requiring the government to “prove[ ] by clear and convincing evidence that an arrestee presents an identified and articulable threat to an individual or the community”
How later courts described this case
- requiring the government to “prove[ ] by clear and convincing evidence that an arrestee presents an identified and articulable threat to an individual or the community”
- “The Court is free to use in its analysis any evidence or reasons relied on by the magistrate judge, but it may also hear additional evidence and rely on its own reasons.” (cleaned up)
- permitting district court to use in its analysis the evidence relied on by the magistrate judge
- taking into consideration the indictment, “the briefs and other papers submitted by the parties, the proceedings before [the magistrate judge], the [magistrate’s] findings of fact and conclusions of law, and the evidence and proffers before [the court]”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
RAYMOND NAVA, JR. and MAX CARIAS Criminal Action No. 23-73-4, -6 (CKK)
TORRES,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(April 28, 2023)
Defendant Raymond Nava, Jr. (“Nava”) and Max Carias Torres (“Torres” and, collectively,
“Defendants”) are charged by indictment with conspiring to traffic, with others, thousands of
counterfeit pills of fentanyl. On April 26, 2023, Magistrate Judge Alicia C. Rosenberg of the
United States District Court for the Central District of California ordered both Nava and Torres
released with conditions pending trial. Detention Order, ECF No. 4, United States v. Carias-
Torres, Case No. 23-mj-2042; Detention Order, ECF No. 5, United States v. Nava, Case No. 23-
mj-2044 (collectively, “Detention Orders”). Judge Rosenberg stayed the Detention Orders until
4:00 PM ET today, April 28, 2023.
Before the Court is the Government’s [28] Emergency Motion for De Novo Review of
Magistrate Judge’s Release Order and Request to Stay Defendants’ Release Pending De Novo
Review. The Government requests that the Court vacate the Detention Orders and order
Defendants detained pending trial. The Government moves on an emergency basis on account of
the limited stay issued in this matter. Upon consideration of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal
1
The Court’s consideration has focused on:
• The Detention Orders;
• The Government’s Emergency Motion for De Novo Review of Magistrate Judge’s Release
Order and Request to Stay Defendants’ Release Pending De Novo Review, ECF No. 28
1
authority, and the record before the Court, the Court shall GRANT the Government’s Motion,
VACATE the prior release orders, and order Defendants held without bond pending trial and
transported to the District of Columbia.
I. BACKGROUND
The factual record thus far is underdeveloped. There is no opinion, memorandum, or
statement of reasons attached to the Detention Orders, and the Court has access only to an audio
recording of just Torres’ detention hearing. There, Magistrate Judge Rosenberg’s finding appeared
to be based exclusively on the relative paucity of the Government’s evidence elicited at the hearing.
Indeed, it appears that a thorough factual proffer was advanced for the first time only in the instant
Motion before this Court. Therefore, the facts discussed here are based predominantly upon that
proffer, including the associated photographic evidence presented by the Government. In an
exercise of its discretion, the Court will rule definitively upon the record presently before it, sparse
as it is. See United States v. Sheffield, 799 F. Supp. 2d 18, 29 (D.D.C. 2011) (“The Court is free
to use in its analysis any evidence or reasons relied on by the magistrate judge, but it may also hear
additional evidence and rely on its own reasons.” (cleaned up)). As discussed further below, to
the extent newly-appointed defense counsel discover additional evidence or develop further
argument after consultation with their respective clients, the Court welcomes motions for
reconsideration, which the Court would review “as justice requires.” See United States v.
(“Motion” or “Mot.”) and exhibits therein;
• Defendant Torres’ Response to Court’s April 27, 2023 Minute Order, ECF No. 32;
• Defendant Nava’s Opposition to Government’s Emergency Motion, ECF No. 34 (“Nava
Opp.”);
• Defendant Torres’ Memorandum of Law, ECF No. 34-1 (“FPD Opp.”);
• Defendant’s Reply to the Government’s Opposition, ECF No. 191 (“Repl.”); and
• An audio recording of the detention hearing in United States v. Carias-Torres, Case No.
23-mj-2042 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2023).
