The opinion
[Cite as Gaither v. Kelleys Island Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 2023-Ohio-1299.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ERIE COUNTY
Gary Gaither, et al. Court of Appeals No. E-22-013
Appellees Trial Court No. 2022CV0011
v.
Kelleys Island Local School District
Board of Education
Defendant DECISION AND JUDGMENT
[Phil Thiede-Appellant] Decided: April 21, 2023
*****
Aaron E. McQueen, Mark W. Bernlohr, and Clay K. Keller, for
appellees.
Matthew John Markling and Kellie D. Zaccardelli, for appellant.
*****
DUHART, J.
{¶ 1} This case is before the court on an appeal by appellant, Phil Thiede, from the
March 30, 2022 judgment of the Erie County Common Pleas Court which denied a
motion for judgment on the pleadings as it related to whether Thiede was entitled to
immunity. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Assignments of Error
I. The Trial Court erred in issuing an order denying Defendant-
Appellant Superintendent Phil Thiede the same *** benefits of an alleged
immunity from liability as provided to political subdivisions pursuant to
R.C. Chapter 2744 as Defendant Kelleys Island Local School District
Board of Education is the only real party in interest.
II. The Trial Court erred in issuing an order denying Defendant-
Appellant Superintendent Phil Thiede the benefits of an alleged immunity
from liability as provided to employees of political subdivisions pursuant to
R.C. Chapter 2744.
Background
{¶ 2} On January 12, 2022, appellees, Gary and Mary Gaither, individually and as
legal guardians for Complainant E, filed a Verified Complaint for Injunctive and Other
Relief against The Kelleys Island Local School District Board of Education (“the Board”)
and Phil Thiede, the principal and superintendent of Kelleys Island Local School District
(“the District”). The Board and Thiede jointly filed an answer to the complaint and a
motion for judgment on the pleadings.
The Gaithers’ Complaint
{¶ 3} The following facts are alleged in the Gaithers’ complaint, and are assumed
to be true for the purposes of this appeal.
2.
{¶ 4} Complainant E is a student in the District and Thiede is the principal,
superintendent and administrator at the District.
{¶ 5} The District has enacted Board Policy JFCF (“Policy JFCF”), which
prohibits harassment, intimidation or bullying of students by other students. Policy JFCF
defines “harassment, intimidation, or bullying”1 as including “any intentional written,
verbal, graphic, or physical act or gesture that a student has exhibited toward another
particular student more than once and the behavior both: 1. causes mental or physical
harm to the other student; [and] 2. is sufficiently severe, persistent, or pervasive that it
creates an intimidating, threatening, or abusive educational environment for the other
student.” According to Policy JFCF, Thiede or a designee is responsible for receiving
complaints regarding violations of Policy JFCF, and are then required to conduct a
prompt and thorough investigation and prepare a written report. Verified acts of bullying
shall result in intervention which can range from positive behavioral interventions up to,
and including, suspension or expulsion.
{¶ 6} Respondent is also a student at the District. Respondent was previously
expelled from another school district for serious behavioral issues. From Fall of 2021
until the filing of the complaint, five separate complaints by students, including one by
Complainant E, were made against Respondent under Policy JFCF for bullying, and a
sixth student was subject to acts of bullying by Respondent and therefore withdrew from
1
For ease of discussion, we will use the term “bullying” to refer to harassment,
intimidation or bullying.
3.
the District. These complaints included multiple allegations of bullying by Respondent,
including physical violence against students, and threatening behavior.
{¶ 7} In response to the five complaints, a Designee was retained by the Board and
Thiede to investigate. The Designee made written reports to the Board and Thiede. With
respect to Complainant E’s complaint, the Designee found that it had been established
that Respondent bullied Complainant E “through intentional verbal, graphic, and physical
acts and gestures that Respondent exhibited toward Complainant more than once” and
that Respondent’s conduct “was sufficiently severe, persistent, and/or pervasive that it
created an intimidating, threatening, and/or abusive educational environment for
Complainant.”
