“[A] plaintiff seeking to overcome qualified immunity must plead specific facts that both allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the harm [s]he has alleged and that defeat a qualified immunity defense with equal specificity.”
How later courts described this case
- “[A] plaintiff seeking to overcome qualified immunity must plead specific facts that both allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the harm [s]he has alleged and that defeat a qualified immunity defense with equal specificity.”
- holding that claims not briefed are waived
- holding that federal courts are barred from ruling on claims “brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case: 22-30720 Document: 00516824614 Page: 1 Date Filed: 07/18/2023
United States Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit
____________ United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 22-30720 FILED
July 18, 2023
Summary Calendar
____________ Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Deborah B. Weiser,
Plaintiff—Appellant,
versus
Elizabeth W. Castille, personally; Howard A. Weiser, Jr.,
personally; Stephen D. Enright, Judge, officially; Stephen C.
Grefer, Judge, officially; Gretna City; Belinda C. Constant,
Mayor, officially and personally; Danika Gorrondona, officially and
personally; Ronald W. Morrison, Jr., personally; Morrison Law
Group, P.L.C., officially; Gordon R. Konrad, personally;
Konrad Law Firm, L.L.C., officially; David H. Alfortish,
personally; Law Office of David H. Alfortish, L.L.C.,
officially; Michael Rosenblatt, personally; Law Office of
Michael Rosenblatt, L.L.C., officially; 21st Mortgage
Corporation; Iberia Bank; Mark Morgan, officially and
personally; First Horizon Bank, successor by merger to Iberia Bank,
Defendants—Appellees.
______________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
USDC No. 2:20-CV-2043
______________________________
Before Stewart, Duncan, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
Case: 22-30720 Document: 00516824614 Page: 2 Date Filed: 07/18/2023
No. 22-30720
Per Curiam: *
This pro se appeal arises from Deborah B. Weiser’s (“Deborah”)
challenge to the district court’s dismissal of her claims on the basis of
qualified and judicial immunity and lack of subject matter jurisdiction
pursuant to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. 1 Because Deborah fails to
demonstrate jurisdiction over these claims and overcome qualified and
judicial immunity, we AFFIRM.
I. Background
A. Factual History
Deborah and her late husband Howard A. Weiser Sr. (“Howard Sr.”)
were married in the state of Louisiana from February 2004 until Howard
Sr.’s death in May 2018. During their marriage, the couple allegedly acquired
community property, owned and operated rental apartment units at 1544
Claire Avenue, rented three mobile home trailer units and a washeteria at
1518 Claire Avenue, and contracted a lawncare maintenance business with
the City of Gretna (“the City”). The companies operated under Howard A.
Weiser, L.L.C. Deborah was the registered agent and manager of the
businesses for the duration of the marriage, “with the exception of a
temporary separation period due to infidelity.” She alleges that their
businesses generated gross revenues totaling $8,450 per month.
Deborah further alleges that in July 2014, Defendant-Appellee
Elizabeth W. Castille (“Castille”), Howard Sr.’s daughter, began exploiting
her father’s “limited reading capacity and capitalized on his lack of
educational achievements” to “manipulat[e] and maneuver[]” her father to
_____________________
*
This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
1
See Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923) and Dist. of Columbia Ct. of
Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983).
2
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No. 22-30720
divorce Deborah and transfer his estate to Castille. Her alleged efforts were
successful as Howard Sr. filed for divorce in the 24th Judicial District Court
in Jefferson Parish with Defendant-Appellee Judge Stephen D. Enright, Jr.
presiding, and later transferred his estate to Castille.
B. Procedural History
Deborah filed an action in district court against roughly twenty named
defendants including Castille, Howard Jr., certain financial institutions,
attorneys involved in the state court litigation, judges who presided over her
state court cases, the City, and city officials in their individual and official
capacities. Her voluminous amended complaint included fifteen various state
and federal claims. 2 She alleged that the defendants individually and
collaboratively violated her state and federal rights in the underlying
proceedings. Specifically, she asserted that these actors used fraudulent
documents, statements, omissions, and actions in furtherance of a fraudulent
scheme to have Howard Sr. divorce her and effectively oust her out of the
property and its earnings. She also averred that, but for the fraud, legal error,
and racial discrimination, she would have won all of her cases in state court.