2
Caldwell, Crim. A. No. 21-181 (CKK), 2022 WL 168343, at *5 (D.D.C. Jan. 19, 2022). The Court
makes this determination based on the Government’s exceptionally strong showing here of danger
to the community and risk of flight.
A. Procedural Background
On March 9, 2023, the Government filed an indictment against Defendants Hector David
Valdez, Craig Eastman, and Charles Jeffrey Taylor. ECF No. 1 at 1. On or about April 3, 2023, a
grand jury then returned a superseding indictment, adding, among others, Nava and Torres. ECF
No. 23 (sealed). Magistrate Judge Robin M. Meriweather of this jurisdiction then issued arrest
warrants for Defendants, and these warrants appear to have been executed in or around Los Angeles,
California on or about April 26, 2023. Affidavit Re Out-of-District Warrant, ECF No. 1, United
States v. Carias-Torres, Case No. 23-mj-2042; see also id. ECF No. 3; Affidavit Re Out-of-District
Warrant, ECF No. 1, United States v. Nava, Case No. 23-mj-2044; see also id. ECF No. 3. Counsel
was appointed in that jurisdiction for the purposes of a detention hearing later that day. See Minutes,
ECF No. 4, United States v. Carias-Torres, Case No. 23-mj-2042 (“Charles James Snyder for Max
Carias-Torres, Deputy Federal Public Defender, present.”); Minutes, ECF No. 4, United States v.
Nava, Case No. 23-mj-2044 (“Peter Johnson for Raymond Nava, Jr, Appointed, present”).
Defendants appeared before Magistrate Judge Rosenberg the evening of April 26, 2023. It appears
from the audio recording of the Torres detention hearing that Magistrate Judge Rosenberg declined
to make the requisite finding of flight or danger to the community almost entirely because the
Government did not elicit testimony explaining the items found during the search warrant’s
execution. Noting that her ruling might have been different had the Government presented such
evidence (or, indeed, any evidence), Magistrate Judge Rosenberg stayed the Detention Orders until
1:00 PM PT to afford the Government an opportunity to appeal to this Court.
3
The Government did so, filing its instant, emergency Motion the morning of April 27, 2023.
The Court then secured counsel for Defendants in this jurisdiction, and ordered responsive briefing
by 8:00 PM ET later that day. The Government filed its reply at approximately 7:20 AM ET this
morning, April 28, 2023. Counsel for both Defendants both note that they have had limited
opportunity to meet with their clients and with the counsel appointed in the Central District of
California.
B. Factual Allegations
As addressed above, the Government presented very few allegations to the Magistrate
Judge. The Government has remedied that problem here, detailing the allegations against
Defendants, posts and messages from their respective social media accounts, and the firearms and
large quantities of drugs seized through searches of Defendants’ respective residences. Broadly,
the Government alleges that Nava and Torres dealt in vast amounts of counterfeit fentanyl
smuggled into the United States, sold those quantities to distributors, including Defendant Valdez,
who later sold them to street-level dealers throughout the United States, including Defendants
Eastman and Taylor. See Mot. at 1, 4-8. A search of Defendant Valdez’ residence uncovered
approximately 4.5 kilograms of pills partially laced with fentanyl and 0.5 kilograms of powdered
fentanyl. Id. at 3. According to the Drug Enforcement Agency, approximately two milligrams of
fentanyl can constitute a lethal dose. DEA, “Facts About Fenanyl” available at
https://www.dea.gov/resources/facts-about-fentanyl (last accessed April 28, 2023 10:22 AM ET).
Therefore, the Government alleges that the search uncovered approximately 250,000 lethal doses
of fentanyl as to the powdered fentanyl alone.
The Government recounts purported social media messages between Valdez and Nava, in
which Nava offers to sell “boats” of fentanyl pills to Valdez. Id. at 4. The Government alleges
4
that a “boat” is a street term for 1,000 pills. Id. at 4 n.1. Additionally, the Government claims that
Nava sold 12 firearms and approximately 12,200 counterfeit fentanyl pills to undercover law
enforcement across six transactions. Id. at 5. A search of Nava’s Instagram account purportedly
uncovered, among others, images corroborating his alleged illicit dealing in firearms and vast
quantities of lethal drugs:
Id. at 5.