{¶ 8} The Designee further stated that Complainant E and her parents/guardians
reported that Respondent’s acts of bullying deescalated after law enforcement
investigated allegations regarding an incident that occurred on approximately October 16,
2021, and that educators were interviewed and did not report any acts of bullying by
Respondent against Complainant E. However, the Gaithers’ complaint alleges that these
statements are not true, citing to a police report which states that the officer spoke to
teachers, an intervention specialist, and the guidance counselor, and “all of them had
concerns for the safety and welfare of the children that attend the school,” and that
several teachers reported being confronted by Respondent and felt threatened. The
Gaithers’ complaint also specifically alleges that Respondent’s behavior has “continued
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unabated” and that Respondent has “engaged in additional and continuing * * * bullying”
after October 16, 2021.2
{¶ 9} The Designee recommended that Thiede “should consider counseling as a
non-disciplinary intervention” and “should consider suspension and expulsion as a
disciplinary measure only after providing Respondent and Respondent’s
parents/guardians further notice and opportunity, as well as other rights afforded to
Respondent as a matter of law.” The Designee made the same recommendations with
respect to the other complaints filed against Respondent.
{¶ 10} The Gaithers sent a letter to the Board, in care of Thiede, requesting that
the disciplinary measures recommended by the Designee be carried out and that Policy
JFCF continue to be enforced. According to the Gaithers’ complaint, these
recommendations have not been carried out.
2
Citing to allegations in his answer, Thiede contends that it is “undisputed” and
“uncontested” that he “took appropriate interventions, which were reasonably calculated
to stop [Respondent’s] misconduct and prevent further * * * misconduct” and that the
Respondent’s misconduct directed to Complainant E stopped prior to the filing of the
complaint. However, these statements are not consistent with factual allegations in the
Gaithers’ complaint, which we must take as true for purposes of this motion. See e.g., the
Gaithers’ complaint, ¶ 40, 41, 53, 54, 57, 76. Although Thiede has stated that any
educational record of Respondent, presumably including his disciplinary record, is
confidential as a matter of law, and thus, “[t]he fact that the Gaithers do not know the
specific details of the interventions taken by [Thiede] * * * does not create the existence
of either a disputed fact or uncontested issue,” we note that for purposes of this motion,
we cannot rule out the possibility that the Gaithers have this information from some
source.
5.
{¶ 11} The Gaithers further allege in their complaint that the Board and Thiede
continue to violate Policy JFCF and R.C. 3133.666 by failing to intervene and discipline
Respondent and by not otherwise eliminating Respondent’s bullying of students. The
Gaithers also allege that the Board and Thiede’s “gross negligence, reckless, deliberate
and intentional failure to appropriately act to enforce Policy JFCF and protect
Complainant E as well as other students, faculty and staff” at the District from
Respondent has placed Complainant E and others in danger.
{¶ 12} The Gaithers’ complaint also asserts that the Board, Thiede, and the
Designee all minimized, underrepresented, underreported and misrepresented
Respondent’s ongoing “school related physical and verbal misconduct, violence,
harassment, intimidation and bullying in their investigation and findings in bad faith,”
and that this underreporting, minimization, and mischaracterization, as well as the failure
to intervene, was done knowingly and intentionally in part in response to separate civil
litigation/claims the Board and Thiede are involved in with Respondent’s guardian, and
“so as not to be required to fully address th[e] situation and discipline Respondent.”3
{¶ 13} According to the Gaithers’ complaint, Respondent’s behavior also violated
the school handbook, and the Board and Thiede have not enforced the handbook.
3
The complaint alleges that “[d]efendants have been involved in separate civil
litigation/claims with Respondent’s guardian.” However, the Gaithers’ appellate brief
and other documents in the record only refer to litigation between the Board and the
guardian.
6.
Claims Alleged in the Gaithers’ Complaint
{¶ 14} The Gaithers’ complaint includes the following claims: a claim for
injunctive relief requesting that the Board and Thiede be “temporarily, preliminarily, and
permanently enjoined from allowing Respondent to return to [the District] until this
dispute [is] resolved” (Count One); a claim for declaratory judgment “seeking an order
declaring the parties’ respective rights and obligations with respect to [the school
handbook] and Policy JFCF” (Count Two); a claim for gross negligence alleging that the
Board and Thiede “deliberately and intentionally, with reckless disregard for the safety
and well[-]being of Plaintiffs, Complainant E and others similarly situated, breached * *
* duties [to respond, intervene, and abate Respondent’s * * * bullying and to provide a
safe learning environment] and failed to act or enforce [the Board’s] policies and Ohio
law” (Count Three); and, loss of consortium (Count Four).