The district court first granted Judges Enright and Grefer’s Rule
12(b)(1) motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. It later granted Rule
12(b)(6) motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim for the Morrison Law
_____________________
2
Deborah’s complaint included federal claims under: (1.) 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and
2202 (the Declaratory Judgment Act); (2.) the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution; (3.) Louisiana Constitution Article I §§ 2 and 3; (4.) the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985, and 1986; and (5.) the Fair Credit Reporting
Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681, and the Fair Debt Collection Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692. Her complaint
also included pendent state law claims under: (1.) Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article
863; (2.) Louisiana Civil Code articles 2298, 2315, 2316; (3.) intentional negligence; (4.)
intentional infliction of emotional distress; (5.) conversion; (6.) mental anguish; (7.)
tortious interference with contract; (8.) breach of contract; (9.) violations of the
professional code of conduct; and (10.) the Louisiana Tort Claims Act.
3
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No. 22-30720
Group, P.L.C. and Ronald W. Morrison, Jr. In a separate order it granted
Rule 12(b)(1) motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction for the Konrad Law
Firm, LLC, Gordon R. Konrad, and the First Horizon Bank. 3
The district court then granted Castille and Howard Jr.’s motion to
dismiss all claims against them for lack of jurisdiction. It later dismissed all
of Deborah’s claims against Michael Rosenblatt, the Law Office of Michael
Rosenblatt, L.L.C., the Law Office of David H. Alfortish, L.L.C., and David
H. Alfortish, on grounds that Deborah failed to timely serve notice of the
lawsuit to these defendants for nearly a year. Finally, on October 14, 2022, it
entered a final judgment granting the City and city officials’ motion for
summary judgment on qualified immunity and dismissed all claims against
the remaining defendants for lack of jurisdiction. Deborah timely appealed.
II. Discussion
A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
i. Standard of Review
We review de novo the district court’s order granting Appellees’
motions to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). See Kling v. Hebert, 60
F.4th 281, 283–84 (5th Cir. 2023) (quoting Ramming v. United States, 281
F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001)). “In a 12(b)(1) factual attack, the district
court’s resolution of disputed jurisdictional facts is reviewed for clear error.”
Id. (citing In re S. Recycling, L.L.C., 982 F.3d 374, 379 (5th Cir. 2020)).
“Lack of subject matter jurisdiction may be found in any one of three
instances: (1) the complaint alone; (2) the complaint supplemented by
undisputed facts evidenced in the record; or (3) the complaint supplemented
by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Ramming,
_____________________
3
First Horizon Bank is the successor by merger to Iberia Bank which was the
originally named defendant in the state court proceedings.
4
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No. 22-30720
281 F.3d at 161. The burden of proof for a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss is
on the party asserting jurisdiction. Id. at 161; see also Menchaca v. Chrysler
Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511 (5th Cir. 1980).
ii. Analysis
Deborah argues that the state court judgments are the result of
constitutional violations and misinterpretation of state law, and but for these
errors she would have prevailed in state court and gained ownership of the
property at issue. But as the district court correctly held, the only way
Deborah’s ownership to the property could change “would be a reversal of
the state court judgment in [Castille’s] favor.” Weiser v. Castille, No. 20-
2043, 2022 WL 9349749, at *3 (E.D. La. Oct. 14, 2022). Thus, a
jurisdictional bar prohibits us from evaluating the merits of her claim.
The Rooker-Feldman doctrine “holds that inferior federal courts do
not have the power to modify or reverse state court judgments.” Union
Planters Bank Nat. Ass’n v. Salih, 369 F.3d 457, 462 (5th Cir. 2004); see also
Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 281 (2005)
(holding that federal courts are barred from ruling on claims “brought by
state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments
rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting
district court review and rejection of those judgments.”). In other words,
“federal district courts lack subject matter jurisdiction to consider cases
where: (1) the federal court plaintiff lost in state court; (2) the plaintiff’s
alleged injuries were caused by the state court judgment; (3) plaintiff’s claims
invite the federal court to review and reject the state court judgment; and (4)
the state court judgment was rendered before plaintiff filed proceedings in
federal district court.” Tomasella on Behalf of Est. of Tomasella v. Kaufman
Cnty. Child Support, No. 22-10760, 2022 WL 17752124, at *2 (5th Cir. Dec.
19, 2022) (per curiam) (unpublished). Additionally, the doctrine “prohibits
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federal court review of claims that are inextricably intertwined with a state
court decision.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). We have explained that
issues are “inextricably intertwined . . . when a plaintiff casts a complaint in
the form of a civil rights action simply to circumvent the Rooker-Feldman
rule.” Richard v. Hoechst Celanese Chem. Grp., Inc., 355 F.3d 345, 351 (5th Cir.
