of Batson claims that have made their way even as far as this Court under the pre-Powers regime, it is a certainty that the amount of judges’ and lawyers’ time devoted to implementing today’s newly discovered Law of the Land will be enormous. That time will be diverted from other matters, and the overall system of justice will certainly suffer. Alternatively, of course, the States and Congress may simply abolish peremptory challenges, which would cause justice to suffer in a different-fashion. See Holland v. Illinois, 493 U. S. 474, 484 (1990).
Although today’s decision neither follows the law nor produces desirable concrete results, it certainly has great symbolic value. To overhaul the doctrine of state action in this fashion — what a magnificent demonstration of this institution’s uncompromising hostility to race-based judgments, even by private actors! The price of the demonstration is, alas, high, and much of it will be paid by the minority litigants who use our courts. J, dissent.