Judgment on the Pleadings
{¶ 15} On January 26, 2022, the Board and Thiede filed a joint motion for
judgment on the pleadings regarding R.C. Chapter 2744 immunity grounds. On
March 30, 2022, the trial court issued its ruling. The court first noted that sovereign
immunity only applied to claims for money damages, and therefore found the motion for
judgment on the pleadings was limited to Count 3 (gross negligence) and Count 4 (loss of
consortium) of the Gaithers’ complaint. The court granted the motion for judgment on
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the pleadings with respect to the Board on Counts 3 and 4, and denied the motion with
respect to Thiede as to Counts 3 and 4. Thiede appealed.4
Applicable Law
Statutory Immunity
{¶ 16} R.C. Chapter 2744 provides for immunity in certain circumstances for
political subdivisions and their employees. Immunity for political subdivisions from civil
damage claims is addressed in R.C. 2744.02, which involves a three-tiered analysis. R.C.
2944.03(A)(6) provides immunity to employees of political subdivisions, unless “the
employee’s actions or omissions are manifestly outside the scope of employment or the
employee’s official responsibilities, the employee’s acts or omissions were malicious, in
bad faith, or wanton or reckless, or liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a
section of the Revised Code.” Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 113 Ohio St.3d 266, 2007-
Ohio-1946, 865 N.E.2d 9, ¶ 17, citing R.C. 2944.03(A)(6).
Judgment on the Pleadings
{¶ 17} “Under Civ.R. 12(C), ‘[a]fter the pleadings are closed but within such time
as not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.’ In
considering a Civ.R. 12(C) motion, the trial court may review only ‘the complaint and the
answer as well as any material incorporated by reference or attached as exhibits to those
4
We note that only the portion of the trial court’s decision denying immunity can be
addressed in an interlocutory appeal such as this. See R.C. 2744.02(C). The grant of
immunity is not a final appealable order when there are other issues remaining. Harris v.
Hilderbrand, 2022-Ohio-1555, 191 N.E.3d 1143, ¶ 41 (7th Dist.).
8.
pleadings.’” Davis v. Mercy St. Vincent Med. Ctr., 2022-Ohio-1266, 190 N.E.3d 77, ¶ 9
(6th Dist.).
{¶ 18} “Dismissal is appropriate under Civ.R. 12(C) when (1) the court construes
as true, and in favor of the nonmoving party, the material allegations in the complaint and
all reasonable inferences to be drawn from those allegations and (2) it appears beyond
doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts that would entitle him or her to relief.”
Maternal Grandmother v. Hamilton Cnty. Dept. of Job & Family Services, 167 Ohio
St.3d 390, 2021-Ohio-4096, 193 N.E.3d 536, ¶ 13, quoting Reister v. Gardner, 164 Ohio
St.3d 546, 2020-Ohio-5484, 174 N.E.3d 713, ¶ 17.
{¶ 19} With respect to a claim that there is an exception to immunity under R.C.
2744.03(A)(6)(b), a complaint merely needs to put the employee on notice of the claims
against him or her and “rais[e] the possibility that the exception to * * * statutory
immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b) might apply.” Maternal Grandmother at ¶ 15. If
it does, judgment on the pleadings is inappropriate unless there are no set of facts which
would entitle the plaintiff to relief. Id.
{¶ 20} We conduct a de novo review the trial court’s judgment. Davis at ¶ 9.
First Assignment of Error
{¶ 21} Thiede contends that the Gaithers’ claims against him should be dismissed
as the Board is the only real party in interest; he is named solely in his official capacity as
superintendent, and not individually. The Gaithers dispute this, maintaining that their
9.
complaint alleges that Thiede was “a tortfeasor in his personal or individual capacity as
the principal and an employee of [the District],” “that [Thiede’s] own acts or omissions
[were] a proximate cause” of their injuries, and that Thiede “failed to carry out Policy
JFCF and did numerous other things recklessly, intentionally and with willful and wanton
disregard for the rights and safety of Complainant E.”
Immunity Test When Sued In Official Capacity
{¶ 22} When a complaint asserts claims against a party in his or her official
capacity as an officeholder of a political subdivision, we apply the three-tiered political-
subdivision-immunity analysis set forth in R.C. 2744.02, which generally establishes
immunity for a political subdivision, and not the employee-immunity provisions of R.C.
2744.03(A)(6). Lambert v. Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-1483, 927 N.E.2d
585, ¶ 17.