As to Torres, the Government alleges that he regularly imported substantial amounts of
fentanyl from Mexico, selling it to distributors such as Nava. Id. at 5. A search warrant executed
on Torres’ social media returned messages in which he purportedly negotiated selling 25 “boats”
(i.e., 25,000 pills) to Nava. The Government also claims that Torres negotiated other large sales
5
of drugs that he obtained from trips to Mexico. Id. at 6. The Government appends two images
from his Torres’ social media corroborating the Government’s claim that Torres dealt in vast
quantities of counterfeit fentanyl:
Id. at 7.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The Government may file “a motion for revocation of the order” with “the court having
original jurisdiction over the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 3145(a). The Court applies de novo review to
the question and is “free to use in its analysis any evidence or reasons relied on by the magistrate
judge, but it may also hear additional evidence and rely on its own reasons.” Sheffield, 799 F.
6
Supp. 2d at 20 (quoting United States v. Hanson, 613 F. Supp. 2d 85, 88 (D.D.C. 2009)). “The
motion shall be determined promptly.” 18 U.S.C. § 3145(a).
In our society, “liberty is the norm” and “detention prior to trial or without trial is the
carefully limited exception.” United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 755 (1987). The Bail Reform
Act permits pretrial detention in only “carefully defined circumstances.” United States v. Simpkins,
826 F.2d 94, 95–96 (D.C. Cir. 1987). A detention hearing must be held only if a case involves any
of an enumerated set of offenses, including an offense “for which a maximum term of
imprisonment of ten years or more is prescribed in[, inter alia,] the Controlled Substances Act,” §
3142(f)(1)(C), or if the defendant poses a serious risk of flight or of trying to obstruct justice or
threaten, injure, or intimidate a witness or juror, id. § 3142(f)(2)(A)–(B).
The question for the Court is whether any “condition or combination of conditions will
reasonably assure the appearance of the person as required and the safety of any other person and
the community.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e). “In common parlance, the relevant inquiry is whether the
defendant is a ‘flight risk’ or a ‘danger to the community.’” United States v. Vasquez-Benitez, 919
F.3d 546, 550 (D.C. Cir. 2019). In determining whether a defendant should be detained pending
trial, the Court must consider “the available information” concerning four enumerated factors: (1)
the nature and circumstances of the offense charged; (2) the weight of the evidence against the
defendant; (3) the history and characteristics of the defendant; and (4) the nature and seriousness
of the danger to any person or the community that would be posed by the defendant’s release. 18
U.S.C. § 3142(g).
“To justify detention on the basis of dangerousness, the government must prove by ‘clear
and convincing evidence’ that ‘no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure
the safety of any other person and the community.’” United States v. Munchel, 991 F.3d 1273,
7
1279–80 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)). That standard requires the Government
to establish that the defendant “poses a concrete, prospective threat to public safety” that cannot
be sufficiently mitigated by release conditions. Id. at 1280; see also United States v. Salerno, 481
U.S. at 751 (requiring the government to “prove[ ] by clear and convincing evidence that an
arrestee presents an identified and articulable threat to an individual or the community”).
“Detention cannot be based on a finding that defendant is unlikely to comply with conditions of
release absent the requisite finding of dangerousness or risk of flight; otherwise[,] the scope of
detention would extend beyond the limits set by Congress.” Munchel, 991 F.3d at 1283.
III. DISCUSSION
Despite the rather underdeveloped record, the Court concludes that the evidence presented
by the Government in its briefing clearly requires Defendants’ detention pending trial. That said,
the Court acknowledges that counsel for Defendants have had little opportunity to develop the
factual record on behalf of their clients given their recent appointment and the expedited briefing
schedule. If counsel discovers new evidence or develops new legal argument that they were not
able to present in the instant briefing, the Court encourages defense counsel to move for
reconsideration.