2003) (citing Liedtke v. State Bar of Tex., 18 F.3d 315, 317 (5th Cir. 1994)).
Deborah asserts that by dismissing her claims the district court
“committed manifest constitutional and manifest error in its statutory
interpretation and application of the law.” She contends that this manifest
error resulted in the violation of her Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial
and violation of her Ninth Amendment right to protection from “state actors
and private entities and individuals” who abused state statutes to strip her of
“her money and immovable property[.]” All of her arguments and claims to
relief, however, share a common and fatal theme—they ask us to review her
state court proceedings and evaluate whether that court properly applied
state law when deciding that she had no rights to the contested property. But
as stated, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine prohibits us from reviewing those
state court decisions. Union Planters Bank, 369 F.3d at 457. Accordingly,
because Deborah’s theory of federal jurisdiction is “inextricably
intertwined” with a challenged state court judgment, she has failed to meet
her burden under Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1). See Richard, 355 F.3d at 351.
We therefore affirm the district court’s dismissal of her claims against each
defendant.
B. Qualified Immunity
Deborah dedicates a significant portion of her brief to arguing that the
district court “abused its discretion and was bias and prejudice” in granting
the City’s motion for summary judgment as to her equal protection and due
process claims after determining that it was entitled to immunity. The district
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No. 22-30720
court explained that its decision was based on Deborah’s lack of evidentiary
support to overcome the City’s affirmative defense of qualified immunity.
See Weiser v. Castille, No. 20-2043, 2022 WL 9349749, at *4–8 (E.D. La. Oct.
14, 2022).
i. Standard of Review
“A motion to dismiss granted on the basis of qualified immunity is
reviewed de novo.” T.O. v. Fort Bend Indep. Sch. Dist., 2 F.4th 407, 413 (5th
Cir. 2021), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 60, 60 (2022). Therefore, we accept all
well-pleaded facts as true and draw all inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Id.
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Id. “Conclusional allegations, naked assertions, and formulaic recitations of
the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id. (internal citation omitted).
ii. Analysis
To overcome qualified immunity, Deborah is required to demonstrate
that: (1) the city officials violated one of her statutory or constitutional rights;
and (2) the right was “clearly established” at the time of the challenged
conduct. See Backe v. LeBlanc, 691 F.3d 645, 648 (5th Cir. 2012) (“[A]
plaintiff seeking to overcome qualified immunity must plead specific facts
that both allow the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant
is liable for the harm [s]he has alleged and that defeat a qualified immunity
defense with equal specificity.”). The district court granted qualified
immunity to the city officials because Deborah failed to plead specific facts
or proffer any evidence to demonstrate the existence of an equal protection
or due process violation.
Although Deborah challenges the district court’s order of dismissal
and its summary judgment in favor of defendants, she does not oppose the
grant of qualified immunity to the City and city officials. In fact, Deborah’s
7
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No. 22-30720
brief is silent on the issue of qualified immunity altogether, thus her claim is
waived. Goodman v. Harris Cnty., 571 F.3d 388, 399 (5th Cir. 2009) (holding
that claims not briefed are waived). Therefore, we affirm the district court’s
judgment granting summary judgment in favor of these defendants on the
basis of qualified immunity and lack of jurisdiction.
C. Judicial Immunity
Finally, Deborah challenges the district court’s decision regarding
judicial immunity. She argues that the district court erred in dismissing her
suit against the judges because she “sought injunctive relief against state
[j]udges in their official and individual capacities, and not against the state
itself.” We disagree.
A judge generally has absolute immunity from suits. “There are only
two circumstances under which judicial immunity may be overcome. ‘First,
a judge is not immune from liability for nonjudicial actions, i.e., actions not
taken in the judge’s judicial capacity.’” Davis v. Tarrant Cnty., Tex., 565 F.3d
214, 221 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11 (1991)).
“Second, a judge is not immune for actions, though judicial in nature, taken
in the complete absence of all jurisdiction.” Id. (citations omitted).
“Allegations of bad faith or malice are not sufficient to overcome judicial
immunity.” Id.
Deborah avers that because her claims are not against the State but
instead against state judicial officials, the district court’s denial of her request
for injunctive relief and its grant of immunity was in error. But her argument
does not assert that the judges engaged in nonjudicial action or that they
lacked jurisdiction in rendering their decisions. Thus, under this court’s
jurisprudence, she has failed to overcome their judicial immunity. Id.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment dismissing Judges
Enright and Grefer.
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No. 22-30720
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment
in all respects.
9