Immunity Test When Sued Individually
{¶ 23} When the complaint asserts claims against the employee individually, we
utilize the test set forth in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6). Id. at ¶ 10. Although the caption of the
complaint is a consideration, see id. at ¶ 15, in the context of a Civ.R. 12(C) motion, the
determination of whether a claim is asserted against an employee in his individual
capacity is not solely based on the presence or absence of certain buzzwords (such as
“individually”); courts also consider whether “the plaintiff’s allegations pertained to the
policies and practices of the political subdivision or to the actions taken by the defendant
10.
personally.” See Freedom Banc Mortg. Servs., Inc. v. O'Harra, S.D.Ohio No. 2:11-cv-
01073, 2012 WL 3862209, *14 (Sept. 5, 2012), citing Lambert at ¶ 16.
Analysis
{¶ 24} The Gaithers’ complaint names “Phil Thiede, Principal and Superintendent,
Kelleys Island Local School District” as defendant, and describes him in the complaint as
“Superintendent, Principal and Administrator” at the District. The complaint then
alleges, inter alia, that defendants, which include Thiede, “engaged in attempts to
minimize, underrepresent, underreport, misrepresent and mischaracterize Respondent’s
ongoing and unabated school related physical and verbal misconduct, violence,
harassment, intimidation and bullying in their investigation and findings in bad faith”;
failed to disclose or report multiple additional incidents of Respondent’s bullying “either
attempting to deliberately, recklessly and intentionally conceal or mischaracterize such
additional incidents as unrelated to school activities and therefore somehow not subject to
[R.C.] 3313.666 and Policy JFCF * * * or recklessly, deliberately, and intentionally
concealing, refusing or failing to disclose despite requests for information, underreporting
or minimizing the severity of such additional incidents so as not to be required to fully
address this situation and discipline Respondent”; and “recklessly, deliberately,
maliciously, intentionally and in bad faith made the decision not to follow and enforce”
the Designee’s recommendations.
11.
{¶ 25} We find the Gaithers’ complaint could more clearly convey that the
Gaithers’ claims are also against Thiede individually. Nevertheless, we find for purposes
of considering Thiede’s Civ.R. 12(C) motion, the allegations in the complaint, when
considered in favor of the Gaithers, refer to actions taken by Thiede personally and
therefore sufficiently assert claims against Thiede in an individual capacity.5
{¶ 26} We find Thiede’s first assignment of error not well-taken.
Second Assignment of Error
{¶ 27} Thiede contends that he is entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6).
The Gaithers counter that they pled sufficient facts to establish that he acted “with
malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner” and thus the
exception to immunity found in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b) applies.
Exception to Immunity when Acting Maliciously, in Bad Faith, Wantonly, or Recklessly
{¶ 28} For purposes of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b), “malice” requires that the
employee “engage in a ‘willful and intentional design to do injury or the intention or
desire to harm another, usually seriously, through conduct that is unlawful or
unjustified.’” Horen v. Bd. of Edn. of Toledo Pub. Schools, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-09-
1143, 2010-Ohio-3631, ¶ 48, quoting Jackson v. Butler Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 76 Ohio
5
Thiede also argues that the trial court incorrectly held that the real party in interest
analysis did not apply to Thiede because he is “not the elected officeholder of a political
subdivision.” We note the trial court also held that it was not accurate to state that Thiede
was only sued in his official capacity given the complaint’s “level of specificity
describing his acts and omissions.” In our de novo review, we have not based our
decision on whether Thiede was an elected officeholder. Thus, this argument is moot.
12.
App.3d 448, 453-454, 602 N.E.2d 363 (12th Dist.1991). “Bad faith” means that “the
employee acts ‘with a dishonest purpose, moral obliquity, conscious wrongdoing, breach
of a known duty through some ulterior motive, or ill will, and embraces actual intent to
mislead or deceive another.’” Id., quoting Jackson v. McDonald, 144 Ohio App.3d 301,
309, 760 N.E.2d 24 (5th Dist.2001). “Wanton misconduct occurs when the employee
fails to exercise any care; it implies a disposition to perversity and a failure to exercise
care toward those to whom care is owed.” Id. at ¶ 49. Lastly, an employee that
“perversely disregards a known risk” is considered to be “reckless.” Id.
{¶ 29} We first note that Thiede has raised certain arguments for the first time in
his reply brief. These arguments include the following: we cannot consider any
allegations regarding a duty owed under the handbook or R.C. 3313.666 as the trial court
previously held Thiede did not owe a duty under these and the Gaithers did not appeal
that decision; the trial court has previously found that the Gaithers have no right to learn
the corrective response chosen by the Board and the Gaithers did not appeal that decision
and thus any allegations regarding this should be disregarded; and we are limited to
considering three paragraphs of the complaint, as those paragraphs were the only
paragraphs relied upon by the trial court.