A. Legal Principles
As a threshold matter, the Court must address the proper standard to apply at this stage of
proceedings. As explained above, the Government has appealed detention orders pursuant to 18
U.S.C. § 3145. Such an appeal is subject to de novo review, in which the Court must engage in a
searching, “factbound inquiry” to determine danger to the community and/or risk of flight. See
Sabol, 535 F. Supp. 3d at 69 (citing Munchel, 991 F.3d at 1283) (cleaned up). Defendant Nava
maintains that the Government is subject to a heightened standard, in which the Court may grant
8
relief only upon a showing of “(1) an intervening change in the law; (2) the discovery of new
evidence not previously available; or (3) a clear error in the first order.” Nava Opp. at 2. 2 This
stricter standard applies to motions for reconsideration, however, and not to direct appeals pursuant
to 18 U.S.C. § 3145.
Here, however, in determining whether Defendant is a danger to the community or a flight
risk, the Court considers the 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g) factors including: (1) “the nature and
circumstances of the offense charged”; (2) “the weight of the evidence”; (3) “the history and
characteristics” of the defendant; and (4) “the nature and seriousness of the danger to any person
or the community that would be posed by the [defendant’s] release.”
The Court shall consider these factors based upon the present record without holding an
additional hearing. See Sheffield, 799 F. Supp. 2d at 20 (permitting district court to use in its
analysis the evidence relied on by the magistrate judge); see also United States v. Anderson, 384
F. Supp. 2d 32, 34 (D.D.C. 2005) (taking into consideration the indictment, “the briefs and other
papers submitted by the parties, the proceedings before [the magistrate judge], the [magistrate’s]
findings of fact and conclusions of law, and the evidence and proffers before [the court]”). Based
on the current record, the Court concludes that clear and convincing evidence supports a finding
that no condition or combination of conditions will “reasonably assure” the “safety of any other
person and the community” or flight in advance of trial. Accordingly, the Court orders that
Defendants remain detained pending trial. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e)(1).
2
Defendant Nava relies on this Court’s opinion in United States v. Caldwell, Crim. A. No. 21-
181 (CKK), 2022 WL 168343, at *5 (D.D.C. Jan. 19, 2022). There, the Court denied a motion
for reconsideration. The Court did not address a direct appeal. Defendant Nava’s reliance on
this case is therefore inapposite.
9
B. Nature and Circumstances of the Offense Charged
Turning to the § 3142(g) factors, the Court first considers the “nature and circumstances of
the offense charged” including whether the offense involves “a controlled substance.” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3142(g)(1). In this case, a rebuttable presumption of detention applies, because Defendants
have been charged by indictment with serious violations of the Controlled Substances Act. See 18
U.S.C. § 3142(e)(3)(A); United States v. Brown, 538 F. Supp. 3d 154, 165 (D.D.C. 2021). Even
the possession with intent to distribute “9.11 grams of fentanyl and .89 grams of powdered
cocaine” triggers such a presumption. Brown, 538 F. Supp. 3d at 165-66. Here, the Government
has presented convincing evidence that Defendants conspired to traffic and did in fact traffic in
hundreds of thousands of grams of fentanyl. The Court must therefore presume that no condition
or combination of conditions will reasonably assure Defendants’ appearance as required or the
safety of the community. To rebut this presumption, Defendants must “offer some credible
evidence” that they will not endanger the community or flee if released. United States v. Cherry,
221 F. Supp. 3d 26, 32 (D.D.C. 2016).
The nature and circumstances of the offenses here definitively weigh in favor of detention.
Defendants Nava and Torres are charged with conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to
distribute 400 grams or more of a substance containing fentanyl, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1), 846; and Torres is charged with international promotional money laundering in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(2)(A). The first charge carries a ten-year mandatory minimum sentence,
with a maximum of life. 18 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(vi). “Moreover, this is not the case of an
individual seller working alone.” Brown, 538 F. Supp. 3d at 167. The Government alleges not
just a conspiracy among the Defendants in this action, but vast distribution across the United
States. Therefore, Defendants’ “alleged participation in the conspiracy charged thus strongly
10
suggests that, if released, [they] would have the means to purchase and distribute narcotics and
thereby endanger [not just] the D.C. community,” but also communities throughout the United
States. See id. Therefore, this first factor weighs in favor of detention.
C. Weight of the Evidence
The weight of the evidence against Defendants also favors continued pretrial detention.
Law enforcement recovered messages and images from Defendants’ social media accounts
reflecting that Torres dealt in huge quantities of counterfeit opioids and that Nava dealt in large
quantities of drugs and guns. Additionally, the Government alleges that Nava sold drugs and guns
to undercover law enforcement on six occasions. From a search of Torres’ residence, the
Government recovered: “approximately 480 grams of suspected crystal meth, 45 grams of
suspected fake [] pills containing fentanyl; 44 grams of suspected powder cocaine, 7 cell phones,
a suspected drug ledger, and western union receipts (which appear to be additional evidence of
[Torres’] money laundering.” Mot. at 8. The weight of this evidence is strong. See Brown, 538
F. Supp. 3d at 168-69. More broadly, because Defendants photographed themselves trafficking in
large amounts of illicit drugs, this factor weighs in favor of detention. See United States v.
Brockhoff, 590 F. Supp. 3d 295, 304 (D.D.C. 2022).
D. History and Characteristics of the Defendant
Under the third section 3142(g) factor, the Court must consider a defendant’s “history and
characteristics,” including his “character, physical and mental condition, family ties, employment,
financial resources, length of residence in the community, community ties, past conduct, history
related to drug or alcohol abuse, criminal history, and record concerning appearance at court
proceedings.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g)(3). As to Nava, a lack of a serious criminal record weighs
against pretrial detention. See Brockhoff, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 305. Nevertheless, the Government
11
proffers, and Nava does not contest, that a domestic violence protective order was recently entered
against him in California state court. Mot. at 15. The Court has little information regarding family
and community ties. Therefore, this factor stands in equipoise for Defendant Nava. Even were
Defendant Nava to have strong family and community ties, those facts would not satisfy his burden
to demonstrate lack of danger or risk of flight if released. Torres, on the other hand, appears to
have a substantial criminal history for narcotics trafficking and gun offenses. Mot. at 16. The
Government alleges that Torres also makes regular trips to Mexico for resupply. Id. at 7.
Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of detention as to Defendant Torres.
E. The Nature and Seriousness of the Danger Posed by Defendant’s Release
The final factor that the Court must consider is “the nature and seriousness of the danger
to any person or the community that would be posed by the person’s release.” 18 U.S.C. §
3142(g)(4). Conspiring to distribute fentanyl presumptively renders a defendant a serious danger
to the community. See Brown, 538 F. Supp. 3d at 170; cf. also United States v. Bethea, 763 F.
Supp. 2d 50, 54 (D.D.C. 2011) (narcotics trafficking generally). Particularly so here given the vast
amounts of drugs at issue, prior alleged gun sales, and prior charged gun offenses. Defendant
Torres appears to have substantial ties to Mexico, and the statutory penalties Defendants face
provide both Defendants a strong incentive to flee. More generally, “the lethality of fentanyl and
scourge of . . . opioids on this community [and communities around the country] further
demonstrate the serious danger Defendant[s’] release could pose.” United States v. Bolivar, 455
F. Supp. 3d 1165, 1171 (D.N.M. 2020). Therefore, this factor also weighs in favor of detention.
* * *
All in all, even if Defendants could rebut the presumption of detention, the Court finds that
no set of conditions can assure their presence at trial or address the threat of danger they pose to
12
communities in the District of Columbia or Los Angeles. The Government has shown that
Defendants have strong incentives to flee given the seriousness of the charges, the apparent weight
of the evidence, and Torres’ ties to Mexico. Therefore, the Court concludes that the section 3142
factors require pretrial detention.
IV. CONCLUSION
On the whole, the record as a whole establishes, by clear and convincing evidence, that no
condition or combination of conditions can be imposed that would reasonably assure the safety of
the community if Defendants were released pending trial. 18 U.S.C. § 3142(e)(1). As such, the
Court GRANTS the Government’s [28] Emergency Motion for De Novo Review of Magistrate
Judge’s Release Order and Request to Stay Defendants’ Release Pending De Novo Review,
VACATES the prior release orders, and orders Defendants held without bond pending trial and
transported to the District of Columbia. An appropriate order accompanies this memorandum
opinion.
Dated: April 28, 2023
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
13