{¶ 30} Generally, we do not consider issues raised for the first time in a reply
brief. State v. Quarterman, 140 Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio-4034, 19 N.E.3d 900, ¶ 18.
In this case, we find that, even if we were to consider these arguments, they would not
13.
affect our decision. Regarding Thiede’s reliance on other decisions made in this case by
the trial court, we note that, as this is an interlocutory appeal, “our review is limited to the
alleged errors in the portion of the trial court’s decision which denied the * * * benefit of
immunity; and this Court lacks jurisdiction to address any other interlocutory rulings the
trial court made.” Elias v. City of Akron, 9th Dist. Summit No. 29107, 2020-Ohio-480, ¶
8, citing Owens v. Haynes, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27027, 2014-Ohio-1503, ¶ 8.
Moreover, as we have mentioned previously in this opinion, Thiede’s argument that the
Gaithers are not entitled to be informed of any corrective actions taken against
Respondent, if true, does not necessitate a finding that there are no set of facts to support
the Gaithers’ complaint as it is conceivable they have this information nevertheless. With
respect to Thiede’s claim that the trial court held that only paragraphs 41, 52, and 59 of
the Gaithers’ complaint pled sufficient operative facts to defeat immunity and thus, we
are limited to consideration of those three paragraphs, we point out that our review here is
de novo, and thus, we conduct an independent review without deference to the trial
court’s determination. Hoeflinger v. AM Mart, LLC, 2017-Ohio-7530, 96 N.E.3d 1247, ¶
15 (6th Dist.), quoting State ex rel. AFSCME v. Taft, 156 Ohio App.3d 37, 2004-Ohio-
493, 804 N.E.2d 88, ¶ 27 (3d Dist.).
{¶ 31} Thiede argues that the trial court’s decision should be reversed based upon
the court’s statement that he “is subject to suit unless he is immune under R[.]C[.]
Chapter 2744.” Thiede alleges that with this language, the court “essentially determined
14.
[Thiede] to be liable until proven not to be liable,” which is inconsistent with the
language of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b) which states that an employee is immune unless
“[t]he employee’s acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a
wanton or reckless manner.” We have reviewed the trial court’s order and find the trial
court did not misapply R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b).
{¶ 32} Next, Thiede claims that the Gaithers did not meet their burden of pleading
an exception to immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) as they did not “plead any materially
significant facts sufficient to survive a motion for judgment on the pleadings.” He insists
that there were no materially significant facts pled evidencing that his actions were with
malicious purpose, in bad faith, were wanton, or were reckless.
{¶ 33} A plaintiff does not need to plead the factual circumstances surrounding a
claim that there is an exception to immunity under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b) with
particularity; notice pleading is sufficient. Maternal Grandmother, 167 Ohio St.3d 390,
2021-Ohio-4096, 193 N.E.3d 536, at ¶ 11. Therefore, as discussed above, for purposes of
this motion, the Gaithers merely need to put Thiede on notice that an exception to his
statutory immunity “might apply.” Id. at ¶ 15. Unless the allegations in the complaint
“are so deficient that ‘no set of facts’ proving those allegations” could overcome Thiede’s
statutory immunity, dismissal on the pleadings is inappropriate. Id.
{¶ 34} Here, the Gaithers’ complaint alleges that Thiede misrepresented and
intentionally concealed Respondent’s bullying in bad faith so as not to be required to
15.
fully address the situation, and did not properly address Respondent’s bullying, despite
the fact that he was required to do so, and that this was, in part, in response to concerns of
additional lawsuits or retaliation by Respondent’s guardian.
{¶ 35} When considering all of the allegations in the complaint as true, as we must
in the context of a Civ.R. 12(C) motion, we conclude that the Gaithers have sufficiently
pled an exception to immunity and we cannot determine that there are no set of facts that
would entitle the Gaithers to relief. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in
denying the motion for judgment on the pleadings as it pertained to the claims against
Thiede set forth in Counts 3 and 4 of the complaint.
{¶ 36} We find Thiede’s second assignment of error not well-taken.
Conclusion
{¶ 37} The judgment of the Erie County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Pursuant to App.R. 24, appellant is hereby ordered to pay the costs incurred on appeal.
Judgment affirmed.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.
Thomas J. Osowik, J. ____________________________
JUDGE
Gene A. Zmuda, J.
____________________________
Myron C. Duhart, P.J. JUDGE
CONCUR.
____________________________
JUDGE
16.
This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.
17.